Abstract--Congestion in the transmission lines is one of the

technical problems that appears particularly in the deregulated

environment. There are two types of congestion management
methodologies to relieve it. One is non-cost free methods and
another is cost-free methods, among them later method relives
the congestion technically whereas the former is related with the
economics. In this paper congestion is relieved using cost free
methods. Using FACTS devices, congestion can be reduced
without disturbing the economic matters. TCSC and UPFC are
two mainly emerging FACTS devices and they are used in this
paper to reduce the congestion. In congestion management, the
objective function is nonlinear hence in solving this function
genetic algorithm (GA) technique is used to obtain the global
optimal solution. Above method is tested on IEEE 30-bus system
and it can be extended to any practical system.

Index Terms--Congestion, Deregulated power system, FACTS,
Genetic algorithms, Optimal power flow.
I. INTRODUCTION
RIVATIZATION in telecommunication and airways
improved the efficiency of these industries. Based on this
idea from last two decades electric utilities are also
introducing privatization in their sectors to improve efficiency
[1], [2]. In regulated power system Transmission Companies
(TRANSCOs), Generation Companies (GENCOs) and
Distribution Companies (DISCOs) all come under one
organization, generally government. Whatever the
expenditure incurred on power system will be bared by the
government and at the same whatever revenue came it will go
to government. On the other hand in deregulated power
systems TRANSCOs, GENCOs, DISCOs are under different
organizations [3]-[5]. To maintain the coordination between
them there will be one system operator in all types of
deregulated power system models, generally he is
Independent System Operator (ISO).
In deregulated environment all the GENCOs and DISCOs
make the transactions ahead of time, but by the time of
implementations there may be congestion in some of the
transmission lines. Hence ISO has to relieve that congestion

Keshi Reddy Saidi Reddy, Narayana Prasad Padhy, and R. N. Patel

are with
the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of technology
Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttaranchal, INDIA (e-mails: [email protected],
[email protected]).


0-7803-9525-5/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE.
so that the system is maintained in secure state. To relieve the
congestion ISO can use mainly two types of techniques which
are as follows [6]-[8]:
A. Cost-free means:
(i) Out-aging of congested lines.
(ii) Operation of transformer taps/phase shifters.
(iii) Operation of FACTs devices particularly series
devices.
B. Non-cost-free means:
(i) Re-dispatch of generation in a manner different from the
natural settling point of the market. Some generators back
down while others increase their output. The effect of this is
that generators no longer operate at equal incremental costs.
(ii) Curtailment of loads and the exercise of (not-cost-free)
load interruption options.
Among the above two main techniques cost-free means
are have advantages like it is not going to touch economical
matters so that to relieve the congestion GENCOs and
DISCOs will not come into picture. In this paper FACTS
devices are used to relieve the congestion because they posses
many advantages as compared with the other techniques [9]-
[15].
In congestion management the objective function and
constraints are nonlinear and non-convex. To solve such
equations classical techniques offer good results but when the
search space is nonlinear and has discontinues these
techniques become difficult to solve with a slow convergence
ratio not always seeking to the optimal solution. New
numerical methods are then needed to cope with these
difficulties specially those with high-speed search to the
optimal and not being trapped in local minima. Recently a
great deal of interest in promising genetic algorithm and its
application to various disciplines including power system
planning operation and control. Genetic algorithms are also
being applied to a wide range of optimization and learning
problems in many domains. Genetic algorithms lend
themselves well to power system optimization, and can offer
significant advantages in a solution methodology and
optimization performance. In this paper we formulate optimal
power flow (OPF) frame work for congestion management in
Section II, Section III describes genetic algorithm technique.
In section IV, static modeling of TCSC and UPFC is
discussed. Section V, describes about optimal locations for
TCSC and UPFC. In section VI, results and discussions
presented and finally in section VII, conclusions are given.
Congestion Management in Deregulated Power
System using FACTS Devices
Keshi Reddy Saidi Reddy1, Narayana Prasad Padhy, and R. N. Patel

