1 1

UK
UK
-
-
UbiNet
UbiNet
Workshop
Workshop
London, 25
London, 25
-
-
26 September 2003
26 September 2003
Evolution of Mobile
Evolution of Mobile
Communications Systems
Communications Systems
John Dunlop
John Dunlop
Mobile Communications Group
Mobile Communications Group
University of Strathclyde
University of Strathclyde
Glasgow, Scotland
Glasgow, Scotland
2 2
Outline of Talk
Outline of Talk

Outline of the differences between wired and wireless
Outline of the differences between wired and wireless
communication systems
communication systems

Introduction the paradigm shift in wireless systems
Introduction the paradigm shift in wireless systems

The
The
Infostation
Infostation
Concept
Concept

Future service delivery options
Future service delivery options

The role of a Personal Distributed Environment (PDE) in
The role of a Personal Distributed Environment (PDE) in
evolving wireless networks
evolving wireless networks

Conclusions
Conclusions
3 3
Radio Environment
Radio Environment

Mobile Communication Systems use Radio Frequencies
Mobile Communication Systems use Radio Frequencies

Radio spectrum is a finite resource and the amount of
Radio spectrum is a finite resource and the amount of
spectrum available for mobile communications is
spectrum available for mobile communications is
strictly limited
strictly limited

The radio environment is subject to multipath
The radio environment is subject to multipath
propagation, shadow fading and interference and is not
propagation, shadow fading and interference and is not
therefore an ideal transmission medium
therefore an ideal transmission medium

The subscriber is able to move and this movement must
The subscriber is able to move and this movement must
be accommodated by the communications system
be accommodated by the communications system
4 4
Sharing of Resources
Sharing of Resources

A fixed amount of radio spectrum is allocated to mobile
A fixed amount of radio spectrum is allocated to mobile
communications systems.
communications systems.

This spectrum must be re
This spectrum must be re
-
-
used many times to
used many times to
accommodate the massive demands.
accommodate the massive demands.

Re
Re
-
-
using radio frequencies causes interference.
using radio frequencies causes interference.

Cellular planning is designed to keep interference at
Cellular planning is designed to keep interference at
acceptable levels.
acceptable levels.

The next slide illustrates the main principle of frequency
The next slide illustrates the main principle of frequency
re
re
-
-
use.
use.
5 5
Cellular Layout
Cellular Layout
f4 f4
f5 f5
f6 f6
f1 f1 f7 f7
f3 f3 f2 f2 f4 f4
f5 f5
f6 f6
f1 f1 f7 f7
f3 f3 f2 f2
f4 f4
f5 f5
f6 f6
f1 f1 f7 f7
f3 f3 f2 f2
f4 f4
f5 f5
f6 f6
f1 f1 f7 f7
f3 f3 f2 f2
fixed network fixed network
MSC MSC
6 6
Frequency re
Frequency re
-
-
use and
use and
Interference
Interference
The capacity of the system can be increased only by re
The capacity of the system can be increased only by re
-
-
using the carrier frequencies more often (smaller cells)
using the carrier frequencies more often (smaller cells)

This increases interference and handover rates
This increases interference and handover rates
7 7
Cellular Developments
Cellular Developments
(Europe)
(Europe)

First Generation
First Generation
1985
1985
(e.g.
(e.g.
Analogue
Analogue
TACS, 900 MHz)
TACS, 900 MHz)

Voice and limited data, no roaming, cell radius 30 km

Voice and limited data, no roaming, cell radius 30 km

Second Generation
Second Generation
1992
1992
(
(
Digital
Digital
GSM, 900/1800 MHz)
GSM, 900/1800 MHz)

Voice and circuit switched data (9.6 kb/s), international

Voice and circuit switched data (9.6 kb/s), international
roaming, encryption, cell radius 5
roaming, encryption, cell radius 5

10 km.
10 km.

