Module 2: Mathematics

Part A: Ratio And Proportion

Let N be the given number and it is to be divided into two
parts in the ratio a : b. Then,
First part =
aN/(a+b)
Second
part=bN/(a+b)
In case, N is to be
divided into three
parts in the ratio a
: b : c. Then,
First
part=aN/(a+b+c)
second part=bN/(a+b+c)
Third part=cN/(a+b+c)

Example 1: If x : y = 3 : 8 and y : z = 4 : 9, find (i) x : z and
(ii) x : y : z.
Solution 1:
(i) x : y=3 : 8 x/y=3/8 eqn(1)
(ii) y : z=4 : 9 y/z=4/9 eqn(2)
Multiplying (1) and (2), we have
(x / y ) .( y / z) = (3 / 8) . (4/9) = 1 / 6
x : z = 1 : 6 = 3 : 18
x : y = 3 : 8
and y : z = 4 : 9 gives
y : z = 8 : 18
x : y : z = 3 : 8 : 18.

Example 2: Two numbers are in the ratio 3:5. If 8 is added
to each number, the ratio becomes 2:3, find the numbers.
Solution2: Since the numbers are in the ratio 3:5, let the
required numbers be 3x and 5x.
now , (3x + 8) / (5x + 8) = 2 / 3
9x + 24 = 10x + 16
x=8
The required numbers are 3(8) = 24 and 5(8) = 40.

Example 3: In a one-day
cricket match between
India and South Africa,
Kumble conceded 27 runs
in 9 overs and 2 balls,
while Pathan conceded 31
runs in 10 overs. Who had
a better performance?
Solution 3: Kumble
conceded 27 runs in 9 overs and 2 balls,
Runs conceded by Kumble in 1 over = 27 * (3/8) = 81 / 28
i.e., in 9 2/3 = 9 1/3 = 28 / 3
Similarly, runs conceded by Pathan in 1 over = 31 / 10
Since, 81 / 28 < 31 / 10
Kumble's performance was better.

Evaluate Your Grasp:
1. What should be added to each term of the ratio 7:13 so
that the ratio becomes 2:3?
2. Find the greatest ratio among the following: 14:23, 5:12,
61:92
3.The ages of two brothers are in the ratio 5:7. If the
elder is 12 years 3 months old, what is the age of the
younger brother?
4.The monthly salaries of two
persons are in the ratio 3:5. If
each receives a raise of Rs 200 in
the salary, the ratio is altered to
13:21. Find their respective
increased salaries.
5. The ratio of the present ages
of the
father
and the son is 5:2. After 8
years, the ratio of their ages
would be 2:1. Find their present
ages.

Answers
1. 5
2. 61:92
3. 8 years 9 months
4. Rs 2,600; Rs 4,200
5. 40 years; 16 years.

Example 4: Divide Rs 1,870 into
three parts such that half of the
first part, one-third of the second
part and one-sixth of the third
part are equal
Solution 4: Let the three parts of
Rs 1,870 be Rs x, Rs y & Rs z.
Then, x + y + z = 1,870 ..(1)
And, x/2 = y/3 = z/6
Let, x/2 = y/3 = z/6 = K(Say)
then x=2K , y=3K , z = 6K..(2)
Substituting these values in (1), we have
2K + 3K + 6K = 1,870
11K = 1,870
K = 170
The three parts are x= 2 x 170 = 340, y= 3 x 170= 510 and
z= 6 x 170= 1,020

Evaluate Your Grasp
Divide Rs 2,911 among A, B and C
such that A receives 30% more
than B and B receives 20% less
than C.
[Hint: Here, A : B : C = 26 : 20 :
25.]
Answer
Rs 1,066; Rs 820; Rs 1,025

Example 5: A bag contains Rs 147 in the form of 1-rupee,
50 paise and 25 paise coins in the ratio 1 : 3 : 4. Find the
number of each type of coins.
Solution 5: As 1-rupee, 50 paise and
25 paise coins are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 4,
let the number of these coins be x, 3x
and 4x respectively. According to the
question, x + 3x*1/2 + 4x*1/4 = 147
Therefore, x=42, and
The number of 1-rupee coins = 42
The number of 50 paise coins = 3 x 42 = 126
The number of 25 paise coins = 4 x 42 = 168.

