International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3888

A Humble Method Based On Trimming
and Differential Topping to Reduce the
PAPR in OFDM Systems
KHADAR SHARIF SHAIK
#
, D.V.N.KOTESWARA RAO*
#
M.tech, St. Anns College of Engineering & Technology, AP, India,
* Asst.Prof, Dept.of ECE, St. Anns College of Engineering & Technology, AP,India

ABSTRACT:
The main objective of this project is to reduce Peak to
Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in wireless communication
systems. PAPR plays a vital role in communication
systems for determining the transmitted signals
efficiency at the receiver side. For reducing PAPR;
Clipping, up scaling, down scaling, up-down scaling and
Selected Mapping Algorithmtechniques are introduced.
The amplitude of complex OFDM signal is clipped and
then scaled in such a way so that the PAPR is reduced
without causing much degradation in bit error rate
(BER). Total OFDM system is designed with QPSK
modulation, frequency domain to time domain
conversion (IFFT), corresponding reverse operation at
receiver side. Synchronous OFDM with low PAPR and
low bit error rate is introduced to achieve high data rate
and accurate signal transmissions.
KEYWORDS: Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR),
Bit Error Rate (BER), Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM), Fast Fourier Transform(FFT),
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), Digital
Subscriber Line (DSL), Selected Mapping Algorithm
INTRODUCTION:
OFDM is a multimode modulation and multiple
access technique used in a number of commercial
wired and wireless applications. In the wired side,
it is used for a variant of digital subscriber line
(DSL). For wireless, OFDM is the basis for several
television and radio broadcast applications,
including the European digital broadcast television
standard, as well as digital radio in North America.
Recently, new frequency bands, modes, and
services to wireless communications are increased
significantly, mainly due to the increasing
popularity of internet and wireless use and the
associated increased demand data bandwidth
stuffed into handsets in a single packaging.
Principle of OFDM:
The principle of OFDM is to divide the
available spectrumor communication channel into
a number of equally spaced tones or sub-carriers.
Each equally spaced subcarrier carries a portion of
users information.

Figure 1 Three sub-carriers within OFDM
symbol

The special property of OFDM is that each
sub-carrier is orthogonal with every other sub-
carrier. Moreover, the spectrumof each sub-carrier
can be allowed to overlap. Since the orthogonality
is maintained, the sub-carriers do not interfere with
each other. The orthogonal property of sub carrier
is given by,
Cos (2*pi*n*f0*t) + Cos (2*pi*m*f0*t) dt = 0
Where (n! = m), t Time, f0 frequency of
transmission n, m constants
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3889
Figure 1 shows the OFDM spectrum with three
sub-carriers. The orthogonality can be completely
maintained, even though the signal passes through
a time dispersive channel, by introducing a cyclic
path. A cyclic prefix is a copy of the last part of the
OFDM symbol which is pretended to the
transmitted symbol. This makes the transmitted
signal periodic so that it avoids Inter Symbol
Interference (ISI) and Inter Carrier Interference
(ICI).
Benefits of OFDM:
OFDM enables the creation of a very flexible
systemarchitecture, which can be used efficiently
for a wide range of services, including both voice
and data. OFDM segments the available spectrum
according to frequency rather than TDMA which
segments the available spectrumaccording to time
and CDMA according to spreading codes. OFDM
can also be considered as multiple access technique
such that individual carriers can be assigned to
different users. OFDM can be combined with
frequency hopping to create a spread spectrum
system, realizing the benefits of frequency diversity
and interference averaging of CDMA technique.
The cyclic prefix called as a guard time makes the
channel to behave as the transmitted waveforms
were from time minus infinite which prevents one
sub-carrier from interfering with another called
Inter Carrier Interference (ICI).
DESIGNING OF OFDM SYSTEM:
QPSK MODULATION:
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) is type
of phase shift keying. Unlike BPSK which is a
DSBCS modulation scheme with digital
information for the message, QPSK is also a
DSBCS modulation scheme but it sends two bits of
digital information a time (without the use of
another carrier frequency).The amount of radio
frequency spectrum required to transmit QPSK
reliably is half that required for BPSK signals,
which in turn makes roomfor more users on the
channel. At the input of the modulator, the digital
datas even bits (i.e., bits 0,2,4 and so on) are
stripped from the data streamby a bit-splitter and
are multiplied with a carrier to generate a BPSK
signal (called PSK
I
). At the same time, the datas
odd bits (i.e., bits 1,3,5 and so on) are stripped from
the data streamand are multiplied with the same
carrier to generate a second BPSK signal (called
PSK
Q
). However, the PSK
Q
signals carrier is phase
shifted by 90
o
before being modulated..






FFT and IFFT
As shown in Figs 4 and 8, the IFFT and FFT
are the most time consuming part of the base-band



OFDM processing for transmitter and receiver,
respectively. Note that the IFFT operation can be
performed using the FFT operation depicted in Fig.
9. By swapping the real and imaginary parts of the
input sequence and swapping the real and
QAM/PSK
Mapping

s/p
IFFT P/S and
PAPR Reduction
D/A and
HPA
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3890
imaginary parts of the output sequence, the FFT
function is employed for the IFFT computation.
Hence, if the OFDM transceiver is operated in time
division multiplexing (TDM) mode, there is no
additional hardware or software required for using
the OFDM transmitter and receiver separately. In
other words, one DSP should be able to handle
both IFFT and FFT operations if its throughput is
fast enough. Due to the simplicity, the radix-2,
decimation-in-time FFT algorithm is chosen,
implemented, and used for both IFFT and FFT
operation at the transmitter and receiver,
respectively. The butterfly is the smallest
computational unit and implemented by assembly
code.







