Homework Solutions

May 11, 2014

1 Homework 1
1.1
In MATLAB or Python, take the mean (average) of the numbers 1, 2, 3 using a for
loop. Check your answer using the mean() command. What is the mean?
Solution: 2
MATLAB Code:
sum=0
for i = 1:3
sum = sum + i
end
avg = sum/i
1.2
In MATLABor Python, take the mean (average) of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, . . . , 99, 100
using a for loop. Check your answer using the mean() command.
Solution: 50.5
MATLAB Code:
sum=0
for i = 1:100
sum = sum + i
end
avg = sum/i
1.3
d
dt
sin(t) =
1
Solution:
d
dt
sin(t) = cos(t)
First, take the derivative of sin(y) with respect to y and then take the derivative of y=t
with respect to t.
1.4
For the previous question, the answer depends on...
Solution: The previous answer depends on the chain rule. We rst take the deriva-
tive of the sin() function with respect to its argument and then multiply the result by
the time derivative of the inner argument.
1.5
The denition of the derivative of a function f(t) with respect to t is
d
dt
f(t) = lim
dt0
f(t + dt) f(t)
dt
.
Use MATLAB/Python to approximate the derivative of sin(t) at t = 0 with = 1 by
setting dt = 0.001. Use two decimal places.
Solution:
d
dt
sin(t)|
t=0
(sin(0 + 0.001) sin(0))/0.001 = 1.00
1.6
Two springs with constants k
1
and k
2
are in series.
Using the fact that force balance must apply everywhere, what is the equivalent
spring constant of a single spring? That is, if you had to swap out a single spring for
the two springs that are in series, what would its spring constant need to be to generate
the same force at any displacement?
Solution: k =
1
1
k
1
+
1
k
2
F = k(x
1
+ x
2
)
Also, each spring will feel the same force and that force will be the external force, F.
F = k
1
x
1
= k
2
x
2
F = k(x
1
+ x
2
) = k(1 +
k1
k2
x
1
= kx
1
k1+k2
k2
= k
1
x
1
k =
k1k2
k1+k2
=
1
1
k
1
+
1
k
2
1.7
A damper has a force acting on it that is 0N from t = 0 until t = 1 and then is 1N.
What could the plot of the damper velocity look like?
Solution: Just like when a force is applied to an ideal spring the state, x, jumps in-
stantaneously. For a damper, the velocity jumps discontinuously. For an ideal damper,
2
F = bv, so when the force is 0, the velocity is 0. At t=1, the force becomes 1 and the
velocity must instantaneously jump to v = 1/b, where b is a constant.
1.8
If x(t) = 2e
t
, then...
Solution:
d
dt
x(t) = x(t) and
d
2
dt
2
x(t) = x(t)
Keeping in mind the time derivative of e
t
is e
t
, the derivative of 2e
t
= 2e
t
and
similarly for the second time derivative.
1.9
For the following mechanical system,
use force balance to obtain the ODE that governs its time evolution.
Solution: x =
k
b
x(t)
By force balance:
kx + bv = 0
kx + b v = 0
1.10
Which of the following ODEs are Linear?
Solution: x(t) =
k
2
b
x(t) and x(t) =
k
b
x(t)
Linear means that the dependence of a state velocity on a state is always a line.
x(t) =
b
k
x(t)
2
is quadratic.
x(t) =
b
k
x(t) + 1 is not dened as linear for this course. This is further dened in
the course notes.
1.11
Which of the following ODEs are Constant Coefcient?
Solution: All of the ODEs are constant coefcients. The coefcients are constants
and dont change with t.
3
1.12
Which of the following ODEs are First Order?
Solution: x(t) =
b
k
x(t)
2
and x(t) =
b
k
x(t) + 1 and x(t) =
k
2
b
x(t)
x(t) =
k
b
x(t) is a second order equation.
2 Homework 2
2.1
Approximate x(0.1) if x(0) = 0.5 and x = 3x with dt = 0.1. If necessary, round to
two decimal places.
Solution: 0.35
Follow Formula:
x(t
0
+ dt) = x(t
0
) + dt ( x(t
0
))
2.2
Approximate x(0.1) if x(0) = 0.5 and x = 3x with dt = 0.05. If necessary, round
to two decimal places.
Solution: 0.36
Follow Formula:
x(t
0
+ dt) = x(t
0
) + dt ( x(t
0
))
Notice this requires 2 iterations using the formula to reach t = 0.1.
2.3
Approximate x(0.1) and y(0.1) if x(0) = 1, y(0) = 0, x = y, y = x, and dt = 0.1.
What is your approximation for x(0.1)?
Solution: 1
Follow Formula:
x(t
0
+ dt) = x(t
0
) + dt ( x(t
0
))
Notice that x(t
0
) = 0 in this case.
2.4
For question 3, what is your approximation for y(0.1)?
Solution: 0.1
Follow Formula:
y(t
0
+ dt) = y(t
0
) + dt ( y(t
0
))
Notice that