P

II. PROBLEM FORMULATION FOR CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
The basic principle for the transmission congestion
management could be illustrated with the help of the
traditional spot pricing theory. In this framework, the central
dispatcher optimally dispatches the generators such that the
social welfare is maximized while satisfying the operation and
security related constraints. Specifically, the dispatcher solves
the following optimization problem to maximize the social
welfare:

= =

D
i i
G
i i
N
i
D D
N
i
G G
P B P C
1 1
) ( ) ( ( min
(1)
Subjected to:
) cos(
1
ij j i ij j
N
j
i di gi
Y V V P P
B
=

=
(2)

) sin(
1
ij j i ij j
N
j
i di gi
Y V V Q Q
B
=

=
(3)
max , min ,
max , min ,
gi gi gi
gi gi gi
Q Q Q
P P P


(4)
max , min ,
max , min ,
di di di
di di di
Q Q Q
P P P


(5)

max , min , i i i
V V V
(6)
0
ij
T (7)

Where, P
Gi
, Q
Gi
are the real and reactive power generation at
bus i.
P
di,
Q
di
are the real and reactive power demands at bus i.
V
i,

i
are voltage and angles at bus i.
P
gi,min
, P
gi,max
real power minimum and maximum generation
limits at bus i.
Q
g,min
, Q
gi,max
reactive power minimum and maximum
generation limits at bus i.
P
di,min
, P
di,max
real power minimum and maximum demand
limits at bus i.
Q
di,min
, Q
di,max
reactive power minimum and maximum
demand limits at bus i.
In the objective function ) (
i i
G G
P C is cost function for
generating real power P
Gi
at bus-i, and ) (
i i
D D
P B is the
demand function. T
ij
is the bilateral transaction between
supplier at node i and consumer at node j.
By solving above optimization problem the generation
schedule can be obtained and with this schedule line flows can
found. Then check whether all line flows are within the
maximum limits are not, if any (one or more) of line flow
exceeds the limit that line is said to be congested and it has to
be relieved as quickly as possible. To solve the above
optimization problem classical techniques suffers from the
local optima and they need auxiliary information about the
objective function [16]. By heuristic search methods global
optima can be found. Among the heuristic search methods
genetic algorithm (GA) is one of the good techniques [17] and
it is going to be discussed in next section.
III. GENETIC ALGORITHM
GA is general purpose optimization algorithm based on the
mechanics of natural selection and genetics [17]. They operate
on string structures (chromosomes), typically a concatenated
list of binary digits representing a coding of the control
parameters (phenotype) of a given problem. Chromosomes
themselves are composed of genes. The real value of a control
parameter, encoded in a gene, is called an allele.
GA is an attractive alternative to other optimization methods
because of their robustness. There are three major differences
between GA and conventional optimization algorithms. Firstly,
GA operates on the encoded string of the problem parameters
rather than the actual parameters of the problem. Second, GA
uses a population of points rather than a single point in their
search. Third, GA do not require any prior knowledge , space
limitations, or special properties of the function to be
optimized, such as smoothness, convexity, unimdoality, or
existence of derivates. They only require the evaluation of the
so called Fitness Function (FF) to assign a quality value to
every solution produced. Fourth, GA use probabilistic transition
rules, not deterministic rules.
Assuming an initial random population produced and
evaluated, genetic evaluation takes place by means of three
basic genetic operators:
1) Parent selection;
2) Crossover;
3) Mutation.
Parent selection is a simple procedure where by two
chromosomes are selected from the parent population based
on their fitness value. Solutions with high fitness values have
a high probability of controlling new offspring to the next
generation. The selection rule used in this paper is a simple
roulette-wheel selection.
Crossover is an extremely important operator for the GA. It
is responsible for the structure recombination (information
exchange between mating chromosomes) and the convergence
speed of the GA and is usually applied with high probability
(0.6 -0.9). The chromosomes of the two parents selected are
combined to form new chromosomes that inherit segments or
information stored in parent chromosomes. Until now, many
crossover schemes, such as single point, multipoint, or
uniform crossover have been proposed in the literature. Single
point crossover has been used in this paper.
Mutation is the operator responsible for the injection of new
information. With a small probability, random bits of the
offspring chromosomes flip from 0 to 1 and vice versa and
give new characteristics that do not exist in the parent
population. In this paper, the mutation operator is applied with
a relatively small probability (0.001-0.005) to every bit of the
chromosome.
The FF evaluation and genetic evolution take part in an
iterative procedure, which ends when a maximum number of
generations are reached.
IV. STATTIC MODELLING OF TCSC AND UPFC
If load flows are performed with the optimal schedule
obtained from OPF, some of the line flows may exceeds line
limits hence such lines are said to be congested. ISO has to

