COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS (1
st
module)
Lecturer: Claudio Sacchi, Ph.D
University of Trento, International Master in
Telecommunications Enineerin, !cademic "ear #$%&'#$%(
!ssistant lecturer: Cosimo Stallo,
Ph.D
)isitin *rofessor: Prof. Luc
)andendor*e
PART 4: COAXIAL
CABLES AND TISTED
COPPER PAIRS
#
TABLE O! CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO CABLE LINES
+E,E-!L C.,CEPTS
U,I/.-M LI,E E0U!TI.,1
LINEAR DISTORTIONS IN CABLE LINES
IMPED!,CE M!TC2I,+ C.,DITI.,
2E!)ISIDE C.,DITI.,
P.3E- !TTE,U!TI., ./ ! C!4LE LI,E
S5I, E//ECT1
NOISE IN CABLE LINES
ELECT-.M!+,ETIC DISTU-4!,CES 6I,+-ESS',.ISE7
C-.SST!L5 6,E8T9/E8T7
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
&
TABLE O! CONTENTS
BASEBAND ANALO" TRANSMISSION O#ER
COAX CABLE LINES
4!SIC 2"P.T2ESIS1
SI+,!L'T.',.ISE -!TI. !T T2E .UTPUT ./ T2E LI,E1
.PTIM!L E0U!LI:!TI., !,D ST!,D!-D E0U!LI:!TI.,.
BASEBAND DI"ITAL TRANSMISSION O#ER
COAX CABLE LINES
4!SIC 2"P.T2ESIS1
S"M4.L E--.- P-.4!4ILIT" C.MPUT!TI.,1
.PTIM!L E0U!LI:!TI., !,D ST!,D!-D E0U!LI:!TI.,.
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
(
INTRODUCTION TO CABLE
LINES
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
;
"ENERAL CONCEPTS
"ENERAL CONCEPTS ABOUT
TRANSMISSION LINES
!ll *hysical mediums em*loyed to transmit
information e<*loit the *ro*erties of
ele$t%om&'(et)$ *%o*&'&t)o(1
The e.m. *ro*aation )s e+*lo)ted )( d),,e%e(t
-&.s inherent to the different *hysical mediums
considered1
The e.m. *ro*aation throuh the medium )s (ot
'e(e%&ll. )de&l1
No( )de&l e/m/ *%o*&'&t)o( involves s)'(&l
d)sto%t)o(s and im*oses =ounds on line ca*acity.
University of Trento Telecommunication Systems
>
"ENERAL CONCEPTS
CABLE LINES
In this *art of the course, ?e ?ill consider
the case related to $&0le t%&(sm)ss)o(1
The =asic ty*oloies of ca=le lines are:
TISTED COPPER PAIRS 6em*loyed
for tele*hone lines71
COAXIAL CABLES 6=asically em*loyed
for T) transmission7
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@
UNI!ORM LINE E1UATIONS
CIRCUIT MODEL O! AN UNI!ORM CABLE
LINE (1)
Telecommunication systems University of Trento
V
G
(t)
Z
G
(f)
0 L
x
dx
i(t;x)
v(t;x)
Hdx Rdx
Gdx Cdx
Z
C
(f)
MODEL PARAMETERS:
A2 B I,DUCT!,CE PE- LE,+T2 U,IT
A+ B C.,DUCT!,CE PE- LE,+T2 U,IT
AC B C!P!CIT" PE- LE,+T2 U,IT
A- B -ESIST!,CE PE- LE,+T2 U,IT
C
UNI!ORM LINE E1UATIONS
CIRCUIT MODEL O! AN UNI!ORM CABLE LINE (2)
! uniform line can =e modeled as an electric dou=le'*ort net:
Startin from this model, it is *ossi=le to derive all the eDuations
of the uniform line
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E
UNI!ORM LINE E1UATIONS
C3ARACTERISTIC E1UATIONS O! AN
UNI!ORM LINE
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