Y (t
0
) = x(0) = 1 in this case.
4
2.5
In MATLAB/Python, approximate x(1) for x(0) = 0.5 and x = 3x using Euler inte-
gration and dt = 0.01. If necessary, round to three decimal places.
Solution: 0.025
Use MATLAB/Python to apply formula iteratively:
x(t
0
+ dt) = x(t
0
) + dt ( x(t
0
))
2.6
For x = 2x, which of the following could be a solution?
The analytic solution is:
x(t) = e
2t
x(0)
Notice this is the formula for a decaying exponential and only one plot matches this.
2.7
Plot analytic x = 2x over Euler for dt = 0.1 with x(0) = 1 with t between 0 and 10.
Use MATLAB/Python to apply formula iteratively:
x(t
0
+ dt) = x(t
0
) + dt ( x(t
0
))
The analytic solution is:
x(t) = e
2t
The curve for the approximation should be less than the analytic curve.
2.8
What is the consequence of the difference between analytic and Euler? In what way do
we not trust it?
There was some ambiguity to this response and the auto-grader was changed to ac-
cept multiple answers. Originally, the assertion The approximation is more damped
than the real ODE, was intended to be true. The justication comes from treating the
initial condition as a perturbation. In the approximation, this perturbation disappears
more quickly. So, the approximation is damping out the perturbation more than the
true solution. Electrical engineers often talk about how damped a signal is, without
even considering what the real system is. It also relatively straightforward to see the
approximation decays faster. For the assertion, The approximation is more stiff than
the real ODE, the original answer was to not check this box. The way it was intended
was similar to the previous argument i.e. just asking about a signal, not asking about
the system. However, people dont really talk about signals as being stiff. So this was
intended to be unchecked because you have no way of knowing what stiffness even
means.
5
2.9
Superposition allows us to add combinations of the two solutions together to get an-
other solution to the system. Inspecting the plots, it is apparent that the solution plot is
the addition of the plots for x
1
and x
2
.
2.10
x = 1.3x and x
1
(t) = e
1.3t
and x
2
(t) = 4e
1.3t
. How could you compute a solu-
tion for x(t) if x(0) = 3?
Solution: All answers provided are correct. The rst solution comes directly from
calculation of the analytic solution:
x(t) = e
1.3
tx
0
The second solution is the same as the rst solution with x
0
substituted by initial con-
dition, 3.
x(t) = 3x
1
(t)
The third solution applies superposition and comes from taking solution x
2
(t) at initial
condition x(0) = 4 and multiplying the solution by
3
4
to get the solution for initial
condition x(0) = 3.
x(t) =
3
4
x
2
(t)
The fourth solution applies superposition and comes from taking solution x
2
(t) at ini-
tial condition x(0) = 4 and subtracting x
1
(t) at initial condition x(0) = 1 to compute
the solution for initial condition x(0) = 3.
x(t) = x
2
(t) x
1
(t)
2.11
x = 1.3x and x
1
(t) = e
1.3t
and x
2
(t) = 4e
1.3t
. What is x
1
(0)?
Solution: 1
Plug in t = 0 to x
1
(t) and remember e
0
is equal to 1.
2.12
x = 1.3x and x
1
(t) = e
1.3t
and x
2
(t) = 4e
1.3t
. What is x
2
(0)? Solution: 4
Plug in t = 0 to x
2
(t) and remember e
0
is equal to 1.
3 Homework 3
3.1
Solution: mass
An inductor adds oscillations to the electrical system in the same way mass does in
the mechanical systems we have been looking at.
6
3.2
Solution: 2
We need position and velocity to describe the motion of the mass.
3.3
Solution: 2
We need position and velocity to describe the motion of the mass in 1D.
3.4
Solution: 2
We need position and velocity to describe the motion of the mass.
3.5
Solution: 2
We need position and velocity to describe the motion of the mass.
3.6
Solution: x = v and v = 1 and x = w and w = 1
3.7
Solution: F = mg
3.8
Solution: Neither, they have the same number of states.
3.9
Solution: x
2
= f(x
2
, v
2
) because the motion of each mass does not depend on the
other.
3.10
Solution: x
2
= f(x
1
, v
1
, x
2
, v
2
, x
3
, v
3
) because the motion of each mass affects all the
others.
3.11
Solution: 4
We need the position and velocity of each mass.
7
3.12
Solution: x
1
=
k
m1
x
2
and x
2
=
k
m2
x
2
x
1
3.13
Solution: 1
Try using explicit Euler to solve this system. You should nd only one loop is
necessary to simulate the system.
3.14
Solution: There is no condition to terminate the loop.
3.15
Solution: Line 14 should have an xvec(i+1)
3.16
Solution: Initial conditions were not specied.
3.17
Solution: Time step was not specied
3.18
Solution: sin(

