Math 240: Determinants: Ryan Blair

Math 240: Determinants
Ryan Blair
University of Pennsylvania
Thursday January 25, 2011
Ryan Blair (U Penn) Math 240: Determinants Thursday January 25, 2011 1 / 12
Outline
1
Review of Last Time
2
Determinants
3
Properties of Determinants
Review of Last Time
Review of last time
1
Linear Independence
2
How to use row echelon form to determine linear independence
3
Rank of a matrix
4
How to use rank to determine consistency of a linear system
Review of Last Time
Linear independence and Rank
Denition
(Pragmatic)
Let A be an m n matrix and B be its row-echelon form. The rank of A
is the number of pivots of B.
Review of Last Time
Denition
(Pragmatic)
How to nd if m vectors are linearly independent:
1
Make the vectors the rows of a m n matrix (where the vectors are
of size n)
2
Find the rank of the matrix.
3
If the rank is m then the vectors are linearly independent. If the rank
is less than m, then the vectors are linearly dependant.
Review of Last Time
Denition
(Pragmatic)
How to nd if m vectors are linearly independent:
1
Make the vectors the rows of a m n matrix (where the vectors are
of size n)
2
Find the rank of the matrix.
3
If the rank is m then the vectors are linearly independent. If the rank
is less than m, then the vectors are linearly dependant.
Example: Are the following vectors linearly independent?
< 2, 6, 0, 1, 3 >, < 4, 12, 1, 1, 2 >, < 2, 6, 0, 1, 1 >
Review of Last Time
Determining Consistency
Given the linear system Ax = B and the augmented matrix (A|B).
1
If rank(A) = rank(A|B) = the number of rows in x, then the system
has a unique solution.
2
If rank(A) = rank(A|B) < the number of rows in x, then the system
has -many solutions.
3
If rank(A) < rank(A|B), then the system is inconsistent.
Review of Last Time
Todays Goals
1
Be able to nd determinants using cofactor expansion.
2
Be able to nd determinants using row operations.
3
Know the properties of determinants.
Determinants
Determinant of a 22 Matrix
Denition
Give a 2 2 matrix A =
a b
c d
, the determinant of A is
det(A) =
a b
c d
= ad bc
Determinants
Minors and Cofactors
Denition
Given a matrix A the minor, M
ij
, is the determinant of the submatrix
obtained by deleting the ith row and the jth column.
Determinants
Minors and Cofactors
Denition
Given a matrix A the minor, M
ij
, is the determinant of the submatrix
obtained by deleting the ith row and the jth column.
Denition
Given a matrix A the cofactor, C
ij
, is given by the following formula
C
ij
= (1)
i +j
M
ij
Determinants
Denition of Arbitrary Determinant
Denition
Let A = (a
ij
)
nn
be an n n matrix.
The cofactor expansion of A along the ith row is
det(A) = a
i 1
C
i 1
+ a
i 2
C
i 2
+ ... + a
in
C
in
=
n
j =1
a
ij
C
ij
The cofactor expansion of A along the jth column is
det(A) = a
1j
C
1j
+ a
2j
C
2j
+ ... + a
nj
C
nj
=
n
i =1
a
ij
C
ij
Determinants
Special Matrices and Determinants
Denition
An n n matrix A = (a
ij
)
nn
is lower triangular if a
ij
= 0 whenever
i < j . An n n matrix A = (a
ij
)
nn
is upper triangular if a
ij
= 0
whenever i > j .
Determinants
Special Matrices and Determinants
Denition
An n n matrix A = (a
ij
)
nn
is lower triangular if a
ij
= 0 whenever
i < j . An n n matrix A = (a
ij
)
nn
is upper triangular if a
ij
= 0
whenever i > j .
If A is upper triangular, lower triangular or diagonal, then det(A) is equal
to the product of the diagonal entries.
Determinants
Using Elementary Row Operations to Find the Determinant
Suppose B is obtained from A by:
1
multiplying a row by a non-zero scalar c, then det(A) =
1
c
det(B).
2
switching rows, then det(A) = det(B).
3
adding a multiple of one row to another row, then det(A) = det(B).
Determinants
1
1
c
det(B).
2
3
Using this idea we can quickly nd determinants by row-reducing to
triangular form.
Determinants
1
1
c
det(B).
2
3
Using this idea we can quickly nd determinants by row-reducing to
triangular form.
Example: Find the determinant of the following matrix.
0 2 0 3
3 0 2 5
2 4 0 6
0 1 1 1
Theorem
If elementary row or column operations lead to one of the following
conditions, then the determinant is zero.
1
an entire row (or column) consists of zeros.
2
one row (or column) is a multiple of another row (or column).
Theorem
If elementary row or column operations lead to one of the following
conditions, then the determinant is zero.
1
an entire row (or column) consists of zeros.
2
one row (or column) is a multiple of another row (or column).
Let A and B be n n matrices and c be a scalar.
1
det(AB) = det(A)det(B)
2
det(cA) = c
n
det(A)
3
det(A
T
) = det(A)

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