Experimental Stress Analysis

Prof. K. Ramesh
Department of Applied Mechanics
Indian institute of Technology, Madras

Lecture No. # 27
Correction Factors for Photoelastic Coatings

We have started our discussion on photoelastic coatings in the last class. And I mention
photoelastic coatings can be called as birefringent coating taking to account that we paste
a birefringent material on the specimen surface and we also saw the material become
birefringent, when the model is loaded.
So, whatever the polarization optics as well as the crystal optics basics that we developed
in transmission photoelasticity or directly applicable to reflection photoelasticity will
certain minor changes; I also mention, because we analysis reflected light - this is also
called as reflection photo elasticity. And one of the main challenges here is how to
interfere the specimen stresses from observing fringe patterns that is seen on the coating.
So, from the optics first we find out what are the coating stresses? And from the coating
stresses using the principles of mechanics of solids, we go and find out what are the
specimen stresses.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:34)

And what we had seen in the last class was whatever the strain develop on the specimen
is faithfully transmitted to the coating, and individually you can write the stress strain
relations for the specimen as well as the coating. And idea was using this set of relations;
it is possible for you to estimate the coating stress sigma 1 c and sigma 2 c. And this side
asked to work it outing your room and I things some of your done it and the expression
looks like this. And what we have here is sigma 1 c is given as E c by E s into 1 minus
nu c square into 1 minus nu c nu s into sigma 1 s plus nu c minus nu s into sigma 2 s.
And sigma 2 c is given as E c by E s 1 minus nu c square 1 minus nu c nu s into sigma 2
s plus nu c minus nu s into sigma 1 s, and I said when I go and look at what is brittle
coating there again the expression for coating stress remained same.
There we will find out individuals stress component by analyzing iso (( )) as for as
photoelastic coating is concern though we develop individually the expression for sigma
1 c and sigma 2 c, essentially you get only difference in principle stresses or principle
strains. So, that what we are going to look at, we will look at the difference in the
principle stresses. First we will find out how can I express specimen stress difference, as
the function of the coating stress difference, then coating stress difference can be
replaced by your principles of optics, you will have a strain optical relation and then plug
in it and do it.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:52)

So, the specimen stresses are expressed as follows, you have the youngs modules of the
specimen divided by the youngs module of the coating multiplied by 1 plus nu c divided
by 1 plus nu s into sigma 1 c minus sigma 2 c. Whatever the expression that we are got
individually for sigma 1 c and sigma 2 c can be recast in a form, which relates the
specimens stress difference to coating stress difference. And now what we will do? We
will replace the coating stress difference in terms of the fringe orders.
If it is the transmission photoelasticity, we will simply have this is N s sigma by h; in
reflection photoelasticity I said, you have to have the light with is entering the model and
coming out the off the model. So, you have twice the distance of the thickness the light
travels the path. So, one modification you will have two times in a thickness coming in
the denominator, other one is instead of expressing it as material stress fringe value, this
lot more convenient to express in terms of material strain fringe value.
So, we lose all those interrelationships, we also looked at what is interrelationship
between f sigma and f epsilon and your also seen f epsilon is lambda by K. So, what I am
wanted to do is, I am go to write the final expression, which involve the fringe order and
K, because K is supplied by the manufacturer for whatever the photoelastic coating
material, they normally supply the strain coefficient K as part of the supply of the
material, but it is also desirable that you calibrated, because all polymers slowly changes
the properties or period of time. So, it is desirable that you also evaluated.
So, now, what we are going look at is, we will look at the principle stress difference of
the specimen in terms of the fringe order and the strain of the coefficient K. So, what I
have here is, I have the elastic constants of the specimen come into the picture, which
was not the case in the case of transmission photoelasticity. I had only N f sigma by h
here it is N f epsilon divided by 2 h c f epsilon is replaced by lambda by k, but in
addition you also have youngs modules of the specimen divided by 1 plus nu s.
So, what I haven photoelastic coatings is our focus is to find out the stresses develop on
the specimen. The difference in principle stresses on the specimen is related to the fringe
order through this expression, but even this expression is not complete, because I have
said while developing the theory, we are merge certain assumptions and all this
assumptions you will not be able to fully satisfied in your experimentation. So, whenever
you violate this we bring in a correction factor to improve our result.
So, we will see that also in the case of transmission photoelasticity the famous stress
optic law was sigma 1 minus sigma 2 equal to N f sigma divided by h that was the
golden rule. Still we are not come to look at what is the final expression that is off value
in reflection photoelasticity. I need to have one more parameter; it is only an
intermediate step. I cannot stop my photoelastic coating development of mathematics
with this set of expressions.
I need to have one more factor that is needed and we will also see how that factor
various from different type of loading situations and another point of interest here is, if
you look at this expression. The elastic properties of the coating do not appearing the
above equation that is one general observation and I also mention in our student see here,
I said one of the important issues in photoelastic coating is what is the maximum fringe
order obtainable?
Which question we never raised in transmission photo elasticity. It was not critical,
because the loading is different. It is basically the strains that develop on this specimen
surface or transmitted to the coating the level of loading on this actual coating is very
small and if you look at this expression you can actually replace this by the yield stress
and find out what is the maximum fringe order and you will find that number is small
and that number is going to be small that also we will take at a plated.
Why I am reminding this is? There are certain peculiarity sense reflection photoelasticity
and if you understand those peculiarities, whatever you have learned in transmission
photoelasticity the same comfort you have in interpreting what are isoclinic? What are
isochromotics? All that knowledge is same only the interpretation is slightly different
here and you should know the peculiarities here, what are the peculiarities it will have?
(Refer Slide Time: 10:04)