+ =
+ =
x f
0
x f -
0
x f x f -
e
f
f B
e
f
f A
x f, I
e f B e f A x f, V


Z Z
A!6f7 e 46f7 are constant 6?ith res*ect to <7, to =e evaluated =y
considerin t4e 0o%de% $o(d)t)o(s im*osed =y the enerator
im*edance 6<B$7 e =y the termination im*edance 6<BL7
A:
$
6f7 is the $4&%&$te%)st)$ l)(e )m*ed&($e
A 6f7 is the *%o*&'&t)o( $o(st&(t o, t4e l)(e
%$
UNI!ORM LINE E1UATIONS
LINE PARAMETERS EXPRESSED AS A
!UNCTION O! T3E !RE1UENCY
LetFs define the a=ove mentioned line *arameters as a
function of freDuency:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0
R j H
f R j X
G j C
f R j H G j C j
Z

+
= = +

= + + = +

NOTE:
f 2 =
%%
UNI!ORM LINE E1UATIONS
LINE PARAMETERS (TYPICAL PATTERN
CUR#ES)
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
%#
UNI!ORM LINE E1UATIONS
LINE RE!LECTION COE!!ICIENTS
I can define the line reflection coefficients as follo?s:
+iven such coefficients, I can com*ute the )(*ut
)m*ed&($e and the out*ut )m*ed&($e of the line:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )


Z Z
Z Z

Z Z
Z Z

0 G
0 G
0 C
0 C
f f
f f
f r
f f
f f
f r
G C
+

=
+

=
Te%m)(&t)o( s)de "e(e%&to% s)de
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 0
1 1
Z Z
1 1

L f L f
C G
i o
L f L f
C G
r f e r f e
Z f f Z f f
r f e r f e




+ +
= =

%&
UNI!ORM LINE E1UATIONS
INTRINSIC LINE TRANS!ER !UNCTION
The intrinsic line transfer function is defined as:
Considerin the electric net theory 6see ref. Mandarini,
Cha*. #7, ?e can *rove that:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( )
( )
( )
H
Q
f V
f V
f
i
C
=
( )
( )
( )

) ( ) ( 1
2 H
2
Q
f L
c g
f L
e f r f r
e
f

=
,ot
distortionless
form 'G
D)sto%t)o(
%(
LINEAR DISTORTIONS IN CABLE
LINES
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
%;
IMPEDANCE MATC3IN" CONDITION
3AT DOES IT MEANS 5
Distortions in ca=le lines de*ends on some
conditions a=out )m*ed&($es and ele$t%)$ l)(e
*&%&mete%s1
The )m*ed&($e m&t$4)(' $o(d)t)o( is related
to im*edances1
Im*edance matchin is verified ?hen:
In real a**lications such condition )s 'e(e%&ll.
)m*osed.
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( ) ( ) ( )
0
f Z f Z f Z
C G
= =
%>
IMPEDANCE MATC3IN" CONDITION
3AT DOES IT IMPLY 5
If im*edances are matched, ?e can verify that:
Therefore:
?here:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( )
( )
( ) f f
L
f L -
Q
H 2 e 2 H = =

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
- L f - L f - j L f
L
H e e e f

= =
( ) ( ) 0 = f r f r
G C
C&0le l)(e l)(e&% d)sto%t)o(
( ) ( ) ( )
0
f Z f Z f Z
u i
= =
!m*litude distortion
Phase distortion
%@
3EA#ISIDE CONDITIONS
3AT DOES IT MEANS 5
The 2eaviside condition is related to the ele$t%)$ *&%&mete%s
of the line:
If the )m*ed&($e m&t$4)(' $o(d)t)o( 4olds, 2eaviside
condition im*lies that:
Therefore:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
RC GH =
( ) RG = f
( ) HC 2 f f =
( )
0
HC L 2 j - RG L -
L
e e f H
t j f
Ke

= =
RG L
e K

=
HC L t =
0
(d)sto%t)o(less $&0le l)(e)
%C
POER ATTENUATION AND "ROUP
DELAY O! A CABLE LINE
DISTORTIONLESS CABLE LINE
In case of distortionless ca=le line the *o-e%
&tte(u&t)o( vs. line lenth is eDual to:
The '%ou* del&. vs. line lenth is eDual to:
The s)'(&l *%o*&'&t)o( velocity is eDual to:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
10
( ) 20 log 8.68
L RG
dB
A L e RG L = =
0
( ) t L L HC =
HC / 1 =
6E<*onential ?ith L7
6Linear ?ith L7
6Constant7
%E
POER ATTENUATION AND "ROUP
DELAY O! A CABLE LINE
CABLE LINE IT3 LINEAR DISTORTION
Rem)(de%: linear distortions *resent ?hen:
6,.T6!da*tation77 .- 6,.T62eaviside77
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
0
1 ( )
( ; )
2
d f
t L f L
df