relieve such congestion in the lines to maintain the system in
secure state.
FACTS technology is improved day by day because their
flexible control and versatility. Some of the advantages of
FACTS devices are [12]:
Greater control of power, so that it flows on
prescribed transmission routes.
Secure loading of transmission lines to level nearer
their thermal limits.
Greater ability of transfer between controlled areas.
Prevention of cascading outages.
Damping of power system oscillations.
Among the whole FACTS devices Thyrister Controlled
Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC) are versatile devices and in this paper they are used to
relieve the congestion [18]-[24].

A. Modeling of Transmission line
Fig. 1 shows a simple transmission line represented by its
lumped - equivalent parameters connected between bus-i
and bus-j.



Fig. 1. Model of transmission line.

Let complex voltages at bus-i and bus-j are
i i
V and
j j
V respectively. The real and reactive power flow from
bus-i and bus-j (P
ij
and Q
ij
) can be written as:
)] sin( ) cos( [
2
ij ij ij ij j i ij i ij
B G V V G V P + =
(8)
)] cos( ) sin( [ ) (
2
ij ij ij ij j i sh ij i ij
B G V V B B V Q + = (9)
Where
ij
=
i
-
j
. Similarly, the real and reactive power
flow form bus-j to bus-i (P
ji
and Q
ji
) is
)] sin( ) cos( [
2
ij ij ij ij j i ij j ji
B G V V G V P = (10)
)] cos( ) sin( [ ) (
2
ij ij ij ij j i sh ij j ji
B G V V B B V Q + + + =
(11)

B. Static Modeling Of TCSC
The effect of FACTS devices like TCSC on the network
can be seen as a controllable reactance inserted in the related
transmission line. The model of the network with TCSC is
shown in Fig. 2. During steady state the TCSC can be
considered as a static capacitor/reactor offering impedance
jX
TCSC
. The controllable reactance X
TCSC
is directly used as a
control variable to be implemented in the power flow
equations.


Fig. 2. Modeling of transmission line with TCSC.

The real power and reactive power flow equation of the
branch k flowing from bus i to j can be expressed as:
)] sin( ) cos( [
2
ij
c
ij ij
c
ij j i
c
ij j
c
ij
B G V V G V P + = (12)
)] cos( ) sin( [ ) (
2
ij
c
ij ij
c
ij j i sh
c
ij i
c
ij
B G V V B B V Q + =
(13)
)] cos( ) sin( [ ) (
2
ij
c
ij ij
c
ij j i sh
c
ij j
c
ji
B G V V B B V Q + + + = (14)
Where
2 2
) (
TCSC ij ij
ij c
ij
x x r
r
G
+
=
and
2 2
) (
) (
TCSC ij ij
TCSC ij c
ij
x x r
x x
B
+

=

The change in the line flows due to series capacitance can
be represented as a line without series capacitance with power
injected at the receiving and sending ends of the line as shown
in Fig. 3. The real power injections at bus-i (P
ic
) and bus-j
(P
jc
) can be expressed, by subtracting eqn. (8) from eqn. (12)
and vice versa.