Example 6: The work done by (x - 3) men in (2x + 1) days
and the work done by (2x + 1) men in (x + 4) days is in the
ratio 3 : 10, find x.
Solution 6:
Let K units be the work done by 1 man in 1 day. Then,
( x - 3)(2x + 1)K / (2x + 1)(x + 4)K = 3/10
10(x - 3)(2x + 1) = 3(2x + 1)(x + 4)
10(2x^2 - 5x - 3) = 3(2x^2 + 9x + 4)
20x^2 - 50x - 30 = 6x^2 + 27 x + 12
14x^2 -77x- 42 = 0
2x^2 - 11x - 6 = 0
(x - 6)(2x + 1) = 0
x - 6 = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0
x = 6
because, x= -1/2 is an inadmissible value

Evaluate Your Grasp
1. In a certain
examination the
number of those who
passed was 4 times
the number of those
who failed . If there
had been 35 fewer
candidates and 9
more had failed, the
number would have
been in the ratio 2 : 1 find the total number of candidates.
[ Hint : Let the total number of candidates be x
According to the question,
Number of candidates passed = 4x/5
Number of candidates failed = x/5
in the second situation,
Total number of canditates = x-35
Number of candites failed = (x/5) + 9
Number of candidates
passed =(x - 35 - x/5 - 9)

= (4x/5) - 44
Since the ratio is given to
be 2 : 1 ,we have
(4x/5) - 44 = 2(x/5 + 9)
Find the value of x.]

2. A man can do as much work in 4 hours as a woman can do
in 6 hours. If they work together at a job, and receive Rs
300 for it, how should they share this amount?
[ Hint: Let the work done by a man in 4 hours be x units.
Then, the work done by a man in 1 hour = x/4 units
work done by a woman in 1 hour = x/6 units
The ratio of wages = The ratio of work done = 1/4 : 1/6 ]

3 . A wall of bricks
tumbled down,
leaving a height of
60 cm standing. You
were told that 5/8
of the wall had
fallen. How many
centimetres of
bricks would you
have to add to
rebuild the wall?
[Hint: Standing part of the wall = (1-5/8) = 3 / 8
Ratio of the fallen part to the standing part = 5/8 : 3/8 i.e
5:3
Fallen part : 60 cm = 5:3
Fallen part = 100 cm ]

Answers
1. 155 candidates
2. Rs 180; Rs 120
3. 100 cm

Proportion
If four quantities a, b, c and d are such that the ratio a : b
is equal to the ratio c : d, then we say that a, b, c and d are
in proportion.
Continued Proportion
Three quantities a, band c are said to be in continued
proportion if a : b = b : c i.e.
a/b = b/c
Here, b is called the mean proportional of a and c. also , b=
+(ac)
Moreover, c is called the third proportional to a and b.
Similaly, four quantities a, b, c and d are said to be in
continued proportion if
a:b=b:c=c:d
a/b = b/c =c/d

Addition equivalence property
If a/b = c/d = e/f = .. then each ratio is equal to
(a+c+e+.) / (b+d+f+.)
Example 7: If x, 5, 10, yare in continued proportion, then
find x & y
Solution 7: Since x, 5, 10 and y are in continued proportion,
then
x / 5 = 5 / 10 = 10 / y
x / 5 = 1 / 2 = 10 / y
x = 5/2 and y = 20

Example 8: What number should be subtracted from each
of the numbers 21,38,55 and 106 so that they become in
proportion?
Solution 8: Let x be subtracted from each number so that
they may be in proportion
(21 - x) / (38 - x) =
(55 - x) / (106 - x)
(21 - x)(106 - x) =
(38 - x) (55 - x)
2,226 - 21x - 106x +
x2 = 2,090 - 38x -
55x + x2
2,226 -127x = 2,090
- 93x
34x = 136 x = 4
Hence, the required number is 4.

Evaluate Your Grasp
1. Find x , if 2.5 : 1.5 = x: 3.
2. What number should be subtracted from each of the
numbers, 23,30,57 and 78 so that the remainders are in
proportion?
3. Find the mean proportional of 3 and 27
4. Find the third proportional to 0.5, 0.25
Answers
1. x=5 2. 6
3. 9 4. 0.125

Part B: FRACTIONS

FRACTION =
Numerator/Denominator.

Example1 : Arrange 7/13,
493/971, 87/165,123/235 in
descending order
7/13=0.538
493/971=0.508
87/165=0.527
123/235=0.523
Now 0.538 > 0.527 > 0.523 > 0.508
therefore 7/13 > 87/165 > 123/235> 493/971

FRACTIONAL PART OF A NUMBER
Fractional part of a
number is simply the
product of the related
fraction and the given
number.

