International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 9Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 3207

Key Features and Optimum Performance of Network
Simulators: A Brief Study
Atif Mahmood
1
, M. Faisal Saleem
1
, Dr. Ahsan Latif
1
, Muddasar Ahmad
2
1
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2
Department of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johar Bahru, Malaysia.


Abstract In the network area, to establish a network in real
time for any experiment is very difficult. To test a simple
problem takes a large amount of time and cost. So it is not quite
possible to implement the whole network scenario in a real time.
There are many tools which helps network developer to test their
network scenarios virtually whether the network is able to work
in real time environment. The network simulators are used for
performance analysis in the field of communication. With the
help of these simulation tools both the time and cost of testing the
functionality of network have been reduced and implementations
are made easy. In this paper, we briefly discuss the main features
of different simulators, new developments and also discuss their
advantages and disadvantages in the field of network simulation.
We hope that the people who face difficulty in selecting a proper
suitable network simulation tool in their research this paper is
helpful for them.

Keywords Network Simulation, Network Simulator, OPNET,
NS2, NS3, OMNet++.
I. INTRODUCTION
A network simulation is a virtual representation of a
network. There are two common types of network
simulationone is used on existing networks, and the other is
used before a network is constructed. The purposes of these
simulations are finding problems in an existing network or
locating unexpected interactions on one that hasnt been built
yet. By locating existing problems or preventing themin the
first place, companies can improve network reliability and
lower maintenance costs.
In current era, the simulation is one of the most important
technologies which simulate the imaginary and real life
objects on computer. The basic idea to study the simulator in
computer is same as it can model hypothetical and real life
objects. The network is also simulated on the computer. To
simulate or implement a network on computer a technique is
used called network simulation. The basic purpose of this
network simulation is to monitor the behavior of the network.
The behavior of the network is calculated either by network
entities interconnection using mathematical formulas or by
capturing and playing back observations froma production
network.
The Network Simulator provides an integrated, versatile,
easy-to-use GUI-based network designer tool to design and
simulate a network with SNMP, TL1, TFTP, FTP, Telnet and
Cisco IOS device.[1]

The researcher used network simulations to test different
scenarios that are not easy to present in real life cause of its
difficulty and experiments. The network simulators are very
useful, providing controlled and reproducible environment to
test new networking protocols or to change the existing ones.
These simulation tools are also very useful design different
network topologies using various types of nodes (routers,
bridge, hubs, hosts or mobile units).
The people of different areas such as network designers,
industry developers, academic researchers and quality
assurances are used to design, verify, simulate and analysing
the performance of different network protocols. Generally
network simulator tools will include a wide range of
networking technologies and protocols which helps user to
build complex network from basic building blocks. One can
easily design different network topologies using various types
of basic building blocks such as end host, mobile users, hubs,
network bridges, routers and optical layer designs. These tools
are also used to check and evaluate the effect of different
parameters on the protocols being observed.
There are different types of network simulators that
categorized on the basis of range: (from very simple to very
complex). These network simulator are used to
a) Specifying nodes
b) Specifying the link between those nodes
c) Specifying the traffic between these nodes
d) Specifying everything about the protocols that used
to handle traffic in the network.
e) Visualize the working of network graphical
applications
f) Customization text based applications.
g) Providing a programming environment that
customized to create an application that test the
networking environment (programming oriented
tools). [2]
Network simulator tools are available with different
features. Some of the network simulator are OPNET, NS2,
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 9Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 3208

