Quadratic Functions

1. (b), (c), (d), (e) and (h)

1
1
(d) f(x) = 2 (x 3)2 +
2
4
1


= (x 3)2 +
2

2. f(x) = 4x2 8x + 6
When x = 2,
f(2) = 4(2)2 8(2) + 6

= 16 + 16 + 6

= 38

1
Therefore, the minimum value is .
2
1
2
(e) f(x) = [6 (x + 1) ] + 5
3
1


= 2 (x + 1)2 + 5
3
1


= (x + 1)2 + 7
3

Therefore, the maximum value is 7.

3. f(x) = x2 3x + 2
When f(x) = 0,
x2 3x + 2 = 0
(x 1)(x 2) = 0

x 1 = 0 or x 2 = 0

x = 1 or x = 2

(f) The minimum value is 3.

8. (a) f(x) = x2 4x + 2

4. f(x) = 3x2 + 5x 1
When f(x) = 1,

3x2 + 5x 1 = 1
3x2 + 5x 1 1 = 0

3x2 5x + 2 = 0
(3x 2)(x 1) = 0

3x 2 = 0 or x 1 = 0
2 or

x =
x = 1
3
5. (a)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(f)

4 2
4 2
= x2 4x + + 2
2
2

= (x 2)2 4 + 2

= (x 2)2 2
Hence, the minimum value is 2.

1 2 1 2

(b) f(x) = 2x2 + 6x 5

= 2(x2 + 3x) 5
3 2
3


= 2 x2 + 3x +
2
2

6. (a) Two different real roots

(b) One real root or two similar real roots
(c) No real roots

1 2 1 245
2

3 2 9
=2 x+ 5
2
4

3
9
=2x+ 5
2
2

3 2 19
= 2 x +
2
2

19
Hence, the minimum value is .
2

(c)

31

(c) f(x) = x2 + 5x

7. (a) The minimum value is 3.

(b) The maximum value is 4.
(c) The minimum value is 10.

5 2
5
= x2 + 5x +
2
2
2
5
25
= x +
2
4

1 2 1 2

25
Hence, the minimum value is .
4

(d) f(x) = 6x x2


= (x2 6x)

(i) f(x) = (1 4x)(x + 2)

= x + 2 4x2 8x


= 4x2 7x + 2
7


= 4 x2 + x + 2
4
7
7 2
7 2


= 4 x2 + x + + 2
4
8
8
2
7
49


= 4 x + + 2
8
64
2
7
49


= 4 x + + + 2
16
8
2
81
7


= 4 x + +
16
8
81

Hence, the maximum value is .
16

6 2
6 2
= x2 6x +
2
2

= [(x 3)2 9]

= (x 3)2 + 9
Hence, the maximum value is 9.

1 2 1 24

1 2 1 24

2 2
2 2

= 2 x 2x +
2
2

= 2[(x 1)2 1]

= 2(x 1)2 + 2
Hence, the maximum value is 2.

31

9. (a) f(x) = x2 4

Therefore, the minimum point is (0, 4).

(f) f(x) = 4x 2x2

= 2x2 + 4x


= 2(x2 2x)

1 2 1 24

1 2 1 24

(e) f(x) = 3 4x x2


= x2 4x + 3


= (x2 + 4x) + 3
4 2
4 2


= x2 + 4x + + 3
2
2


= [(x + 2)2 4] + 3


= (x + 2)2 + 4 + 3


= (x + 2)2 + 7

Hence, the maximum value is 7.

f(x)

12

f (x)
12

(g) f(x) = 10 + 5x 3x


= 3x2 + 5x + 10
5


= 3 x2 x + 10
3
2

5 2 25
= 3 x + 10
6
36

5
25
= 3 x + + 10
12
6

5 2 145
= 3 x +
12
6

145
Hence, the maximum value is .
12

1 2 1 2 4 + 10

31
1
1

f(x)

32

8
5
1 0

(c) f(x) = 8 x2

Therefore, the maximum point is (0, 8).

1 2 1 243

32

31

f (x)

(b) f(x) = 3x2 + 5

Therefore, the minimum point is (0, 5).