Example2:
2/3 rd of 60 is 40
3/4th of 36 = 27
1/9th of 36 = 4
2/3rd of 36 = 24

Example3: A man travels 1/4
th part by scooter, 3/8 th by
car and rest 48 km by bus.
Find the total distance
covered.
Solution3: Here, total
distance is to be found out.
Fraction related to rest 48
km=1-(1/4+3/8)
rest distance/its related
fraction=total distance
48/[1-(1/4+3/8)]=total
distance
total distance =48/(3/8)=128 km

Fraction related to balance part = 1 - (sum of all other
fractions)
Example4: A person spends 3/8th part of his salary on
food, 1/12th part of his salary on education, 1/4 th part of
his salary on clothing. He is now left with Rs. 550. Find his
total salary.
Solution4: Fraction related to rest part =1-
(3/8+1/12+1/4)=7/24
total salary=rest amount/fraction related to rest
part=550/(7/24)=Rs 2640

Example5: A person
spends 3/8 th part of his
salary on food, 1/12 th of
the rest part on
education and 1/4 th of
the remainder on
clothing. He is now left
with Rs 550. Find his
total salary.
Solution5: Here, spending
on the second item (i.e.
education) depends on
the amount left after
spending on the first item (i.e. food). Similarly, spending on
the third item (i.e. clothing) depends on the amount left
after spending on the first item and the second item.
Fraction for balance part=(1-first fraction)*(1- second
fraction)
So fraction for balance (rest) part=(1-3/8)(1-1/12)(1-
1/4)=5/8*11/12*3/4=55/128
Therefore total salary = Rest amount/Fraction related to
rest part=550/(55/128) =Rs 1280

Example 6: 5/12 part of what amount will be equal to 3 3/4
(3 three fourth) part of Rs 100.
Solution 6: Let the amount be Rs x
(5/12)x = 3 3/4 * 100
(5/12)x = (15/4) * 100
x = (12/5) * (15/4) * 100
=> x = Rs 900
Required amount is Rs 900.

Example7: 4/7 of a pole is in the mud. When 1/3rd of it is
pulled out, 250cm of the pole is still in the mud. Find the
full length of the pole
Solution7: Total length of pole=Length in mud/ Part in mud
= 250/[4/7-1/3] = 1050
Length of pole = 1050 cm

Example8: How much is to be added with 0.685 of 325 to
get 300?
Solution8: Let 'x' is to be added. Then,
x + (0.685 x 325) = 300
x = 300 - 222.625 = 77.375.

Example9: Which one of the following fraction is less than
1/3? (a) 22/63 (b)4/11 (c) 15/46 (d) 33/98
Solution9:Step 1 Reverse the test fraction, i.e.
1/3 becomes 3/1 = 3.
Step 2 Reverse each alternative and find which alternative
is greater than 3/1
63/22<3/1,11/4<3/1,46/15>3/1,98/33<3/1
Required Fraction is 15/46

Evaluate your grasp:
Q1. What fraction is 6
bananas in 5 dozens?
Q2. There are 40
students in a class. One
day only 7/10 students
were present. Find the
number of absentees on
that day.
Q3. A man spends 2/7 of
his saving and still has Rs1,000 left with him. What were
his saving?
Q4. A man reads 3/8 of a book on a day and 4/5 of the
remainder, on second day. If the number of pages still
unread are 40,how many pages did book contained?
Q5. A man spends 1/3 of his income on food of the rest
1/4 on house rent and 1/5 on cloth. He still has Rs 1760
left with him. Find his income.
Q6. After covering five-eighth of my journey. I find that
I have travelled 60 km. How much journey is left?
Q7. A man distributes 0.375 of his money to his wife and
0.4 to his son. He has still Rs 3,375 left with him. How
much initial money did the man have? How much did his wife
get?

Answer Key:
1 1/10
2 12 students
3 Rs 1400
4 320
5 Rs 4400
6 36 km
7 Rs 5625

Part C: HCF AND LCM OF NUMBERS

If M is exactly divisible by f, then f is the factor of M.
Example 1: 5 divides 35 completely, so, 5 is a factor of 35.
Similarly 2, 3, 4, 6 are all factors of 12, because each of
the numbers 2, 3, 4, and 6 will divide 12 completely or, in
other words 12 is divisible by 2, 3, 4 and 6.

If f is a factor of M, then M is a multiple of f
Example 2: 63 is completely divisible by 7, 3, 9, 21. So, 63
is a multiple of 7 or 3 or 9 or 21.

