Module of

Introduction
to Computer
Engineering
Experiments

Digital
Lab
2013
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is typically a short summary of the contents of the
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Operating
System
EXPERIMENT 1
OPERATING SYSTEM
A. OBJECTIVES
Describe BIOS configuration
Make partition in hardisk
Describe installation steps of Linux operating system
Operating system troubleshooting

B. THEORYS AND SIGNIFICANCES
Operating system is a program that control program execution and function as
interface between user and hardware computer, also connector between
applications, utilities, and user at one sided, with computer hardware at the other
side. Operating system responsible to activity that related to memory management
(memory usage, memory alocation, and program priority).
Three main functions of operating system are:
1. Simplicity : operating system make computer is easy to use
2. Efficiency: operating system enable the energy efficiency of computer system
3. Developing ability: operating system must be constructed as well as effective
development, test, and new function integration can run without disturb the
normal condition.
The major operating systems that used computer system general (including
PC, personal computer) are divided into 3 major groups:
Family Microsoft Windows - which is comprised of Windows Desktop
Environment (version 1.x to version 3.x), Windows 9x (Windows 95, 98, and
Windows ME), and Windows NT (Windows NT 3.x, Windows NT 4.0, Windows
2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server
2008, Windows 7 (Seven), which was released in 2009, and Windows 8 which was
released in 2012.
Families that use the Unix operating system POSIX interface, such as SCO
UNIX, families BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution), GNU / Linux, MacOS / X
(based on a modified BSD kernel, and known as Darwin) and GNU / Hurd.
Mac OS, an operating system for Apple computers usual output called Mac or
Macintosh. The newest operating system is Mac OS X version 10.7 (Lion).
a. BIOS
Before we can use operating system, there is a basic program that has
many function to configure the computer system. That basic program called
BIOS. BIOS or Basic Input Output System is a basic program that serves low
level interface to control hardwares. BIOS is the nearest program with
hardware, so it uses machine code (assembly programming) to interact with
the hardwares.
Initialization (ignition) and the testing of the hardware (in process
called the Power On Self Test, POST)
Load and run the operating system
Set some basic configuration of the computer (date, time, storage
configuration, the configuration of the boot process, performance, and
the stability of the computer)
Helps operating systems and applications in the device settings
hard to use BIOS Runtime Services.
b. File Format and Partition on in Hardisk
Format the hard drive is a way of giving the system on a hard drive so
the hard drive can be used more efficient. Possible to know in advance before
the operating system is being used. Format hard drive do after we finished
partitioning.
Partitioning means dividing the hard drive space on the hard drive.
Each partitioned hard drive must be at least one time, and to adjust the system
operations that will be used. A computer that has more than one operating
systems typically have multiple partitions. The advantage of partitioning over
one another to minimize the complexity of the system operation, the data can
be made more secure, efficient use of space, facilitate back up of data and file
searches. In a hard drive partition has several types, namely:
1) Primary partition
A primary partition is a primary partition on the disk that contains
the a number of data files. The function of this primary partition as the
partition first that is accessed by the computer to boot.
2) Extended partitions
The extended partition is also a primary partition on the hard drive.
Extended partition functions to overcome the limitations of partitioning.
The extended partition is not directly handle data processing. For we can
use it we have to create the first logical partition first.
3) Logical partitions
Logical partitions are partitions that are byproducts of the extended
partition. Logical partitions can accommodate a wide range of file data.
Before we partition the drive then we must consider first first:
1) The type of partition that we will use:
Adjust the partition with the operating system to be run, because
operating system must be run in accordance with the environment itself,
eg:
Windows 95 = FAT 16
Windows 97 & 98 or 98SE = FAT16 & FAT32
Windows 2000 & XP = fat32 & NTFS5
Linux = Ext2 or Ext3
2) Large-capacity hard disk partition type must be qualified, for example:
FAT16 = maximum 2 GB hard drive
FAT32 = whole disk 850 MB and above.
NTFS = maximum over 1 terabyte hard drive
Given system on the disk we are familiar with the term FAT (File
Alocation Table), where the key of the entire management of information on
hard drive or any other term File System. File system served to allocate space
on the hard disk data information and organize spaces are still empty. File
system is also responsible for taking care file names and directories as well as
where the files are located. File system consists of three important parts,
namely
boot record and operating systems
directory
files.
Each system has a file system opersai different. All operating systems
from DOS, Windows, Macintosh and UNIX derivatives has its own file
system to put the files in a hierarchical structure. Examples of file systems
including FAT, NTFS, HFS and HFS +, ext2, ext3, ISO 9660, ODS-5, and
UDF. Some file systems, among other journaling file system or a file
versioning system. File system also determines file naming conventions, and
file laying on the directory structure. Following explanation of some types of
file system you need to know.
1) FAT 12
Fat 12 is FAT was first used in the operating system DOS on the IBM PC
(1981). It uses FAT file allocation table is 12 bits, so often referred to
FAT 12. The maximum capacity formatted to FAT 12 is a 4086 Cluster,
making it suitable FAT for small capacity hard drive.
2) FAT 16
FAT 16 FAT 12 is a development of that used on the Windows 95
operating system first version (1990). FAT is used file allocation table by
16 bits. Maximum capacity, formatted is 65,526 cluster. And usually
handle hard disk capacity of 16 MB-2048 GB.
3) FAT 32
Appears as FAT 32 FAT 12 and 16 no longer able to manage large-
capacity hard drive. FAT supports windows operating system 95C and
so on. FAT uses a 28-bit cluster while 4 bitnya digumakan to spare /
reserved.
4) NTFS (New Technology File System)
NTFS is commonly used in the Windows NT operating system and
offspring. Compared with the system FAT, NTFS is much more effective
and safe in the management of files, because the files can be encrypted
NTFS.
5) HPFS (High Performance File System)
HPFS is used on the operating system OS / 2 (made by IBM). HPFS able
read data faster than the FAT system.
6) VFAT
VFAT and FAT are different, the difference is the ability to supports long
file names, improved system performance operation, and better data
management capabilities.
To customize the use of the file system and the operating system can
you can see in Table 2.1. the following:
File Format Operating System
FAT 12 DOS ver. 1.X and 2.X
FAT12 & FAT 16 DOS ver. 3.X-6.X and Windows 3.X
FAT 12, 16, & VFAT DOS ver. 7 and Windows 95A
FAT 12, 16, 32,
&VFAT
DOS ver. 7.1 and Windows 95B/C
FAT 32 Windows 95B/C, Windows98, ME, 2000, and XP
NTFS Windows NT, 2000, 2003, and XP
HPFS OS/2, Windows NT Old
EXT2, EXT3 Linux
BeOS BeOS


