"Holderbank" Cement Seminar 2000

Process Technology III

-
Practical Work
'HOLDERBANK*
Gas Flow Measurement
-
Practical Work
H. Nyfenegger
PT97/14231/E
1. Theoretical Basis
394
1 .1 The Law of Bernoulli 394
2. Local Velocity And Pressure Measurements 396
2.1 The Measurement of the Pressures
396
3. Gas Flow Measurement By The Prandtl Tube 397
4. Integral Gas Flow Measurement With Nozzles And Orifices 399
4.1 Standard Nozzles 401
4.2 Standard Orifices and Venturi-Nozzles 403
5. Calculation Of Density
405
5.1 Requests, Calculation of Real Conditions 405
5.2 Gas Compositions 406
5.2.1 Calculation of a Heterogeneous Gas 406
6. Practical Work In Gas Flow Measurement
407
6.1 Test Equipment
407
6.2 The Prandtl Tube 408
6.2.1 Calculation of the Gas Density 410
6.2.2 Numerical Calculation of Density 41
1
6.3 Calculation of the Gas Velocity
412
6.4 Calculation of the Gas Flow Rate 414
6.5 Anemometers
415
6.5.1 Type A (Vane Wheel Anemometers) 415
6.5.2 Type B Thermal Anemometers 41
5
6.5.3 Vortex Anemometers (not used in practical work) 416
6.6 Characteristic Curves of the Fan 416
6.6.1 Measurements 417
6.7 INLET NOZZLE 417
6.8 Manometers 419
6.8.1 Inclined Stationary Manometer 419
7. Symbol List Of Gas Flow Measurement
420
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Process Technology III
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SUMMARY
This paper shows the basic equations for gas flow measurement. Furthermore, the
principles of gas flow measurement by the Prandtl tube as well as the Orifices and Nozzles
are explained.
Some of the presented principles and instruments will be used for the practical work carried
out on a test equipment in the laboratory hall.
1. THEORETICAL BASIS
1.1 The Law of Bernoulli
(Daniel Bernoulli, 1700..1782 Swiss Scientist)
In aeronautics, a law or theorem state that in a flow of incompressible fluid the sum of the
static pressure and the dynamic pressure along a streamline is constant if gravity and
frictional effects are disregarded.
Resultant from this law is that if there is a velocity increase in a fluid flow, there must be a
corresponding pressure decrease. Thus an airfoil, by increasing the velocity of the flow over
its upper surface, drives lift from the decreased pressure.
As originally formulated, a statement of the energy conservation (per unit mass) for a non-
viscous fluid in steady motion. The specific energy is composed of the kinetic energy \?I2,
where v is the speed of the fluid; the potential energy gz, where
g
is the acceleration of
gravity and z is the height above an arbitrary reference level; and the work done by the
pressure forces of a compressible fluid
J
v dp, where
p
is the pressure, v is the specific
volume, and the integration is always with respect to value of
p
and v on the same parcel.
Thus, the relationship
\P~I2. + gz +
J
v dp = constant along a streamline
is valid for a compressible fluid in steady motion, since the streamline is also in path. If the
motion is irrational, the same constant holds for the entire fluid.
A2
streamline
If the fluid is compressible If the fluid is incompressible:
m,=m
2
p,=p
2
p,V,=p
2
V
2
v,=v
2
p,A-w,=p
2
A
2
w
2
A,w,=A
2
w
2
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streamline
Sum of energies = Sum of energies
in point 1 in point 2
Pi w?

+
=
pi
2 P2 2
If the fluid is incompressible, that means
p
is constant:
P<rPn=P
P
2
p 2
Symbols and units:
A Cross section area [m
2
]
d Diameter of the smallest aperture [m]
D Diameter of the tube [m]
m Cross section area ratio m
== d
2
/ D
2
H
m Mass flow rate [kg/s]
P
Pressure N/m
2
]
V Volume flow rate [m
3
/s]
w Velocity [m/s]
P
Density [kg / m
3
]
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LOCAL VELOCITY AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
The above figure shows a fluid flowing around an obstacle. One of the streamlines reaches
the body at the point 2, called stagnation point. At this point the velocity of the fluid is zero.
