Faculty Industrial sciences & technology

1st Master MIT

Academic year 20132014
Bionic vs Glibc report
Master thesis
Mathieu Devos
Promotors: S. Vrijders
D. Staessens
K. Casier
Abstract
The goal of this report is to nd and point out the restrictions that apply when using
the Bionic library compared to the standard glibc. These are both C/C
++
standard
libraries. The two libraries that will be researched are:
GNU C Library (glibc)
Bionic Library (bionic)
Both these standard libraries provide support for the C and C
++
language but are used
on dierent platforms. Where glibc is used within Linux distributions, bionic is used
on android based systems. Over the course of this report we will try to provide insight
in the Bionic library. We will try to nd the origin and use of the bionic library and
why glibc was not adequate enough for the job. After that we will also provide the
restrictions and traps that come with the use of the Bionic library. Concluding is done
with the general information and where to nd information before coding with the bionic
library.
In general the standard C/C
++
library is small compared to other languages and should
provide adequate speed when using low level programming. Since the standard library is
so small it is very easy to port it to new platforms. This raises the question why Google
decided to not use glibc but write their own adaptation of a standard C/C
++
library.
In this report we hope to nd the answer to that question, while providing details where
both libraries dier.
i
Table of contents
1 Origin of bionic 1
2 Advantages of bionic 3
3 Restrictions and disadvantages of bionic 4
3.1 C
++
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.1 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.2 STL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.3 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Pthreads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2.1 Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.2 pthread_once() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.3 pthread_atfork() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.4 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3.1 Locales and Wide characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3.2 User-account-related functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3.3 ABI bugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 Conclusion 8
ii
Chapter 1
Origin of bionic
Bionic is an adaptation of the BSD
1
standard C library. It is used on the android
platform and replaces glibc. Since Android is based on linux it would be logical to
assume that they used the same C library, however due to the specications of Android
a new library was used. The word bionic means having articial parts, this directly
shows that the bionic library consists of dierent parts: elements from glibc from linux,
from the BSD library and uniquely written pieces of code specic for the bionic library.
The reason for this assembly is because of the earlier mentioned android specications.
Since android is designed to run on mobile devices it tends to have several characteristics.
Some of these characteristics are what determined to use bionic as the standard C/C
++
library in these devices. The most profound characteristics are:
Limited space and thus limited storage
Lower CPU speed (around 30-50% lower compared to notebooks and desktops)
Not fully open source
What exactly is not fully open source in this context? While the kernel itself is based
on linux and thus has to use the GPL
2
. However it was a goal for android to create
an operating system that allows third party applications. Not only could people charge
money for these applications, they wanted it so that the code of these third party apps
didnt fall under the GNU Public License.
A solution was found within the BSD licenses. These licenses do not fall under the
copyleft rule and thus can have copyrights. This allows android programmers to not be
1
Berkely Software Distribution - A UNIX based operating system
2
GNU General Public License - A free software license
1
Chapter 1. Origin of bionic 2
forced into open source when coding their software.
However, a note should be made here. Linus Torvalds stated that user space programs
are not covered by the kernel license. This means that even if bionic (part of the kernel)
would fall under the GPL license it would cause no eect for applications running in
userspace. This leads to the conclusion that with the use of the BSD license android
wants to grant control to others (developers, producers, ...) and provide a choice when
it comes to licensing.
Due to limited storage and cpu speeds an adaptation was required before google could
implement the library into android. Parts for this library were found in both glibc and
in the BSD library. Not only do those items factor into this decision but also faults in
glibc such as buer overows, unsafe handling of strings and memory functions. Due to
these factors bionic is often regarded a non-standard C library.
Chapter 2
Advantages of bionic
A rst advantage is the optimization of code due to the removal of all comments from the
header les. This reduces the size of all those headers and helps with a speedy process
in a storage-constricted space.
Second advantage is that the GPL is kept out of user-space. This was not really an
issue but with glibc moving towards LGPLv3 it might become an issue. The use of the
BSD license prevents this as a whole and keeps the GPL license out of the userspace in
android.
As stated earlier, since android is running on space limited devices it helps immensely
that bionic is around 200 kilobytes. Compared to glibc that is around 400 kilobytes.
This is done by leaving out bloated code and reducing unneeded parts or even removing
them from the library.
A last advantage for bionic can be found with the optimization for slower CPU(s). This
means that changes were made to the implementation of pthread for lower clockspeeds.
While this is an advantage for bionic, it can be seen as a disadvantage compared to other
libraries as this library is specically designed for lower CPU speeds.
3
Chapter 3
Restrictions and disadvantages of
bionic
In this chapter we will elaborate on the restrictions that working with bionic raises and
the disadvantages of using this C library.