(h) f(x) = (2x 1)(x + 3)

= 2x2 + 5x 3
5


= 2 x2 + x 3
2
5
5 2
5


= 2 x2 + x +
2
4
4
2
5
25


= 2 x + 3
16
4
2
5
25


= 2 x + 3
4
8
2
5
49


= 2 x +
4
8

5
5 2
5
= 3 x x +
3
6
6
2

0
4

AB
8

f(x)

f (x)
8

49
Hence, the minimum value is .
8



0
3 
8 1


8 3

(d) f(x) = 10 2x2

Therefore, the maximum point is (0, 10).

(g) f(x) = (x 3)2 + 5

Therefore, the maximum point is (3, 5).

AB
5

f(x)

22

f(x)

20

f (x)

5 3 + AB
5
3 AB
0

f (x)

0
8


5

2 40 3 5

(3, 5)

10
3 
5

3 + 5 6

22

(e)

20

f(x) = x(x + 2)

= x2 + 2x

= x2 + 2x + 12 12

= (x + 1)2 1
Therefore, the minimum point is (1, 1).

(h)

f(x) = x2 + 4x + 5

= x2 + 4x + 22 22 + 5

= (x + 2)2 + 1
Therefore, the minimum point is (2, 1).

f(x)

f(x)

10

f (x)

f (x)
8

10
5
2 0
(1,1)

1 2 1
= 2 x 1
4
8

1 2 9
=2x
4
8

1
9
Therefore, the minimum point is (, ).
4
8

1 2 1 248

1 2 1 2 4 1

x
1

(i) f(x) = 2x2 + 6x 8

= 2(x2 + 3x) 8
3 2
3


= 2 x2 + 3x +
2
2
2
3
9


=2 x+ 8
2
4
2
3
9


=2x+ 8
2
2
2
3
25


= 2 x +
2
2

31

1 2
1
= 2 x 1
16
4

(f) f(x) = (x 1)(2x + 1)

= 2x2 x 1
x


= 2 x2 1
2
x
1 2
1


= 2 x2 +
2
4
4

1
3

(2, 1)

f(x)

31

3
25
Therefore, the minimum point is ( , ).
2
2
x

f(x)

12

f(x)
12

f(x)
5

2
0
1

1
1
2

1
1
9
,
4
8

0
8

3 25
)
( ,
2
2

x
1 2

(j) f(x) = (x 4)2

Therefore, the minimum point is (4, 0).
x

f(x)

16

(c) x2 3x 4 . 0

(x 4)(x + 1) . 0
f (x)

f (x)

1
0

4 5

The range of values of x is x , 1 or x . 4.

f (x)

f(x) = x2 + 6x 9

= (x2 6x) 9

= (x2 6x + 32 32) 9

= [(x 3)2 9] 9

= (x 3)2
Therefore, the maximum point is (3, 0).
x

f(x)

(3, 0)

0 1

f (x)

0
1

(d) 2x2 + 5x 3 , 0

(2x 1)(x + 3) , 0

(k)

1 0

16

1
The range of values of x is 3 , x , .
2

(e)

( x


(x

3)(x + 2) <
x2 x 6 <
x2 x 2 <
2)(x + 1) <

4
4
0
0
f (x)

x
4

1 0

The range of values of x is 1 < x < 2.

(f)

(2x 1)(x 3) <

2x2 6x x + 3 <
2x2 11x + 15 <
(x 3)(2x 5) <

10. (a) x(x 2) > 0
f (x)

4(x 3)
4x 12
0
0

f (x)

x
2

The range of values of x is x < 0 or x > 2.

(b) (x 3)(x 4) < 0

f (x)

5
The range of values of x is < x < 3.
2
x2 + 4

< 2x 1
5

x2 + 4 < 5(2x 1)

x2 + 4 < 10x 5
2
x 10x + 9 < 0
(x 1)(x 9) < 0

(g)

x
3

The range of values of x is 3 < x < 4.

x
5 3

f (x)

f (x)

0 1

The range of values of x is 1 < x < 9.