The Bernoulli equation, for the undisturbed flow at point 1 to point 2,
P
2
p
2
or(w
2
=0) P
2
=P,+ ^w?
where P
2
Pi
rrW<
is the total pressure
is the static pressure
is the dynamic pressure
p2, pi
and
fw
z
are pressures called total, static and dynamic pressure.
2.1 The Measurement of the Pressures
The total pressure of a fluid can be measured at a stagnation point. For this purpose the so-
called Pitot tube is used.
->e
-<
\
total pressure static pressure
At the point 2 a stagnation point is created where the total pressure can be measured.
A boring placed vertically to the flow (1) measures the pressure independent from the
direction. This pressure is called static pressure.
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3. GAS FLOW MEASUREMENT BY THE PRANPTL TUBE
The dynamic pressure, defined as
P 2
wr
2
1
can be expressed as the pressure difference between the total and the static pressure. The
relation is
P 2
This difference is measured with the Prandtl Tube.
pstat., pG
pstat.
Fig.2
ptot.
w =
Water
The inner part of this instrument corresponds exactly to a Pitot Tube and the total pressure
is measured there. The outer part has the function of the static pressure measurement.
The difference between the two connections is the dynamic pressure.
The direction of the flow should correspond to the axis of the Prandtl Tube. Deviations until
10 however, do not essentially influence the measuring accuracy.
The error in the measurement of the pressure is below 1%.
io:
-
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With the dynamic pressure the fluid velocity can be calculated as follows:
w
f** |
2-(P
2
-Pi)
The Prandtl Tube measures a local velocity only. In order to get an integral velocity (e.g. the
average value) the integration of several local velocities over the cross sectional area must
be made.
w=[\w-dA
The gas flow rate is finally calculated by multiplying the average gas velocity with the cross
sectional area.
Specific information on the gas flow measurement by the Prandtl Tube is given in chapter 6
"Practical work in gas flow measurement".
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4. INTEGRAL GAS FLOW MEASUREMENT WITH NOZZLES AND ORIFICES
The idea of this method is to create a change of cross section of the whole fluid stream. By
means of this change also the pressure and the velocity change and from the pressure
difference the velocity can be calculated.
A precondition for this measurement method is a more or less equalized velocity profile.
Disturbances like
Flow separation behind bends, valves, etc.
Pulsation behind a piston type compressor
High dust loading
etc.
falsify the measurement and make it useless in a lot of cases. As a rule of thumb it can be
said that prior to such a flow measurement a straight tube length of more than 10 tube
diameters is to be provided.
w,p
w
Between point 1 and 2 the continuity condition can be formulated as
Ai
W! = A
2
w
2
Between the same two points the Bernoulli equation (see 1.1) gives:
ft
,
W
^P2
,
w
2
2
p
2
p
2
From the two relations the following equation is derived:
w,=
2-fc-P*)
(At
The velocity Wt can be calculated from the pressure difference between the undisturbed flow
(point 1) and the accelerated flow in the smallest cross-sectional area.
The pressure
p2
is lower than pressure
pi
and compared to the pressure
p1;
is
p2
a negative
pressure.
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The relation is
(p,-p
2
)4w;
-1
The pressure difference is a function of the ratio square of the cross sectional area. Great
ratios produce therefore extreme underpressures! An example of such a great ratio is the
reduction of the cross-sectional area during coating formation in preheaters.
The change of the cross-section causes, especially when it is done suddenly, a disturbance
of the flow. The fluid cannot follow the wall and a contraction of the stream is produced.
0>
<
The effective cross section Ae is now smaller than the real one and the calculated velocity
must be corrected. The correction cannot be calculated, it must be measured. For this
reason several types of integral measuring instruments are standardized by DIN 1952.
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In the following the 3 basic standard instruments are sketched:
4.1 Standard Nozzles
Standard nozzles are used for tubes with diameters from 50 to 500 mm and a cross-
sectional ratio (smallest area against tube area) of 0.1 to 0.64.
E
n
o
0)
t
3
Pressure tapes
<0.03d
0.604 d
r1=0.2d r2=d/3
^
0.304 d^
<
-
3d
to
o
o
m =
(4)
= 0.444
D
The velocity in the tube and the volume flow, respectively, are calculated by the following
relation:
w=aem-
(2-Ap
V^. e
.
m
.*.&.fc*
The factor e considers the change in the density of a compressible fluid. For incompressible
fluids (e.g. water or air until a maximum velocity of 1 00 [m/s]) this factor has the value 1
,
otherwise it is tabulated in the DIN - Standards 1952.