Enhanced 2G (2G+)
Enhanced 2G (2G+)
1995
1995

SMS, AMR, GPRS (144kb/s), EDGE (384 kb/s)

SMS, AMR, GPRS (144kb/s), EDGE (384 kb/s)

Third Generation
Third Generation
2003
2003
(
(
Digital CDMA
Digital CDMA
)
)

Multimedia Services, cell radius 2.5 km, packet data 2.0

Multimedia Services, cell radius 2.5 km, packet data 2.0
Mb/s
Mb/s
8 8
Paradigm Shift in Mobile
Paradigm Shift in Mobile
Communications
Communications
1 1
st st
Generation Generation
Analogue Analogue
Circuit switched Circuit switched
Basic voice Basic voice
telephony telephony
Low capacity Low capacity
Limited local Limited local
and regional and regional
coverage coverage
Beyond 3G Beyond 3G
Digital Digital
Packet switched Packet switched
All IP based All IP based
(IPv6) (IPv6)
More advanced More advanced
multimedia multimedia
applications applications
User in control User in control
Flexible platform Flexible platform
of complementary of complementary
access systems access systems
High speed data High speed data
Improved Improved QoS QoS
Global coverage Global coverage
Global roaming Global roaming
2 2
nd nd
Generation Generation
Digital Digital
Circuit switched Circuit switched
Voice plus basic Voice plus basic
data applications data applications
Low data speed Low data speed
Enhancements Enhancements
towards towards
packet packet
switching switching
higher data higher data
rates rates
Trans Trans- -national national
and global and global
roaming roaming
3 3
rd rd
Generation Generation
Digital Digital
Packet and circuit Packet and circuit
switched switched
Data and Data and
multimedia multimedia
applications applications
Medium data Medium data
rates rates
Global coverage Global coverage
Global roaming Global roaming
9 9
Capacity Issues
Capacity Issues
Ubiquitous communications and pervasive computing will cause Ubiquitous communications and pervasive computing will cause
serious capacity problems serious capacity problems
Typically 10 Typically 10
4 4
devices/km devices/km
2 2
will require a capacity of will require a capacity of Gb Gb/s/km /s/km
2 2
Internet Internet
Wireless Access Wireless Access
Networks Networks
mobile communicators (10 mobile communicators (10
9 9
) )
low level sensors (10 low level sensors (10
10 10
) )
semi semi- -mobile laptops (10 mobile laptops (10
8 8
) )
Up to 75% of all computing Up to 75% of all computing
devices will have wireless devices will have wireless
connectivity connectivity
fixed PC/WS (?) fixed PC/WS (?)
10 10
Limits of Existing Systems
Limits of Existing Systems
2G Cellular 2G Cellular
cell cell 3 3 10 km, BW 10 km, BW 5 MHz, modulation speed 5 MHz, modulation speed 0.2 0.2 0.3 b/s/Hz 0.3 b/s/Hz
max capacity/km max capacity/km
2 2
100kb/s average, 1 Mb/s peak (packet) 100kb/s average, 1 Mb/s peak (packet)
3 orders of magnitude out 3 orders of magnitude out
3G Cellular 3G Cellular
cell cell 2 2 5 km, BW 5 km, BW 25 MHz, modulation speed 25 MHz, modulation speed 0.3 0.3 0.5 b/s/Hz 0.5 b/s/Hz
max capacity/km max capacity/km
2 2
1 Mb/s average, 10 Mb/s peak (packet) 1 Mb/s average, 10 Mb/s peak (packet)
2 orders of magnitude out 2 orders of magnitude out
WLAN (802.11, WLAN (802.11, Hiperlan Hiperlan) )
cell cell 0.1 0.1 0.5 km, BW 0.5 km, BW 100 MHz, modulation speed 100 MHz, modulation speed 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3
b/s/Hz b/s/Hz
max capacity/km max capacity/km
2 2
100 Mb/s average, 1 100 Mb/s average, 1 Gb Gb/s peak (packet) /s peak (packet)
capacity ok, but too many access points, limited mobility capacity ok, but too many access points, limited mobility
11 11
Individual Centric Services
Individual Centric Services
(I
(I
-
-
Centric)
Centric)