C. PROCEDURES

Tools:
A full set of computer
VMWare Application
Work Steps
Open VMWare or start directly with Boot Disc
Start the computer
Press the button on the keyboard that related to BIOS at the startup
window (depends to the brand)
After BIOS showup, config it to boot from CD, and save & exit
After restart, choose language

Choose Install Ubuntu Server

Choose language

Choose location

Choose keyboard type

Choose Keyboard Layout

Loading Process

Choose network interface that would be used

DHCP Setting, click Cancel if you want to set manually

Confirm

Configure network manually

Fill with IP Address

Fill with Network Mask

Fill with Gateaway Address

Fill with Name Server Address

Fill hostname

Enter the domain name

Loading Server Time

Select your time zone

Partition the hardisk

Choose guided use entire disk

Choose the disk that you want to partition

Confirm partition


Wait for installing

Set up username and password



Confirm to encrypt the home directory or not

Setting HTTP Proxy

Choose software that you want to install

Install the choosen software

Installing Boot Loader

Finishing installation


Boot Loader interface then login



D. POTENTIAL HAZARDS
Wear shoes to avoid electricity hazard
Avoid water and other liquid during experiment
E. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
1. Suppose you have two VGA cards, one in AGP and one in PCI slot. Explain
how to select VGA which used at boot time!
2. Boot loader installation function in more than one OS from one hard drive,
give an example? Explain how to configure it!
3. Explain the various beeps caused by errors occurs during POST. Both the AMI
bios and the Award BIOS.
4. Explain what is called a boot virus detection. Explain how to
works!
5. Explain what is meant by POST, Explain things performed by the computer
during the POST process. Explain the halt on error, what to do with POST?
6. Suppose you're formatting a hard drive partition, then all of a sudden sudden
power failure, explain the possibilities that occur on that partition!
7. What will happen when a driver on Windows XP Graphic Card yet installed.
Describe at least 3 kinds of possibilities that exist at the time computer starts
up!
8. Describe any events that cause the system to restore the Windows XP creates
restore points automatically?
9. Explain what is a "safe mode" on windows? how to go into "safe mode"?
explain the difference between normal mode "safe mode"?
10. Explain what is meant by the SPD, EPP and XMP! users can include different
configurations of the SPD? Explain what consequences!

F. REFERENCE
Ubuntu Server Guide; http://ubuntuserverguide.com/2012/05/how-to-install-
ubuntu-server-12-04-lts-precise-pangolin-included-screenshot.html
www.ubuntu.com
www.pchardware.co.uk/software
www.microsoft.com
www.apple.com