The value a is the correction factor for the contraction of the fluid. It is a function of the
Reynold's number and the ratio m of the cross-sectional areas. This factor is also tabulated
in the DIN
-
Standards 1952. The table below shows an output of these standards.
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Correction factors for the contraction a = f (m
2
, Re) for standard nozzles in tubes with
smooth surfaces, valid for diameters D between 50 and 500 mm. Between the indicated
values of m (not m) can be interpolated linearly.
Jt 2- 10*
2.5 10 3- 10 4- 10* 6- 10* 7-10 10> 2- 10* 10* bi 2. 10*
t m>
ot
0.1000 0.01
0,8882 0.88(5 0,9895 0,9886
0.1414 0.02
0,8817 0.8924 0.9927 0.0(28
0.1733 0.03
0,9946 0.9954 0,9969 0,9990
0.3000 0.04 0.8788 0.9849 0.9883 0.9928 0.9951 0,9973 0,9984 0.(092 0.9994
0.2136 0.05 0,8833 0,9871 0,0900 0.(051 0.0(77 1,0002 1,0015 1.0026 1.0027
0.2449 0.06 0.(849 0.9896 0.0930 0,(070 1.0005 1.0033 1,0047 1.0050. 1.0061
0,3040 0.07 0.9870 0.9921 0.9906 1.0002 1.0033 1.0064 1,0080 1.0093 1.0096
0.3838 0.08 0.9907 0,9951 0,9084 1.0031 1.0063 1,0096 1.0113 1.0128 1.0130
0.3000 0,00 0.9939 0.9982 1.0014 1.0060 1,00(3 1.0128 1,0147 1,0163 1.0106
0.3103 0.10 0.9973 1.0015 1.0046 1.00(2 1.0125 1,0162 1,0182 1,0190 1.0202
0.3317 0.11 1.0009 1.0050 1.0080 1.0126 1.0150 1,0196 1.0217 1,0235 1.0238
0.3464 0.13 1.0048 1,0086 1.0116 1.0100 1.0184 1,0230 1,0253 1.0272 1,0276
0.340* 0.13 1.0088 1.0123 1,0153 1.0197 1.0230 1,0266 1,0280 1,0309 1,0312
0.3742 0.14 1,0129 1.0163 1,0192 1.0235 1.0267 1,0303 1,0338 1,0347 1.0360
0.3873 0.1S 1.0173 1.0206 1.0234 1.0274 1.0306 1,0341 1,0386 1,0386 1.0388 .
0.4000 0.16 1,0210 1.0261 1.0276 1.0310 1.0345 1,0380 1,0405 1,0424 1,0427 -
0.4133 0.J7 1,0266 1,0297 1.0321 1.0358 1.0386 1,0420 1.0446 1,0463 1,0417
0.4243 0,18 1,0315 1,0344 1.0367 1,0403 1.0428 1.0461 1.0486 1.0504 1.0507
0.4300 0.10 1,0310 1.0393 1,0415 1,0447 1,0472 1.0603 1.0627 1.0646 1.0547
0.4473 0.20 1,0418 1.0444 1,0404 1,0494 1.0517 1.0546 1,0569 1,0686 1.0689
0.4683 0.21 1.0472 1.0496 1,0516 1.0543 1,0063 1,0690 1,0612 1,0028 1,0031
0.46S0 0.22 1.0528 1.0560 1,0567 1.0593 1.0611 1,0631 1.0656 1,0071 1,0674
0.4700 0.23 1.0580 1,0606 1,0621 1.0044 1.0060 1.0682 1.0701 1,0716 1.0718
0.48B0 0.34 1.0645 1.0662 1.0677 1.0607 1,0710 1.0730 1.0740 1,0700 1,0762
0.5000 0.2S 1.0706 1,0721 1.0734 1.0751 1.0703 1.0779 1.07(3 1.0805 1,0807
0,5099 0,36 1.0769 1,0782 1.0792 1.0806 1.0816 1.0830 1.0841 1.0852 1,0854
O.SIM 0^7 1.0833 1.0844 1.0853 1.0864 1.0871 1,08(1 1.0890 1.0899 1.0901
0.83S3 0,38 1.0899 1.0908 1.0814 1.0933 1.0028 1,0934 1.0941 1.0948 1.0948
0.5385 0.20 1.0966 1.0972 1,0976 1,0982 1,0086
- 1,0989 1.0993 1.0998 1.0999
0.3477 0.30 1.1035
'
1,1037 1,1039 1,1042 1.1043 1.1045 1.1046 1,1049 1.1049
0,3568 0.31 1,1106 1,1106 1,1106 1.1104 1,1102 1,1101 1.1101 1,1101 1,1101