NS3, NetSim, OMNeT++, REAL, J-Simand QualNet. In this
paper we are working on some of the simulator.
OPNET (Optimized Network Engineering Tools): It is
extensive and powerful simulation software with wide variety
of possibilities to simulate entire heterogeneous networks with
various protocols.
NS2 (Network Simulator version2): NS2 is a discrete event
simulator targeted at networking research. It provides support
for simulation of TCP, routing, and multicast protocols over
all networks (wired and wireless).
NS3 (Network Simulator version3): NS3 is also an open
sourced discrete-event network simulator which targets
primarily for research and educational use. NS3 is licensed
under the GNU GPLv2 license, and is available for research
and development. [3]
OMNET++ (Optical Micro-Networks Plus Plus): It is an
extensible, modular, component-based C++simulation library
and framework, primarily for building network simulators.
II. BASIC CONCEPTS IN NETWORK SIMULATION
In this section we are going to introduce some basic
concepts related to network simulator. We also try to
differentiate some confusing key factors of network simulator
which create ambiguity among reader.
Generally the basic idea is to clarify of the network
simulation and simulator, simulator and then describe the
difference between simulation and emulation.
A. Network Simulation and Simulator
With the help of network simulation any network can be
modeled easily that existing in real world. The basic theme of
this model is to observe the corresponding results for
analysing and the features of the model can be changed.
Generally speaking, its very easy to analyse different
scenarios at very low cost and process of model modification
is relatively cheap instead of complete real implementation.
However, network simulators are not perfect. They cannot
perfectly model all the details of the networks. However, if
well modeled, they will be close enough so as to give the
researcher a meaningful insight into the network under test,
and how changes will affect its operation [4].
B. Simulation and Emulation
In the area of computer and communications networks
research, the most useful technique is simulation that can able
to model complete behavior of a network and also able to
calculate the interaction between the different network
components such as end host, routers, packets or physical
links, using different mathematical formulas. Experimental
observations fromreal networks can be handled by simulation
and also they can be modeled by virtually or actually
capturing. After the observation of data that collects from
simulation experiments, a series of offline test experiments
implements to check and analyze the supported protocols and
behavior of the network. In offline test experiment the
simulation allows to modify all kind of environmental
attributes in a controlled manner to evaluate how the network
can behave under different parameters, combinations or
different configuration conditions. The network simulations
have the ability to observe point-to-point or other end-to-end
performance in the networks, this is the worth noticing
characteristic that the simulation program can be used
together with different applications and services.
However, the network emulation means to simulate a
network that is under planning in order to evaluate its
performance or to forecasts the impression of possible
changes, or optimizations. The main points which create
difference between themis that end-systems are known as
emulator such as in the emulation computers can attached to
the emulator and will work same as they attached to the real
network. The major point is that the network emulators job is
to emulate the network which connects end-hosts, but not the
end-hosts themselves. NS-2 is basically a network simulation
tool, which also includes in network emulation tools having
limited functionality of emulator, in contrast with a typical
network emulator that utilizes some Linux functionality such
as WANsim[5] is simple bridged WAN emulator.
C. Types of Network Simulators
Network simulators further categorized into different type
on the basis of some criteria such as they are free or
commercial, and they are simple ones or complex ones.
1) Open Source and Commercial Simulators:
Some of the network simulators are free or simply open
source which means that they would provide the source code
to its user for free. They provide the source code and the
affiliated packages which is the main advantage of open
source network simulators. In these simulators everything is
very open and everyone can contribute to it and find bugs in it.
There are no limitations on its interface, so its also open for
future improvements. Cause of its flexibility, new and recent
developments of new technologies are implemented in very
fast way than commercial network simulators.
On the other hand, the commercial network simulators
mean that they would not provide the source code of its
software and the affiliated packages to its users for free of cost.
To get its licensed version users must have to pay for whole
software or they have to pay for specific packages that fulfil
their specific usage requirements. Optimized Network
Engineering Tool (OPNET) [6] is the main example of
commercial simulator. Commercial simulator has its
advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage is that it
managed and maintained consistently by the some specialized
staff of the company and it generally has complete and
updated documentations. However, open source network
simulator is disadvantageous in this aspect because there are
not enough specialized people working on its documentation.
This creates lot of serious problems when different versions
come with many new things and it will become more difficult
to trace or understand the previous codes without any proper
documentation.
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 9Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 3209

We can see that commercial network simulators have some
advantages, however, open source network simulators some
disadvantages, such as, lack of complete and systematic
documentations, lack of version control supports can lead to
some serious problems and can applicability and life time of
the open source network simulators. Typical open source
network simulators include NS-2 [7, 8], NS-3 [9]. We will
introduce and analyze themin detail in the following sections.
TABLE I
NETWORK SIMULATORS
Category Network Simulator Name
Commercial OPNET, QualNet
Open Source NS2, NS3, OMNET++, SSFNet, J -Sim