(h)

x(1 4x) ,
x 4x2 5x + 8 ,
4x2 4x + 8 ,

x2 + x 2 .
(x + 2)(x 1) .

x
1

The range of values of x is x < 3 or x > 1.

5x 8
0
0
0
0

5.
x 3 < (1 3x)(x 3)

x 3 < x 3 3x2 + 9x
3x2 9x x + 3 + x 3 < 0

3x2 9x < 0

3x(x 3) < 0

f (x)

f (x)

x
1

The range of values of x is x , 2 or x . 1.

The range of values of x is 0 < x < 3.

6. (a) f(x) = x2 + 6px + 1 4p2


= (x2 6px) + 1 4p2
6p 2
6p 2


= x2 6px + + 1 4p2
2
2


= [(x 3p)2 9p2] + 1 4p2


= (x 3p)2 + 9p2 + 1 4p2


= (x 3p)2 + 1 + 5p2

The maximum value given is q2 p.

Therefore, q2 p = 1 + 5p2


5p2 + p + 1 = q2

1 + 7
1. (a) x-coordinate of the maximum part =
2


=4

Therefore, the equation of the axis of symmetry
is x = 4.
(b) f(x) = p (x + q)2


= 5 (x 4)2

1 2 1 24

(b) x = 3 is symmetrical axis

3p = 3

p = 1

2. (a) y = (x p) + 5
0+4

x-coordinate of the minimum point =
2


=2

Hence, the value of p is 2.
2

(b) The equation of the axis of symmetry is x = 2.

(c) The coordinates of the minimum point is (2, 5).

Substitute p = 1 into 5p2 + p + 1 = q2,

5(1)2 + 1 + 1 = q2

q2 = 7

q = AB
7
7
Hence, p = 1, q = AB

3. (a) f(x) = 2(x 3)2 + k

p is the x-coordinate of the minimum point.

Therefore, p = 3.
(b) k is the minimum value of f(x).

Therefore, k = 4.

4 + 0
1. x-coordinate of maximum point =
2


= 2

(c) The equation of the axis of symmetry is x = 3.

Equation of the axis of symmetry is x = 2

4.
x(x + 2) > 3
x2 + 2x 3 > 0
(x + 3)(x 1) > 0

 2. Let x be the x-coordinate of A

0 + x = 3

2

x = 6
The coordinates of A is (6, 4).

1
x + p = 0 when x = 1,
2
1
1 + p = 0
2
1

p = 1
2

p = 2

3. Let x be the x-coordinate of A

x + 6 = 2

2

x = 4 6

x = 2
The coordinates of A is (2, 0).

8. Given (p, 2q) is the minimum point of

y = 2x2 4x + 5
= 2(x2 2x) + 5
= 2(x2 2x + 12 12) + 5
= 2[(x 1)2 1] + 5
= 2(x 1)2 2 + 5
= 2(x 1)2 + 3

0+8
4. x-coordinate of A =
2


=4

2q = 3
3
q =
2

Let C be the centre of OB,

A

p 1 = 0
p = 1

9. (a)

AC2 = OA2 OC2

= 52 42
= 9
AC = 3
The coordinates of A is (4, 3).

(b) y = x2 2(1)x + 1

= x2 + 2x + 1

= (x + 1)2

0+4
5. x-coordinate of minimum point =
2

=2
x-coordinate of minimum point for the image is 2.

y = (x 2)2 1
When y = 0,
(x 2)2 1 = 0
(x 2)2 = 1

x 2 = 1

x = 1 + 2

= 1, 3

Hence, A is (1, 0) and B is (3, 0).

Since 13 is the maximum value,

then 15 + k = 13

k = 2
11. f(x) = 2x2 6x + 7

= 2(x2 3x) + 7
3 2
3

= 2 x2 3x +
2
2
2
3
9

=2 x +7
2
4
2
3
9

=2x +7
2
2
2
3
5

=2x +
2
2

1 2
7. f(x) = 2k + 1 x + p
2
Given (1, k) is the maximum point.
Therefore, 2k + 1 = k

k = 1

Minimum value of y is 0.