0.5057 0.32 1,1179 1,1176 1,1173 1.1168 1.1164 1.1150 1.1166 1.1 165 1,1164
0.S745 0.33 1,1253 1.1346 1.1341 1.1233 1.1326 1.1218 1.1214 1.1209 1.1208
0.5831 0,34 1.1329 1,1320 1,1312 1.1300 1.1290 1.1279 1.1272 1.1266 1.1264
0.6916 0.35 1.1407 1.1394 1.1384 1.1368 1.1306 1.1341 1.1332 1,1324 1,1321
0.0000 0.36 1.1466 1.1470 1.1457 1,1438 1.1423 1.1401 1.1394 1.1383 1,1370
0.0083 0.37 1.1567 1.1648 1.1632 1,1510 1.1493 1.1472 1,1457 1,1446 1.1439
0.0104 0.38 1.1650 1.1027 1,1609 1.1583 1.1664 1.1640 1,1623 1.1508 1.1601
0.6245 0.39 1.1734 1,1709 1,1888 1.1658 1.1636 1.1809 1.1590 1.1573 1,1665
0.6336 0.40 1,1821 1,1793 1,1768 1,1735 1.1711 1.1180 1.1660 1,1041 1,1630
0.6403 0.41 1.1909 1.1877 1.1861 1,1813 1,1788 1.1754 1.1731 1.1710 1.16(8
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;mi.:1=m.mct
4.2 Standard Orifices and Venturi-Nozzles
Orifices and Venturi-nozzles are standardized in the same way as above-mentioned
standard nozzles.
The following figure shows the two standard orifices distinguished only in the pressure taps.
V
>||
." 1
>:
T
-Jf
i L
A
X
I-
o
^
E
(0
a
> 4
(0
t
ki.
Si
3
*
"O
-1
g
a
V^f-|-S,s';S|
detail
A
"X"
AD
2
ft
4
S
"
^
i
*
A
G> /
^:V
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The following figure shows the two used Venturi nozzles distinguished only in the length of
the diffuser part.
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5. CALCULATION OF DENSITY
5.1 Requests. Calculation of Real Conditions
The methods based on the law of Bernoulli needs the knowledge of the density
p
of gas.
For simple gases like dry air this request makes normally no problem. In case of kiln gases
e.g. the density must be evaluated or approximated to the real condition.
p
=760[Torr}=760[mmHg}=-\ .01
325*1

7 =273.16[/C]=0[
o
C]
_/V_
m
2
or[Pa]
immHg}=-\33.322
N
m
2
or[Pa]
In case of air and in function of the relative humidity <p is almost invariant:
Table 1
cp
[%] p
[kg/m
3
]
100
80
60
1.290
1.290
1.291
Thus, the actual gas density
pg
can be found with the following correlation:
T
gPo
7"
G
-1 .01 325-1
5
where
pG
= actual static gas pressure [N/m
]
T
e
= actual gas temperature [K]
P
G
can be measured by adding the differential pressure between tube and the ambient to
the barometric pressure.
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5.2 Gas Compositions
Mainly in the field of kiln, the gas compositions can be very different so that their density
must be determining. The greatest influences to the density come from the components
carbondioxide (C02) and water content (H20, humidity). Often both components are
unknown and can't be measured easily, so that the user depend from approximations.
5.2.1 Calculation of a Heterogeneous Gas
Densit
y
of dry gas composition:
pndr
Component Content [%] Factor Part of Unit
C0
2
1.977 [kg/m
3
,N, dr.]
02 1.429 [kg/m
3
,N, dr.]