Note that limited by the length, not all of themwill be
introduced in detail in this paper. However, we will focus on
some typical ones and introduce others briefly.
2) Simple vs. Complex:
There are lots of network simulators available in the
market of different varieties now days. The varieties of
network simulators are ranging fromthe simple ones to the
complex ones. Basically any network simulator should enable
users to represent a network topology, defining different
scenarios, specifying nodes on the network, link between
those nodes and the traffic between the nodes. The users are
allowed to specify everything about the protocols that used to
process network traffic in complicated systems. The graphical
applications also allow users to easily visualize the working of
their simulated environment. Some of themare providing text-
based environment, which has limitations to visualize or
intuitive interface, but allow the customization in more
advanced forms. Others may be providing a programming
framework that customized to create an application that test
the networking environment (programming oriented tools).
III. A REVIEW OF EXISTING NETWORK SIMULATORS
While various simulators exist for designing a variety of
network models, here in this paper we compare 4 popular
network simulators highlighting merits and demerits, strengths
and weaknesses, main features, recent developments and their
future. These simulators were selected based on their
popularity.
A. OPNET
Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) is a
commercial network simulator package which is available for
supporting both the teaching and research in educational
institutes under OPNET university academic program [9].
OPNET is object-oriented, discrete event, general purpose
network simulator that provide comprehensive development
environment for specification, simulation and performance
analysis of computer and data communication networks.
OPNET has different type of modules and tools that increase
its development capabilities, including OPNET modeler,
model library, planner and different analysis tools [10]. The
network industries widely used this simulation tool for
observing performance, on the basis of evaluation of local and
wide area networks and performance modeling. OPNET is
very expensive package, because it has very powerful
capabilities for developing different scenarios. Generally its a
comprehensive tool for simulation that includes model library,
modular model development, user friendly GUI, high level of
modeling detail and customizable presentation of simulation
results. The license maintenance fees are very high and its
parameter categorization is not very transparent.
The mechanismfollowed by OPNET is known as discrete
event system which means that the system behavior can
simulate be modeling the events in the systemin such a same
order of scenarios as the user has setup. To organize the
network it used graded or classified structure.
OPNET is programing oriented tool that provide
programming tool for users to define the packet layout of the
protocol. The state transition machine, defining network
model and the process module can be accomplished with the
help of these programming tools. The GUI interface and the
programming tools are very useful to help user to build the
system as they want, these features make the OPNET
simulator popular and very useful in industry for network
research and development. The main architecture of OPNET
[4] is

Fig. 1 Architecture of OPNET [4]
1) Main Features:
Generally the OPNET can be able to performthree main
functions such as modeling, simulating and analysis. It
provide very simple but comprehensive graphical
environment for modeling, modeling means to create all
kind of models of protocols. Further for the simulating it
use three different but advanced simulations technologies
and also can be used to address a wide range of studies. For
analysis, the displayed data fromsimulations results can be
analyzed very easily. The accessibility to the simulator
development environment is very ease cause of its user
friendly graphs, charts; statistics as well as the animations
can be generated by OPNET. Simply OPNET is very
convenient for its users.
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 9Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 3210