Emphasis is on the provision of services for
Emphasis is on the provision of services for
individuals
individuals
Service Service
Providers Providers
Food Food
Travel Travel
Home Control Home Control
E E- -Commerce Commerce
Education Education
Health Health
Care Care
Information Information
Road Traffic Road Traffic Informatics Informatics
12 12
Wireless Network Evolution
Wireless Network Evolution
WPAN radio WPAN radio
Todays Wireless Systems Todays Wireless Systems
Low Low- -tier services tier services
OBEX OBEX IP IP
802.11 Radio 802.11 Radio
MAC MAC
Mobile Service Mobile Service
Middleware Middleware
IP IP
WLAN Services WLAN Services
2.5G/3G Radio 2.5G/3G Radio
GSM/ GSM/
GPRS GPRS
2.5G/3G Services 2.5G/3G Services
3G Access 3G Access
Network Network
PSTN PSTN IP IP
WPAN network WPAN network
layer (e.g. Bluetooth) layer (e.g. Bluetooth)
Radio Radio- -specific vertically integrated systems with specific vertically integrated systems with
complex complex interworking interworking gateways gateways
Future Systems Future Systems
3G/4G 3G/4G
Radio Radio
WLAN WLAN
radio radio
WPAN/low WPAN/low- -
tier radio tier radio
Generic Radio Access Network Generic Radio Access Network
Security Security QoS QoS VPN VPN
Content Content
Delivery Delivery
Beyond 3G (4G?) Services Beyond 3G (4G?) Services
Radio Radio- -independent modular system architecture independent modular system architecture
for heterogeneous networks for heterogeneous networks
uniform uniform
radio APIs radio APIs
generic generic
network API network API
uniform service uniform service
API (Internet+) API (Internet+)
Unified IP Unified IP- -based mobile network based mobile network
support support
for multi for multi- -hop, hop,
M M- -cast, etc. cast, etc.
service service
feature feature
modules modules
13 13
Radio Network Developments
Radio Network Developments
3G/WLAN Hot 3G/WLAN Hot- -Spots Spots
Use of WLAN in hot Use of WLAN in hot- -spots for lower system cost, better end spots for lower system cost, better end- -user user
performance and more total capacity performance and more total capacity
Infostations Infostations
Use of opportunistic radio caches for significant reduction in Use of opportunistic radio caches for significant reduction in
average cost per bit, facilitating qualitatively new mobile serv average cost per bit, facilitating qualitatively new mobile services ices
Self Self- -organizing wireless access networks organizing wireless access networks
Ad Ad- -hoc wireless network protocols which support multi hoc wireless network protocols which support multi- -hop and hop and
peer peer- -to to- -peer service models, particularly for low peer service models, particularly for low- -tier uses (in tier uses (in- -
home, sensors, etc.) home, sensors, etc.)
Content Content- -based multicasting based multicasting
network service paradigms for location and person aware network service paradigms for location and person aware
information delivery to mobiles information delivery to mobiles
14 14
Infostation
Infostation
Concept
Concept

Optimised for high speed access for short periods
Optimised for high speed access for short periods

Enhances service provision over cellular systems
Enhances service provision over cellular systems
Internet/Intranet Internet/Intranet
(high speed) (high speed)
Low speed wide Low speed wide- -area access area access
Infostation Infostation Cell Cell
(super (super- -high speed) high speed)
Infostation Infostation access access
point (supports caching point (supports caching
and opportunistic delivery) and opportunistic delivery)
Low speed wide Low speed wide- -area access area access
15 15
Future Service Delivery
Future Service Delivery

Hierarchical, self
Hierarchical, self
-
-
organizing network concept currently
organizing network concept currently
under consideration, based on:
under consideration, based on:

3 service tiers (cellular, WLAN, personal area)

3 service tiers (cellular, WLAN, personal area)

Base Stations (BS), Access Points (AP), Forwarding

Base Stations (BS), Access Points (AP), Forwarding
radio Nodes (FN), user devices
radio Nodes (FN), user devices

automatic discovery and power management protocols

automatic discovery and power management protocols

hierarchical, ad
hierarchical, ad
-
-
hoc multi
hoc multi
-
-
hop routing
hop routing