CO 1.25 [kg/m
3
,N, dr.]
N2 1.257 [kg/m
3
,N, dr.]
Z 1.000
P ndr
= [kg/m
3
,N, dr.]
Density of wet gas composition:
pnW=
pndr + Wo
1+/*
Where W =
fdr =
Water content
Wo
0.804
[kg/m n,dry]
[m
3
/m
3
n.dry]
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6.
6.1
PRACTICAL WORK IN GAS FLOW MEASUREMENT
Test Equipment
The measurement of the velocity profile and the volume flow is shown on a special test
equipment which is sketched in the following figure.
Prandtl-tube
Fan
Inlet nozzle
d = 250 [mm]
A = n . d
2
= 0.0491 [m
2
]
4
Fig. 1
The following measuring methods are demonstrated and applied:
1
)
Prandtl Tube: The velocity will be measured on several points of the cross sectional
area by means of which the average velocity and the volume rate will be calculated.
2) Anemometers: At the outlet of the test equipment the mean velocity will be measured
with two different anemometers.
3) Fan Characteristics: With the knowledge of the characteristic curves of the fan given
by the supplier, the volume rate is determined by the pressure difference of the fan and
the revolutions of the fan.
4)
Inlet Nozzle (Piezometer): At the suction side of the fan an inlet nozzle is attached.
This nozzle is calibrated and the volume rate can be calculated by means of the
pressure difference between the nozzle inlet and ambient.
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6.2 The Prandtl Tube
Prandtl tubes are mainly used for speed measurements of gaseous mediums. The
application of a Prandtl tube is suitable for following measurements:
Higher Temperatures (Until 500C, depending of construction materials)
Few dust loaded gas flows (approx. 50 g/m
3
max.)
Only for higher gas velocities (approx. 10 m/s min.)
The density of the medium must be known
The Prandtl tube itself is a very simple and cheap measuring instrument. Because the
measuring is selectively for an integral gas flow measurement several measuring points
must be measured. Therefore, the time consumption for the measurement itself and the
evaluation is considerable.
Most application in cement industry for Prandtl tubes are:
Air output of grate coolers
Riser ducts
Tertiary air ducts
etc.
Generally, the application of Prandtl tubes are indicated when other instruments e.g.
anemometers as a result of high temperatures or other reasons cannot be used.
If a Prandtl tube is put into a flowing medium, the following pressures are produced:
pstat., pG
w
pstat.
v
'
&T C fi" l
ptot.
w =
Fig.2
Water
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The total pressure P
tot
acts on the ball-shaped measuring head, composed of the static
pressure P
stat
and the dynamic pressure. The Bernoulli-equation formulated from the point
(ambient point) to the point 1 (pressure point) states:
Pstat+^-w
2
=Ptot
totalpressure
T Adynamicpressure (1
)
staticpressure
The flow speed is only influenced by the dynamic pressure:
W=J
(Ptot-Pstat)
(2)
Its value is obtained from the difference of the total pressure P
tot
and the static pressure P
stat
read on a differential pressure gauge.
(Ptot-Pstat)= w&
h (3)
From equation (2) and
(3)
w =
J2-g-^-h
(4)
PS: Prandtl tubes are insensitive to deviations from the flow direction up to an angle of
about 10 only (See chapter 3, Fig 2)
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6.2.1 Calculation of the Gas Density
Theoretically, the real gas density
pG,
considering the humidity, should be calculated by
determination of the water content or the dew point. The influence of the humidity is only
relevant in case of high temperature and high water contents, e.g. exhaust gas of the kiln.
In the case at hand the density of moist air on standard conditions
N
p
=760[Torr]=760[mmHg]=1 .01 325-1
J
T =273.16[K}=0[
o
C]
m'
or[Pa]
l[mmHg]=1 33.322
_N_
m
2
or[Pa]
N
1[mbar]=10
2
[-r]or[Pa]
m
and in function of the relative humidity
9
is almost invariant:
Table 1
<p [%] p
[kg/m
3
]
100
80
60
1.290
1.290
1.291
Thus, the actual gas density
pG
can be found with the following correlation:
Pg=Po
T
G Po
7
G
-1 .01 325-1
5
(5)
where
pG
= actual static gas pressure [N/m
]
T
G
= actual gas temperature [K]
P
G
can be measured by adding the differential pressure AP
S
between the tube and the
ambient to the barometric pressure.
