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Ch10 - The Tools of Quality

This document discusses quality tools including the seven major tools for statistical process control (SPC) and the seven new tools for improvement. The seven major SPC tools are: 1) process map, 2) check sheet, 3) histogram, 4) scatter diagram, 5) Pareto chart, 6) cause-and-effect diagram, and 7) control chart. These tools are used to monitor processes and identify sources of variation. The seven new tools for improvement include affinity diagram, interrelationship diagram, tree diagram, prioritization grid, matrix diagram, process decision program chart, and activity network diagram. These additional tools help analyze problems and plan improvements.

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Tran Thi Thanh Hien
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39 views21 pages

Ch10 - The Tools of Quality

This document discusses quality tools including the seven major tools for statistical process control (SPC) and the seven new tools for improvement. The seven major SPC tools are: 1) process map, 2) check sheet, 3) histogram, 4) scatter diagram, 5) Pareto chart, 6) cause-and-effect diagram, and 7) control chart. These tools are used to monitor processes and identify sources of variation. The seven new tools for improvement include affinity diagram, interrelationship diagram, tree diagram, prioritization grid, matrix diagram, process decision program chart, and activity network diagram. These additional tools help analyze problems and plan improvements.

Uploaded by

Tran Thi Thanh Hien
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2014/5/11 1

Lectures 10
The Tools of Quality
(Ming-Hung Shu), Professor
Department of Industrial Engineering & Management
National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences
2014/5/11 2
Outline
Seven Major Tools for Statistical
Process Control (SPC)
The Seven New Tools for Improvement

2014/5/11 3
Seven Major Tools for
Statistical Process Control
2014/5/11 4
Statistical process control (SPC)
is a collection of tools that when
they are used together in the
underlying process can result in the
process stability and variability
reduction.
2014/5/11 5
The seven major tools are technical
aspects of SPC, which are
1) Process Map
2) Check Sheet
3) Histogram
4) Scatter Diagram
5) Pareto Chart
6) Cause and Effect Diagram
7) Control Chart
2014/5/11 6
Process Map
See example, ps. 318~323
A picture of a process.
2014/5/11 7
Check Sheet
See example, ps. 324~325,
useful for collecting historical or current
operation data in the early stage of
process improvement, either tabular or
schematic (table or schema), about
the process under investigation to
provide a useful time-oriented
summary of data.
2014/5/11 8
Histogram
See example, ps. 326~327,
Graphs of observed frequencies (or
relative frequency) are called
histograms.

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Scatter Diagram
Examine the relationships between two
variables.
2014/5/11 10
Scatter Diagram
See example, ps. 328~329.
a plot of two variables that can be
used to identify any potential
relationship (correlation) between
the variables.
The shape of the scatter diagram often
indicates what type of relationship may
exist.
2014/5/11 11
Pareto Chart
See Example, ps. 333~334
Gathering data relating to quality problems
(defect types)
Classified defects into categories
Drawing a frequency chart (like histograms,
showing the number of occurrences
Focusing on the tallest bars of the
frequency chart first
2014/5/11 12
Summary of Pareto Chart
the frequency of occurrence of each defect
type against the various defect types.
80/20 rule: the 80% of defects are
created by 20% of problems (defect
types).
2014/5/11 13
Cause and Effect Diagram (C&E)
The Fishbone or Ishikawa Diagram
Ask the participants to identify the major
causes of the effect
Continue to fill out the diagram by asking
Why? about each cause
Looks like the skeleton of a fish
The head is the effect)
The ribs are the major causes
Sub-causes forming smaller bones of the
ribs.
2014/5/11 14
Cause and Effect Diagram
See example, p. 331
Once a defect, error, or problem has
been identified and isolated for further
study, potential causes of this
undesirable effect must be analyzed.
2014/5/11 15
How to Construct a Cause-and-Effect Diagram

1. Define the problem or effect to be analyzed.
2. Form the team to perform the analysis. Often the
team will uncover potential causes through
brainstorming.
3. Draw the effect box and the center line.
4. Specify the major potential cause categories and
join them as boxes connected to the center line
5. Identify the possible causes (sub-causes) and
classify them into the categories in step 4. Create
new categories, if necessary.
6. Rank order the causes to identify those that seem
most likely to impact the problem.
7. Take corrective actions.
2014/5/11 16


Control Chart (See example, p. 330)
A typical control chart has control limits
set at values such that if the process
is in control, nearly all points will lie
between the upper control limit (UCL)
and the lower control limit (LCL), used
to determine whether a process will
produce a product or process with
consistent measurable properties.
2014/5/11 17
Out-of-Control Situations
If at least one point plots beyond the
control limits, the process is out of
control. (Basic Screening)

If the points behave in a systematic or
nonrandom manner, then the process
could be out of control. (Advanced
Screening State of Art)

2014/5/11 18
The Seven New Tools for
Improvement
See ps. 335~347
Affinity Diagram
Help a group create and converge a set of
number of themes (issues) or a hierarchy of ideas.
Interrelationship Diagram
Show direct relationships between different
issues.
Tree Diagram
Identify the steps needed to address the given
problem.

2014/5/11 19
Prioritization Grid
Make decisions based on multiple criteria
Matrix Diagram
Show the relationships between two issues
Process Decision Program Chart
Help brainstorm possible contingencies or
problems associated with the implementation of
some program or improvement
Activity Network Diagram
Use to schedule and control the operations flow in
a project
2014/5/11 20
2014/5/11 21
THE END

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