2014. Soumya Mandal, Tonmoy Karmaker & Dr. Md. Nurul Islam.

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Global Journal of Researches in Engineering

Volume 14 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Year 2014
Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal
Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)
Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print ISSN: 0975-5861

Effect of Heat Treatment on Crack Initiation & Propagation of
Stainless Steel (Ss-304)
By Soumya Mandal, Tonmoy Karmaker & Dr. Md. Nurul Islam
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Bangladesh

Abstract- Cyclic loading is common experimental practice for

investigations of large structures
like vehicles. Numerical

analysis of cyclic loading conditions is also a well-established

field of
research and application. Theoretical and practical

support is rare for evaluating growth of
fatigue cracks under

cyclic loading conditions. Cracks can occur naturally in

engineered
components due to combination of environmental

effects and materials and geometric
properties. In this study,

the effects of heat treatment on crack initiation & propagation

of
stainless steel (SS-304) are investigated. The specimens are

subjected to different cyclic load.
The crack initiation &

propagation and final fracture behavior are observed

microscopically. The
specimens are kept in the furnace at

500C at a constant time 1 hour where cooling medium is

used as air for heat treatment & the effects of heat treatment

are investigated. The fatigue life of
the tested specimen at

400MPa stress before & after heat treatment are 54900 cycles

& 61000
cycles respectively. So, a better fatigue life is found

after heat treatment.

Keywords:

heat treatment, fatigue crack. fatigue crack

growth, fatigue life.
GJRE-A Classification :

FOR Code: 091399p

EffectofHeatTreatmentonCrackInitiationPropagationofStainlessSteelSs304







Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:







Mechanical and Mechanics Engineering
Effect of Heat Treatment on Crack Initiation
& Propagation of Stainless Steel (Ss-304)
Soumya Mandal

, Tonmoy Karmaker

& Dr. Md. Nurul Islam

Abstract- Cyclic loading is common experimental practice for
investigations of large structures like vehicles. Numerical
analysis of cyclic loading conditions is also a well-established
field of research and application. Theoretical and practical
support is rare for evaluating growth of fatigue cracks under
cyclic loading conditions. Cracks can occur naturally in
engineered components due to combination of environmental
effects and materials and geometric properties. In this study,
the effects of heat treatment on crack initiation & propagation
of stainless steel (SS-304) are investigated. The specimens are
subjected to different cyclic load. The crack initiation &
propagation and final fracture behavior

are observed
microscopically. The specimens are kept in the furnace at
500C at a constant time 1 hour where cooling medium is
used as air for heat treatment & the effects of heat treatment
are investigated. The fatigue life of the tested specimen at
400MPa stress before & after heat treatment are 54900 cycles
& 61000 cycles respectively. So, a better fatigue life is found
after heat treatment.

Keywords:

heat treatment, fatigue crack. fatigue crack
growth, fatigue life.

I.

Introduction

ltra-fine grained metals are becoming
promising for engineering applications due to
the recent progress in technology. Therefore, for
envisaged structural applications of Ultra-fine grained
metals, attention has been paid to fatigue performance,
such as cyclic properties, S-N characteristics, the
formation of shear bands (SBs) and persistent slip band
(PSBs)

[1]
.






Authors

:

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi

e-mail: [email protected]

influence on the fatigue life under the same strain range.
Therefore, the fatigue damage can be correlated to the
crack size. It is possible to measure

the fatigue damage

components, or if no crack is found, it can be confirmed
that damage has not been accumulated yet

[3]
. The

fatigue life can be divided into two phases: the number
of cycles to crack initiation (hereafter called initiation life)
and the remaining life until the failure of the specimen
(hereafter called growth life)

[4]
.

In this study

crack initiation and propagation
behaviour are observed before and after heat treatment.

Cyclic loading is

a common phenomenon for
different structures. When cyclic loading is applied on
metallic structures a common incidence occur called
fatigue failure.

Fatigue failure is a continuous process
which starts with a small crack. The crack propagates
up to failure

of the structure. Sometimes it is seen then
there are more than one cracks initiate and propagate,
but their initiation time is not same for all, and the
propagation is not homogenous for all of them. Some
cracks propagate

up to certain cyclic loading and then
remain unchanged. They are not directly responsible for
the failure of structure, although they weaken the
structure and cause

more cracks to initiate. Even the
crack initiation and propagation nature of cracks are not
same before and after the heat treatment. From this
study it is found that, crack propagation time is greater
after heat treatment i.e. fatigue life is better after heat
treatment.

II.