Fig. 3. Injection model of TCSC.
C. Static Modeling of UPFC
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) was devised for
real-time control and dynamic compensation of ac
transmissions system, providing multifunctional flexibility
required to solve many of the problems facing the power
delivery industry. From conceptual view-point, the UPFC is a
generalized synchronous voltage source, represented at the
fundamental frequency by voltage V
s1
with controllable
magnitude (0V
s1
V
s1max
) and angle (0
s1
2) in series with
the transmission line. As far as construction is concerned a
UPFC consists of shunt (exciting) and series (boosting)
transformer, which are connected by two voltage-sourced
converters using GTO thyristors valves and a DC circuit.
Inverter-2 is used to generate a voltage source at the
fundamental frequency with variable amplitude
(0V
s1
V
s1max
) and phase angle (0
s1
2), which is added to
the AC transmission line by the series connected booster
transformer. As the series transformer injects series voltage
in line, the control of active and reactive power is possible by
changing the magnitude and angle of inserted voltage. The
real power flows from shunt converter to series converter via
a DC link. As both inverters are capable of handling reactive

power independently shunt transformer can also inject
reactive power on the bus thus helps in maintaining better
voltage profile. In this way the inverter output voltage
injected in series with the line can be used for direct voltage
control, series compensation, phase shifting and their
combination and shunt current can be used to maintain good
voltage profile. The schematic diagram of UPFC is shown in
Fig . 4.
UPFC has three controllable parameters, namely the
magnitude and the angle of inserted voltage (V
s1
,
s1
) in
line-k and the magnitude of the current (I
q
).The vector
diagram of UPFC is shown in Fig. 5 and circuit diagram is
given in Fig. 6. Based on the principle of UPFC operation
and the circuit diagram, the basic mathematical relations can
be written as:
ij j s1 i ij
)y V V (V I + = (15)
/2 ) Arg(V ) Arg(I
i q
= (16)
i
*
ij s1
*
T
V
] I Re[V
I = (17)
The power injection at bus-i can be written as:
*
sh i
n
j
1 i
*
in i
*
q T i
*
ij i i i i
I V I V ) jI (I V I V jQ P S + + + + = + =

=
(18)
Where, I
sh
is the shunt current due to line charging.

conv1 conv2
Vdc
Vs1
1 s

j
V
i
V
q
I


Fig. 4. The UPFC schematic diagram.

s1

V
s1max

I
q

-I
q

T
I
T
I -
I
i

I
j
V
j

V
i

V
i

V
s1



Fig. 5. Vector- Diagram of UPFC.


Fig. 6. Circuit diagram of UPFC.

The effect of UPFC can be represented as injected power
with the network as shown in Fig. 7. The injected complex
powers S
ig
(= P
ig
+jQ
ig
) at bus-i and S
jg
(= P
jg
+jQ
jg
) at bus-j
can be written as,
{ }
*
q T i
*
ij
*
s1 i i
0
i ig
) jI (I V y V V S S S + + = = -
(19)

Where, S
0
is the complex power injection when there was no
UPFC.
From eqn. 8, the real and reactive power injections at bus-i
can be derived as
{ }
*
T i
*
ij
*
s1 i ig
I V y V V Re P = (20)
{ }
q i
*
ij
*
s1 i ig
I V y V V Im Q + = (21)

Similarly the real and reactive powers injections at bus-j

and
bus-h can be derived as
( ) ) sin( b ) cos( g V V P
j s1 ij j s1 ij s1 j jg
= (22)
( ) ) cos( b ) sin( g V V Q
j s1 ij j s1 ij s1 j jg
+ =
(23)



Fig. 7. Injection model of UPFC.

V. OPTIMAL LOCATIONS FOR TCSC AND UPFC
Even though FACTS devices offer many advantages, their
installation cost is very high. Hence ISO has to locate them at
optimal locations. This task can be accomplished by
considering many factors like cost, thermal limits of
transmission lines, reactive power compensation, reduction of
system losses, voltage limits and stability limits. As the aim of
this paper is to relieve the congestion here considering line
loading optimal locations are obtained [20]-[24].

