1

TABLE OF CONTENT

No. Pages
1. Abstract/Summary 2
2. Introduction 2-3
3. Aims/Objectives 3
4. Theory 3-4
5. Procedures 5-6
6. Apparatus and Materials 6
7. Result 7-8
8. Calculations 9-15
9. Discussions 16
10. Conclusions 17
11. Recommendations 17
12. References 18






2

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A titration is a process in which small increments of a solution of known concentration are
added to a specific volume of a solution of unknown concentration until the stoichiometry for
that reaction is achieved. Knowing the quantity of the known solution required to complete the
titration enables calculation of the unknown solution concentration. The more accurately the
concentration of the solution of known concentration is known, the more accurately the
concentration of the unknown solution can be determined. In this experiment, the equivalence
point occurs when the moles of acid in the solution equals the moles of base added in the
titration. A titration graph is to show the changes of pH of the titrated solution versus the volume
of added solution.

INTRODUCTION
Concentration of solution is the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent. A concentrated
solution contains a relatively large quantity of solute in a given amount of solvent. Dilute
solutions contain relatively little solute in a given amount of solvent. There are two specific
terms to express concentration, namely molarity and percent by mass.
Molarity (M) =moles of solute/liter of solution
Percent by mass is the mass in grams of solute per 100 grams of solution.
% solute= grams of solute/grams of solution X 100%
Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid. The molecular formula for acetic acid is CHCOOH.
Both molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in a vinegar solution can be determined by
performing a titration. The purpose of titration is to determine the equivalence point of the
reaction. The equivalence point is reached when the added quantity of one reactant is the exact
amount necessary for stoichiometric reaction with another reactant. After the equivalence point
of the titration is known, the concentration of the sodium hydroxide can be determined. The
sodium hydroxide is then used to titrate vinegar, and the concentration of the vinegar is
3

determined. Therefore, the percent acetic acid can be determined from the concentration of the
vinegar.

AIMS/OBJECTIVES
Determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by
titration with a standardized sodium hydroxide solution.
THEORY
This experiment is to determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid
in vinegar. The method to be used is the neutralization reaction between acetic acid and sodium
hydroxide solution (NaOH solution) by titration process. In this method, the NaOH solution of
known molarity is filled in the burette while the acetic acid solution is placed in a beaker. The
experiment starts with taking the pH value of the acetic acid and NaOH solution is then added by
titration to the acidic solution. The NaOH solution is continuously added until it reaches pH
value of 12 which the mixture solution is a base. The sudden change in the solution pH shows
that the titration has reached the equivalence point. The equivalence point occurs when the moles
of acid in the solution equals the moles of base added in the titration.
CH
3
COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) H
2
O (l) + CH
3
COONa (aq)
According to the above reaction, the stoichiometric amount of 1 mole of strong base (NaOH
solution) is necessary to neutralize 1 mole of weak acid (acetic acid solution). The pH of an
aqueous solution is related to its hydrogen ion concentration. In symbols, the hydrogen ion
concentration is written as [H
3
O
+
] and H is defined as negative of the logarithm of the hydrogen
ion concentration.
pH = -log [H
3
O
+
]
pH scale is a method of expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution. Therefore, the pH of an
aqueous solution is in the range of 0 to 14, where a solution that has a pH < 7 is acidic while pH
> 7 is basic. A pH electrode is used in this experiment. The titration is initiated by inserting a pH
4

electrode into a beaker containing the acid solution. As the NaOH solution is being added to the
acid solution, some of the hydrogen ions will be neutralized. As the hydrogen ion concentration
decreases, the pH of the solution will increase gradually. When sufficient amount of base is
added, there will cause a sudden sharp increase in pH. The volume of base required to
completely neutralize the acid is determined at the equivalence point of titration. In this
experiment, vinegar is titrated with a standardized NaOH solution, where first a primary standard
solution is prepared. Generally, the primary standard solution

is prepared by dissolving a weighed quantity of a pure acid or base in a known volume of
solution, where for this experiment, a base; potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP is used. In
standardizing, NaOH solution is titrated with KHP, the primary standard.
KHC
8
H
4
O
4 (aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
KNaC
8
H
4
O
4 (aq)
+ H
2
0
(l)
Once the NaOH solution has been

standardized, it will then be used to titrate 10.00 ml aliquots of
vinegar.
CH
3
COOH
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
H
2
O
(l)
+ CH
3
COONa
(aq)
By knowing the standardized NaOH solution concentration, we can determine the molarity and
percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar solution.