=
( )
( ) 2
d f
f
df

=
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
d
G ;
L f
L
L f H f e

= =
Po-e% &tte(u&t)o(
"%ou* del&.
P%o*&'&t)o( 6elo$)t.
#$
S7IN E!!ECT
3AT DOES IT MEANS (!ROM A P3YSICAL
#IEPOINT) 5
Linear distortions in ca=le lines are due to a multi*licity of
&(om&lous *4.s)$&l *4e(ome(&1
The most relevant linear distortion in ca=le lines is the s8)(
e,,e$t1
SHin effect is caused =y the $%o-d)(' o, ele$t%o(s closer
and closer to the conductor surface 6sHin71
This inolves 6demonstration omitted7 that the resistance *er
lenth unit )s (ot ,%e9ue($.:)(6&%)&(t, =ut it increases
-)t4 t4e s9u&%ed %oot o, t4e ,%e9ue($..
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( )
0
R R f RK f =
6fG;$52I7
#%
S7IN E!!ECT
S7IN E!!ECT TRANS!ER !UNCTION
Considerin sHin effect &s t4e o(l. %ele6&(t
l)(e&% d)sto%t)o( *%ese(t )( t4e $&0le l)(e 6it
is usually assumed in technical literature7, ?e can
derive, after some mathematical mani*ulations:
It is &m*l)tude:o(l. d)sto%t)o( 6no sinal *hase
involved71
It is a lo-:*&ss d)sto%t)o(. In fact, ?e can note
a decrease of the am*litude res*onse at hiher
freDuencies.
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
0
( )
L f
L
H f e

=
##
S7IN E!!ECT
A#AILABLE POER ATTENUATION
The availa=le *o?er attenuation 6in d47 =ecomes:
The constant !
$
is named 8)lomet%)$ &tte(u&t)o(
and contains all the involved constants1
It is e<*ressed in d495m at a ')6e( %e,e%e($e
,%e9ue($. 6e..: %M2I71
The usual technical e<*ression that ?e can find on
the data sheets of commercial ca=les is the
follo?in one:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( )
0
( ) 1
d dB R Km R
R
f
A f A f L f MHz
f
= =
( ) ( ) ( ) f L A f L e e f f A
f L
dB d 0 10 0 10 dB d
log 20 log 20 G ) (
0
= = = =

#&
S7IN E!!ECT
S7IN E!!ECT: !RE1UENCY RESPONSE
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( )
2
f H
L
#(
S7IN E!!ECT
RESPONSE TO RECTAN"ULAR PULSE
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( ) ) ( * t t h
L

Lo?'*ass effect 'G
increase of *ulse
duration 'G
*ossi=le ISI
insurence in case
of diital
transmission 'G
,eed of
eDualiIation 6J 7
#;
NOISE IN CABLE LINES
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#>
ELECTROMA"NETIC
DISTURBANCES
IN"RESS NOISE
ItFs a Hind of noise *roduced =y C3 emissions of
electrical and9or electronic devices that are a=le to
*enetrate the ca=le e<ternal insulation1
Ty*ical inress'noise sources are home devices
liHe: electrical enines 6hair driers, coffee rinders,
etc.7, !C9DC converters, radio, T), PC, etc.1
The *resence of inress noise is harsh in
freDuencies ranin from ; to ;<M3=.
These freDuencies are em*loyed for u*l)(8
t%&(sm)ss)o( )( CAT# (et-o%8s and for +DSL
t%&(sm)ss)o(.
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
#@
ELECTROMA"NETIC
DISTURBANCES
IN"RESS:NOISE MODELLIN"
Inress'noise can =e modelled as a seDuence of C3 *ulses
characteriIed =y randomly'distri=uted time of arrivals1
In *articular, the (um0e% o, (o)s. *ulses arrivin durin a
iven time ?indo? is Po)sso(:d)st%)0uted1
Pulse duration and freDuencies &%e %&(dom 6&%)&0les1
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( ) { }
1
( ) ( )
K
I I T k
k
t A f t t