Then we move on to what are the correction factors? Why they are needed? And I said
the moment time talk out the photoelasticity coatings. The discussion is complete only
when we talk about the correction factors and first consideration is the coating reinforces
the specimen and why we have to look at this? We are having a finite thickness coating.
Suppose, I have a magic material, I simply going spray it on the actual specimen there
which was done in the case of image correlation. You have a white paint or the thermo
elasticity you put a black paint, where the coating thickness is negligible. In terms of
micron it is will be, but in the case of photo elastic coating have already said coatings of
the order of 3 millimeters or not and common. So, you are handling a coating, which as a
finite thickness. So, when I look at finite thickness you should also look at whether the
coating reinforces the specimen significantly and I also said there is the comfort.
People started developing photoelastic coating with glass as the coating material and
glass was having a youngs modules of 70 g p Hs comparable to the waste material that
definitely reinforces. Whereas the coating that are employed on metals have youngs
modules of order of 3 GPa, which is very negligible when you compare to aluminum or
steel or braze it is very, very small and on the similar note. If you go for low strength
alloys as well as rubber, then you need to develop the coating material, which has much
less youngs modules than the base material.
So, the issue here is you are having a finite thickness coating and definitely you have to
appreciate that coating can reinforces specimen. You must take corrective measures for
either you bringing a correction factor or minimize the reinforcement of the specimen by
the coating and another issue is a strain variation exists over the thickness of the coating.
This is very important in which class of problem do you thing that strain variation can
exists. See if the coating is very, very thin you do not have to really worry, but I have a
thick coating, if I apply a tension absolutely no problem thickness does not really signify
you will have an average strain approximately over the thickness.
The moment, I go for bending or torsion where the distance from the neutral fiber
dictates the strain developed. So, definitely in problems, where you have to do tackle or
evaluate the loads due to bending or torsion a strain variation exists over the thickness of
the coating and this needs to be address completely.
See, when we looked at transmission photoelasticity the famous specimen, we used for
calibration was a circular disk and diametric compression. We also saw what are the
reasons for it? And other hand when I come to reflection photoelasticity, I would use a
cantilever beam as the favorable calibrations specimen for evaluating the strain
coefficient K. So, that a beam is subjected to bending and if I do not use the correction
factor my evaluation K would be unknown.
So, even for a simple calibration test I have to accommodate a correction factor. This is
what is the peculiarity in reflection photoelasticity, and finally, I always been saying in
all the experimental technique positions ratio has a role to play and you have a
mismatch of poison ratio between the coating and the specimen and that needs to be
accounted for and what we would do cleverly is, We will develop correction factors for
many of the simple loading situations assuming that there is no poison ratio mismatch.
So, you will have some kind of corrections and we separately address for certain class of
problem, you could also accommodate poison ratio mismatch only though class of
problems we will bring in how to accommodate mismatch of position ratio? And we will
also see how you find out stress concentration factor? When I use a photoelastic coating
test, there is a slight modification that we need to do it is not as simple as you swain the
case of transmission photoelasticity mainly, because of mismatch of poison ratio, which
becomes significant in those class of problems
(Refer Slide Time: 15:38)