Scale Up: In this method, we scale up the lower
amplitudes of the signal by a factor of . This leads
to increase the average value without affecting the
peak values. Therefore, the resulting PAPR
reduces. The PAPR reduction function can be
defined as
h(x) =xp, if x > xp
=x, if x < A
=x, if A x xp
where xp is the amplitude peak value
occurring in an OFDM symbol block, is the
factor deciding the clipping threshold in terms of
percentage of the peak value and is the scaling
factor for the range [0,A) whose value is greater
than s. The values of the parameters used are
mentioned at the end of this section.
Scale Down: In this method, we scale down the
higher amplitudes of the signal by a factor of .
This leads to decrease the peak value. Although the
average value would also fall down, the resulting
PAPR reduces. Because the reduction in peak
power is greater than the reduction in the average
power. The PAPR reduction function can be
defined as
h(x) =xp, if x > xp
=x, if B x xp
=x, if x < B (9)
where xp is the amplitude peak value occurring in
an OFDM symbol block, is the factor deciding
the clipping threshold in terms of percentage of the
peak value and is the scaling factor for the range
[,xp] whose value is less than one.

Scale Up and Down: In this method, we combine
both the above-mentioned approaches i.e. up-
scaling and down-scaling. This method exploits the
advantages of both the methods. Hence, a PAPR
can be reduced considerably. The PAPR reduction
function can be defined as
h(x) =xp, if x > xp
=x, if B x xp
=x, if x < A
=x, if A x B (10)
where xp is the amplitude peak value occurring in
an OFDM symbol block, is the factor deciding
the clipping threshold
in terms of percentage of the peak value. is the
scaling facto for the range [0,A) and is the scaling
factor for the range [B,xp].
QAM/PSK
Demapping
P/S A/D
S/P and Inverse PAPR
Reduction Algorithm
FFT
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3891
In the SLM technique[5] the transmitter generates
a set of sufficiently different candidate data blocks,
all representing the same information as the
original data block, and selects the most
favourable for transmission. A block of the SLM
technique is shown in Fig. 1. Each data block is
multiplied by U different phase sequences, each
of length N, B(u) =[bu,0 =1, 2, , U, resulting in
U modified data blocks. To include the unmodified
data block in the set of modified data blocks, we set
B(1) as the all-one vector of length N. Let us
denote the modified data block for the u th phase
sequence X(u) =[X0bu,0 T XN1bu ] , u =1, 2,
, U. After applying SLM to X, the ,N
1multicarrier signal becomes , bu,1 , , bu,N1
T], u , X1bu,1, ,
X
(u)
(t)=1/n(Xn bu,n.ej
2pift
)
Among the modified data blocks X(u), u =1, 2,
, U, the one with the lowest PAPR is selected
for transmission. Information about the selected
phase sequence should be transmitted to the
receiver as side information. At the receiver the
reverse operation is performed to recover the
original data block. The SLM technique
implementation needs U IDFT operations, and the
number of required side information bits is log2U
for each data block. This approach is applicable
for all types of modulation with any number of
subcarriers. The amount of PAPR reduction for
SLM depends on the number of phase sequences U
and the design of the phase sequences.
AWGN channel characteristics:
Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is a
channel model in which the only impairment to
communication is a linear addition of wideband or
white noise with a constant spectral density
(expressed as watts per hertz of bandwidth) and a
Gaussian distribution of amplitude. In this channel
model, an additive noise is included with
modulator and demodulator as parts of the
channel except that thedemodulator output is left
unquantized. Such a model is called a Discrete-
Input Continuous-Output channel. Indeed, the
discrete-time input symbols X take their values in
a finite alphabet while channel output symbols Y
can take any values along the real line. Such a
channel is characterized by the conditional
probability density function relating the real
output value to all possible inputs.
RESULTS:


International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3892

Comparison Table:

ADVANTAGES:
Using adequate channel coding and
interleaving one can recover symbols lost
due to the frequency selectivity of the
channel.
Channel equalization becomes simpler
than by using adaptive equalization
techniques with single carrier systems.
OFDM is computationally efficient by
using FFT techniques to implement the
modulation and demodulation functions.
APPLICATIONS:
The wireless LAN (WLAN) radio interfaces IEEE
802.11a, g, n and HIPERLAN/2. The digital radio
systems DAB/EUREKA 147, DAB+, Digital Radio
Mondiale, HD Radio, T-DMB and ISDB-TSB. The
wireless personal area network (PAN) ultra-
wideband (UWB) IEEE 802.15.3a implementation
suggested by WiMedia Alliance. The OFDM based
multiple access technology OFDMA is also used in
several 4G and pre-4G cellular networks and
mobile broadband standards
CONCLUSION: Finally, This project established
an efficient and huge tremendous channel accessing
communication in OFDM with less PAPR and
reduced Bit Error Rate Probability. Using
simulations, we obtained the values of threshold for
clipping and parameters for scaling with a view to
reduce PAPR without degradation in BER. We
have presented the PAPR and BER performance
for all the techniques considered. The proposed up-
down scaling technique is able to achieve PAPR
reduction of the order of 8.5 dB from12 dB PAPR
initially
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[3] S. H. Han, J . H. Lee, An Overview of Peak to
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[4] S. H. Han, J . H. Lee, PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals
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ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3893
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