=
=

NB: all circled *arameters are random varia=les

#C
ELECTROMA"NETIC
DISTURBANCES
IN"RESS:NOISE REALI>ATION
Inress'noise realiIation ?ith =acHround +aussian noise. ,ote
the t?o series of inress'noise *ulses 6red'circled7:
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#E
CROSSTAL7
CROSSTAL7 IN IRED TELEP3ONE LINES
3ired tele*hone lines are made =y 0u(dles o,
$o**e% -)%e *&)%s in order to increase line ca*acity1
The =undlin of a lot of co**er ?ire *airs 6u* to ;$7
involves ele$t%)$&l $ou*l)('s amon different sinals
conveyed on different *airs1
The resultin noise is an &tte(u&ted &(d d)sto%ted
$o*. of the sinal conveyed =y an adKacent *air1
This Hind of distur=ance is called $%osst&l8.
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
&$
CROSSTAL7
NEXT AND !EXT (1)
CrosstalH is the other ca*acity limitin factor in hih'
data rates transmissions over tele*hone channel 6the
first one is the sHin effect71
There are t?o main ty*oloies of crosstalH:
Ne+t:E(d C%osst&l8 6NEXT7 is the interference that
a**ears on another *air at the same end of the ca=le as the
source of interference.
!&%:E(d C%osst&l8 6!EXT7 is the interference that a**ears
on another *air at the o**osite or far'end of the ca=le to the
source of the interference.
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
L. 3. CooH, -. 2. 5ir=y, M. +. 4ooth, 5. T. /oster, D. E. ClarH, +. "oun, MThe ,oise and CrosstalH
Environment for !DSL and )DSL SystemsM, IEEE Commu()$&t)o( M&'&=)(e, May %EEE, **. @&'@C.
&%
CROSSTAL7
NEXT AND !EXT (2)
E<*licative *ictures:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
E<chane transceiver % 6a=ove in the *icture7 is
t%&(sm)tt)(' 6interferer7, E<chane transceiver #
6=elo? in the *icture7 is %e$e)6)(' at the same time
6and, therefore, is interfered7
E<chane transceiver % 6a=ove in the *icture7 is
t%&(sm)tt)(' 6interferer7, E<chane transceiver #
6=elo? in the *icture7 is t%&(sm)tt)(' at the same
time to the remote transceiver 6that is interfered7
&#
CROSSTAL7
NEXT AND !EXT (?)
,E8T level is su0st&(t)&ll. )(de*e(de(t of the lenth of the
ca=le1
/E8T level is &tte(u&ted &t le&st &s mu$4 &s t4e des)%ed
s)'(&l )tsel, if they travelled the same distance1
,E8T affects any systems, -4)$4 t%&(sm)t )( 0ot4 d)%e$t)o( &t
o($e and ?here it occurs it )(6&%)&0l. dom)(&tes o6e% !EXT1
,E8T can =e eliminated in *rinci*le =y NOT transmittin in =oth
direction in the same =and at the same time1
This can =e im*lemented in *ractice =y se*aratin the t?o
directions of transmission into either (o(o6e%l&**)(' )(te%6&ls
)( t)me 6Time Division Du*le<in N TDD7 or )( (o(o6e%l&**)('
)(te%6&ls )( ,%e9ue($. 6/reDuency Division Du*le<in N /DD7.
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
&&
CROSSTAL7
EXPERIMENTAL CROSSTAL7 STATISTICAL
MODEL (NEXT)
,E8T can =e a**ro<imately modeled as a O$olo%ed@
"&uss)&( SS %&(dom *%o$ess1
This is the a**roach commonly follo?ed in literature1
The *o?er s*ectral density of ,E8T interference is iven
=y the *roduct of a !3+, PSD ?ith a cross'talH transfer
function, assumin the follo?in formulation:
University of Trento
2 3
2
) ( f f H
x
=
de*ends on $&0le $4&%&$te%)st)$s
and 6ma<imum7 (um0e% o, d)stu%0e%s
Telecommunication Systems
2. 5alet, S. Shamai 6ShitI7: M.n the ca*acity of a t?isted'?ire *air: +aussian modelM, IEEE T%&(s/
o( Comm/, )ol. &C, ,o.&, March %EE$, **. &@E'&C&.
&(
CROSSTAL7
STATISTICAL MODEL O! T3E TELEP3ONE LINE
IT3 NEXT
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
2 3
2
) ( f f H
x
=
f L
c
e f H
2
2
) (