And we will take a one of the very simple problems to start with and before, we are
going to that as I said the final expression that you need to know in reflection
photoelasticity is as follows. A difference in principle stresses of the specimen namely
sigma 1 s minus sigma 2 s is given as R f into youngs modules of the specimen divided
by 1 plus nu s into N by 2 h c lambda by K and whatever the discussion we had on color
code is equally applicable in reflection photoelasticity.
So, I will have to find out what is the fringe order accurately at a point of interest. Once I
know fringe order N, I know the specimen material properties and also the coating
properties and if you know what is a wavelength of light that have used and also the
specimen we (( )) the coating property namely the strain coefficient. I can find out sigma
1 s minus sigma 2 s and what we will have is? We will have this correction factor
evaluated for in plane stress, bending, torsion and internal pressure and so, on and so
forth - that is all we will have.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:11)

We will have different expressions for R f. And R f is use, because it is essentially a
reinforcement factor and will first take up what are the correction factors for plane stress.
This will really establish, what is the basic procedure to evaluate the correction factoring;
the credit goes to (( )) and its co-workers, he really established the advancements of
photoelastic coatings. And for specimens subjected to plane stress, the correction factor
is due to the reinforcement effect of the coating only.
The strain does not vary over the thickness of the coating and what I am going to do is, I
am going to take an uncoated specimen subjected to planes stress and I will consider a
specimen with a coating. So, what you let look at is the moment type coating, the coating
can also participate in load sharing. Now, the question is what is the share of load the
coating takes in?
So, in the process the specimen is loaded less. So, will essentially compare what are the
strains develop for a given loading on the uncoated specimen and compare to the coated
specimen from which I will get the correction factor. Because my requirement is by
looking at the reading from a coated specimen, I should evaluate the strains that would
develop in an uncoated specimen, but coated specimen only I can do experiment,
uncoated specimen I cannot do experiment.
So, I bring in a correction factor to do this and this shows the load sharing what you
have, I have a coating for the discussion, it is put very thick. So, that you see the coating
is sitting very prominently. So, you have the specimen thickness as h s, coating thickness
as h c and in a uncoated specimen I will have the specimen taking the load of sigma 1 u,
the super script the u denotes the these are the stresses develop in a uncoated specimen.
In a coated specimen, what you say, I will have a stress developed as sigma 1 s on the
specimen and sigma 1 c on the coating. So, now, I will have to essential do a force
balance, I will essential do a force balance and find out what is the share of sigma 1 c,
and what is the share of sigma 1 s. And this is how we will develop the methodology to
find out the correction factor? See the problem is simple enough why we take a simple
problem is? You understand the physics behind how one goes about in evaluating the
correction factor and you can easily write.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:34)

When I go to the force balance, I can write sigma 1 u H s into d y, because this is the
area and this could be a there could be a force component from the coating, there
could be a force component to specimen and you will have the expression written down
like this sigma 1 s into h s into d y plus sigma 1 c into h c into d y known similar fashion
I can also find out what is the force on the other direction and I get this as.
So, what we have here is, I have the force balance written down and we have assume to
start with the coating is well bonded to the specimen. So, that the strains on the coating,
on the specimen are identical and this is possible only when poison ratio as same fully.
So, that the assumption that we make and when I do this and also find out what way, the
uncoated specimen strain difference is related to the coated strain difference I have an
expression like this. This is easily obtainable from these set of force balance equation
and making this strains equal, I can write this expression and what I call this factor 1 plus
h c by h s E c by E s into 1 plus nu s by 1 plus nu c, I call this as a reinforcement factor
and you will see a super script coming here. I have said in generally it is R f, because it is
actual loading I have the symbol as B. So, R f a denotes the correction factor that is
needed when I have to interpret the results from a simple axial test simple axial test how
do interpret, I have to bringing a correction factor, there is no way.
Then we move on to more complex problem of if the specimen is subjected to bending
how do you go about and evaluate the correction factor. So, what we will do is for
illustration because you all know bending reasonably well we will find out how much of
it you remember now. So, that is what I always been saying when you are learning a
course of strength of material you you should not forget it when your learn advanced
courses they form as the fundamental for you to build up the theory in the higher level
courses. The moment type put a coating what happens? it is behaves like a composite
beam. So, that is what we are going to look at. So, our interest is we are looked at what is
the kind of correction factor that I need for in plane stress.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:58)