k
m
t) + cos(

k
m
t) cos(

k
m
t) and sin(

k
m
t)
3.19
Solution: Plug in t = 0 into x(t) to nd w
1
= 1
3.20
Solution: Plug in t = 0 into x(t) to nd w
2
= 0
3.21
Solution: From the previous two solutions we nd x(t) = cos(t)
3.22
Solution: Mass with only damping should decay without oscillations.
8
3.23
Solution: Mass with only spring should oscillate forever because no damping.
3.24
Solution: Without mass the system cannot oscillate so only the decay gure is plausi-
ble.
3.25
Solution: 4j
Inductors act like mass does in a mechanical system in that they add oscillation.
We know 4 +4j is not correct because the 4 indicates exponential growth and we cant
have growth (or decay without a resistor to provide damping).
3.26
Solution: Yes, because the system can be in equilibrium for the correct initial condi-
tions.
4 Homework 4
4.1
All are possible except the non-decaying, oscillating solution. Explanation as follows
Decaying: Represents a system that is overdamped, possible
Decaying and oscillating: Represents a system that is underdamped, possible
Pure oscillation: Impossible because the problem species that b is nonzero
therefore there must be some damping, impossible
Steady solution: This is an unknown system at equilibrium, possible
4.2
Answer is 2.
The differential equation for this system is given by
m v = kx kx bv bv
= 2kx 2bv.
If we assume an exponential solution of the standard form
x(t) = e
ht
w
9
and then plug this into the differential equation, we get

h
2
+
2b
m
h +
2k
m

e
ht
w = 0.
Since w = 0, we conclude the term in parenthesis must equal zero, and that we can
use the quadratic formula to solve this equation. We know that if the solution to this
equation has complex numbers the system response will oscillate, and if the solution
is real the response is just an exponential. Therefore, the part of the quadratic formula
under the square root sign tells us how to nd the critical value of b.

2
4 = 0

2b
m

2
4

2k
m

= 0
4b
2
16 = 0
b = 2
4.3
Answer is Decaying.
From Lecture 10,
h =

b
m

b
2
m
2
4
k
m
2
.
The part under the square root tells the characteristics of the solution.
b
2
m
2
4
k
m
=
4
2
2
2
4
1
2
= 4 2 = 2.
Thus the quadratic formula answers will both be real, and we have a decaying solution.
4.4
Answer is 0.0642
MATLAB Code:
% define parameters
k = 1;
m = 2;
b = 4;
dt = 0.01;
t0 = 0;
tf = 10.0;
% create arrays
10
tvec = t0:dt:tf;
xvec = zeros(length(tvec), 2);
xvec(1,:) = [1,0];
% Euler integration
for i = 1:length(tvec)-1
xvec(i+1, 1) = xvec(i, 2)
*
dt + xvec(i, 1);
xvec(i+1, 2) = (-k/m
*
xvec(i, 1) - b/m
*
xvec(i, 2))
*
dt ...
+ xvec(i, 2);
end
xvec(length(tvec), 1)
4.5
Answer is 0 g
4.6
The possible responses are pure oscillation, and no motion. No motion is possible if
the system starts at equilibrium. Both responses with decay are impossible. This can
be seen several ways:
This A matrix represents a mass-spring system with no damping, which implies
no decay
The eigenvalues of A are imaginary with zero for the real part which implies
pure oscillation
4.7
Answer is 6 6
The system has 6 states, thus A must be a 6 6 matrix.
4.8
Answer is 1 1
With given states and constants, the differential equation is
v = x v.
Thus in matrix form we have