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6.2.2 Numerical Calculation of Density
Barometric pressure Pa
=
[mbar]
= 10
5
[N/m
2
]
Static pressure Ps
=
[mmW]
)
=
-10
5
[N/m
2
]
Gas pressure Pg =
pa
+ P
s
= -10
5
[N/m
2
]
Gas temperature t
G
=
[C]
T
G
=
+ 273[K]
Pg
=1,20
273-
1&P
pG
=1 .2&
T
G
-1 .01 325-1
0"
273.16 -10

..1.01 325-1
6
m
3
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6.3 Calculation of the Gas Velocity
With the knowledge of the gas density
pG
the gas velocity can be calculated by the following
equation
(6)
1000
The velocity in the given tube is not constant over the cross section and a certain velocity
profile appears:
For this reason the average velocity must be found. This is made by an integration of the
local velocities over the cross sectional area.
In order to split the integration in discrete values, the cross sectional area was shared in
equal-sized concentric sections, each including four measuring points (two on each
measuring axis). The locations where the pressure measurement are to be carried out
depend on the desired total number of measuring points to be made on each measuring
axis (see Table 2 and Figure 4).
Table 2
12 measuring
points
10 measuring
points
8 measuring
points
6 measuring
points
1 0.022 x D 0.025 x D 0.032 x D 0.043 x D
2 0.067 x D 0.080 x D 0.105 xD 0.146 xD
3 0.118 xD 0.145 xD 0.194 xD 0.296 x D
4 0.177 xD 0.225 x D 0.323 x D 0.704 x D
5 0.250 x D 0.340 x D 0.677 x D 0.853 x D
6 0.356 x D 0.660 x D 0.806 x D 0.957 x D
7 0.644 x D 0.775 x D 0.895 x D
8 0.750 x D 0.855 x D 0.968 x D
9 0.823 x D 0.920 x D
10 0.882 x D 0.975 x D
11 0.933 x D
12 0.979 x D
(D = Diameter)
For this measurement six points are taken
Page 412 Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
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!M1.H;J:M.MT
j*'<-
Reference mark
a = 244 [mm]
D = 250 [mm]
Distance from inside wall
Si
= 9.043
D = 1 1 mm
s
2
= 0.146

D = 37mm
Distance from a reference mark
Xt
=
St +a = 235 mm
x
2
= S
2
+ a = 261 mm
Fig.4
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!MMJ:J:M?ITM
Table 3
Axis Point Distance from
inside wall
[cm]
Distance from
reference
mark
[cm]
Ah*
[mmW]
Ah
[mW]
Velocity (see 6)
w = ..>/ h
[m/s]
A 1 1.1 23.5
A 2 3.7 26.1
A 3 7.4 29.8
A 4 17.6 40.0
A 5 21.3 43.7
A 6 23.9 46.3
B 1 1.1 23.5
B 2 3.7 26.1
B 3 7.4 29.8
B 4 17.6 40.0
B 5 21.3 43.7
B 6 23.9 46.3
-
Ytv
12
6.4 Calculation of the Gas Flow Rate
a) Operating conditions
V=A
T
w=0.0491
b) Standard conditions
Vo=V
G
-=. ^^
G
P
1-29
nr
Nm
3
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iMM^lif-IMCT
6.5 Anemometers
6.5.1 Type A (Vane Wheel Anemometers)
12.7
Off 5s 22s
I I L J L_J
- Measuring range 0..40 (0..80) [m/s
- Temp, range max. 140 [C]
- Dust sensitive
D an
D DD
D a a
D a
- Measuring range 0..20 [m/s]
- Temperature range -10..+240 [C]
- Less dust sensitive
Fig.5
A: Vane wheel Anemoneter B: Thermal gasflow meter-
The revolutions of the vane, being proportional to the gas velocity, have directly been
measured by an electronic sensor. The instrument integrates the number of revolutions by a
certain time and the indication is in meter per second:
m
w
A
=..
V=A
T
w
A
=0.0491-.
m
J
Vane wheel anemometers are independent of gas condition.
