Reservoir Engineering 1 Course (1

st
Ed.)
1. Turbulent Flow
2. Superposition
A. Multiple Well
B. Multi Rate
C. Reservoir Boundary
1. Productivity Index (PI)
2. Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)
3. Generating IPR
A. Vogels Method
B. Vogels Method (Undersaturated Reservoirs)
These lectures presents the practical reservoir
engineering equations that are designed to predict
the performance of vertical and horizontal wells.
Also describe some of the factors that are governing the
flow of fluids from the formation to the wellbore and
how these factors may affect the production
performance of the well.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 5
The analysis of the production performance is
essentially based on the following fluid and well
characteristics:
Fluid PVT properties
Relative permeability data
Inflow-performance-relationship (IPR)
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A commonly used measure
of the ability of the well to
produce is the Productivity
Index.
Defined by the symbol J,
the productivity index is the
ratio of the total liquid flow
rate to the pressure
drawdown.
For a water-free oil
production, the
productivity index is given
by:

Where
Qo = oil flow rate,
STB/day
J = productivity index,
STB/day/psi
pr = volumetric
average drainage area
pressure (static
pressure)
pwf = bottom-hole
flowing pressure
p = drawdown, psi
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 7
The productivity index is generally measured during
a production test on the well.
The well is shut-in until the static reservoir pressure is
reached.
The well is then allowed to produce at a constant flow rate of Q
and a stabilized bottom-hole flow pressure of pwf.
Since a stabilized pressure at surface does not necessarily
indicate a stabilized pwf, the bottom-hole flowing pressure
should be recorded continuously from the time the well is to
flow.
The productivity index is then calculated from:
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 8
It is important to note that the productivity index is
a valid measure of the well productivity potential
only if the well is flowing at pseudosteady-state
conditions.
Therefore, in order to accurately measure the
productivity index of a well, it is essential that the well is
allowed to flow at a constant flow rate for a sufficient
amount of time to reach the pseudosteady-state.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 9
Productivity Index during Flow
Regimes
The figure
indicates that
during the
transient flow
period,
the calculated
values of the
productivity
index will vary
depending
upon the time
at which the
measurement
s of pwf are
made.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 10
The productivity index can be numerically
calculated by recognizing that J must be defined in
terms of semisteady-state flow conditions.
Recalling below Equation:
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 11
Since most of the well life is spent in a flow regime
that is approximating the pseudosteady-state, the
productivity index is a valuable methodology for
predicting the future performance of wells.
Further, by monitoring the productivity index during the
life of a well, it is possible to determine if the well has
become damaged due to completion, workover,
production, injection operations, or mechanical
problems.
If a measured J has an unexpected decline, one of the indicated
problems should be investigated.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 12
A comparison of productivity indices of different
wells in the same reservoir should also indicate
some of the wells might have experienced unusual
difficulties or damage during completion.
Since the productivity indices may vary from well to well
because of the variation in thickness of the reservoir, it is
helpful to normalize the indices by dividing each by the
thickness of the well.
This is defined as the specific productivity index Js, or:
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 13
Assuming that the wells
productivity index is
constant:
Where
p = drawdown, psi
J = productivity index
The Equation indicates
that the relationship
between Qo and p is a
straight line passing
through the origin with a
slope of J as shown in
Figure.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 15
Alternatively, productivity
Index Equation can be written
as:
The above expression shows
that the plot pwf against Qo is
a straight line with a slope of
(1/J) as shown schematically
in Figure.
This graphical representation
of the relationship that exists
between the oil flow rate and
bottom-hole flowing pressure
is called the inflow
performance relationship and
referred to as IPR.
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Several important features of the straight-line IPR
can be seen in Figure:
When pwf equals average reservoir pressure, the flow
rate is zero due to the absence of any pressure
drawdown.
Maximum rate of flow occurs when pwf is zero. This
maximum rate is called absolute open flow and referred
to as AOF.
The slope of the straight line equals the reciprocal of the
productivity index.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 17
Although in practice AOF may not be a condition at
which the well can produce,
It is a useful definition that has widespread applications
in the petroleum industry
(e.g., comparing flow potential of different wells in the field).
The AOF is then calculated by:
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 18
(Qo=JP) suggests that the
inflow into a well is directly
proportional to the
pressure drawdown and
the constant of
proportionality is the
productivity index.
Muskat and Evinger (1942)
and Vogel (1968) observed
that when the pressure
drops below the bubble-
point pressure, the IPR
deviates from that of the
simple straight-line
relationship as shown in
Figure.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 19
Pressure Dependent Variables
Affecting PI
Recalling following
Equation:
Treating the term
between the two
brackets as a constant c,
the above equation can
be written in the
following form:

Above equation reveals

that the variables
affecting the
productivity index are
essentially those that
are pressure
dependent, i.e.:
Oil viscosity o
Oil formation volume
factor Bo
Relative permeability to
oil kro
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 20
Schematically Illustration of the
Variables as a Function of P
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 21
Behavior of Pressure Dependent
Variables
Above the bubble-point pressure pb
The relative oil permeability kro equals unity (kro = 1)
and the term (kro/oBo) is almost constant.
As the pressure declines below pb:
The gas is released from solution, which can cause a
large decrease in both kro and (kro/oBo).
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 22
Figure shows
qualitatively
the effect of
reservoir
depletion on
the IPR.
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Empirical Methods
to Predict NL Behavior of IPR
Several empirical methods are designed to predict
the non-linearity behavior of the IPR for solution
gas drive reservoirs.
Most of these methods require at least one stabilized
flow test in which Qo and pwf are measured.
All the methods include the following two computational
steps:
Using the stabilized flow test data, construct the IPR curve at
the current average reservoir pressure pr.
Predict future inflow performance relationships as to the
function of average reservoir pressures.
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The following empirical methods that are designed
to generate the current and future inflow
performance relationships:
Vogels Method
Wiggins Method
Standings Method
Fetkovichs Method
The Klins-Clark Method
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 25
Vogel (1968) used a computer model to generate
IPRs for several hypothetical saturated-oil reservoirs
that are producing under a wide range of
conditions.
Vogel normalized the calculated IPRs and expressed the
relationships in a dimensionless form. He normalized the
IPRs by introducing the following dimensionless
parameters:
Where (Qo) max is the flow rate at zero wellbore
pressure, i.e., AOF.
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Vogel plotted the dimensionless IPR curves for all the
reservoir cases and arrived at the following relationship
between the above dimensionless parameters:
Where Qo = oil rate at pwf
(Qo) max = maximum oil flow rate at zero wellbore
pressure, i.e., AOF
pr = current average reservoir pressure, psig
pwf = wellbore pressure, psig
Notice that pwf and pr must be expressed in psig.
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Vogels Method for Comingle
Production of Water and Oil
Vogels method can be extended to account for
water production by replacing the dimensionless
rate with QL/(QL) max where QL = Qo + Qw.
This has proved to be valid for wells producing at water
cuts as high as 97%.
The method requires the following data:
Current average reservoir pressure pr
Bubble-point pressure pb
Stabilized flow test data that include Qo at pwf
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Vogels methodology can be used to predict the IPR
curve for the following two types of reservoirs:
Saturated oil reservoirs pr pb
Undersaturated oil reservoirs pr > pb
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Vogels Method:
Saturated Oil Reservoirs
When the reservoir pressure equals the bubble-
point pressure, the oil reservoir is referred to as a
saturated-oil reservoir.
The computational procedure of applying Vogels
method in a saturated oil reservoir to generate the
IPR curve for a well with a stabilized flow data
point, i.e., a recorded Qo value at pwf, is
summarized below:
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Vogels Method:
Saturated Oil Reservoirs (Cont.)
Step 1. Using the stabilized flow data, i.e., Qo and
pwf, calculate (Qo)max from:
Step 2. Construct the IPR curve by assuming various
values for pwf and calculating the corresponding Qo
from:
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 33
Vogels Method:
Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs
Beggs (1991) pointed out that in applying Vogels
method for undersaturated reservoirs, there are
two possible outcomes to the recorded stabilized
flow test data that must be considered, as shown
schematically in next slide:
The recorded stabilized Pwf is greater than or equal to
the bubble-point pressure, i.e. pwf pb
The recorded stabilized pwf is less than the bubble-point
pressure pwf < pb
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2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 36
Vogels Method: Undersaturated Oil
Reservoirs (PwfPb)
Beggs outlined the following procedure for
determining the IPR when the stabilized bottom-
hole pressure is greater than or equal to the bubble
point pressure:
Step 1. Using the stabilized test data point
(Qo and pwf) calculate the productivity index J:
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 37
Vogels Method: Undersaturated Oil
Reservoirs (PwfPb) (Cont.)
Step 2. Calculate the oil flow rate at the bubble-
point pressure:
Where Qob is the oil flow rate at pb
Step 3. Generate the IPR values below the bubble-
point pressure by assuming different values of pwf
< pb and calculating the corresponding oil flow
rates by applying the following relationship:
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 38
Vogels Method: Undersaturated Oil
Reservoirs (PwfPb) (Cont.)
The maximum oil flow rate (Qo max or AOF) occurs
when the bottom hole flowing pressure is zero, i.e.
pwf = 0, which can be determined from the above
expression as:
It should be pointed out that when pwf pb, the
IPR is linear and is described by:
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 39
Vogels Method: Undersaturated Oil
Reservoirs (Pwf<Pb)
When the recorded pwf from the stabilized flow
test is below the bubble point pressure, the
following procedure for generating the IPR data is
proposed:
Step 1. Using the stabilized well flow test data and
combining above equations, solve for the productivity
index J to give:
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 40
Vogels Method: Undersaturated Oil
Reservoirs (Pwf<Pb) (Cont.)
Step 2. Calculate Qob by using:
Step 3. Generate the IPR for pwf pb by assuming
several values for pwf above the bubble point pressure
and calculating the corresponding Qo from:
Step 4. Use below Equation to calculate Qo at various
values of pwf below pb, or:
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: Vertical Oil Well Performance 41
1. Ahmed, T. (2006). Reservoir engineering
handbook (Gulf Professional Publishing). Ch7
1. Future IPR Approximation
2. Generating IPR for Oil Wells
A. Wiggins Method
B. Standings Method
C. Fetkovichs Method
3. Horizontal Oil Well Performance
4. Horizontal Well Productivity