Now will move and find out how do I go about for a correction factor when the specimen
is subjected to bending. So, what what you have here is if I have a specimen which is
uncoated for a given bending moment, it could have its neutral axis like this and strain
very linearly over the depth of the beam. Now what I have here is on top of this
specimen I put a coating material then this system behaves like a composite beam. So,
what is the first knowledge in the case of composite beam, what will happen to the
neutral axis? Neutral axis will get shifted.
So, we will the find out what is the shifting the neutral axis, and we will also have to
look at and very prominently because you are looking at bending when I have a finite
thickness of the coating strain is not going to be constant over the thickness - it varies, it
varies linearly. So, also bring in an average strain over the thickness of the coating. So,
this is what I have to calculate, so I have to find out go back and find out from your
conventional knowledge of how do you analyze bending of the beam, we will take up a
very simple case of pure bending. And we will look at how do we find out a shifting the
neutral axis - that is what to shown here there is shifting the neutral axes. And you can
also have a clear picture of the beam and to label various quantities.
So, you look at I have a thickness of the specimen, I have the thickness of the coating,
and the neutral axis no longer coincide with the centralized axis of the specimen cross
section by a gets shifted and we have label the distance from one of the ends of the
specimen top surface to the neutral axis as A. And you have a radius curvature rho, and I
could see very clearly within the coating there is strain variation. It is not a constant, but
you know principle stress direction remains a same. So, I could also replace this for the
purpose of mathematical analysis by an average strain which is good enough to find out
what kind of fringe pattern that you to get.
So, from the mathematics, I will let find out what is this shifting the neutral axis, and we
have what what we have done we have done force balance in the case of in plane stress
loading, the force balance was very simple and straight forward; its mathematics is very
simple. And other hand mathematics slightly involved in you have to go back to your
fundamental understanding of, how you analyze the beam and bending. Here again again
write the force balance, I can also write the moment balance.
So, these are all the equation that are needed for you to find out the shifting the neutral
axis and also estimate the average strain difference and related to uncoated specimen
mathematics is slightly involved I am not going to derive every step, but I am going to
give you key intermediate stresses - that will give you an idea how we are gone about.
And what I have here is how do I write the expression for the specimen strain and
coating strain. If you go back to the way that you develop the bending of beams the
distance from the neutral axis and the curvature if you know, I can write an expression
for strain. I will to put the limits appropriately and that is what the expression looks like.
So, I have y by rho this is very famous expression. And this specimen strain is from this
fiber to this fiber. So, that is given as minus h s minus A. The y lies between minus of h s
minus A to capital A. And from A to A plus h c you have the straining in the coating.
And we also know the straining the transverse direction on the specimen is related to the
strain in the longitudinal direction by minus nu times s along the coating is related to
minus nu c times epsilon 1 s. This expression is simple that is why it said we should not
effort to forget whatever that you are learned in strength of materials. We we we build on
fundamentals and if you want to understand advanced courses you should know what
you are done in your earlier courses. This memory is very important that go a long way
and while writing this expression we do not know what is value of A, A has to be
calculated from mathematics.
Editing Completed.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:07)

And first let me write the force balance. So, the force balance you could write it in this
fashion straight forward on a beam and pure bending the net force is zero for I have 1
written down for this specimen I have another expression written down for the coating
and this read like b by roan to youngs modules are a specimen integral with the lima its
goes from a minus Hs to a y d y plus youngs modules of the coating and the integral
goes from lima its a to a plus Hc y d y is equal to zero and this expression when you saw
I finally, get what is the expression for a that terms out to be Hs by 2into 1 minus E c by
E into Hc by Hs whole square later we will replace this by convince symbol replace this
e and probably I replace this by g and. So, on and this is divided by 1 plus E c by E into
Hc by Hs whole square.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:01)