x
v

0 1
1 1

x
v

A =

0 1
1 1

11
4.9
Answer is 4
We get 2 states from the mass and 1 state from each spring-damper shock.
4.10
Answer is Either are acceptable.
It is arbitrary which order we dene the states in matrix form.
4.11
Answer is 1
The second row of the given matrix must be the row corresponding to the distance
from the wall of the middle mass. Thus, the rst two values of 1 must be from spring
and damper attached to the wall, and the values X is from the spring to the right of
the mass. Its force direction is opposite of the other spring and the damper, thus its
coefcient is 1.
4.12
Answer is 0.030488
MATLAB Code:
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% PROBLEM SETUP %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
A = [0,1;-1,0];
dt = 0.1;
tf = 1.0;
w0 = [1; 0];
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% APPROXIMATE SOLUTION %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% create arrays for solution
tvec = 0:dt:tf;
xvec = zeros(length(A), length(tvec));
% set initial conditions
xvec(:,1) = w0;
% use Euler integration to approximate
for i = 1:length(tvec)-1
xvec(:,i+1) = A
*
xvec(:,i)
*
dt + xvec(:,i);
end
12
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% ANALYTICAL SOLUTION %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% first find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A
[V,D] = eig(A);
w1 = V(:,1);
w2 = V(:,2);
h1 = D(1,1);
h2 = D(2,2);
% We know analytical solution can be written as a linear
% combination of eigenvector/eigenvalue pairs. So we need
% to solve for a multiplier for each exponential solution
% given by the eig pairs. We use the initial conditions to
% get these multipliers.
mults = V\w0;
xana = mults(1)
*
w1
*
exp(h1
*
tvec) + mults(2)
*
w2
*
exp(h2
*
tvec);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% CALCULATE ERROR %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
disp([Error = , num2str(abs(xana(1,length(tvec)) - ...
xvec(1,length(tvec))))])
plot(tvec, xvec(1,:), tvec, xana(1,:))
4.13
Answer is 0.0
MATLAB code:
A = [0,1; -1,0];
eig(A)
4.14
Answer is the spring-mass system
Purely imaginary eigenvalues represent non-decaying, oscillating solutions. This is the
only system that can exhibit this behavior. Additionally, none of the other systems can
be the correct one given the following reasoning:
Spring-damper system System only has 1 state, so given A is the wrong dimen-
sion
Mass-damper system Given A matrix has a 1 multiplying a position state,
thus there must be a spring
13
Spring-mass-damper system This systems A would have numbers in both en-
tries of the bottom row
4.15
Answer is 1
If there was more than 1 mass, we would need more than 3 states, and this A implies
that we have 3 states.
4.16
Answer is the system with the unconnected mass.
If we dene x
1
to be the position of the spring, and we dene x
2
to be the distance
from the wall to the mass, we have the following differential equations
x
1
=
k
b
x
1
m x
2
= 0
Note that then second equation can be divided by m to become x
2
= 0. We can then
put this in matrix form as

x
1
x
2
v
2

k/b 0 0
0 0 1
0 0 0

x
1
x
2
v
2

this matches the form of the given A, thus it is the correct system.
4.17
Answer is 0.38 2.62
MATLAB Code:
m = 1;
k = 1;
b = 3;
A = [0,1;-k/m,-b/m];
[V,D] = eig(A);
% get eigenvalues
lam1 = D(1,1)
lam2 = D(2,2)
% get and re-scale eigenvectors to ensure that second entry
is 1 like in the problem:
v1 = V(:,1);
14
v2 = V(:,2);
v1 = v1
*
1/v1(2)
v2 = v2
*
1/v2(2)
4.18
Answer is given by
e
0.38t

