TITLE : EXPERIMENT BUCKLING OF STRUTS

1) OBJECTIVE
1.1 To examine how shear force varies with an increasing point load.
1.2 To examine how shear force varies at the cut position of the bam for various loading
condition.

2) INTRODUCTION

A compresive member can fail in two ways. The first is via rupture due to
the direct stress and the second is by an elastic mode of failure called
buckling. Short wide compressive member tends to fail by material
crushing.

When buckling occurs the strut will no longer carry any more load and it
will simply continue to buckle i.e its stiffness then becomes zero and it is
useless as a structural member

3) THEORY

To predict the buckling load Euler buckling formula is used. The crictical
value in Euler Formula is the slenderness ratio, which is the ratio of the
length of the strut to its radius of gyration (L/K).

The Euler formula become inaccurate for struts with L/K ratio of less than
1.125 and this should be taken into account in any design work.

Euler buckling formula for pin struts :

2 2 P EI L
e
= p
Where;
Pe = Euler buckling load (N)
E = Youngs Modulus (Nm-2)
I = Second moment of area (m4)
L = length of strut (m)













4) PROCEDURE


Part 1

1. Fit the bottom chuck to the machine and remove the top chuck (to give two pinned
ends). Select the shortest strut, number 1, and measured the cross section using the
vernier provided and calculated the second moment of area, I,for the strut. ( bd3/12)

2. Adjust the position of the sliding crosshead to accept the strut using the thumbnut to
lock off the slider. Ensure that there is the maximum amaount of travel available on the
handwheel threat to compress the strut. Finally tighten the locking screw.


3. Carefully back- off the handwheel so that the strut is resting in the notch but not
tranmitting any load. Rezero the forcemeter using the front panel control.

4. Carefully start to load the strut. If the strut begin to buckle to the left, flick the strut to
the right and vice versa (this reduces any error associated wih the straightness of strut).
Turn the handwheel until there is no further increase in load (the load may peak and
then drop as it settles in the notches).

5. Record the final load in Table 1. Repeat with strut numbers 2, 3, 4 and 5 adjusting the
crosshead as required to fit the strut.







Part 2

1. To study the effect of end conditions, follow the same basic procedure as in part 1,
but this time remove the bottom chuck and clamp the specimen using the cap head
screw and plate to make a pinned-fixed end condition.

2. Record your result in Table 2 and calculate the values of 1/ L2 for the struts.

3. Fit the top chuck with the two cap head screws and clamp both ends of the specimen
to make a pinned pinned end condition. Calculate the new values of 1/L2.

4. Enter the result into Table 3


5) RESULT


Pin-Pin


Strut Number Length (mm) Buckling Load
(N) Experiment
Buckling Load
(N) Theory
1/L(m )
1 320 -110 88.45 9.77
2 370 -51 66.16 7.30
3 420 -40 51.35 5.67
4 470 -36 41.00 4.33
5 520 -28 33.50 3.70

Table 1

CALCULATION

% ERROR
= theoretical-experiment X 100%
Theoretical


1) P = (69X 10 ) 2) P = (69X10 ) ( 1.33X10 )
0.32 0.37
= 88.45N = 66.16 N

88.45-40 X 100 66.16-51 X 100
88.45 66.16
=24.36% = 22.91%
3) P =( 69 x 10 )( 1.33 x 10 )
0.42
= 51.35 N
% = 51.35-40 X 100
51.35
= 22.10 %

4) P = ( 69X 10 )(1.33X 10 )
0.47
= 41.00 N
%= 41-36 X 100
41
= 12.20 %

5) ) P = ( 69X 10 )(1.33X 10 )
0.52
= 33.50
% = 33.50-28 X 100
33.50
= 16.42%







Pin-Fixed
Strut Number Length (mm) Buckling Load
(N)
Experiment
Buckling Load
(N) Theory
1/L(m )
1 300 -328 201.27 11.11
2 350 -258 147.87 8.1
3 400 -196 113.22 .25
4 450 -156 89.6 4.94
5 500 -130 72.46 4

Table 2

1) P =2 ( 69 X 10 )(1.33X 10 )
0.3
= 201.27 N
% = 201.27-328 X 100
201.27
= 62.97%

2) P =2 ( 69 X 10 )(1.33X 10 )
0.35
= 147.87 N
% = 147.87-258 X 100
147.87
= 74.48%

3) P =2 ( 69 X 10 )(1.33X 10 )
0.4
= 113.22 N
% = 113.22-196 X 100
113.22
= 73.11 %


4) P =2 ( 69 X 10 )(1.33X 10 )
0.45
= 89.46 N
% = 89.46-156 X 100
89.46
= 74.38 %
5) P =2 ( 69 X 10 )(1.33X 10 )
0.52
=72.46 N
% = 72.46-130 X 100
72.46
= 79.41