Digital Broadcasting (
Digital Broadcasting (
DxB
DxB
) has potential for inter
) has potential for inter
-
-
working with the hierarchical system.
working with the hierarchical system.
16 16
DxB DxB
Coverage Coverage
Area Area
DxB DxB
Transmitter Transmitter
3G Cell BS 3G Cell BS
3G Cell 3G Cell
Hierarchical System
Hierarchical System
WLAN WLAN
AP AP
WLAN WLAN
AP AP
low tier sensors low tier sensors
FN FN
FN = Forwarding Node FN = Forwarding Node
PAN PAN
FN FN
Internet Internet
17 17
Content Delivery:
Content Delivery:
User Perspective
User Perspective

Content may be delivered by a variety of mechanisms
Content may be delivered by a variety of mechanisms

User terminal is likely to evolve into an environment
User terminal is likely to evolve into an environment
able to accept content from a variety of networks
able to accept content from a variety of networks

The user will be able to choose delivery mechanism
The user will be able to choose delivery mechanism

The choice will vary with location, time and service.
The choice will vary with location, time and service.

This introduces the concept of a Personal Distributed
This introduces the concept of a Personal Distributed
Environment (PDE)
Environment (PDE)

This is a key work area for Mobile VCE
This is a key work area for Mobile VCE
18 18
The Personal Distributed
The Personal Distributed
Environment (PDE)
Environment (PDE)

The user
The user

terminal
terminal

is a distributed set of devices which

is a distributed set of devices which
have a range of capabilities.
have a range of capabilities.

The user will be able to control access and quality for these
The user will be able to control access and quality for these
distributed devices whose composition and characteristics
distributed devices whose composition and characteristics
will be location and time dependent.
will be location and time dependent.

The user will be empowered to negotiate his/her service
The user will be empowered to negotiate his/her service
facilities and tariffs at the point of delivery.
facilities and tariffs at the point of delivery.

The PDE is a key concept in creative inter
The PDE is a key concept in creative inter
-
-
working of
working of
wireless and broadcast technologies for enhanced service
wireless and broadcast technologies for enhanced service
provision.
provision.
19 19
PDE Structure
PDE Structure

A combination of local devices, connected using PAN
A combination of local devices, connected using PAN
technologies such as Bluetooth and
technologies such as Bluetooth and
ZigBee
ZigBee
, and remote
, and remote
devices using a variety of heterogeneous networking
devices using a variety of heterogeneous networking
options such as fixed line, cellular and WLAN
options such as fixed line, cellular and WLAN
technologies.
technologies.

Devices may join and leave the PDE in a dynamic way
Devices may join and leave the PDE in a dynamic way
and ( dynamic reconfiguration issues).
and ( dynamic reconfiguration issues).

In principle the PDE user is able to use any device
In principle the PDE user is able to use any device
within the PDE to access content stored on any other,
within the PDE to access content stored on any other,
subject to security constraints, device capabilities, and
subject to security constraints, device capabilities, and
connectivity issues.
connectivity issues.
20 20
Intra PDE Device
Intra PDE Device
Connection
Connection
PDE PDE
21 21
PDE Device Connection via
PDE Device Connection via
External Networks
External Networks
PDE PDE
22 22
PDE Issues
PDE Issues

Personal Access Management
Personal Access Management

Interaction of multiple user devices which may be

Interaction of multiple user devices which may be
local and remote to the user and may be dynamically
local and remote to the user and may be dynamically
changing
changing

Personal Service Management
Personal Service Management

The handling (from the users perspective) of multiple

The handling (from the users perspective) of multiple
services from multiple providers over multiple
services from multiple providers over multiple
networks.
networks.

Optimal (service dependent) device configuration.

Optimal (service dependent) device configuration.
23 23
Feature Discovery Aspects
Feature Discovery Aspects

Allows foreign devices and services to determine the
Allows foreign devices and services to determine the
capabilities of a particular device through interrogation.
capabilities of a particular device through interrogation.