=
(S8)( e,,e$t)
(C%osst&l8 T!)
NOTE: more correctly
?ritten: P
u
6f7
&;
CROSSTAL7
EXPERIMENTAL CROSSTAL7 STATISTICAL MODEL
(!EXT)
/E8T can =e a**ro<imately modeled as a O$olo%ed@ "&uss)&(
SS %&(dom *%o$ess as ?ell1
The *o?er s*ectral density of /E8T interference is iven =y the
*roduct of a !3+, PSD ?ith a cross'talH transfer function ?hose
formulation is similar to ,E8T one:
University of Trento
2 2
0.6 2
( ) ( )
FXT C F
H f H f X n f =
Telecommunication Systems
C. )alenti: O,E8T and /E8T models for T?isted'Pair ,orth !merican Loo* PlantM, IEEE Aou%/ o,
Sele$/ A%e&s )( Comm/B )ol. #$, ,o.;, Lune #$$#, **. CE&'E$$.
A8
/
de*ends on ca=le characteristics
An B ma<imum num=er of distur=ers
6de*ends on ca=le =undlin7
A is a constant de*endin on the
cou*lin *ath lenth
!s effect of channel attenuation, /E8T *o?er d%o*s
9u)$8l. for ca=le lenth 4)'4e% t4&( ?<< mete%s.
&>
CROSSTAL7
T3EORETICAL CAPACITY O! A TELEP3ONE LINE (1)
/rom eDuations seen in *revious slides ?e can do the follo?in
considerations:
The effect of ,E8T 6?hen *resent7 st%o('l. o6e%$omes the /E8T one1
,E8T and /E8T &%e (ot -4)te (o)ses: their contri=utions increase as far as
freDuency increases1
T3ER!ORE: narro?=and sinals are less affected =y crosstalH than ?ide=and
sinals1
,E8T level doesnFt de*end on ca=le lenth. The desired sinal level de*ends on
ca=le lenth. This im*lies that ca*acity d%&m&t)$&ll. decreases -)t4 $&0le
le('t41
SHin effect is & 8(o-( d)sto%t)o(, therefore it could =e eDualiIed 6?e shall see
this as*ect later71
,E8T can =e removed o(l. 0. )($%e&s)(' t%&(sm)ss)o( 0&(d-)dt4 6/DD and
TDD results in a dou=led =and?idth occu*ation7.
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
&@
CROSSTAL7
T3EORETICAL CAPACITY O!
A TELEP3ONE LINE (2)
,E8T is an additive +aussian
noise, therefore S4&((o(
$&*&$)t. l)m)t can =e
com*uted in some ?ay 6taHin
into account the freDuency
selectivity of channel res*onse71
This has =een done =y 5alet
and Shamai in their *a*er: the
resultin ca*acity curve is very
close to e+*e%)me(t&l
$&*&$)t. $u%6e 6this confirms
the oodness of the statistical
model ado*ted for ,E8T7.
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
6% foot B &$.( cm7
(L&st m)le)
(ADSL)
&C
BASEBAND ANALO" TRANSMISSION
O#ER COAX CABLE LINES
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
&E
BASEBAND ANALO" TRANSMISSION
BASIC 3YPOT3ESIS
!nalo =ase=and transmission 6the e<tension of the analysis to
-/ transmission is straihtfor?ard71
The transmitted sinal is statistically modeled as an e%o'od)$
*%o$ess ?ith *o?er s*ectral density P
+
6f7 havin l)m)ted
0&(d-)dt4 eDual to 4 and &lmost $o(st&(t s4&*e in the
=and?idth of interest1
Im*ed&($e m&t$4)(' 6?e can nelect resistances in the linH
=udet e<*ressions71
The im*edances account only %es)st)6e $om*o(e(ts that are
constant in the freDuency domain, i.e.: :
$
6f7 B -
$
1
3e consider in our analysis o(l. t4e *%ese($e o, t4e%m&l
(o)se in the ca=le line 6neither inress'noise, nor crosstalH71
The transfer function of the line is that one of s8)( e,,e$t.
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
($
BASEBAND ANALO" TRANSMISSION
BLOC7 DIA"RAM
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
v
G
(t) Z
0
(f)
H
A
(f)
Z
0
(f)
Z
0
(f)
2H
L
(f)
Z
0
(f)
H
B
(f)
G
R
n(t) G
T
v
G
(t)
H
T
(f)
G
T
H
L
(f)
n(t)
H
R
(f)
uscita
.r, eDuivalently:
(%
SI"NAL:TO:NOISE RATIO AT T3E
OUTPUT O! T3E CABLE LINE
TRANSMITTED POER AND RECEI#ED POER
Under *reviously'made hy*othesis, the *o?er transmitted onto
the ca=le can =e e<*ressed as follo?:
The *o-e% s*e$t%&l de(s)t)es of the sinal and noise at the
out*ut of the receiver are iven as follo?s:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( ) ( )
2
2
B
dT T G T
B
W G P f H f df

