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Open Mapping Theorem (Complex Analysis) PDF

The open mapping theorem states that if a function f is holomorphic on an open set U in the complex plane, then f maps open subsets of U to open subsets. This shows holomorphic functions preserve openness, unlike real differentiable functions. The theorem implies a non-constant holomorphic function cannot map an open disk to a portion of a real line. The proof uses properties of isolated roots and the maximum modulus principle to show that the image of every point in f(U) contains an open disk, making f(U) open.

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522 views

Open Mapping Theorem (Complex Analysis) PDF

The open mapping theorem states that if a function f is holomorphic on an open set U in the complex plane, then f maps open subsets of U to open subsets. This shows holomorphic functions preserve openness, unlike real differentiable functions. The theorem implies a non-constant holomorphic function cannot map an open disk to a portion of a real line. The proof uses properties of isolated roots and the maximum modulus principle to show that the image of every point in f(U) contains an open disk, making f(U) open.

Uploaded by

Cory Blackwell
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Open mapping theorem (complex analysis)

1
Open mapping theorem (complex analysis)
In complex analysis, the open mapping theorem states that if U is a domain of the complex plane C and f : U C
is a non-constant holomorphic function, then f is an open map (i.e. it sends open subsets of U to open subsets of C).
The open mapping theorem points to the sharp difference between holomorphy and real-differentiability. On the real
line, for example, the differentiable function f(x) = x
2
is not an open map, as the image of the open interval (1, 1) is
the half-open interval [0, 1).
The theorem for example implies that a non-constant holomorphic function cannot map an open disk onto a portion
of any real line embedded in the complex plane. Images of holomorphic functions can be of real dimension zero (if
constant) or two (if non-constant) but never of dimension 1.
Proof
Blue dots represent zeros of g(z). Black spikes
represent poles. The boundary of the open set U
is given by the dashed line. Note that all poles are
exterior to the open set. The smaller red circle is
the boundary of the disk B centered at z
0
.
Assume f : U C is a non-constant holomorphic function and U is a
domain of the complex plane. We have to show that every point in f(U)
is an interior point of f(U), i.e. that every point in f(U) is contained in a
disk which is contained in f(U).
Consider an arbitrary w
0
in f(U). Then there exists a point z
0
in U such
that w
0
= f(z
0
). Since U is open, we can find d > 0 such that the closed
disk B around z
0
with radius d is fully contained in U. Consider the
function g(z) = f(z)w
0
. Note that z
0
is a root of the function.
We know that g(z) is not constant and holomorphic. The roots of g are
isolated by the identity theorem, and by further decreasing the radius of
the image disk d, we can assure that g(z) has only a single root in B
(although this single root may have multiplicity greater than 1).
The boundary of B is a circle and hence a compact set, on which |g(z)|
is a positive continuous function, so the extreme value theorem guarantees the existence of a positive minimum e,
that is, e is the minimum of |g(z)| for z on the boundary of B and e > 0.
Denote by D the open disk around w
0
with radius e. By Rouch's theorem, the function g(z) = f(z)w
0
will have the
same number of roots (counted with multiplicity) in B as h(z):=f(z)w
1
for any w
1
in D. This is because h(z) = g(z) +
(w
0
- w
1
), and for z on the boundary of B, |g(z)| e > |w
0
- w
1
|. Thus, for every w
1
in D, there exists at least one z
1
in
B such that f(z
1
) = w
1
. This means that the disk D is contained in f(B).
The image of the ball B, f(B) is a subset of the image of U, f(U). Thus w
0
is an interior point of f(U). Since w
0
was
arbitrary in f(U) we know that f(U) is open. Since U was arbitrary, the function f is open.
Applications
Maximum modulus principle
References
Rudin, Walter (1966), Real & Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill, ISBN0-07-054234-1
Article Sources and Contributors
2
Article Sources and Contributors
Open mapping theorem (complex analysis) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559550005 Contributors: Anne Bauval, Brad7777, Chinju, David Eppstein, Erzbischof,
Geometry guy, Giftlite, JackSchmidt, Jujutacular, Mathtyke, Michael Hardy, RDBury, Reopoldo, Rpchase, Sammy1339, Silly rabbit, Sodin, Sun Creator, 14 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
Image:OpenMapping1.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:OpenMapping1.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Rpchase at en.wikipedia
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

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