Test

Material

& Experimental

Procedure

a)

Material Properties

The material used for the fatigue test was Type
304

austenitic stainless steel, which was provided in a
cylindrical bar shape. Its chemical composition (in mass
%) was: C, 0.07; Si, 1.0; Mn, 2.0; P, 0.05; S, 0.02; Ni,
10.5; Cr, 19.5

and balance Fe.

The ultimate tensile
strength, yield tensile strength is 600MPa and 300MPa
respectively. The material had an

approximately
equiaxial grain structure.

b)

Procedure

The working procedure of this study is shown
below-----



The required metal (ss-304) was collected.

U
In order to quantify the fatigue damage, it is
important to understand what kind of change is brought
about by cyclic loading, and to know the critical
conditions for fatigue life. Using carbon steel (S45C)
specimens, Murakami and Miller showed that crack
initiation and growth could be regarded as the damage
caused by fatigue loading and that fatigue life was
almost equivalent to the number of cycles for the
initiated cracks growing to the critical size
[2]
. Kamaya
had done a research based on observation of Fatigue
Crack Initiation and Growth in Stainless Steel
[3]
. The

fatigue loading causes various microstructural changes
such as an increased number of dislocations, formation
of cell structures, and alternation of deformation
properties. However, these changes have minor
2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)
The metal was assured by determining ultimate and
yield strength by using universal testing machine.
The suitable shape was given to the metal
according to the requirement. Fig 2.1 shows the
schematic diagram of the tested specimen.
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by investigating the size of a crack initiated in
University of Engineering and Technology.









Figure

2.1 :

Schematic diagram

of

Fatigue testing

specimen

By using various grades of emery paper such as
P320C, 600AW, P1000C, P1200C, C1500CW,
C2000CW specimen surface were polished
smoothly.

After polishing by the emery papers, Aluminum
oxide (AL
2
O
3
) powder was used for fine polishing
and ethanol was used to remove the black spots
from the specimen.


A load was chosen

for which the stress was

produced on the tested

specimen lies between the
ultimate

(600MPa)

and yield strength

(300MPa).

= Stress

M = Moment

Moment of inertia, I =

64

C =

2
= Perpendicular distance to neutral axis.

F = Load.

x = Distance between the load applied & stress
developed point.

So

stress,

=

=
64
2

By using this selected load the fatigue life (the
number of cycle at which the structure fully
fractured) of the tested

specimen was

determined
with the help of fatigue testing machine.

By selecting 10% of the fatigue life the specimen
was

examined with the help of fatigue testing
machine.














The

predicted space of the specimen was

inspected microscopically

to observe the crack initiation.

The previous two steps were followed until the final
crack of the

tested

specimen was occurred.

Every times crack

propagation of the tested
specimen was

observed microscopically.

The above steps were

performed after heat
treatment of the

tested

specimen.

III.

Results

and

Discussion
a)

Observation of Crack Initiation & Propagation

Cyclic loading is one of the main reasons for
crack initiation and propagation. Crack is microscopic in
nature. For stainless steel (SS-304) the change of length
of PSBs due to fatigue is observed by using
Metallurgical Microscope. In optical microscopic image,
it is shown that the PSBs length is increased with
increasing cyclic load after starting the crack growth. Fig
3.1

represents the calibration scale through which the
length of slip band is measured. Fig 3.2

represents the



D14 mm

D19m

D14m
31mm

10mm

100mm


8mm


Effect of Heat Treatment on Crack Initiation & Propagation of Stainless Steel (Ss-304)
2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)
surface of the specimen before polishing. Fig 3.3
represents the surface of the specimen after polishing.
Figure 2.2 : Fatigue testing machine
Spring balance Specimen Bearing Motor Base
Figure 3.1 : Calibration scale Figure 3.2 : Surface of the Specimen Figure 3.3 : Surface of the
before polishing Specimen after polishing
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b)

Changing behavior

of slip band length at 400MPa
before heat treatment
Fig. 3.4 represents the optical microscopic
images at a stress of 400MPa before heat treatment
under different cycles. From the figure it is shown that,
at

N=0 cycle there is no crack in the tested specimen
surface. At N=45750 cycles a crack is appeared on the
surface of the tested specimen. At N=51850 cycles the
crack propagates and after that at N=54900 cycles
fatigue failure occurs.


Figure

3.4

:

Optical microscopic

images at different cycle before

heat treatment


Fig. 3.5

represents the number of cycle vs.
length of slip band curve under 400MPa stress before
heat treatment of the specimen. The length of slip band
is determined with the help of calibration scale whereas
the number of cycle is directly found from

the fatigue
testing machine. From the Fig. 3.5, it is shown that crack
1, crack 2, crack 3 propagates up to certain cycle but
they do not cause the final fatigue failure. On the other
hand, crack 4; crack 5 propagates up to the fatigue
failure.