a) According to the white paper of OPNET, the
detailed features are as follows:
b) Source code provide lots of components with its
library
c) Fast and discrete event simulation engine
d) Modeling based on objects (Object Oriented
Modeling)
e) Graphical user interface supports 32-bit and 64-bit
f) 32-bit and 64-bit parallel simulation kernal
g) Graded or ordered modeling environment
h) Wireless modeling also customizable
i) Scalable wireless simulation support
j) Also support grid computing
k) Hybrid, discrete event and analytical simulation
l) Open interface for integrating external component
libraries.
m) Comprehensive development environment
n) GUI-based debugging
o) Both behavior and performance of modeled
systems can be analyzed by performing discrete
event simulations
2) Recent Development and its Future :
OPNET Technologies announced the addition of two
major application performance management capabilities,
recently, about at August 7, 2008. These capabilities include
end-to-end visibility into application performance for
organizations using WAN optimization solutions and the
ability to capture and analyze NetFlow data.
OPNET, ACE Analyst recently upgrade software
includes the functionality and claimed he let the end user
organizations using Riverbed, Cisco, Juniper and WAN
optimization technology to support end-to-end visibility
into application performance when deploying WAN
acceleration solutions.
B. Network Simulator 2 (NS-2):
The one of the most widely used network simulators and
object-oriented discrete-event network simulator is NS-2 that
was originally developed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory at
the University of California, Berkeley, as part of the Virtual
Inter Network Testbed (VINT) project [7]. Basically it was
designed for network research community to simulate routing
algorithms, TCP/IP protocols and multicast. Further it was
extended to support node mobility also by the Monarch
project at Carnegie Mellon University [10]. It is written in
C++and uses OTcl as a command and configuration interface.
It spends no cost for downloading that is its main strength for
Authors. Allowing other researchers to build upon their work
using the original code is its strength. Fromacademia point of
view, specifically Masters and Doctoral studies it is very
useful. The main weakness of ns-2 is the lack of graphical
presentations of simulation output data, to process data into
suitable format for tools like Xgraph or Gnuplot the raw data
must be processed using scripting languages such as awk or
perl [7]. Also; it is not a user friendly because of its text
based interface. Many student researchers point out that ns-2
has a sharp learning curve. A tutorial contributed by Marc
Greis [11] and the continuing evolution of ns documentation
have made it easy to learn, but ns-2s split programming
model still a barrier to many developers.
1) Main Features:
First and foremost, NS2 is an object-oriented, discrete
event driven network simulator which was originally
developed at University of California-Berkely. The
programming it uses is C++and OTcl (Tcl script language
with Object-oriented extensions developed at MIT). The
usage of these two programming language has its reason.
The biggest reason is due to the internal characteristics of
these two languages. C++is efficient to implement a design
but it is not very easy to be visual and graphically shown.
It's not easy to modify and assembly different components
and to change different parameters without a very visual
and easy-to-use descriptive language. Moreover, for
efficiency reason, NS2 separates control path
implementations fromthe data path implementation. The
event scheduler and the basic network component objects in
the data path are written and compiled using C++to reduce
packet and event processing time. OTcl happens to have the
feature that C++lacks. So the combination of these two
languages proves to be very effective. C++ is used to
implement the detailed protocol and OTcl is used for users
to control the simulation scenario and schedule the events.
A simplified user's view of NS2 is shown in figure 2. The
OTcl script is used to initiate the event scheduler, set up the
network topology, and tell traffic source when to start and
stop sending packets through event scheduler. The scenes
can be changed easily by programming in the OTcl script.
When a user wants to make a new network object, he can
either write the new object or assemble a compound object
fromthe existing object library, and plumb the data path
through the object. This plumbing makes NS2 very
powerful.
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 9Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 3211


Fig. 2 Simplified Users View of NS-2
Another feature of NS2 is the event scheduler. In NS2,
the event scheduler keeps track of simulation time and
release all the events in the event queue by invoking
appropriate network components. All the network
components use the event scheduler by issuing an event for
the packet and waiting for the event to be released before
doing further action on the packet.
2) Recent Development and its Future :
The most recent version of NS2 is NS 2.33 version
which was released on Mar 31, 2008. Compared with the
previous version, this newest version [7] has integrated the
most recent extension on new 802.11 models which include
the Ilango Purushothaman's infrastructure mode extensions,
the 802.11Ext models from a Mercedes-Benz R&D, NA
and University of Karlsruhe team, and the dynamic libraries
patch and multirate 802.11 library fromNicola Baldo and
Federico Maguolo of the SIGNET group, University of
Padova. NS is now developed in collaboration between
some different researchers and institutions, including
SAMAN (supported by DARPA), CONSER (through the
NSF ), and ICIR (formerly ACIRI). Contributions have also
come fromSun Microsystems and the UCB and Carnegie
Mellon Monarch projects. Generation 3 of NS (NS3) has
begun development as of July 1 , 2006 and is projected to
take four years. It is deemed as the future of NS2, and we
will discuss the new generation NS 3 in detail in the
following section.