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0
2
2
f H f P G f H f H f H G f P f P
G T R L T T G su
= =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0
1
2
nu n R R
P f P f H f FkT H f = =
(T4)s 6&lue )s
$o(st%&)(ed 0. t4e $&0le
$4&%&$te%)st)$s)
No)se ,)'u%e
(#
SI"NAL:TO:NOISE RATIO AT T3E
OUTPUT O! T3E CABLE LINE
SI"NAL:TO:NOISE RATIO COMPUTATION
!ssumin that 6see *revious slide7:
3e can e<*ress the sinal'to'noise ratio at the out*ut of the
ca=le line in the follo?in OusefulP form:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
0
0
2
0 2
0
2 2
0 0
1
1 1
B B
G su
dT B
B
B B
D
nu
G T
B
T L
P f H f df P f df
B W S
N FkT B
H f
P f df
P f H f df df
B B
H f H f

| |
= =
|
\

( ) ( )
2
2
0
dT
T
B
G T
W
G
P f H f df
=

( )
2
R
H f =
(&
SI"NAL:TO:NOISE RATIO AT T3E
OUTPUT O! T3E CABLE LINE
SI"NAL:TO:NOISE RATIO MAXIMI>ATION
If ?e a**ly the Sch?artIFs ineDuality 6Q7 to the
denominator of the sinal'to'noise ratio e<*ression
sho?n in slide (#, ?e can o=tain that:
The eDuality holds only ?hen ?e im*ose:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 2
0
0
2
2 2
0
1 2
0
0
2
B
P f H f df
B
H f
H f H f
df
B
P f
H f
H f
df
G T
B
T L
B
G
B
L

(

/
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
P f H f K
H f
H f H f
G T
T L
=
2
0
2
2 2
This is the condition of
m&+)mum SNR
6Q7
((
SI"NAL:TO:NOISE RATIO AT T3E
OUTPUT O! T3E CABLE LINE
SI"NAL:TO:NOISE RATIO MAXIMI>ATION
The ma<imum value of the sinal'to'noise ratio is iven =y:
/urther hy*othesis: in order to avoid distortions in the received
sinal, ?e reDuire that the lo=al line transfer function 2
$
6f7 is
ideally rectanular in freDuency, i.e.:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
0
0
2
0
1/ 2
0
0
1
1
B
opt G
B
D
G
L
P f H f df
B
S S
N N
H f
P f df
B H f

| | | |
=
| |
\ \
(
(
(

0 0

dT
W S
N FkT B
| |
=
|
\
( )
0
1
0
f B
H f
f B

=

>

This means:
(;
SI"NAL:TO:NOISE RATIO AT T3E
OUTPUT O! T3E CABLE LINE
OPTIMAL !ILTER DESI"N (1)
The condition of sinal'to'noise ratio ma<imiIation can =e
re?ritten in order to derive the o*t)m&l ,)lte% des)'(:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
4
0
2
T
G L
H f
H f K
P f H f
=
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
0
' ''
1 2 1 2 1/ 4
1
T
G L L
H f
H f K K
P f H f H f
= =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
0
'' '''
2 1/ 2
2
'
1 1
( ) ( )
L
R R
L
L
L
H f H f
H f K H f K
H f
H f
K H f
= = =
Therefore:
(>
SI"NAL:TO:NOISE RATIO AT T3E
OUTPUT O! T3E CABLE LINE
OPTIMAL !ILTER DESI"N (2)
More *recisely:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( )
( )
1/ 2
,
''
0
L
T opt
K
f B
H f
H f
f B

>

( )
( )
1/ 2
,
'''
0
L
R opt
K
f B
H f
H f
f B

>

(@
SI"NAL:TO:NOISE RATIO AT T3E
OUTPUT O! T3E CABLE LINE
OPTIMAL !ILTER DESI"N (2)
In the *resence of ideal eDualiIation and o*timal filter desin,
considerin the hy*othesis a=out P
+
6f7 and 2
$
6f7 ?e can re?rite
the ma<imum sinal'to'noise ratio in this suita=le form:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( )
( )
2
0 0
0
1 1
' ,
1 1
opt
B
D
L
S S S
N N N f B L
df
B H f
| | | | | |
= =
| | |
\ \ \
(
(
(