10. f(x) = x2 8x + k 1

= (x2 + 8x) + k 1

= (x2 + 8x + 42 42) + k 1

= [(x + 4)2 16] + k 1

= (x + 4)2 + 16 + k 1

= (x + 4)2 + 15 + k

6. (a) y = (x p)2 + q and minimum point is (2, 1)

Hence, p = 2 and q = 1
(b)

Since (1, 4) is the point on y = x2 2kx + 1,

substitute x = 1, y = 4 into the equation,
4 = 12 2k(1) + 1
2k = 2
k = 1

3
31

1 2 1 24+7
2 4

3 5
The minimum point is (, ).
2 2

Maximum point is (2, 1).

f(x)

15

10

f (x)

1 0

15

3
(2, 1)

5
3
5
,
2 2

10

The range is 10 < y < 1.

5
The range is < f(x) < 15.
2

15. y = 9 (x 3)2
Maximum point is (3, 9).

12. f(x) = 5 4x 2x2

= 2x2 4x + 5

= 2(x2 + 2x) + 5

= 2(x2 + 2x + 12 12) + 5

= 2[(x + 1)2 1] + 5

= 2(x + 1)2 + 2 + 5

= 2(x + 1)2 + 7

y
(3, 9)
7

When f(x) = 1,
2(x + 1)2 + 7 = 1
2(x + 1)2 = 8

(x + 1)2 = 4

x + 1 = 2

x = 2 1

= 3 or 1

1 0

6 7

The range is 0 < y < 9.

16.
3x2 , x
3x2 x , 0
x(3x 1) , 0

13. y = (x 3)2 4
Minimum point is (3, 4).

f (x)

12

12

1
The range is 0 , x , .
3

1 0

3x x2 , 1

2

3x x2 , 2
x2 + 3x 2 , 0
x2 3x + 2 . 0
(x 1)(x 2) . 0

17.

x
1

5 6
(3, 4)

The range is 4 < y < 12.

f (x)

14. y = x2 + 4x 5
= (x2 4x) 5
= (x2 4x + 22 22) 5
= [(x 2)2 4] 5
= (x 2)2 + 4 5
= (x 2)2 1

x
1

The range is x , 1 or x . 2.


(b) Let f (x) = a(x b)2 + c

f(x) = a(x 2)2 + 0

f(x) = a(x 2)2

18. Given that x 2y = 1,

\ x = 1 + 2y........................................ 1
Substitute 1 into y + 3 > 2xy,

y + 3 > 2(1 + 2y)y

y + 3 > 2y + 4y2

0 > 4y2 + y 3

0 > (4y 3)(y + 1)

f (y)

Substitute x = 0, f(x) = 3 into the equation,

3 = a(0 2)2
= 4a
3
a =
4
Hence, the quadratic function is
3
f(x) = (x 2)2.
4

22. (a) Given 2x2 3y + 2 = 0

3y = 2x2 + 2
2x2
2


y = + . ...............1
3
3

Substitute 1 into y , 10,
2x2
2

+ , 10


3
3


2x2 + 2 , 30


2x2 28 , 0


x2 14 , 0

(x + ABB
14 )(x ABB
14 ) , 0

3
The range is 1 < y < .
4
19.
f(x) , 0
5x2 4x 1 , 0
(5x + 1)(x 1) , 0
f (x)

f (x)

1 0

1
The range is , x , 1.
5
20.
g(x) . 0

4x2 9 . 0
(2x + 3)(2x 3) . 0
g(x)

x
3

3
3
The range is x , or x . .
2
2


14

x

14

14 , x , ABB
14 .
The range is ABB

(b)

2x2 8x 10 = 2(x2 4x) 10

= 2(x2 4x + 22 22) 10

= 2[(x 2)2 4] 10

= 2(x 2)2 8 10

= 2(x 2)2 18

Therefore, a = 2, b = 2 and c = 18

Hence, the minimum value of 2x2 8x 10 is

18.