So, by looking at the equilibrium of forces I am able to find out what is the expression
for this gives the neutral axis position it is measure form the top fiber of the specimen
now I return the equilibrium forces then I have to write the equilibrium of the moments
that will give me the curvature the Idea is to find out what is the curvature and so on and
so forth. I also mentioned that I will replace the ratio of youngs modulus has e and ratio
of thickness has g that makes my life simple in a expressing the expressions and the
equilibrium of moments again has to 2 terms 1 corresponding to the specimen and 1
corresponds to the coating and if we have physically Identified what were the lima its of
the specimen it goes term a minus Hs to a and coating goes term a to a plus Hc rest of the
expression is very simple and straight forward and this is the bending moment applied
mind you we are considering a problem where the specimen is subjected to pure bending
and when I solve this equation I get the radius of curvature is obtained as 1 by rho equal
to twelve m divided by bingo E into Hs cube into 1 by Hand His the very complex
expression His given as four into 1 plus e G cube minus three into 1 minus e G square
whole square divided by 1 plus e g you know this is for your understanding you knowing
my examination I do not test your skill of memory you know, but, you also have
provision for you to bringing a four size sheet an either side you can write Important
final expression of formulae and you filter out what formulae from the course to fill it in
there that itself is a learning because once you have learn the subject thoroughly you
know what is Important and what is not Important because once you function as a
engineers you should know the methodology very well for details engineers look at hand
books and take out this expressions. So, that comfort you will also have when you write
the final examination for final examination I allow a a four size sheet on 2 sides you
know if you have a skill to write the entire set of expressions that is your left your choice
no Xeroxing of the sheets is allowed hand return sheets are permitted. So, you do not
have to worry that I have such complex expressions do you have to remember this you
do not have the remember them.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:55)

,But you should know what you write-in your final expression that will come only if you
know how you are solve it now what we do is we also define the average strain
difference in the coating and that is given as 1 plus nu c divided by rho H c the integral
goes from the limit a to a plus H c and I have y d y that is to be integrated and final
expression for this takes the form like given here. So, the average strain difference
developing the coating as follows 6 M by hint 1 plus nu c divided by bingo E s Hs square
into 1 plus g by 1 plus e g. So, in all these expressions you know e denotes E c by E s H
denotes H c by H s that kind of symbolism we have to develop and that makes your
writing of expression symbol. So, now, you have methodology how to go about and
write the final expression for correction factoring bending I have know have a
expression..
(Refer Slide Time: 36:32)

For average strain difference and I will also related to the uncoated the strain difference
then I job is done and what we have a uncoated strain difference this behaves like a
simple beam where as when I have a coated specimen it behaves like a composite beam.
So, this is what I have here finally, I have uncoated strain difference is given as 6 Min to
1 plus nu c divided by bin to E sin to Hs square and this is related to the average strain
difference by a correction factor r f b. So, here we have replace the super script from a to
b a denotes axial loading and b denotes the bending loading and r f b is finally, obtained
as 1 plus e g divided by 1 plus gin to four in to 1 plus e G cube minus therein to 1 minus
e G square wholes square by 1 plus e g the whole of it multiply by 1 plus nu s divided by
1 plus nu c and what does this correction factor doing the development we have same
there is a strain variation over the thickness of the coating. So, whatever the correction
factor that I got accounts for both the strain variation in the coating as well as the
reinforcement effect and you know this kind of expression is needed even when you
want to calibrate the photo elastic coating material because there youre going to
cantilever beam under the bending and its subjected to bending loads. So, you have to
use correction factor right from calibration of the coating material.
(Refer Slide Time: 38:48)

So, it is very Important and what are all the waste that I can use this from whatever the
expression that I am got I could also gone extrapolated for bending of plates will see a
little while later for thin or medium thick plates in regions of uniform stress the
correction factor is given as b p denotes bending of plates and you have a very long
expression for this and we bringing 1 more Identity m m denotes 1 minus nu s square
divided by 1 minus nu c square we already seen what is e what is g and now we are
introduce another parameter these are all for convenience write-in the expression
convenience fashion.
So, for bending of plates I have r s b p is given as 1 plus e m g divided by 1 plus gin to
four in to 1 plus e m G cube minus three times 1 minus e m G square whole square
divided by 1 plus e m g and this is for a generic equation for the restricted case of pure
bending loads the correction factor may may be applied for thick plates too you knowing
the initial development of a photo elastic coating people have analyst all this they
brought the correction factor and also comparison what is the.
(Refer Slide Time: 40:33)