Fixed-Fixed

Strut Number Length (mm) Buckling load
(N)
Experiment
Buckling Load
(N)
Theory
1/L(m )
1 280 -340 462.11 12.76
2 330 -196 332.68 9.18
3 380 -165 250.90 6.93
4 430 -123 195.94 5.14
5 480 -76 157.25 4.34

Table 3

1) P =4 ( 69 X 10 )(1.33X 10 )
0.28
= 462.11 N
% = 462.11-340 X 100
462.11
= 26.42%




2) P =4 ( 69 X 10 )(1.33X 10 )
0.33
= 332.68 N
% = 332.68-196 X 100
332.68
= 41.08%
3) P =4 ( 69 X 10 )(1.33X 10 )
0.38
= 250.90 N
% = 250-165 X 100
250.9
= 34.24 %
4) P =4 ( 69 X 10 )(1.33X 10 )
0.43
= 195.94 N
% = 195.94-123 X 100
195.94
= 34.24 %


5) P =4 ( 69 X 10 )(1.33X 10 )
0.48
= 157N.25 N
% = 157.25-76 X 100
157.25
= 51.6
















7) DISCUSSION

Part 1
The strut is considered perfectly straight on the beginning. When the load P is applied to
strut, buckling will occurred. When the maximum Euler Buckling load are applied to the
strut, the strut will become unstable.

Applying theory of bending

Cut any section of column
M= -Py
EI dy = M= -Py
dx
dy = -Py
dx EI ; let = P
EI
dy + y =0n
dx


Solve the equation by using complementary function;

y=A cos x + B sin xApplying the boundary condition



When y=0; x=0

y = A cos x + B sin x

0= A+0

A= 0


When y=0;x=L

y=A cos x + B sin x

0= 0 + B sin l

B sin l =0

( sin l= n ( n=1,2,3)






From = P substitute
EI

and finnaly will get P= EI

L
Buckling is a of concern whenever a slender member is under compression and in this
case we refer to it as a column problem even if is neither vertical nor an architectural
column. If its physical length L is known and the compressive load has been set, then
this design for buckling of a column reduces to three issues, settle on the end or
boundary conditions and determine its effective length. From Euler buckling formula we
can determine the material, second moment of area product EI that is sufficient to
prevent buckling and insure that this cross section has sufficient area A, so that the
compressive stress is less than the allowable stress.
In practice, buckling is characterizes by a sudden failure of structural member subjected
to high compressive stress, where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is
less than the ultimate compressive stresses that the material is capable of withstanding.
For example, during earthquakes, reinforced concrete members may experience lateral
deformation of the longitudinal reinforcing bars. This mode of failure is also described as
failure due to elastic instability. Mathematical analysis of buckling makes use of an axial
load eccentricity that introduces a moment, which does not form part of the primary
forces to which the member is subjected. When the load is constantly being applied on
a member, such as column, it will ultimately become large enough to cause the member
to become unstable. Further load will cause significant and somewhat unpredictable
deformations, possibly leading to complete loss of load- carrying capacity.


Comment on the result of Graph Buckling (N) VS Length (m)
The linear line was shown on the above graph.It shown that the length of struts
increase, the buckling load for experimental and theoretical will decrease.




Explain that the Euler Formula can predict the buckling load or not.
Yes, the Euler Formula

can predict the buckling load. From the formula,

the buckling load is inversely proportional to the buckling load. It is proven by the
experiment.
Part 2

Pinned-Pinned

Pinned-Fixed Fixed-Fixed
Experimental
gradient
13.67 28.57 31.55
Experimental ratio

1 2.00 2.31
Theoretical ration

1 2 4




Comment on the experimental and theoretical ratio
The experimental ratio is not exactly same as the theoretical ratio.The experimental
ratio is 1 : 2.00 : 2.31 and the theoretical ratio is 1 :2:4. Although the ratio is not exactly
the same, this experimental was acceptable because there are may be some occurred
during doing this experiment.

8 ) CONCLUSION
From the experiment, we can conclude that Euler buckling formula can be applied to
calculate the buckling of struts because the experimental value and theoretical value
have only small difference. But , it is must carried out properly to avoid the error.
Besides that, the experiment is reaches to the objective. This experiment succeeds to
determine the relationship between buckling load and length of strut. The buckling loads
are inversely proportional with the length of strut.