2.62
1

e
2.62t

0.38
1

We know that we can use exponential eigenvalue-eigenvector pair solutions to obtain

any solution. So we note that
v
1
v
2
=

2.62
1

0.38
1

3
2

which is the given initial condition. Thus the correct solution is the negative sum of the
two exponential eigenvalue-eigenvector solutions.
4.19
Answer is 0.6562
Differential equation is given by
v =
2k
m
x
which in matrix form is

x
v

0 1
2k/m 0

x
v

Using this expression, MATLAB code is given by

k = 2.0;
m = 1.0;
w0 = [1; -0.5];
dt = 0.01;
tf = 1.0;
A = [0,1; -2
*
k/m, 0];
tvec = 0:dt:tf;
xvec = zeros(length(A), length(tvec));
xvec(:,1) = w0;
for i = 1:length(tvec)-1
xvec(:,i+1) = A
*
xvec(:,i)
*
dt + xvec(:,i);
end
xvec(1, length(tvec))
15
4.20
Answer is 4.614 3.386
Differential equations are given by
v
1
= kx
s
= k(y
2
y
1
)
v
2
= kx
s
= k(y
2
y
1
).
We can put this in matrix form as

y
1
y
2
v
1
v
2

0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
k/m k/m 0 0
k/m k/m 0 0

y
1
y
2
v
1
v
2

MATLAB code is then given by

k = 2.0;
m = 1.0;
w0 = [1; 2; 0; 1];
dt = 0.01;
tf = 5.0;
A = [0,0,1,0;
0,0,0,1;
-k/m,k/m,0,0;
k/m,-k/m,0,0];
tvec = 0:dt:tf;
xvec = zeros(length(A), length(tvec));
xvec(:,1) = w0;
for i = 1:length(tvec)-1
xvec(:,i+1) = A
*
xvec(:,i)
*
dt + xvec(:,i);
end
xvec(1,length(tvec))
xvec(2,length(tvec))
4.21
Answer is 0.0931
MATLAB code:
k = 2.0;
m = 1.0;
w0 = [1; 0];
dt = 0.01;
16
tf = 9.0;
A = [0,1; -k/m, 0];
tvec = 0:dt:tf;
xvec = zeros(length(A), length(tvec));
xvec(:,1) = w0;
for i = 1:length(tvec)-1
xvec(:,i+1) = A
*
xvec(:,i)
*
dt + xvec(:,i);
end
[V,D] = eig(A);
w1 = V(:,1);
w2 = V(:,2);
h1 = D(1,1);
h2 = D(2,2);
mults = V\w0;
xana = mults(1)
*
w1
*
exp(h1
*
tvec) + mults(2)
*
w2
*
exp(h2
*
tvec);
xana(1, length(tvec)) - xvec(1, length(tvec))
17
4.25 Problem 25
Answer is 4.614 3.386
Differential equations are given by
v
1
= kx
s
= k(y
2
y
1
)
v
2
= kx
s
= k(y
2
y
1
).
We can put this in matrix form as