Correction factor if I use the simple bending equation and a plate equation and that
Identity will see we will see know that a when I have nu s equal to nu c I do not to
separately go and find out correction factor for bending of plates I can use simply the
correction factor for bending what we are develop earlier now these are all the
developments in the whole days where they had only slight role to work with now you
have computer software available you have to just potent your thickness of the specimen
and thickness of the coating and coating and material properties you can even selected
from database you instantly get a correction factors even if it is not available you can
write a own code. So, that days are different now though the expressions look very long
and unwell the it is necessary even to do simple calculations in reflection photo elasticity
you cannot Ignore it and I had already mention the whatever the correction factor that we
do they are not for common geometrical distribution such as a hole or a series of holes it
is also not applicable when the plate has an abrupt change in thickness and what is the
what I have to do this put the thick coating and find out which are all the stress
concentration zones remove the coating put the thin coating in those regions where you
want to find out the stress concentration area. So, you do not need a correction factor for
analyzing those region where you have stress concentration this is the way they solve the
problem from a engineering point of you because the correction factor determination
becomes difficult..
In fact, I am going to show you correction factor for a torsion I am going to give you
only final result if you look at the development of the necessary equations for correction
very complex when you go for it is gone be much complex than what you seen earlier we
have only develop a systematic procedure florin plane load and also for pure bending for
all other cases we right only the final expression we will take the result from the
literature and use it and this is also discussed these are all these are all to show what kind
of contradiction that you may how to face you will haven general combined loads I have
combined in plane and bending loads for thick coatings proper weighing of the
correction factors is Important and 1 of the approaches could be to find a coating
thickness such that the axial load correction factor and bending load correction factor are
equal suppose I do this thickness of the coating is larger than the thickness of the
structure..
So, such contraction exit. So, the whole Idea here is we look at what is the correction
factor like I said the finding out the maximum fringe order obtainable in a photo elastic
coating testing is an issue finding out the suitable thickness for a given photo elastic
coating test is also a discussed issue people use different philosophy when I have used a
correction factor 1 philosophy is why not I use the thickness such that correction factor
equal to 1. So, were I do not have to apply a correction factor, but, I will modify the
thickness of the coating..
So, you have such a philosophy is also. So, some of these modification and thickness is
you could do when you when youre using a plastic where you are going to caste and you
can adjust the thickness to a requirement and then paste it over the actual specimen on
the other hand if you Import or buy from your supplier even that contour plastic in the
gel state you do not have a choice on multiple thickness available from the supplier we
will have certain discrete values. So, you have to leave with discrete values and another
issue is when you having a coating when you are doing a plastic if you go and pressed
with your hand there is a possibility of small thickness variation.
So, another philosophy of thickness determination could be small variation thickness
should not affect the correction factor drastically. So, there are multiple approaches in
finding out the thickness of the coating Ideal thickness of the coating, but, finally, it is all
dictated by the what is the coating readily available and you go paste it and done do the
analysis, but, from an academic point of view you should also look at from a holistic
view that what are all the variations possible.
So, when you have R f a equal to R f b p from make it I will have a thickness of the
coating larger than the thickness of the structure; obviously, not desirable that is what is
Implied here.
(Refer Slide Time: 46:08)