Division method of factorization of a number.
Example 3: Resolve 20570 into its prime factors.
Division by prime number
2 20570
5 10285 1 st quotient
11 2057 2 nd Quotient
11 187 3 rd Quotient
17 17 4 th Quotient
1
thus 2075=2*5*11*11*17

HIGHEST
COMMON
FACTOR (HCF)
If two or more
numbers are broken
into their prime
factors , then the
product of the
maximum common
prime factors in
the given numbers
is the H.C.F. of the
numbers.
In other words , the HCF of two or more numbers is the
greatest number (divisor) that divides all the given number
exactly. So, HCF is also called as Greatest Common Divisor
Find the HCF of 72, 60, 96.
Here, we first find the prime factors of 72, 60& 96.
2 72 2 60 2 96
2 36 2 30 2 48
2 18 3 15 2 24
3 9 5 5 2 12
3 3 1 2 6
1 3 3
1
HCF=product of maximum common prime factors=2*2*3=12



LCM (LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLE)
The LCM of two or more than two numbers is the product
of the highest powers of all the prime factors that occur in
these numbers.
Example: Find the LCM of 36, 48, 64 and 72
2 36 48 64 72
2 18 24 32 36
2 9 12 16 18
2 9 6 8 9
2 9 3 4 9
2 9 3 2 9
3 9 3 1 9
3 3 1 3
1 1

LCM=2*2*2*2*2*2*3*3=576

DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN HCF
AND LCM
HCF of x, y and z is
the Highest Divisor
which can exactly
divide x, y and z.
LCM of x, y and z is
the Least Dividend
which is exactly
divisible by x, y and z.

Solved Examples

Example 1: Find the greatest number that will exactly
divide 200 and 320.
Solution 1: Required number = HCF of 200 and 320 = 40.

Example 2: Find the least number which when divided by
27, 35, 45 and 49 leaves the remainder 6 in each cases.
Solution 2: Required number = (LCM of 27, 35, 45 and 49) +
6 i.e. 6615 + 6 = 6621.

Example 3: Find the
greatest possible length of a
scale that can be used to
measure exactly the
following lengths of cloth; 3
m, 5 m, 10 cm and 12 m 90
cm.
Solution 3: The lengths of
cloth to be measured are,
300 cm, 510 cm and 1290 cm
the required length of the
scale is HCF of 300, 510 and 1290 i.e. 30
the greatest possible length of the scale to be used =30 cm

Example 4: Find the greatest 4 digit number such that it is
exactly divisible by 12,15,20,35
Solution 4: Step 1 LCM of 12, 15, 20 and 35 = 420.
Step 2 420) 9999 ( 23
-9660
339
:. required number = 9999 - 339 = 9660.

Example 5: There are two electrical wires, one is a 9 m 60
cm long aluminum wire and the other is a 5 m 12 cm long
copper wire. Find the
(a) maximum length that can be equally cut from each wire
in such a way that the total length of each wire is exactly
divisible by it.
(b) how many such largest possible pieces are available in
each kind of wire?
Solution 5: 9 meter 60 cm = 960 cm and 5 meter 12 cm =
512 cm.
(a) The required largest piece = HCF of 960 and 512 cm, i.e.
64 cm.
(b) Number of such aluminum wire pieces=960/64=15 nos
And number of such copper wire pieces =512/64=8 nos

Example 6: HCF and LCF of two numbers are 16 and 240
respectively If one of the number is 48 find the other
number
Solution 6: We know, HCF x LCM = Number1 x Number2
therefore second number =16*240/48=80

Example 7:Among how many students 175 bananas and 105
oranges can be equally divided?
Solution 7: HCF of 175 and 105 =35

Evaluate your grasp:
1. Find the greatest number that will divide 148, 246 and
623 leaving remainders 4, 6 and 11 respectively.
2. Find the least number which when divided by 36, 48 and
64 leaves the remainders 25, 37 and 53 respectively.
3. Find the smallest number which when (a) increased by 8
(b) decreased by 8 is exactly divisible by 15, 21, 30
4. Find the smallest 4 digit number such that it is exactly
divisible by 12, 15, 20 and 35.
5. Four bells first begin to toll together and then at
intervals of 6, 7, 8 and 9 seconds respectively. Find how
many times the bells toll together in two hours and at what
interval they toll together?
6. Find the (a) the greatest 4-digit number, and (b) the
smallest 4-digit number such that when they are divided by
12, 18, 21 and 28, it leaves a remainder 3 in each case.
7. Find the numbers between 200 and 300 such that when
they are divided by 6, 8 or 9,
(a) it leaves no remainder, i.e. exactly divisible.
(b) it leaves in each case a remainder 5
8. Find out the HCF of 11, 0.121 and 0.1331
9. Find out the LCM of 2.2, 540 and 108
10. Find out HCF of 3^5 ,3^9,3^14
11. Find out the LCM of 4^5, 4^-81,4^-12 and 4^7

Answer Key:
1.) 12 2.) 565
3.) a) inc by 8 b) dec by 8 4.) 1260
5.) 14 times 6.) a) 9831 b) 1011
7.) a) 216,240,264& 288 b) 221,245,269& 293
8.) 0.0011 9.) 5940
10.) 3^5 11.) 4^12