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ME2303 - DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS
OBJECTIVE:

To familiarize the various steps involved in the Design Process
To understand the principals involved in evaluating the shape and dimensions of a
component to satisfy functional and strength requirements.
To learn to use standard practices and standard data
To learn to use catalogues and standard machine components

UNIT I: STEADY STRESSES AND VARIABLE STRESSES IN MACHINE
MEMBERS





PART A (2 MARKS)
1) How the machine design may be classified?
The machine design maybe classified as follows. a) Adaptive design b) Developed design
c) New design d) Rational design e) Empirical design f) Industrial design

2) What are the various phases of design process?
i. Recognition of need. ii. Definition of problem iii. Synthesis iv. Analysis and
optimization v. Evaluation vi. Presentation

3) Define creep.
When a part is subjected to a constant stress at high temperature for a long period of time,
it will undergo a slow and permanent deformation called creep.

4) Differentiate between resilience and toughness.
Resilience is the property of the material to absorb energy and to resist shock and impact
loads. This property is essential for spring materials.

5) What are the factors affecting selection of material for machine element?
The factors affecting selection of material for machine element are, a) Load applied
b) Purpose and operating conditions of the part c) Suitability for manufacture
d) Minimum weight and optimal size e) Availability and cost.

6) What are the different types of loads that can act on machine components?
The types of loads act on machine components are, a) Steady load b) Variable load
c) Shock load d) Impact load.
SYLLABUS:
Introduction to the design process - factor influencing machine design, selection of
Materials based on mechanical properties -- Preferred numbers, fits and tolerances 46
Direct, Bending and torsional stress equations Impact and shock loading calculation
Of principle stresses for various load combinations, eccentric loading Design of curved
Beams crane hook and C frame - Factor of safety - theories of failure stress
Concentration design for variable loading Soderberg, Goodman and Gerber relations

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7) Define bearing stress.
A localized compressive stress at the surface of contact between two members of
machine part that are relatively at rest is known as bearing stress.

8) What is principle stress and principle plane?
A plane which has no shear stress is called principle plane the corresponding stress
is called principle stress.

9) Differentiate between direct stress and bending stress.
Direct stress : Load is applied axially. The stress distribution is uniform throughout the
cross Section.
Bending stress : Load is applied laterally i.e., Perpendicular to the axis.

10) What is torsion shear stress?
When a machine member is subjected to the action of two equal and opposite couples acting
in parallel planes (or torque or twisting moment) then the machine member is said to be
subjected to torsion. The stress set-up by torsion is known as torsion is known as torsion
shear stress.

11) Define: Factor of safety
Factor of safety (FOS) is defined as the ratio between the maximum stress and working
stress.

12) List out the factors involved in arriving at factor of safety
i. material properties ii. Nature of loads iii. Presence of localized stresses
iv. Mode of failures

13) What is curved beam? Give some example for curved beam.
If the neutral axis of the cross section is shifted towards the center of curvature of the
Beam causing a non linear distribution of stress, then the given beam is curved beam.

14) What is eccentric load and eccentricity?
An external load, whose line of action is parallel but does not coincide with the Centrodial
axis of the machine component, is known as an eccentric load .the distance Between the
centrodial axis of the component and the eccentric load is called Eccentricity.

15) If the section is unsymmetrical, where the maximum and minimum bending stress
will occur for curved beam?
If the section is unsymmetrical, then the maximum bending stress may occur at either the
inside fibre or the outside fibre.

16) Give some methods of reducing stress concentration.
i. Avoiding sharp corners. ii. Providing fillets. iii. Use of multiple holes instead of single
hole v. undercutting the shoulder parts.



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17) What is an S-N Curve?
An S- N curve has fatigue stress on Y axis and number of loading cycles in X axis. It is used
to find the fatigue stress value corresponding to a given number of cycles

18) Distinguish between brittle fracture and ductile fracture.
In brittle fracture, crack growth is up to a small depth of the material. In ductile fracture
large amount of plastic deformation is present to a higher depth.

19) Define stress concentration and stress concentration factor.
i. Maximum principal stress theory. ii. Maximum shear stress theory.
iii. Maximum principal strain theory

20) What are various theories of failure?
i. Maximum principal stress theory. ii. Maximum shear stress theory.
iii. Maximum principal strain theory


PART B (16 MARKS)

1. The dimensions of the mating parts, according to basic hole system, are given as
follows: Hole: 25.00 mm Shaft: 24.97 mm
25.02 mm 24.95 mm
Find the hole tolerance, shaft tolerance and allowance.































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2. Calculate the tolerances, fundamental deviations and limits of sizes for the shaft
designated as 40 H8 / f7.














3. A journal of nominal or basic size of 75 mm runs in a bearing with close running fit.
Find the limits of shaft and bearing. What is the maximum and minimum clearance?

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4. A steel bar 2.4 m long and 30 mm square is elongated by a load of 500 kN. If poisson's
ratio is 0.25, find the increase in volume. Take E = 0.2 106 N/mm2.





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5. The frame of a punch press is shown in Fig. Find the stresses at the inner and outer
surface at section X-X of the frame, if W= 5000 N.










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6. A C-clamp is subjected to a maximum load of W, as shown in Fig. If the maximum
tensile stress in the clamp is limited to 140 MPa, find the value of load W.








7. An overhang crank with pin and shaft is shown in Fig. A tangential load of 15 kN acts
on the crank pin. Determine the maximum principal stress and the maximum shear
stress at the centre of the crankshaft bearing.


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t(max)
=17.9 +27.5 =45.4 MPa.
Maximum shear stress :

max
=27.5 MPa.

8. A pulley is keyed to a shaft midway between two bearings. The shaft is made of
cold drawn steel for which the ultimate strength is 550 MPa and the yield strength is 400
MPa. The bending moment at the pulley varies from 150 N-m to + 400 N-m as the
torque on the shaft varies from 50 N-m to +150 N-m. Obtain the diameter of the shaft
for an indefinite life. The stress concentration factors for the keyway at the pulley in
bending and in torsion are 1.6 and 1.3 respectively. Take the following values:
Factor of safety = 1.5
Load correction factors = 1.0 in bending,
and 0.6 in torsion
Size effect factor = 0.85
Surface effect factor = 0.88


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Solution:-
Mean load Mm =125 N-mm and
Variable load M v =275 N-mm
Mean axial stress m =1273000/d3 N/mm2
Variable axial stress v =2800000/ d3 N/mm2
Endurance limit eb= 275 N/mm2

Equivalent normal stress neb =1428/d3 N/mm2

Torsional moment:

Tm= 50 N-m
Variable Torque Tv =100 N-m
Mean shear stress m =255000/ d3 N/mm2

Variable shear stress v=510000/ d3 N/mm2

Equivalent shear stress es =1329000/ d3 N/mm2

Diameter =33.84mm say 35 mm.


9. A circular bar of 500 mm length is supported freely at its two ends. It is acted upon by
a central concentrated cyclic load having a minimum value of 20 kN and a maximum
value of 50 kN. Determine the diameter of bar by taking a factor of safety 1.5, size effect
of 0.85, surface finish factor of 0.9. The material properties of bar at given by: ultimate
strength of 650 MPa, yield strength of 500 MPa and endurance strength of 350 MPa
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10. A mild steel bracket as shown in Fig. is subjected to a pull of 6000N acting at 45 to its
horizontal axis. The bracket has a rectangular section whose depth is twice the thickness.
Find the cross-sectional dimensions of the bracket, if the permissible stress in t material
of the bracket is limited to 60 MPa.

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