3.1 C
++
Due to the limited size of bionic most of the restrictions apply to the higher order
programming languages, most noticeable with C
++
.
A part of this information can be found in the CAVEATS le of the bionic library:
libc/CAVEATS.
3.1.1 Exceptions
C
++
exceptions are not supported in the bionic library. This is because android feels
that on embedded systems these lead to larger and slower code without enough use when
actually implementing these exceptions.
An example of this can be deduced directly from the CAVEATS le:
even when so-called zero-cost exception schemes are implemented, they en-
force very large numbers of registers spills to the stack, even in functions that
do not throw an exception themselves
The reason for this can be found with Java, the main programming language for android.
Because Java handles all exceptions in a runtime package it is not needed for bionic to
support C
++
exceptions and make the entire library larger and slower.
4
Chapter 3. Restrictions and disadvantages of bionic 5
3.1.2 STL
Bionic does not include a C
++
STL
1
. Again due to size constraints a part of an often
included library was left out of Bionic. This means that if designers, programmers,
developers, ... want to have access to either one of these functions:
Algorithms
Iterators
Containers
Functional
They will have to add an STL manually through other libraries, such as: SGI
2
. The
reasons why this library is not included is manifold.
Big, unreadable, bloated error messages
Opens up a lot of traps for developers
Templates can lead to long, slow code
Initiation of templates increases compilation time
Initiation of templates increases memory usage
Containers should not be used as base classes
...
Large library as a whole, upwards of 100KB (bionic is only ~200KB)
3.1.3 Overview
This concludes the restrictions that apply for C
++
programmers. Do note however that
for almost every one of these restrictions there are workarounds available. The bionic
library does not choose to implement these added functions for previously stated reasons
and most likely will never implement these.
3.2 Pthreads
Pthreads stand for POSIX
3
threads. These are standardized threads dened by IEEE
and are compatible across operating systems.
1
Standard Template Library - library that provides algorithms, containers, functions and iterators
2
http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/
3
Portable Operating System Interface
Chapter 3. Restrictions and disadvantages of bionic 6
3.2.1 Cancellation
Bionic does not support Pthread cancellation. When coding multithreaded programs
correctly it should be noted that the use of this function is unnecessarily. Because of
this, leaving this function out of the library reduces its size, complexity and bloat.
3.2.2 pthread_once()
This function comes without C
++
execptions thrown from the init function, or the init
function doing a fork().
3.2.3 pthread_atfork()
The function is simply unavailable in the bionic library and should be avoided during
code development.
3.2.4 Overview
The libpthread, containing all the pthread header les, comes with some limitations but
could be used by coders who which to use these header les. Special attention should
be payed towards the earlier mentioned exceptions in this collection of header les.
3.3 Miscellaneous
Other exceptions and restrictions that apply to the bionic library will be noted here.
The goal of this is to provide a total overview of what territory comes with the use of
the bionic library.
3.3.1 Locales and Wide characters
These two are unsupported in the library and should be avoided altogether. Android
recommends the use of ICU for everything related to i18n, this basically means that as
a coder you should be using Unicode.
3.3.2 User-account-related functions
Functions that relate to user-accounts are currently implemented but as pseudo-functions.
For example getpwd will return to root. These functions, however, should later on be
Chapter 3. Restrictions and disadvantages of bionic 7
implemented. This is due to the reason that Android does not provide support for dis-
tinct users on the lesystem. When this has been implemented, one could expect these
functions to be added soon after.
3.3.3 ABI bugs
ABI
4
bugs can be found in the root folder of the library and should always be carefully
examined before working with the library. These can be found in the le ABI-bugs.txt.
Current bugs (at the time of writing) are:
time_t is 32 bit
o_t is 32 bit (o64_t is present but no _FILE_OFFSET_BITS support)
sigset_t is too small on ARM (android devices) and x86 (but correct on MIPS),
so support for real-time signals is broken
Too few TLS slots leading to allocation shortage for pthread_key_t (should be
128, but cant be reached)
atexit(3) handlers registered by a shared library arent called on dlclose(3). Only
aects ARM.
4
Application Binary Interface
Chapter 4
Conclusion
We can conclude that the bionic library is a very lightweight library and comes with
certain restrictions. While some of these restrictions are very strict, such as the C
++
restrictions, others can be worked around.
It is advised before starting to write code that implements the bionic library to read
through the readme
1
and the CAVEATS
2
le.
Both of these les can be found in the git from the bionic library:
https://github.com/android/platform_bionic
The nal conclusion can be drawn that while the bionic library does have its shortcomings
it does provide a small, lightweight standard C and C
++
library.
1
platform_bionic/libc/kernel/README.TXT
2
platform_bionic/libc/CAVEATS
8