Effect of Heat Treatment on Crack Initiation & Propagation of Stainless Steel (Ss-304)
2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)
Figure 3.5 : Number of cycle vs. length of slip band curve
c) Changing behavior of slip band length at 400MPa
after heat treatment
Fig. 3.6 represents the optical microscopic
images at a stress of 400MPa after heat treatment under
different cycles. From the figure it is shown that, at N=0
cycle there is no crack in the tested specimen surface.
At N=42700 cycles a crack is appeared on the surface
of the tested specimen. At N=57950 cycles the crack
propagates and after that at N=61000 cycles fatigue
failure occurs.
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Figure

3.6 :

Optical microscopic images at different cycle after heat treatment


Fig. 3.7

represents the number of cycle vs.
length of slip band curve under 400MPa stress after
heat treatment of the specimen. The length of slip band
is determined with the help of calibration scale whereas
Effect of Heat Treatment on Crack Initiation & Propagation of Stainless Steel (Ss-304)
2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)
the number of cycle is directly found from the fatigue
testing machine. From the Fig. 3.7, it is found that crack
1, crack 2, crack 3, crack 4 propagates up to certain
cycle but they do not cause the final fatigue failure. On
the other hand, crack 5 propagates up to the fatigue
failure.
Figure 3.7 : Num

IV. Conclusion
Fatigue is one of the primary reasons for the
failure of structural component. Fatigue cracks are
microscopic in nature. The initiation & propagation of
fatigue cracks are observed by optical method. Various
stresses are applied on the tested specimen. It is found
that, in every case more than one crack initiates &
propagates. But the crack initiation & propagation
nature are not same for all tested specimen. The fatigue
life of the tested specimen at 400MPa stress before &
after heat treatment are 54900 cycles & 61000 cycles
respectively. The fatigue life reduces with the increasing
stresses but for same stress fatigue life increases after
heat treatment. So, better life of designed can be
provided by considering the phenomenon of crack
initiation and propagation. It also provides better
longevity of materials.
Figure 3.7 : Number of cycle vs. length of slip band curve G
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Appendix

A

Table

A-1 :

Data of length of slip band for 400MPa stress before Heat Treatment

[Fig. 3.5]



















Effect of Heat Treatment on Crack Initiation & Propagation of Stainless Steel (Ss-304)
2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)
42700 0 510
45750 870 1870
48800 1680 2370
51850 3200 3060
Table A-2 : Data of length of slip band for 400MPa stress after Heat Treatment [Fig. 3.7]
3050 0 0 0 0 0
6100 0 0 0 0 0
9150 0 0 0 0 0
12200 317 0 0 0 0
15250 795 976 0317 0 0
18300 1590 1748 1112 0 0
21350 2383 2700 1794 0 0
24400 2837 2860 2588 750 0
27450 3014 3495 3881 1100 0
30500 1950 0
33550 3178 341
36600 4188 1180
39650 4744 2065
42700 2860
45750 3383
48800 3666
51850 4562
54900 4721
57950 5403
Number of
Cycle(N)
Length of Slip Band(m)
Crack 1 Crack 2 Crack 3 Crack 4 Crack 5
References Rfrences Referencias
1. Chopra, O. K., Mechanisms and Estimation of
Fatigue Crack Initiation in Austenitic Stainless Steel
in LWR Environments, NUREG/CR6787, ANL-
01/25, Aug 2002.
2. Murakami, Y.; Miller, K. J., What is fatigue
damage? A view point from the observation of
Number of
Cycle(N)
Length of Slip Band(m)
Crack 1 Crack 2 Crack 3 Crack 4 Crack 5
3050 0 0 0 0 0
6100 0 0 0 0 0
9150 0 0 0 0 0
12200 0 0 0 0 0
15250 490 0 0 0 0
18300 820 450 0 0 0
21350 1350 1560 0 0 0
24400 1420 2730 0 0 0
27450 1920 4130 0 0 0
30500 260 0 0
33550 1100 0 0
36600 1600 0 0
39650 3300 0 0
low cycle fatigue process, International Journal of
Fatigue, Vol. 27, pp.991-1005(2005).
3. KAMAYA, M., Observation of Fatigue Crack
Initiation and Growth in Stainless Steel to Quantify
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Low-Cycle Fatigue Damage for Plant Maintenance,
E-Journal of Advanced Maintenance Vol.5,
185-200 (2013).
4.

Kamaya, M.; Kawakubo,

M., Strain-based
modeling of fatigue crack growth An experimental
approach for stainless steel, International Journal
of Fatigue, Vol. 44, pp. 131-140 (2012).



Effect of Heat Treatment on Crack Initiation & Propagation of Stainless Steel (Ss-304)
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