E.g. a device with a LCD display should be able to provide
E.g. a device with a LCD display should be able to provide
information on the resolution and colour range of that
information on the resolution and colour range of that
display upon request.
display upon request.

Enables opportunistic communication; devices within the
Enables opportunistic communication; devices within the
PDE with ad hoc networking capabilities would be able to
PDE with ad hoc networking capabilities would be able to
communicate effectively with other ad hoc networks or
communicate effectively with other ad hoc networks or
devices encountered.
devices encountered.

E.g. a Bluetooth
E.g. a Bluetooth
-
-
enabled laptop would be able to make use
enabled laptop would be able to make use
of a large display that is also Bluetooth
of a large display that is also Bluetooth
-
-
enabled.
enabled.
24 24
Service Discovery Aspects
Service Discovery Aspects

Service discovery is an analogous procedure aimed at
Service discovery is an analogous procedure aimed at
identifying the services operating on devices.
identifying the services operating on devices.

Together service and feature discovery make it possible
Together service and feature discovery make it possible
for multimedia services to be tailored to suit the end
for multimedia services to be tailored to suit the end
device
device
25 25
Security Aspects
Security Aspects

PDE identity verification (dynamically distributed over a
PDE identity verification (dynamically distributed over a
number of devices and physical locations)
number of devices and physical locations)

Authorised accesses to information and services.
Authorised accesses to information and services.

Information transfers within the PDE must be secure.
Information transfers within the PDE must be secure.

Parts of the PDE must not be able to act independent of the
Parts of the PDE must not be able to act independent of the
user in an unauthorised manner.
user in an unauthorised manner.

Communicating entities and service providers must be able
Communicating entities and service providers must be able
to trust the PDE, which indicates a Security Information
to trust the PDE, which indicates a Security Information
Register requirement.
Register requirement.

Content security, both of user data and data from service
Content security, both of user data and data from service
providers.
providers.
26 26
Device Location
Device Location

Device location knowledge within a PDE is required so
Device location knowledge within a PDE is required so
that an incoming service may be directed to a device
that an incoming service may be directed to a device
capable of accepting that service and which is accessible
capable of accepting that service and which is accessible
to the user.
to the user.

Approaches to device location indication include proxy
Approaches to device location indication include proxy
-
-
based and redirect
based and redirect
-
-
based; both of which can be
based; both of which can be
implemented using The Session Initiation Protocol
implemented using The Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP), for example.
(SIP), for example.
27 27
PDE Boundary
PDE Boundary

The PDE is defined as all devices over which the user
The PDE is defined as all devices over which the user
exerts control (not ownership)
exerts control (not ownership)
.
.

Control is exercised over logical entities.
Control is exercised over logical entities.

In a STB the Service Provider controls a section of the
In a STB the Service Provider controls a section of the
device and can download data at will.
device and can download data at will.

The user cannot access this section of the device.
The user cannot access this section of the device.

The user can however control the device by changing
The user can however control the device by changing
channels, possibly recording to a hard drive, etc.
channels, possibly recording to a hard drive, etc.

Such a device thus has a logical PDE boundary.
Such a device thus has a logical PDE boundary.
28 28
Device Management Entity
Device Management Entity
Device Management Entity (DME) Device Management Entity (DME)
Feature Feature
Register Register
Data related to the capabilities Data related to the capabilities
of each PDE device of each PDE device
Security Security
Register Register
Data related to identity and Data related to identity and
security policies security policies
Location Location
Register Register
Data related to location of each Data related to location of each
device (analogous to a SIP device (analogous to a SIP
location service) location service)
Optional Optional
Entities Entities
Examples: Cache, Examples: Cache, Transcoder Transcoder, ,
Profile Data, etc. Profile Data, etc.
29 29
Bluetooth Bluetooth
DxB DxB WLAN WLAN
Cellular Cellular
PDE Sub Networks
PDE Sub Networks
PDE PDE
DME DME
Sub Sub
Net 2 Net 2
Sub Sub
Net 3 Net 3
Sub Sub
Net 4 Net 4
Core Network Core Network
Sub Net 1 = home Sub Net 1 = home
Sub Net 2 = car Sub Net 2 = car
Sub Net 3 = office Sub Net 3 = office
Sub Net 4 = PAN, etc Sub Net 4 = PAN, etc
Network Network
Access Access
Device Device
(NAD) (NAD)
Sub Sub
Net 1 Net 1
30 30
Distributed DME
Distributed DME