Objectives of the Optimization
The objective function is built in order to penalize the
configurations of FACTS leading to overloaded transmission

lines. Only the technical benefits of the FACTS controllers, in
terms of loadability, are taken into account. Therefore, for
configuration of FACTS devices, the objective function to
maximize is given by,
line
line
N
fg
Ovl C
L
1 = =
(24)
Where, Ovl
line
is shown in Fig. 8.


Fig. 8. Objective function Ovl
line.

While the branch loading is less than 100%, its value is
equal to 1; then it decreases exponentially with the overload.
To accelerate the convergence, the product of all objective
function is taken.
Equation (24) is solved using GA with the initial population
for a given power system of N
b
branches, is generated from
the following parameters:
N
F
the number of FACTS devices to be located
optimally.
the different types of devices to be located.
N
v
the number of possible discrete setting for a device.
N
i
the number of individuals of the population.

The creation of an individual is done in three stages. First, a
set of N
F
branches of the network are randomly drawn and is
put in the first string. The order of the branches is not
important and different individuals may represent the same
configuration of FACTS devices. After drawing the branches
where the FACTS devices will be located, the next two steps
consist in the attribution of the characteristics of the devices.
The second string, referred to the types of the devices, is
obtained by randomly drawing numbers among the selected
devices. Thus, if we decide to optimally locate only one type
of device, this string will contain the same character. Setting
values of the devices are finally randomly drawn among the
possible. To obtain the entire initial population, these
operations are repeated N
i
times.
Then, the objective function (Eqn (24)) is computed for
every individuals of the population. It represents a
mathematical translation of the optimization to realize and
does not have to be continuous or derivable. It has to be
elaborated so as to favor the reproduction of good individuals
without preventing reproduction of interesting other. In our
case, the objective function is defined in order to quantify the
impact of the FACTS devices on the state of the power
system. The move to a new generation is done from the results
obtained for the old generation. A biased roulette wheel is
created from the obtained values of the objective function of
the current population as represented in Fig. 9.
After that, the operators of reproduction, crossover and
mutation are applied successively to generate the offspring. In
turn, two individuals are randomly drawn from the population
and reproduced. The probability of drawing an individual is
proportional to its part on the biased roulette wheel. Fig. 9(a)
shows the process of reproduction. The crossover may occur
with a probability; generally close to 1. A single-point
crossover is applied as shown in Fig. 10. From the position of
crossover point, elements of the three strings of both parents
are exchanged.
Mutations are possible independently on all elements of the
three strings of an individual. A specific probability is applied
for each string: for the first string, for the second and for the
last. These probabilities change with the generations. When a
mutation occurs on the first string, the one related to the
location, a new line among the set of branches having no
FACTS is randomly drawn. In the case of mutation on the two
other strings, a new value is drawn among the set of possible
ones. Examples of mutations are shown in Fig. 11.
Operations of selection, crossover and mutation are
repeated until the number of desired offsprings is created. The
objective function is then calculated for every offsprings and
the best individuals among the entire pool, comprising parents
and their offsprings, are kept to constitute the new generation.



Fig. 9. Reproduction (a) Draws on the roulette wheel (b) Selected individuals.


Fig. 10. Cross over (a) Cross over point (b) After crossover.


Fig. 11. Mutation (a) Mutation point (b) After mutation.


In this way, the objective function of the best individual of
the new generation will be the same or higher than the
objective function of the best individual of the previous
generation. Similarly, the average fitness of the population
will be the same or higher than the average fitness of the
previous generation. Thus the fitness of the entire population
and the fitness of the best individual are increasing for each
generation.
The termination criteria for GA will be any one of the
following two conditions:
(1). The maximum number of generations is achieved.
(2). When the genotype of the population of individuals
converges, the convergences of the genotype structure occur
when all bit positions in all string are identical. In this case,
crossover will have no further effect.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The proposed model has been implemented on IEEE30 bus
system. The results obtained have been found satisfactory.
Objective function taken from Eqn. (1) is solved by the
genetic algorithm and the optimal schedule is given in table 1
and the optimal social welfare is 3068.66$. Various parameter
used in solving OPF using genetic algorithm are given in table
2 and the problem optimization is shown in Fig. 12. In Fig. 13
line loading is shown.
Now, with new transaction between the supplier at node 13
and the consumer at node 5 optimal social welfare is 3602.38$
and the generation schedule is given table 3. The GA
parameters are same as given in table 2 and the Fig. 14 shows
the social welfare optimization with generations. Fig. 15
shows percentage line loading.