y
1
y
2
v
1
v
2

0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
k/m k/m 0 0
k/m k/m 0 0

y
1
y
2
v
1
v
2

MATLAB code is then given by

k = 2.0;
m = 1.0;
w0 = [1; 2; 0; 1];
dt = 0.01;
tf = 5.0;
A = [0,0,1,0;
0,0,0,1;
-k/m,k/m,0,0;
k/m,-k/m,0,0];
tvec = 0:dt:tf;
xvec = zeros(length(A), length(tvec));
xvec(:,1) = w0;
for i = 1:length(tvec)-1
xvec(:,i+1) = A
*
xvec(:,i)
*
dt + xvec(:,i);
end
xvec(1,length(tvec))
xvec(2,length(tvec))
4.26 Problem 26
Answer is 0.0931
MATLAB code:
k = 2.0;
m = 1.0;
w0 = [1; 0];
dt = 0.01;
16
tf = 9.0;
A = [0,1; -k/m, 0];
tvec = 0:dt:tf;
xvec = zeros(length(A), length(tvec));
xvec(:,1) = w0;
for i = 1:length(tvec)-1
xvec(:,i+1) = A
*
xvec(:,i)
*
dt + xvec(:,i);
end
[V,D] = eig(A);
w1 = V(:,1);
w2 = V(:,2);
h1 = D(1,1);
h2 = D(2,2);
mults = V\w0;
xana = mults(1)
*
w1
*
exp(h1
*
tvec) + mults(2)
*
w2
*
exp(h2
*
tvec);
xana(1, length(tvec)) - xvec(1, length(tvec))
5 HW5 Solutions
5.1 Problem 1
Solution: die concentration is concave parabolic looking
5.2 Problem 2
Solution: die concentration is at line
5.3 Problem 3
Solution: die concentration is at line
5.4 Problem 4
Solution: concentration entering to left (use Ficks law)
5.5 Problem 5
Solution: chemical is being consumed (negative accumulation indicated by Ficks law).
17
5.6 Problem 6
Solution: -4 from Ficks law
5.7 Problem 7
Solution: No, the curve is not a straight line. There is accumulation going on.
5.8 Problem 8
Solution: 6, from Ficks law.
5.9 Problem 9
Solution: 6, from Ficks law.
5.10 Problem 10
Solution: Depends linearly on C(x)
5.11 Problem 11
Solution: Depends on x
5.12 Problem 12
Solution: Constant
5.13 Problem 13
Solution: Depends linearly on C(x)
If we set C(x) = e
x
+ e
x
and take derivatives, we nd C
00
(x) = C(x)
5.14 Problem 14
Solution: Cubic (e.g. x + x
2
+ x
3
)
If we set C
00
(x) = bx + h we see that C
0
(x) will depend on x
2
and C(x) must
therefore depend on x
3
.
5.15 Problem 15
Solution: Trigonometric (e.g., sin(2x) + cos(2x))
Solutions to C
00
(x) =
k
d
C(x) can have trigonometric solutions just like mass and
spring systems x
00
=
k
m
x.
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5.16 Problem 16
Solution: 0.5725
6 HW6 Solutions
6.1 Problem 1
Solution: 0.75
1

4Dt
e
(x0.5)
2
4Dt
+ 0.25
1

4Dt
e
(x0.7)
2
4Dt
6.2 Problem 2
Solution: The diffusion equation is linear, so superposition applies and we can add
solutions.
6.3 Problem 3
Solution: The concave parabolic plot.
After a few milliseconds the two Gaussians representing the concentration of each
die meet to make a single concave Guassian looking function.
Matlab Code:
>> C = @(x, t, A, D, x0) A 1/sqrt(4 pi D t) exp((x x0)
2
/(4 D t))
>> Cprob = @(x) C(x, 1, 0.75, 1, 0.5) + C(x, 1, 0.25, 1, 0.7)
>> X = [0 : 0.01 : 1]
>> y = arrayfun(Cprob, X)
6.4 Problem 4
Solution: 0.28
Matlab Code:
>> C = @(x, t, A, D, x0) A 1/sqrt(4 pi D t) exp((x x0)
2
/(4 D t))
>> C(0.4, 1, 0.75, 1, 0.5) + C(0.4, 1, 0.25, 1, 0.7)
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Matlab Code:
>> clear all
>> t0 = 0.0;
>> tf = 10.0;
>> dt = 0.01;
>> k = 1.0;
>> b = 0;
>> m = 1.0;
>> x0 = 0; x0dot = 0;
>> tvec = [0 : dt : tf];
>> xvec(:, 1) = [x0; x0dot];
>> A = [0, 1; k/m, b/m];
>> B = [0; 1];
>> u = sin(tvec);
>> for i = 1 : (length(tvec) 1)
>> xvec(:, i + 1) = xvec(:, i) + (A xvec(:, i) + B u(i)) dt;
>> end
>> xvec(:, tvec == 1)
>> plot(tvec, xvec(1, :), b)
6.5 Problem 5
Solution: 0.147
6.6 Problem 6
Solution: 0.321
6.7 Problem 7
Solution: 1.11
20
Using convolution we can add the solution of Question 5 to the 3 times the solu-
tion to question 6 to get the solution to this question. You can verify this using Euler
integration.
6.8 Problem 8
Solution: 0.543
6.9 Problem 9
Solution: 1.653
Using convolution we can add the solution of Question 7 to the solution to Question
8 to get the solution to this question. You can verify this using Euler integration.
6.10 Problem 10
Solution: C
1
+ C
2
Use the fact that V =
1
C
i for each capacitor and the fact that i
C1
+ i
C2
= i
C
6.11 Problem 11
Solution: Plot of step function with two at lines.
Remember that when the switch is closed, the voltage law has to be instantly satis-
ed.
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