C. Network Simulator 3 (NS-3):
Similar to NS2, NS3 is also an open sourced discrete-event
network simulator which targets primarily for research and
educational use. NS3 is licensed under the GNU GPLv2
license, and is available for research and development.
1) Overview :
NS3 is a new simulator; it is designed to replace the
current popular NS2. It is not an updated version of NS2
and also not backward-compatible with NS2.
2) Main Features :
The basic idea of NS3 comes from several different
network simulators including NS2, YANS [12], and
GTNetS [13]. The major difference lying between NS3 and
NS2 includes:
a) Different Software Core: The core of NS3 is written
in C++ and with Python scripting interface
(compared with OTcl in NS2). Several advanced
C++design patterns are also used.
b) Attention to Realism: Protocol entities are designed
to be closer to real computers.
c) Software Integration: Support the incorporation of
more open-source networking software and reduce
the need to rewrite models for simulation;
d) Support for Virtualization: Lightweight virtual
machines are used. Figure 3 gives an example
virtualization testbed of NS3.

Fig 3 Testbeds interconnect NS3 stacks
e) Tracing Architecture: NS3 is developing a tracing
and statistics gathering framework trying to enable
customization of the output without rebuilding the
simulation core.
Through the comparison between NS2 and NS3, we can
summarize the NS 3s features as follows:
1. Modular, documented core
2. C++programs and Python scripting
3. Alignment with real systems
4. Software integration
5. Virtualization and testbed integration
6. Attribute system
7. Updated models
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 9Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 3212

3) Recent Development and its Future :
However, NS3 is still in the process and some major
challenges still remain for NS3 to solve. The biggest one is
that NS3 needs participation fromthe research community.
Firstly, the simulation credibility needs to be improved. We
know that one of the limitations of simulations, in general, is
that it often suffers fromlack of credibility. Generally there
are four points that are important for NS3 to solve this
problem. They are:
a) Hosting NS3 code and scripts for published work
b) Tutorials on how to do things right
c) Flexible means to configure and record values
d) Support for ported code should make model
validation easier and more credible
Secondly, NS3 is intended to replicate the successful mode
of NS 2 in which a lot of different organizations contributed to
the models and components based on the framework of NS2.
The following figure illustrates this status:


Fig 4. NS2 contributions model

Thirdly, NS3 need a lot of specialized maintainers in order
to let the NS3 have the advantages as the commercial OPNET
network simulators which is documented well. Specialized
maintainers can play a key part in the system. In NS3, the
active maintainers are required to respond to the user
questions and bug reports, and help to test and validating the
system.
All in all, NS-3 is an active open-source project and it is
still under development. It has several simulator features
designed to aid current Internet research. It is also a
community-based development and maintenance model,
which needs more people and organizations to participate to
contribute before it become good enough for the Internet
research community.
D. OMNeT++:
Similar with NS2 and NS3, OMNeT++is also a public-
source, component-based network simulator with GUI support.
It is best in using communication, and also useful in other
areas like the IT systems, hardware architectures, queuing
networks as well..
1) Overview :

Like NS2 and NS3, OMNeT++is also a discrete event
simulator. It is a component-based architecture. Components
are also called modules and are programmed in C++. The
components are then assembled into larger components and
models by using a high-level language. Its function is similar
to that of OTcl in NS2 and Python in NS3. OMNeT++also
provides GUI support, and due to its modular architecture, the
simulation kernel can be embedded into all kinds of different
user s' applications. Figure 5 is an OMNeT++GUI screenshot.



