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RTOS01

This document provides an overview of real-time systems and applications. It discusses the objectives of real-time systems including meeting timing constraints. The document describes different types of real-time applications such as digital control systems, databases and multimedia. It also covers key real-time parameters like deadlines and response times. The document distinguishes between hard and soft real-time systems based on how critical meeting timing constraints is. It provides examples of real-time applications in different domains.

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jayashree_90
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35 views26 pages

RTOS01

This document provides an overview of real-time systems and applications. It discusses the objectives of real-time systems including meeting timing constraints. The document describes different types of real-time applications such as digital control systems, databases and multimedia. It also covers key real-time parameters like deadlines and response times. The document distinguishes between hard and soft real-time systems based on how critical meeting timing constraints is. It provides examples of real-time applications in different domains.

Uploaded by

jayashree_90
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RTOS SESSION 1

Session objectives

Real time commercial systems capabilities

Types of real time applications

Real time parameters

Hard / soft time systems



Commercial Real time systems

Conformance to Standards

Modularity and Scalability

Speed and Efficiency

System Calls

Split Interrupt Handling

Cloc and Timer Resolution

Memory Management

Sc!eduling
E"# pSOSystem $ %"&ors

Real time systems

Real'time system is re(uired to complete its


)or and deli*er its ser*ices on a timely basis

E"amples of real'time systems include digital


control$ command and control$ signal
processing$ telecommunication systems real'
time databases$ and multimedia

Digital Control
e(t) = r (t) y(t) denote the difference between
the desired state r (t) and the measured state
y(t) at time t

Digital Control eedbac!
Control loo" system

Digital Control

Sampling period T ' time bet)een any t)o


consecuti*einstants at )!ic! y+t, and r +t, are
sampled

t!e percei*ed responsi*eness of t!e o*erall


system - measured by rise time R

dynamic be!a*ior of t!e plant ' eep t!e


oscillation in its response small and t!e system
under control

t!e ratio R/T of rise time to sampling period is


from 1. to /.

Digital Control #ffects of
sam"ling "eriod

Digital Control $ultirate
systems

0lant is monitored by multiple sensors and


controlled by multiple actuators - Multi*ariate
controller

1se t!e !ig!est of all re(uired sampling


rates2

1se successi*e loop closure met!od



Digital Control $ultirate
systems light controller

Digital Control Com"le% control
law com"utation

t!ree assumptions in simple digital control

sensor data gi*e accurate estimates of t!e


state'*ariable *alues being monitored and
controlled - in*alid due to noise - 3alman filter

sensor data gi*e t!e state of t!e plant - data


!as to computed from measured *alues

all t!e parameters representing t!e dynamics of


t!e plant are no)n - not *alid in some cases -
deadbeat control


&igh level control

Controllers in a comple" monitor and control


system are typically organi4ed !ierarc!ically2

One or more digital controllers at t!e lo)est


le*el directly control t!e p!ysical plant2

Eac! output of a !ig!er'le*el controller is a


reference input of one or more lo)er'le*el
controllers2

&it! fe) e"ceptions$ one or more of t!e !ig!er'


le*el controllers interfaces )it! t!e operator+s,

E"2 0atient care system$ 5ir Traffic systems



&igh level control ' (uidance and
Control

&igh level control Real time
command ) control

Signal "rocessing ' Radar

Real time databases

peris!able nature of t!e data maintained

age of an image ob6ect at any time is t!e lengt!


of time since t!e instant of t!e last update$ t!at
is$ )!en its *alue is made e(ual to t!at of t!e
real')orld ob6ect it represents2

5 set of data ob6ects is said to be absolutely


+temporally, consistent if t!e ma"imum age of
t!e ob6ects in t!e set is no greater t!an a
certain t!res!old2


Real time databases

5 set of data ob6ects is said to be relati*ely


consistent if t!e ma"imum difference in ages of
t!e ob6ects in t!e set is no greater t!an t!e
relati*e consistency t!res!old used by t!e
application


$ultimedia a""lications

Image processing based on M0E7 std

Timing re(uirements based on *ideo 8 audio


(uality

(uality of an audio component depends on t!e


sampling rate and granularity used to digiti4e
t!e audio signal + Telep!one 19 3bps$ C: 1/;
3bps,

lip sync!roni4ation ' sync!roni4ation of t!e


*ideo frames and related audio data units
+ <;.msec,2


*y"es of realtime a""lications

0urely cyclic# E*ery tas in a purely cyclic


application e"ecutes periodically' :igital
controller

Mostly cyclic# Most tass in a mostly cyclic


system e"ecute periodically2' modern a*ionics

5sync!ronous and some)!at predictable'


multimedia communication

5sync!ronous and unpredictable# 5pplications


t!at react to async!ronous e*ents and !a*e
tass )it! !ig! run'time comple"ity belong to
t!is type 'intelligent real'time control systems

Real time systems "arameters

Eac! unit of )or t!at is sc!eduled and


e"ecuted by t!e system a 6ob and a set of
related 6obs )!ic! 6ointly pro*ide some system
function a tas

Release time of a 6ob is t!e instant of time at


)!ic! t!e 6ob becomes a*ailable for e"ecution2

T!e deadline of a 6ob is t!e instant of time by


)!ic! its e"ecution is re(uired to be completed2

Response time$ t!at is$ t!e lengt! of time from


t!e release time of t!e 6ob to t!e instant )!en it
completes


Real time systems "arameters

ma"imum allo)able response time of a 6ob its


relati*e deadline2

5bsolute deadline$ is e(ual to its release time


plus its relati*e deadline2

5 constraint imposed on t!e timing be!a*ior of


a 6ob is a timing constraint2

&ard and soft realtime constraints

Classification based on

t!e functional criticality of 6obs$

usefulness of late results$

deterministic or probabilistic nature of t!e


constraint

&ard and soft realtime constraints

a timing constraint or deadline is !ard if t!e


failure to meet it is considered to be a fatal
fault2

a fe) misses of soft deadlines do no serious


!arm= only t!e system>s o*erall performance
becomes poorer

&ard and soft realtime constraints

T!e tardiness of a 6ob measures !o) late it


completes respecti*e to its deadline2

Tardiness is 4ero if t!e 6ob completes at or


before its deadline= ot!er)ise$ if t!e 6ob is late$
its tardiness is e(ual to t!e difference bet)een
its completion time

T!e usefulness of a result


:ecreases gradually as t!e tardiness of t!e 6ob
increases for soft real'time 6ob
?alls off abruptly and may e*en become
negati*e for !ard real time 6ob

&ard and soft realtime constraints

:istinction made on t!e basis of )!et!er t!e


timing constraint is e"pressed in deterministic or
probabilistic terms2

If a 6ob must ne*er miss its deadline$ t!en t!e


deadline is !ard2

If its deadline can be missed occasionally )it!


some acceptably lo) probability$ t!en its timing
constraint is soft2

T!e timing re(uirements of soft real'time systems


are often specified in probabilistic terms2

+rocess of validating that a system

Timing constraints of eac! application are


consistent )it! its !ig!'le*el real'time
re(uirements and t!at t!e timing constraints of its
indi*idual components are mutually consistent2

E*ery component can meet its timing constraints


if it e"ecutes alone and !as all t!e re(uired
resources2

Sc!eduled toget!er according to t!e algorit!ms


used by t!e underlying operating system and
net)ors$ t!e timing constraints of all applications
competing for all t!e a*ailable system resources
are al)ays met2

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