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    Physics 4 O Level

    Uploaded by

    Chrispin Msofe
    This document provides an overview of key physics concepts including work, energy, the principle of conservation of energy, power, efficiency, and friction. It defines work as the product of force and distance moved, and energy as the capacity to do work. Kinetic energy is defined for moving objects and potential energy for objects due to their position or state. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between forms. Power is the rate of doing work and efficiency is the ratio of useful output energy to total input energy. Friction is the force that slows moving objects and can be reduced through methods like lubrication.

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    Physics 4 O Level

    Uploaded by

    Chrispin Msofe
    2K views3 pages
    This document provides an overview of key physics concepts including work, energy, the principle of conservation of energy, power, efficiency, and friction. It defines work as the product of force and distance moved, and energy as the capacity to do work. Kinetic energy is defined for moving objects and potential energy for objects due to their position or state. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between forms. Power is the rate of doing work and efficiency is the ratio of useful output energy to total input energy. Friction is the force that slows moving objects and can be reduced through methods like lubrication.

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    This document provides an overview of key physics concepts including work, energy, the principle of conservation of energy, power, efficiency, and friction. It defines work as the product of force and distance moved, and energy as the capacity to do work. Kinetic energy is defined for moving objects and potential energy for objects due to their position or state. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between forms. Power is the rate of doing work and efficiency is the ratio of useful output energy to total input energy. Friction is the force that slows moving objects and can be reduced through methods like lubrication.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    2K views3 pages

    Physics 4 O Level

    Uploaded by

    Chrispin Msofe
    This document provides an overview of key physics concepts including work, energy, the principle of conservation of energy, power, efficiency, and friction. It defines work as the product of force and distance moved, and energy as the capacity to do work. Kinetic energy is defined for moving objects and potential energy for objects due to their position or state. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between forms. Power is the rate of doing work and efficiency is the ratio of useful output energy to total input energy. Friction is the force that slows moving objects and can be reduced through methods like lubrication.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Physics For O-Level

    Work, Energy and The Principle for Conservation of Energy


    Work
    Work is the product of the force on a body and the distance it moves in
    the direction of the force
    Work done = force x distance moved in the direction of the force
    Work is done whenever energy is changed from one form into another.
    SI unit is joule (J)
    Work is a scalar quantity
    Energy
    energy is defined as the capacity to do work
    SI unit is joule (J)
    Energy is a scalar quantity
    Kinetic energy is the energy a body possesses due to its movement
    kinetic energy can be classified into
    - translational kinetic energy: possessed by bodies in translational motion (eg
    moving train) =1/2 mv2
    - rotational kinetic energy: possessed by bodies in rotational motion (eg
    rotating merry-go-round)
    potential energy is the energy a body possesses due to its position or
    state
    potential energy can be classified into:
    - gravitational potential energy: possessed by a body due to its position = mgh
    - elastic potential energy: possessed by a body due to its strained state of being
    stretched or compressed
    Example 1. A ball of mass 500g is moving at a velocity of 5m/s. What is the
    kinetic energy of the ball?
    kinetic energy = 1/2 mv2 = 1/2 x 0.5 x 5 x 5 = 6.25 J
    Example 2. Billy has a mass of 40kg. He runs up a flight of 20 steps, each of
    height 0.25m. Calculate his gain in gravitational potential energy
    gain in gravitational potential energy = mgh = 40 x 10 x (20 x 0.25) = 2000 J

    Principle of Conservation of Energy
    States that "energy can neither be created not destroyed but can be
    transformed from one form into another with no change in its total amount."
    Example. A ball of mass 3kg is dropped from a height of 5m.
    i. calculate the gravitational potential energy of the ball before it is dropped
    ii. calculate the speed of the ball on hitting the ground
    iii. if the ball bounces to a height of 3m, with what speed does it leave the
    ground?
    iv. explain why the ball does not reach its original height when it bounces up
    again
    i. gravitational potential energy = mgh = 3 x 10 x 5 = 150J
    ii. The kinetic energy of the ball on hitting the ground is equal to the ball's
    original gravitational potential energy so the kinetic energy of the ball on
    hitting the ground = 150J
    If the ball hits the ground with speed v,
    1/2 mv2 = 150
    v2 = (150 - 2)/3 = 100
    v = 10ms-1
    iii. The kinetic energy of the ball on leaving the ground is equal to its
    gravitational potential energy on rising to its maximum height, that is 3m. The
    gravitational potential energy of the ball 3m above the ground = 3 x 10 x 3 =
    90 J
    The kinetic energy of the ball leaving the ground = 90 J
    If the ball leaves the ground with speed v,
    1/2 mv2 = 90v2 = (90 x 2)/3
    v = 7.746ms-1
    iv. Because part of its kinetic energy is changed into other forms of energy like
    sound and heat when it hits the ground
    Eg. A pendulum bob of mass 0.5kg is moved sideways until it has risen by a
    vertical height of 0.2m. Calculate the speed of the bob at its
    i. highest point
    ii. lowest point
    i. at the highest point, the kinetic energy of the bob = 0
    if the speed of the bob at its highest point is v,
    1/2 mv2 = 0
    1/2 x 0.5 x v = 0
    v2 = 0
    v = 0
    ii. according to the principle of conservation of energy, the kinetic energy of at
    the lowest point is equal to the gravitational potential energy at the highest
    point.
    If the speed of the bob at its lowest point is v,
    1/2 mv2 = mgh
    v2 = 2 x 10 x 0.2 = 4
    v = 2 m/s

    Power and efficiency
    Power is defined as the rate of doing work
    Power = work done/time taken
    SI unit is watt (W)
    Efficiency is the ratio of useful output energy to the total input energy or
    the ratio of useful power to the total input power.
    Efficiency = (useful output energy / input energy) x 100%
    Eg. A crane can lift a 200kg mass through a vertical height of 5m in 4s.
    Calculate
    i. the power output of the motor driving the crane
    ii. the efficiency of the motor if the power input is 5kW
    i. power output = work done/time taken = (200 x 10 x 5)/4 = 2500W
    ii. efficiency of motor = (power output/power input) x 100% = (2500/5000) x
    100% = 50%

    Friction
    The net force that slows down moving objects
    Acts in the opposite direction of motion of objec
    1. Static friction

    related to objects which are not moving.
    amount of force applied = amount of friction
    2. Moving friction

    applied force does not affect friction
    it can be affected by surface or sudden change in mass
    Advantages of friction
    enables walking
    brakes of vehicles
    Disadvantages
    reduce efficiency of machinery
    energy wasted as heat
    Methods to reduce friction
    lubricants
    ball bearings

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