5

PROCEDURE
A.STANDARDIZATION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION
1. 250mL of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution from NaOH solution is prepared.
The solution can be prepared in a beaker; the calculation is checked with the laboratory
instructor prior to preparing the solution. The calculation is recorded.
2. A beaker is placed on the balance and tare. 1.5 grams of KHP is added. The mass of KHP is
recorded to the nearest 0.001g.30mL of distilled water is added to the beaker. The solution is
stirred until the KHP has dissolved completely.
3. The solution is titrated with NaOH and the pH with 1mL additions of NaOH solution is
recorded.
4. Steps 1 to 3 is repeated and two more solutions for NaOH standardization is prepared.
5. The graph of pH versus NaOH is plotted. From the plots, the volume of NaOH required to
neutralize the KHP solution in each titration is determined.
6. The molarity of sodium hydroxide for titrations 1, 2 and 3 is calculated.
7. The average molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution is calculated. The resulting sodium
hydroxide concentration will be used in part B of the experiment.
B. MOLARITY OF ACETIC ACID AND MASS PERCENT IN VINEGAR
1. 10.00mL of vinegar is transferred to a clean, dry 250mL beaker using a 10mL volumetric
pipette. Sufficient water is added, 75 to 100 mL, to cover the pH electrode tip during the
titration.
2. 1mL of NaOH is added to the vinegar solution and the pH is recorded.
3. The above steps is repeated twice more.
4. The graph of pH versus volume added is plotted and from the plots the volume of NaOH
required to neutralize the vinegar in each titration is determined. The data is recorded.
6

5. The molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titrations 1, 2 and 3 is calculated.
6. The average molarity of acetic acid for each titration is calculated.
7. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titrations 1, 2 and 3 is calculated.
8. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar is calculated.

APPARATUS and MATERIALS
1. 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH solution)
2. 1.5 g of (KHP)
3. Vinegar
4. 250mL beaker
5. Analytical balance
6. pH electrode
7. Burette
8. retort stand with clamp
9. magnetic stirrer and stir bar
10. scapula
11. 10mL volumetric pipette









7


RESULTS
Part I: Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution
Volume of NaOH (mL) Titration 1 Titration 2
0 4.25 4.16
1. 4.61 4.44
2. 4.73 4.65
3. 4.82 4.80
4. 4.97 4.95
5. 5.09 5.08
6. 5.19 5.19
7. 5.34 5.33
8. 5.45 5.41
9. 5.60 5.64
10. 5.80 5.85
11. 5.88 6.22
12. 6.49 11.84
13. 11.44 12.25
14. 11.83 12.53
15. 12.22



8

Part II: Molarity of acetic acid and mass percent in vinegar
Volume of NaOH (mL) Titration 1 Titration 2
0 3.20 3.28
1. 3.42 3..50
2. 3.73 4.00
3. 3.92 4.14
4. 4.14 4.25
5. 4.25 4.36
6. 4.35 4.45
7. 4.45 4.52
8. 4.53 4.60
9. 4.61 4.67
10. 4.67 4.73
11. 4.75 4.80
12. 4.82 4.86
13. 4.88 4.91
14. 5.02 4.98
15. 5.09 5.04
16. 5.17 5.12
17. 5.25 5.20
18. 5.33 5.27
19. 5.42 5.34
20. 5.51 5.43
21. 5.63 5.55
22. 5.78 5.70
23. 5.98 5.80
24. 6.29 6.00
25. 7.74 6.36
26. 11.63 9.46
27. 11.95 11.64
28. 12.11 11.94


9

CALCULATIONS
PART I: Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution
1. Calculations for preparing 250mL of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution
Molarity (M) = mole/volume in liter (L)
0.6M= mole / 250x10
-3
L
Mole = 0.15mol
Mass/MW = 0.15mol
Mass = 0.15 x 40g/mol
= 6 g
2.
Titration 1 Titration 2
Mass of beaker (g) 99.42 100.03
Mass of beaker + KHP (g) 100.96 101.54
Mass of KHP (g) 11.54 1.51
Volume of NaOH to neutralize
the KHP solution (mL)
12.00 11.00

3. Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide for each titration 1 and 2.
Moles of KHP used in titration
1.50 KHC
8
H
4
O
4
x (1 mol KHP / 204.20 g KHP) =0.007346 mol KHP
Thus, number of mole of NaOH needed to neutralise the mole of KHP
0.007346 mol KHP x (1 mol NaOH / 1 mol KHP) = 0.007346 mol NaOH


10

Titration 1


12.00 mL NaOH x (1L /1000mL) = 0.012L NaOH
M= (mol of NaOH / L of solution) = (0.007346 mol NaOH / 0.012 L solution) = 0. 6122M
NaOH









0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
p
H

v
a
l
u
e

Volume of NaOH (mL)
Graph of pH Value against Volume of NaOH
11

Titration 2

11.00 mL NaOH x (1L/ 1000mL) =0.011 L NaOH
M= (mol of NaOH / L of solution) = (0.007346 mol NaOH / 0.011 L solution) = 0.6678 M
NaOH

4. Calculate the average molarity of NaOH for each titration
Average molarity of NaOH
(0.6122M NaOH + 0.6678 M NaOH ) / 2 = 0.64 M






0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
p
H

v
a
l
u
e

Volume of NaOH (mL)
Graph of pH Value against Volume of NaOH
12


Part II: Molarity of acetic acid and mass percent in vinegar
1.
Titration 1 Titration 2
Volume of NaOH to
neutralize the vinegar
solution (mL)

25

26


Titration 1

Moles of NaOH that reacted
25.00 mL NaOH x (1L/1000mL) =0.025 L NaOH
0.025 L NaOH x (0.64 mol NaOH/1L NaOH) =0.016 mol NaOH

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

p
H

v
a
l
u
e

Volume of NaOH (mL)
Graph of pH Value against NaOH solution (mL)
13

Moles of CH
3
COOH neutralised by the mole of NaOH
0.016 mol NaOH x (1mol CH
3
COOH/1 mol NaOH) = 0.016 mol CH
3
COOH
10.00 mL CH
3
COOH X (1L/1000mL) = 0.01L CH
3
COOH
M= 0.016 mol CH
3
COOH/ 0.010 L CH
3
COOH solution = 1.6 M CH
3
COOH

Titration 2

Moles of NaOH that reacted
26.00 mL NaOH x (1L/1000mL) =0.026 L NaOH
0.026 L NaOH x (0.64 mol NaOH/1L NaOH) =0.01664 mol NaOH
Moles of CH
3
COOH neutralised by the mole of NaOH
0.01664mol NaOH x (1mol CH
3
COOH/1 mol NaOH) = 0.01664 mol CH
3
COOH
10.00 mL CH
3
COOH X (1L/1000mL) = 0.01L CH
3
COOH
M= 0.01664 mol CH
3
COOH/ 0.010 L CH
3
COOH solution = 1.664 M CH
3
COOH
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
p
H

V
a
l
u
e

Volume of NaOH (mL)
Graph of pH Value against NaOH solution (mL)
14

Average molarity of acetic acid
(1.6M +1.664M=M) / 2=1.632 M CH
3
COOH

4. Calculate the % by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for each titration

Titration 1
Mass of acetic acid in the solution
10.0 mL CH
3
COOH x (1L/1000mL) = 0.010 L CH
3
COOH solution
0.010 L CH
3
COOH x (1.6 mol CH
3
COOH/1L solution) x (60.06 g CH
3
COOH/1 mol
CH
3
COOH) = 0.96096g CH
3
COOH
Mass of acetic acid solution
10.0 mL CH
3
COOH solution x (1 g CH
3
COOH/1mL CH
3
COOH) = 10.0 g CH
3
COOH
solution
Percentage of acetic acid in the solution
Percent mass CH
3
COOH = (0.96096g CH
3
COOH/ 10.0 g CH
3
COOH)
X 100% = 9.6096 % CH
3
COOH