6.5.2 Type B Thermal Anemometers
Thermal gas flow meters were based on the principle of heat transfer from an electrical
heated body to the ambient medium (gas) depending from the relative velocity between
body and medium. The probe consists of a heated temperature sensor and two additional
temperature sensors. The first sensor measures the temperature of the heated sensor and
the second the temperature of the medium. The temperature difference between heated
sensor and the medium contains the information for calculating the gas velocity with the aid
of an integrated micro processor.
The indication of thermal gasflow anemometers is depending from gas conditions:
specific heat
conductivity
density
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000 Page 415
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'HOLDERBANK'
The calibration is normally based on the medium air. For other gases (kiln gases) correction
factors should be used. Tables with such factors are available from the suppliers.
6.5.3 Vortex Anemometers (not used in practical work)
When a object is inserted in a flowing fluid then a vortex tail, known as Karman vortex
street, arises. Karman found (about 1912) out, that depending on the velocity a constant
relation exists between vortex interval and vortex sequence behind a cylindrical body in a
current. He also observed that at constant flow velocity the vortex frequency downstream
remains practically constant.
Vortex anemometers are independent of gas conditions like density, pressure and
temperature until 1 80C. Vortex measuring probes have no moving parts. They are robust,
reliable and corrosion-resistant. Even in rough conditions as dust loaded fluids a high fatigue
strength is ensured.
6.6 Characteristic Curves of the Fan
The supplier establishes the fan characteristics by measuring the difference between the
static pressure at the fan outlet and the total pressure at the fan inlet in function of the
revolutions of the fan and the volume rate. This measurement is given by the following
diagram.
Measured under
following conditions
to = 20 [C]
Pamb = 1 [bar]
PS: For most fans in cement plants, it is satisfactory to assume that the fan's static
pressure is the difference between the static pressure at the inlet (here atmospheric
pressure) and outlet of the fans.
Page 416 Hoiderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
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Process Technology III
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!MM=U:M?ITaa
6.6.1 Measurements
n
=
[rpm]
Ap = [mbar]
From the given diagram by the supplier: Vf^L rm7sl
Test Fan Laboratory Hall
15Z2^Ll
1 1.5
Gas flow [m3&]
2.5
6.7 INLET NOZZLE
Po
Wo~0
(ambient)
Fig. 8
%w_
^^^i
..- *'.
.1
"piS An
T
1
w
- -
1
Equation of Bernoulli:
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000 Page 417
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'HOLDERBANK'
p Wo p<
w;
Pa
2
pG
2
(7) (8)
w,=
Pg
Continuity condition:
V
f
=
.A
N
-
Wl
= A.-J^lEi)
(9)
V G
U
-
Tube manometer:
(p -Pi)
=
pw g
Ah
(10)
From equations
(9) and (10) :
V
f
=aA
N
-
kg-^Ah
(11)
V
Pg
a = 0.93 [-] (measured by the
supplier)
A
N
= 0.1244 [m
2
]
Pn
= 1000 [kg/m
3
)
pG
= [kg/m
3
)
(see 2.2)
Ah = [mm W] 0.001 [mWC]
0.93-0. 1 244,2-9.81-^^-
V, = [m
3
/s]
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!r.:iiM?rr
6.8 Manometers
6.8.1 Inclined Stationary Manometer
Fig. 9
PS: On the instrument itself mostly not the angle a is indicated but directly the value of sin
a, e.g.
1 : 5 = 0.2 = 1 1
.5
1 : 2 = 0.5 = 30.0
The angle of the used manometer is fixed and the scale is calibrated in mm W
> Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000 Page 419
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SYMBOL LIST OF GAS FLOW MEASUREMENT
A [m
2
]
Cross section area
d [m] Diameter of the smallest aperture
D [m] Diameter of the tube
h [m] Height of Liquidcolumn
m [-] Cross section area ratio m = d
2
/ D
2
rh [kg/s] Mass flow rate
P
[N / m
2
]
Pressure
V [m
3
/s] Volume flow rate
w [m/s] Velocity
a [-] Correction factor for the contraction
<P [%]
Humidity
8 [-] Correction factor if fluid is compressible
P
[kg/m
3
]
Density
fdr [m
3
/m
3
dry] Water content (Volume)
W [kg/m
3
n.dry] Water content (Mass)
Page 420 Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000