The DME may be distributed in nature
The DME may be distributed in nature

Portion of the DME resides on each sub

Portion of the DME resides on each sub
-
-
network
network

Root (master) DME resides at a

Root (master) DME resides at a
known
known
location
location

Location determined via DNS query

Location determined via DNS query
PDE PDE
Root Root
DME DME
Home Home
DME DME
PAN PAN
DME DME
Car Car
DME DME
31 31
Root DME Location
Root DME Location

Root DME Location Options
Root DME Location Options

3rd Party Provider

3rd Party Provider

Home Network
Home Network

User equipment
User equipment

Maintenance of DME may dictate location

Maintenance of DME may dictate location

Root DME Implementation Options
Root DME Implementation Options

Contains cached copies of local DME data entries

Contains cached copies of local DME data entries

Contains only pointers to local DME records

Contains only pointers to local DME records

Redirects enquiries to appropriate local DME

Redirects enquiries to appropriate local DME
server
server
32 32
PDE Development
PDE Development

The SIP solution illustrated assumes all devices and
The SIP solution illustrated assumes all devices and
services are represented in a familiar manner, allowing
services are represented in a familiar manner, allowing
services to be compared, selected and addressed from a
services to be compared, selected and addressed from a
SIP database.
SIP database.

Many PDE devices may be incapable of interacting
Many PDE devices may be incapable of interacting
directly with a SIP server.
directly with a SIP server.

Additionally, various discovery protocols, use different
Additionally, various discovery protocols, use different
data representation formats such as XML and ASN.1,
data representation formats such as XML and ASN.1,
thereby complicating service selection.
thereby complicating service selection.
33 33
The Open Services Gateway
The Open Services Gateway
Initiative (OSGI)
Initiative (OSGI)

The Gateway consists of a framework within which
The Gateway consists of a framework within which
service bundles are added to create functionality as and
service bundles are added to create functionality as and
when they are needed.
when they are needed.

This can provide a significant element of the DME at a
This can provide a significant element of the DME at a
local network level.
local network level.

A option exists for a SIP server to be implemented as a
A option exists for a SIP server to be implemented as a
service bundle on the gateway, as shown next, or to be
service bundle on the gateway, as shown next, or to be
managed remotely.
managed remotely.

The Gateway can recognise devices and represent them
The Gateway can recognise devices and represent them
in a common way and
in a common way and
can register them with a SIP
can register them with a SIP
server, for example, which can then handle service
server, for example, which can then handle service
requests.
requests.
34 34
SIP Server Option in an Open
SIP Server Option in an Open
Services Gateway
Services Gateway
Wide Area Wide Area
Network Network
Service Management Service Management
GATEWAY
GATEWAY
Local Local
Network Network
OSGI Framework OSGI Framework
S
e
r
v
i
c
e

A
S
e
r
v
i
c
e

A
S
e
r
v
i
c
e

B
S
e
r
v
i
c
e

B
S
I
P

S
e
r
v
e
r
S
I
P

S
e
r
v
e
r
35 35
Conclusions
Conclusions

3G multimedia will happen even though late
3G multimedia will happen even though late

valuable
valuable
learning for new services
learning for new services

4G visions herald new generation of thinking about
4G visions herald new generation of thinking about
design of mobile/wireless systems (it is not just a new
design of mobile/wireless systems (it is not just a new
standard)
standard)

In 4G a mobile terminal is not just for communications
In 4G a mobile terminal is not just for communications

it will manage all aspects of life

it will manage all aspects of life

Business models will change to incorporate service
Business models will change to incorporate service
negotiation
negotiation

Research for 4G systems will influence evolution via
Research for 4G systems will influence evolution via
3G/3G+
3G/3G+