( )
2
0
0
1
, '
(

B
L f
df e
B
L B f

Res)du&l l)(e
&tte(u&t)o( 6after
eDualiIation7
(C
SI"NAL:TO:NOISE RATIO AT T3E
OUTPUT O! T3E CABLE LINE
LIN7 BUD"ET E1UATIONS (OPTIMAL CASE)
In loarithmic scale, ?e have:
3here:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( ) x f F B W SNR
dB MHz dBm dT dB opt
' lg 10 lg 10 114
10 10
+ =
km MHz
L B
A
x
34 . 4
0
=
( ) ( ) 1
16
2 2
16
'
2
2
2
4
>>
(

+ = x e
x
e x
x
x f
x
x
NOTE: the dimensionality of the formulation must =e res*ected R
[ ]
0
/ kT dBm MHz =
( ) ( ) ( )
10 10
10l og ' 12.04 20log 4.34 f x x x dB = +
(E
OPTIMAL E1UALI>ATION AND
STANDARD E1UALI>ATION
STANDARD E1UALI>ATION CASE (1)
In real'?orld communication systems, eDualiIation is *erformed
only at the receiver side1
Therefore, the standard eDualiIation case considers the follo?in
filter transfer functions:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( )
,
1
0
stand T
f B
H f
f B

=

>

( )
( )
,
1
0
stand
L
R
f B
H f
H f
f B

>

Lo-*&ss ,)lte% (l)m)t)('

s)'(&l 0&(d-)dt4)
Ide&l
e9u&l)=e%
;$
OPTIMAL E1UALI>ATION AND
STANDARD E1UALI>ATION
STANDARD E1UALI>ATION CASE (2)
The out*ut sinal'to'noise ratio in the standard eDualiIation case
can =e com*uted as follo?s:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( )
( )
0 0
2
0
1 1
,
1 1
dT
B
D
L
W S S
N FkT B N f B L
df
B
H f
| | | |
= =
| |
\ \

stand
( )
( )
' 8
stand
opt
D
D
S
f x
x N
f x
S
N
| |
|
\
=
| |
|
\
( )
0
2
0
4.34
1 2
( , )
MHz km
B
x
L
A
x B L
e
f B L H f df
B x

=
= =

( ) ( ) ( )
10 10
10l og 3 10log 4.34 f x x x dB = +
;%
OPTIMAL E1UALI>ATION AND
STANDARD E1UALI>ATION
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
!
$
B &d495m
;#
BASEBAND DI"ITAL TRANSMISSION
O#ER COAX CABLE LINES
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
;&
BASEBAND DI"ITAL TRANSMISSION
"ENERIC SC3EME O! T3E IRED BASEBAND
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento

c[k]
f
b

Level encoder Digital
modulator
(baseband)
Synchronizer
loop
Decision
[k]
f
L

s

(t)
H
T
(f)
H
L
(f) H
R
(f)
G
T

[k]
n(t)
;(
BASEBAND DI"ITAL TRANSMISSION
BASIC 3YPOT3ESIS: SYSTEM
Im*edance matchin 6as usual71
3e are considerin a narro?=and multilevel P!M 6or 0!M7
modulation1
The received ?aveform 6after transmission, channel and
eDualiIation7 must =e of N.9u)st t.*e 'G NO ISI C1
,arro?=and P!M 6or 0!M7 is a reasona=le choice. In fact, the
scarce =and?idth availa=ility over ca=le lines *%e6e(t us to
ado*t 0&(d:u(l)m)ted %e$t&('ul&% NR> -&6e,o%ms 6the
system ca*acity ?ould =e stronly reduced R7
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f G f H f H f H
R L T 0
=
-aised cosine ?ith roll'off factor S%
;;
BASEBAND DI"ITAL TRANSMISSION
BASIC 3YPOT3ESIS: MODULATION AND CODIN"
The le6el e($ode% ma*s ?ords of =it comin from an Ethernet
*ort 6for e<am*le7 into multi'level sinals 6in *hase P!M or
com*le< 0!M sinals71
The transmitted sinal may =e encoded ?ith redundancy in order
to increase its ro=ustness aainst channel noise1
In eneral, ?e can ?rite:
Telecommunication System University of Trento
[ ]
2 mod
/ sec
lg
b
L
c
r
r baud
R L
=
( )
( )
2 mod
1
1 [ ]
2 2 lg
b
L
c
r
r
B Hz
R L