23. 5 2x < 0
2x < 5
5

x >
2
5

x >
2

21. (a) Since y = 3x2 9x + t . 0 for all values of x and

it does not have root when y = 0.

Then, b2 4ac , 0 for 3x2 9x + t = 0

(9)2 4(3)(t) , 0


81 12t , 0


12t , 81
81


t .
12
27


t .
4

3x2 4x . 1
3x2 4x + 1 . 0
(3x 1)(x 1) . 0
f (x)

x
1

1
x , , x . 1
3

 26. x2 + 5x 10 . 4

5 2x 0

x2 + 5x 10 , 4
x2 + 5x 6 , 0
(x + 6)(x 1) , 0

1 1
5

3
2

x2 + 5x 10 . 4
x2 + 5x 14 . 0
(x + 7)(x 2) . 0
f (x)

f (x)

3x2 4x > 1

3x2 4x . 1
5
The range is x > .
2

24. 5 ,
f(x) , 9
5 , 5 3x + x2 , 9
5 , 5 3x + x2
0 , x2 3x
0 , x(x 3)

x
7

6 , x , 1

x
1 0

x , 0, x . 3

x
4

1 , x , 4
x<0

3 4

Use
b2 4ac , 0,
(6)2 4(2)(9 k) , 0

36 72 + 8k , 0

36 + 8k , 0

8k , 36
36

k ,
8
9

k ,
2

1 < x < 4

The range is 1 , x , 0 or 3 , x , 4.
25. 1 > x2 + 3x 3 . 3
1 > x2 + 3x 3
,
0 > x2 + 3x 4
0 > (x + 4)(x 1)

x2 + 3x 3 . 3
x2 + 3x . 0
x(x + 3) . 0

f (x)

x , 7, x . 2

28. Given that f(x) = 9 6x + 2x2 does not have real root
when f(x) = k,
\ 9 6x + 2x2 = k
2x2 6x + 9 k = 0

x>3

1 0

x
2

27. f(x) = (r + 1)x2 + 2rx + r 3

Given that f(x) does not intersect the x-axis,
therefore
b2 4ac , 0
(2r)2 4(r + 1)(r 3) , 0
4r2 4(r2 2r 3) , 0
4r2 4r2 + 8r + 12 , 0

2r + 3 , 0
3

r ,
2

f (x)

The range are 6 < x < 1, x < 7, x > 2.

5 3x + x2 , 9
5 3x + x2 9 , 0
x2 3x 4 , 0
(x 4)(x + 1) , 0

f (x)

0 1

f (x)

29. 2x2 + 10x 20 < 8

8 < 2x2 + 10x 20 < 8

x
1

8 < 2x2 + 10x 20

0 < 2x2 + 10x 12
0 < x2 + 5x 6
0 < (x + 6)(x 1)

x , 3, x . 0

4 < x < 1

2x2 + 10x 20 <

2x2 + 10x 28 <
x2 + 5x 14 <
(x + 7)(x 2) <

f (x)

8
0
0
0

f (x)

4 x 1

4 3
x < 3

0 1
6

x>0

0 1

x < 6, x > 1

The range is 4 < x , 3 or 0 , x < 1.

x
7

7 < x < 2

x
2

x 6

The equation y = x2 + 2x nx + 16

y = x2 + 2x 2x + 16
22 2
22 2

= x + + 16
2
2

= x2 + 16

x1

76

1 2
7 x 2

30. y = x2 + 5x 6

1 2 152 2

1
1

2
2

Substitute x = 4, y = 0 into y = x2 3k,

0 = 42 3k
0 = 16 3k
16
k =
3

49
5
The minimum point is ( , ).
2
4
x

13

98

18

32. (a) y = 2[(3k x)2 + n] 10 has a maximum point

(4, 11).