15

Titration 2
Mass of acetic acid in the solution
10.0 mL CH
3
COOH x (1L/1000mL) = 0.010 L CH
3
COOH solution
0.010 L CH
3
COOH x (1.664 mol CH
3
COOH/1L solution) x (60.06 g CH
3
COOH/1 mol
CH
3
COOH) = 0.99940g CH
3
COOH
Mass of acetic acid solution
10.0 mL CH
3
COOH solution x (1 g CH
3
COOH/1mL CH
3
COOH) = 10.0 g CH
3
COOH
solution

Percentage of acetic acid in the solution
Percent mass CH
3
COOH = (0.99940g CH
3
COOH/ 10.0 g CH
3
COOH)
X 100% = 9.9940 % CH
3
COOH

Average % by mass of acetic acid
(9.6096+ 9.9940) / 2 = 9.8018% CH
3
COOH







16

DISCUSSION
In the experiment of determination of the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar, it consists of
two parts which is the standardization of sodium hydroxide solution and the determination of
molarity of acetic acid and percentage of vinegar. Both parts are titrated with a standardized
sodium hydroxide solution.
The first part of the experiment the standardized NaOH solution is titrated with the KHP
solution. The solution is titrated with NaOH and every 1 mL of addition of NaOH solution is
recorded. There are a slight increase in pH value as the volume of NaOH added increased. Based
on the graph of pH value against the volume of NaOH, when the solution reached the
equivalence point, the pH value will increase tremendously. When the pH value has a large
increase, the solution considered to reach it equivalence point and the last three point is recorded
to plot the graph and shows the sharp increase in pH value. The experiment was repeated two
times to get the average molarity of NaOH solution.
While the second part of this experiment is about the molarity of acetic acid and percentage of
vinegar in the solution. The vinegar solution also being titrated with NaOH solution and every 1
mL of NaOH added, pH value is recorded. The second part took a longer time to reach it
equivalence point compared to the first part. After a while, when there is a sharp increase of pH
value, the solution considered to reach its equivalence point and the last three sharp increasing
data is recorded to plot the graph.
For the first experiment, the volume needed to neutralize the KHP solution is for titration 1 it is
12.00 mL and for titration 2 it is 11.00 mL. Hence, the average molarity of NaOH solution
calculated is 0.64 M. While for second experiment, the volume of NaOH required to neutralize
vinegar solution is 25-26 mL. Hence the average molarity of acetic acid is 1.632 M. The average
% of vinegar solution also calculated which is valued 9.8018%.
The experiment is conducted successfully and the data recorded above are based on the
experiment, and the graph can be plotted and also all the value are based on theoretical value.


17

CONCLUSION

The experiment to determine the concentration of acetic acid is successfully conducted. The
percentage mass of acetic acid that is found to be 9.8018%. While the average molarity of acetic
acid is found to be 1.632%. Also the average molarity of NaOH used to neutralized KHP
solution is 0.64M.
Though, lot of improvements should be taken in the future such as the need of use for indicator
and the sensitivity of the sodium hydroxide to react with atmospheric carbon dioxide.

RECOMMENDATIONS
1. In standardizing NaOH, it is believe from previous study, the impurity of the sodium
hydroxide can be affected with the present of the sodium carbonate,( Na
2
CO
3
). This is because it
is told that sodium hydroxide is one of the unstable solutions that can easily absorb carbon
dioxide from the air. Thus to overcome this, it is claimed that a standardized NaOH solution
should be use immediately after being standardized.
2. Distilled water added can be heated to slow down the process of NaOH react with air so that
less Na
2
CO
3
produced from time to time.
3. The use for indicator is recommended. For example the uses of phenolphthalein which allow
change in the pH of the solution to be observe physically. As the solution turns more acidic, the
phenolphthalein will change colour from colourless to pink. In case of such, increase the
sensitivity of the titration process





18

REFERENCES

Experiment of standardization of NaOH solution.

http://spot.pcc.edu/~gbackes/CH222/Labs222.W05/Exp.14.Standardization.NaOH.htm

http://www.chemtech.org/cn/cn1105/experiments/standardization_NaOH.pdf

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed026p322

Experiment of determination of molarity of acetic acid and % of vinegar
http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/academics/natural_science/chm_1000/vinegar.pdf

http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/chm151L/vinegar.html