Fig 5: OMNeT++GUI
2) Main Features :
Since OMNeT++is designed to provide a component-
based architecture, the models or modules of OMNeT++are
assembled fromreusable components. Modules are reusable
and can be combined in various ways which is one of the
main features of OMNeT++. The OMNeT++components
[14] include:
a) Simulation kernel library
b) Compiler for the NED topology description
language (nedc)
c) Graphical network editor for NED files ( GNED )
d) GUI for simulation execution, links into simulation
executable ( Tkenv )
e) Command-line user interface for simulation
execution ( Cmdenv )
f) Graphical output vector plotting tool ( Plove )
g) Graphical output scalars visualization tool
( Scalars )
h) Model documentation tool (opp_neddoc )
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 9Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 3213

i) Utilities (random number seed generation tool,
makefile creation tool, etc )
j) Documentation, sample simulations, etc

To create simulation components, the simulation kernel
C++class library consists of the simulation kernel and utility
classes , its library also includes the infrastructure to assemble
simulations from different components. Besides these, there
are also runtime user interfaces for simulations, and there are
also some tools to facilitate and manage simulations. It can
run on Unix-like systems like Linux and on Windows (XP,
Win2K).
It represents a framework approach as it provides an
infrastructure for writing different simulations. There are a lot
of open sourced simulation models and frameworks. Another
important feature of OMNeT++is these models are developed
completely independently, and follow their own release
cycles.
3) Recent Development and its Future :
Currently, OMNeT++ is popular in academia for its
extensibility since it is also open sourced and there are
plentiful online documentations. There is also a mailing list
for the general discussion. OMNeT++is being used in the
academia as well as in industry. Several open source
simulation models have been published in the field of network
simulations such as IP, IPv6, MPLS, mobility and ad-hoc
simulations.
For the future of OMNeT++, we need to note that
OMNeT++is not a network simulator itself. Actually it is
currently popular as a network simulation platform in the
academia as well as in industry, and build up a large user
community. So we have the reason to believe that using
OMNeT++ as a basic platform but not an overall single
solution. OMNeT++can have greater development if it could
persuade more organizations to participate in and to contribute.
IV. SUMMARY
This paper is to offer general overview and a good
reference source on the current development status of network
simulators for the people who are not very familiar with this
topic, or for someone who want to get some general
information related to it. There are several interesting research
problems in the area of network simulation. Some of these
research issues include a comprehensive study on the current
network simulators and categorizing them based on new
developments, advantages, disadvantages and their
performance, improving on network simulation
methodologies.
So in this paper, we first gave a brief introduction on some
key concepts of network simulation and network simulators.
After that, we introduced four typical network simulators:
OPNET, NS2, NS3, and OMNeT++. Their main features,
current status and future development are also analyzed and
discussed.
In conclusion, the question of which simulator to use is a
difficult one and the answer is largely dependent on the
specific use case. However, if scalability is the main concern,
ns-3 and OMNeT++are smart choices.
REFERENCES
[1] Network Simulator Datasheet:
http://www.webnms.com/simulator/network-simulator-ds.html.
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_simulation.
[3] Pan, J. and R. J ain, A survey of network simulation tools: Current
status and future developments. Email: jp10@ cse. wustl. edu, 2008.
[4] Siraj, M.S., A. Gupta, and M. Rinku-Badgujar, Network Simulation
Tools Survey. International J ournal of Advanced Research in
Computer and Communication Engineering (IJ ARCCE 2012), 2012. 1:
p. 201-210.
[5] WAN simulators and emulators : http://www.wan-sim.net/ .
[6] OPNET Modeler : http://www.opnet.com/ .
[7] Fall, K. and K. Varadhan, The ns manual. The VINT project, from
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/doc/ . 2013.
[8] NS2 resource webpage :
http://nsnam.isi.edu/nsnam/index.php/Main_Page
[9] NS3 official website: http://www.nsnam.org/documentation/
[10] CMU Monarch Project. Retrieved from:
http://www.monarch.cs.cmu.edu/
[11] Greis, M., NS-2 tutorial. Retrieved from:
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial/index.html.
[12] Yet Another Network Simulator [YANS],
http://yans.inria.fr/code/yans/?summary.
[13] The Georgia Tech Network Simulator (GTNetS) ,
http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/MANIACS/GTNetS/.
[14] OMNeT++official website, http://www.omnetpp.org/.