98

0
6 1 3

5 ,
49

2
4

49
The range is , y , 98.
4
31. y = x2 + 2x nx + 16
= x2 + (2 n)x + 16
= [x2 (2 n)x] + 16
2n 2
2n
= x2 (2 n)x +
2
2
2
2
n
2

n
2

= x + 16
2
2
2
n
2

n 2
2

= x + + 16
2
2

2 1

31

2 1

24

2 1

y = 2(3k x)2 2n 10
\ 3k 4 = 0 and 2n 10 = 11
4
2n = 21

k =
3
21


n =
2

21
4
(b) Substitute k = and n = into
3
2

y = 2[(3k x)2 + n] 10,
21

y = 2 (4 x)2 10
2

= 2(4 x)2 + 21 10

= 2(4 x)2 + 11

18

13

When y = 0,
x2 + 16 = 0

x2 = 16
16

x = ABB

= 4
Therefore, B = (4, 0)

The range is 7 < x < 6 or 1 < x < 2.

5 2
= x2 + 5x +
2
2
25
5
= x +
2
4
2
49
5
= x +
2
4

2 1

2 4 + 16
2

When y = 0,
2(4 x)2 + 11 = 0

2(4 x)2 = 11
11

(4 x)2 =
2
11

4 x =
2
11

x = 4
2
11
11

= 4 , 4 +
2
2

= 1.655, 6.345

ABBB
ABBB
ABBB ABBB

(c) y = 2(4 x)2 + 11

The maximum point is (4, 11).

Since y = x2 3k and y = x2 + 2x nx + 16 have the

same axis of symmetry that is x = 0.
2n
then = 0
2

2 n = 0

n = 2

10

39

21

(b) Substitute k = 20 into y = 4x2 2kx + 6k,

y = 4x2 40x + 120

(4, 11)
(5, 9)
0

(1, 39)

The range is 39 < y < 11.

1 + x = 3
33. (a)
2


x = 6 1


= 5

Therefore, B(5, 0)

q 1 = 6
q = 5

34. (a) f(x) = 2x2 + 12x + p

= 2(x2 6x) + p

= 2(x2 6x + 32 32) + p

= 2[(x 3)2 9] + p

= 2(x 3)2 + 18 + p
Given f(x) = a(x + b)2 + 18
By comparison,
a = 2, b = 3, p = 0

(b) The turning point is (3, 18).

35. (a) y = 4x2 2kx + 6k has a minimum value of 20

2k x + 6k
y = 4 x2
4
k
k 2
k
2
= 4 x x +
2
4
4
k 2
k2 + 6k
=4 x
16
4
k 2
k2 + 6k
=4x
4
4

1 2 1 2 4 + 6k

31

Substitute k = 4 into y = 4x2 2kx + 6k,

y = 4x2 8x + 24

= 4(x2 2x) + 24

= 4[x2 2x + (1)2 (1)2] + 24

= 4[(x 1)2 4]

= 4[(x 1)2 1] + 24

= 4(x 1)2 4 + 24

= 4(x 1)2 + 20

Hence, the axis of symmetry is x = 1.

1
3
31
1

(c) The turning point is (3, 6).

(c)

36. f(x) = 2x2 + kx 4r

k x 4r

= 2 x2 +
2
kx+
k 2
k 2 4r

= 2 x2 +
2
4
4
k 2
k2 4r

=2 x+
16
4
2
2
k
k

= 2 x + 4r
4
8
k = 0 when x = k2
3,
x+
4
4
3
k
2
Therefore, k + = 0
4
4

4k2 3 + k = 0

4k2 + k 3 = 0

(4k 3)(k + 1) = 0
3

k = 1 or
2
4
k 4r = k

8
1 4r = 1
When k = 1,
8
1

4r = 1
8
7

=
8
7

r =
32
9

16
3
3
When k = , 4r =
4
4
8
9
3

4r =
128
4
9
3

4r =
128
4

(b) 3 p = 0

p = 3

The equation of the curve after reflection about

the y-axis is y = 4x2 + 40x + 120.

21

Given minimum value of y = 20.

k2 + 6k = 20
Therefore,
4

k2 + 24k = 80

k2 24k + 80 = 0

(k 20)(k 4) = 0

k = 4 or 20

11

1 2 1 24
2
4
2

9 + 96
=
128
105
=
128
105
r =
512