What is Implied here is when you do this it is not desirable and this is was I am saying
off and on for analyzing thin plates a coating of convenient thickness be first applied to
examine the general distribution and locate high strain regions then the coating is
stripped off and replaced in the critical regions of high high strain by a thin coating. So,
this is the generic procedure for any problem if you use a very thin coating you do not
worry about the correction factor correction factor becomes very Important when the
thickness is significant why you need a sufficient thickness if I do not of sufficient
thickness I do not see fringe pattern on the other hand if I have a very precise equipment
then I can go and use smaller thicknesses. So, that is the advantage when I go for digital
photo elasticity whatever the digital photo elastic principles which we are learn and also
equally applicable to reflection photo elasticity. So, when I go for digital reflection photo
elasticity I can afford to use a thin coating and do my experiment.
(Refer Slide Time: 47:37)
.
So, my new sense from correction factor effort becomes minimal now we take a what
are the correction factoring the case of a torsion and I am going to give you the
expression directly here against strain gradient exists that is what you have to note down
both and bending and torsion there is a strain variation and we have this denoted as r f t t
denotes it is torsion and this takes a form like this 2 by 1 plus c and c you defined as ratio
of the coating radius divided by the outer radius of the specimen and a as inner radius of
the specimen divided by outer radius of the specimen the expression is lot more simpler
here I have 1 2 by 1 plus c in to 1 plus G c in to c power four minus 1 divided by G sin to
1 minus a power four and what you get finally, you get finally, not applicable for the
regions such as keyways and abrupt changes in diameter. In fact, when you take any
practical shop it will have keyways it will have changes in diameter. So, are all those
cases which correction factor is not applicable. So, this is the contradiction correction
factor your are able to find out for simple problems from complex problems it is not
applicable, but, the saving grace here is because it is the regions of stress concentration
even a thin coating can provide you enough information. So, that is how its solve form a
engineering point of you. So, when you initial do the test Identify shown of high strength
concentration then use a thin coating if you look simple geometry you know everything
where is there is stress concentration where there is a reasonable value of strain all this
heuristicalinformation you know the problem comes only when you have a very complex
situation wherein your experiment should rescue like a said in the case of concord failure
photo elastic coating Identified very precisely the zone of stress concentration. So,
Identifying shown of stress concentration in a generic complex problem is challenging.
So, from that point of if a coating test can really help for you have the specimen here you
have the coating and when I apply torsion you have a strain variation in the coating and
all this is accommodated in this correction factor and another very Important engineering
problem is pressure vessels you look at youre the how sold the cylinder gas cylinder its
pressure vessel your cooker is a pressure vessel your air craft is a pressure vessel.
(Refer Slide Time: 50:50)

So, pressure vessels are very Important from engineering point of view and what you
have here I have inner cylinder which is put with the coating. So, it behaves the
composite cylinder and again have this specimen subjected to internal pressure as well as
pressure from the coating and the coating is subject to some amount of internal pressure
the evaluation of correction factor correction factor is more complicated in these class of
problems. So, you are going to have a very long expression it is not got to be simple we
are not going to look at the full derivation as such nevertheless you should haven your
notes because pressure vessels are. So, Important you will need to have the expression
for correction factor. So, what you find is coating restrains radial displacements of the
vessel that is why you have a pressure acting on the specimen coating also restrains
longitudinal deformation of the member, but, you always have a saving escape route, but,
the coating is made of lowing smart less.
(Refer Slide Time: 52:40)

So, some of these effects are small a not very significant and you have the this is slightly
retardant on a different fashion for convenient you get only 1 by r f p and I have this as
2into 1 minus 2 nu plus c into 1 minus nu divided by 1 minus 2 nu plus c square plus
pinto 1 minus 2 nu plus a square minus 1 minus 2 nu divided by 1 plus p where p is
given as e m into c square minus 1 divided by 1 minus a square you have already seen
how do defines c and a and case of a similar definition applies here to and like any other
correction factor here again it is valid only for regions continuous vessels remote from
closures discontinuities nozzles etcetera. So, that is what you have to keeping mind
correction factors are very Important and correction factors are develop for simpler
loading situations and we are seen we have a stress concentration with a finite geometry
even theory we cannot solve unless I evaluated analytically and then compare it there is
no way I can find out the correction factor with modern developments you could
possibly develop the correction factor by a final analysis any complex problem can be
solve and then you could find out a correction factors, but, the people have at trusted
from engineering point of view what they have said is use the photo elastic coating to
Identifies zones of high strain regions and in those regions use a thin coating and do
away with the correction factors that is the very good strategy, but, why correction
factors are needed correction factors are needed even for the you that is the basic
experiment and you use for finding out the strain coefficient K and unless you use the
correction factor K will not determined accurately we will see the true words end of the
lecture on from photo elastic coatings.
So, what we have seen in todays lecture was I emphasized in photo elastic coatings
correction factors are very Important when you focus is to find out specimen stress is
different you also have correction factor coming on the right hand side and the
expression in terms of the fringe order and strain coefficient and you also saw the elastic
constants of the specimen appearing on the expression and we will seeing a later class
what is the maximum fringe order obtainable from a photo elastic coating test you can
use the expression and find out and this is an issue you cannot neglect the maximum
fringe order obtainable in a photo elastic coating test because that is needed for planning
your experiment you may not see very high fringes even when the material yielded. So,
you will see only very less fringes in photo elastic coatings that is the reason why people
prepare white line as a elimination for photo elastic coating thank you.