TABLE I
OPTIMAL GENERATION SCHEDULE WITHOUT TRANSACTION

Gen. No. Pg (MW)
Generator 1 25.15
Generator 2 35.37
Generator 3 25.31
Generator 4 65.77
Generator 5 45.18
Generator 6 36.69


TABLE II
GA PARAMETERS

Population size 200
Mutation rate 0.001
Crossover rate 0.8
Crossover operator Single point
Selection operator Roulette wheel
Maximum iterations 50

Fig.12. Social welfare Vs. iterations without transaction.


Fig.13. Line loading without transaction.

TABLE III
OPTIMAL GENERATION SCHEDULE WITH TRANSACTION

Gen. No. Pg (MW)
Generator 1 35.25
Generator 2 57.94
Generator 3 26.29
Generator 4 48.26
Generator 5 46.04
Generator 6 69.62

In Fig. 15 observe that line 16 is gets congested.
Overloading is get relieved by installing FACTS. To find the
optimal location for FACTS devices eqn. (24) is optimized.
By installing TCSCs and one UPFC at optimal locations the
objective function values shown in Fig. 16. In Fig. 17 line
loading is shown. Observe that the percentage line loading in
line 16
th
is reduced in Fig. 17 as compared in Fig. 15. By
installing one TCSC and two UPFCs at optimal locations
objective function value is shown in Fig. 18. Line loading is
shown in Fig. 19. Once again line loadings are still gets
reduced as compared with earlier two cases.

Fig. 14. Social welfare Vs. iterations with transaction.

Fig. 15. Line loading with the optimal schedule with a transaction.


Fig. 16. Ovlline

Vs. iterations with two TCSCs and one UPFC.


Fig. 17. Line loading installing two TCSCs and one UPFC.


Fig. 18. Ovl
line
Vs. iterations.
Fig. 19. Line loading with one TCSC and two UPFCs.


VII. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper an algorithm for congestion management
using OPF has been proposed and it is solved using GA to
find the global optimal schedule. By introducing
transaction/transactions the line loading will be increased
hence called congestion in the lines. To relive the congestion
multiple multi-types of FACTS devices are located optimally
by considering thermal loading in the lines.
Analysis is carried out by assuming two types of three
FACTS devices. Line loading reduction in case of two UPFCs
and one TCSC is more as compared with two TCSCs and one
UPFC. Above method is tested on IEEE30 bus system and it
can be extended to any practical network.
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IX. BIOGRAPHIES
Keshi Reddy Saidi Reddy has completed his M. Tech. degree at
Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
India.
Narayana Prasad Padhy, was born in India and received his Degree
(Electrical Engineering), Masters Degree (Power Systems Engineering) with
Distinction and Ph.D., Degree (Power Systems Engineering) in the year 1990,
1993 and 1997 respectively in India. Then he joined the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, India, as
a Lecturer and Assistant Professor during 1998 and 2001 respectively.
Presently he is working as a Assistant Professor in the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, India.
He has published many research papers including a text book titled Artificial
Intelligence and Intelligent Systems with Oxford University Press in 2005.
His field of interest is Power System Privatization, Restructuring and
Deregulation, Transmission and Distribution network charging, Artificial
Intelligence Applications to Power System and FACTS.
R. N. Patel is working as a faculty in the Electrical Engineering
Department of Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India. He received his
Ph.D. degree from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi in the year 2003. He
has published many papers in reputed international journals/conferences. His
main research interest is in the area of power system transient stability, power
system dynamics and optimization, application of intelligent controls and
modelling & simulation.