+
= + =
Sym=ol rate at the out*ut of level
encoder
Transmitted sinal =and?idth
Code:%&te o, $4&((el e($ode% (R
$
D1)
;>
SYMBOL ERROR PROBABILITY
COMPUTATION
SYMBOL ERROR PROBABILITY COMPUTATION (1)
LetFs consider the sym=ol error *ro=a=ility com*utation at the
receiver side.
3e can e<*ress the SEP at out*ut of the ca=le line as follo?s:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( )
mod 2 mod
2
mod
mod
1 6log
2
1
b
E
D
L L E
P Q
L
L

| |
| |
| |
|
=
|
|
|

\
\
\
( )
2 mod
log
b
E
D
E
P Q L

| |
| |
| =
|
|
\
\
M:&%. PAM modul&t)o(
M:&%. 1AM modul&t)o( 6 and de*ends on L
mod
N see Ta= slide &#, *.&7
Pe%:0)t s)'(&l:to:
(o)se %&t)o &t t4e
out*ut o, t4e l)(e
;@
SYMBOL ERROR PROBABILITY
COMPUTATION
SYMBOL ERROR PROBABILITY COMPUTATION (2)
The =asic com*utation to =e done is related to the *er'=it sinal'
to'noise ratio at the in*ut of the diital receiver, that is iven =y:
3here:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
2
0
b c dT
b
D
E RW
FkT r

| |
=
|

\
( )( )
'
2
( , ) 1
1 1 / 4
( , )
optimal case
standard case
f B L
f B L

Res)du&l &tte(u&t)o(
at the out*ut of the
ca=le line 6after
distortion eDualiIation7
;C
OPTIMAL E1UALI>ATION AND
STANDARD E1UALI>ATION
OPTIMAL CASE AND STANDARD CASE
O*t)m&l e9u&l)=&t)o( is o=tained =y derivin the T8
and -8 filters 2
T
6f7 e 2
-
6f7 &0le &t m)()m)=)(' SEP
?ith the reDuirement of a 'lo0&l N.9u)st ,%e9ue($.
%es*o(se of the line1
The standard case is o=tained =y choosin the T8 filter
in order to assin the N.9u)st t%&(sm)ss)o(
-&6e,o%m 6raised cosine7 and, then =y desinin the
-8 filter )( o%de% to e9u&l)=e l)(e d)sto%t)o(:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( ) ( )
H f G f
T
=
0
( ) ( ) 1 = f H f H
R L
Standard case
;E
OPTIMAL E1UALI>ATION AND
STANDARD E1UALI>ATION
STANDARD E1UALI>ATION CASE (1)
In our dealin ?e are focusin our attention on the mo%e
%e&l)st)$ st&(d&%d e9u&l)=&t)o( $&se1
LetFs remind the com*utations made for the analo case. 3e can
o=tain:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
( )( )
( )
( )( ) ) , (
1
4 / 1 1
1
1 1
1
4 / 1 1
1
0
2
2
L B f
df
f H B
B
L

+
=
+
=

( )( )
0
2
10 10
4.34
10lg 4.34 3 10lg 1 1 / 4
MHz km
A
dB
x B L
x x
=
( = +

>$
OPTIMAL E1UALI>ATION AND
STANDARD E1UALI>ATION
LIN7 BUD"ET E1UATIONS (STANDARD CASE)
To conclude this *art, ?e can derive the linH =udet e<*ression
for a diital transmission over ca=le lines:
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
2
( ) 10 ( / ) 10
( )
114 10lg 10lg
dT dBm b Mb s c dB dB
D dB
E
W r R F

| |
= + + +
|
\
( )( )
2
10 10
10lg 4.34 3 10lg 1 1 / 4
dB
x x ( = +

km MHz
L B
A
x
34 . 4

0
=
( )
( )
( / ) ( / )
2 mod
1
1 [ ]
2 2 lg
L Mbaud s b Mbit s
MHz
c
r r
B MHz
R L

+
= + =