7.

1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

IMPORTANT POINTS:
Ungrouped Data
Ungrouped Data
(in a Frequency Table)
rouped Data
Data sets which are not grouped into
classes.
Example:
The masses of six pupils in kilogram:
50, 52, 59, 0, 5!, 59.
Data sets which are not grouped
into classes "ut are presented in
#re$uenc% Ta"le.
Example:
&um"er of
'ooks (ead
&um"er of
)tudents
0 5
*
2 +
! ,
, 2
Data sets which are grouped into
classes and presented in #re$uenc%
Ta"le.
Example:
&um"er of
'ooks (ead
&um"er of
)tudents
0 - * **
2 . ! *2
, . 5 *5
. / +
+ . 9 /
Mode 0 The 1alue which is repeated
t!e "o#t nu"$er o% t&"e# in a set of
data.
Example:
2ode of the masses of six pupils in
kilogram:3 50, 52, '(, 0, 5!, '(.
2ode 0 59
Mode 0 The 1alue of data which
has the !&g!e#t %re)uen*+.
Moda, C,a## 0 The class with
!&g!e#t %re)uen*+.
Mode is o"tained from the !&g!e#t
$ar of a !&#togra" with the
procedure as shown "elow.
fre$uenc% 2odal class
mode
Mean,
4
x
0
N
x

x
0 sum of all the 1alues of
data.
N 0 num"er of 1alues of data.
Mean,
4
x
0

f
fx
x 0 1alue of data
f 0 fre$uenc%
Mean,
4
x
0

f
fx
x 0 class mid.point
f 0 fre$uenc%
'- =
+
2
59 53
Med&an. m 0 the 1alue in the middle
position of a set of data after the data
are arranged in ascending order.
Example:
The median of the masses of six
pupils in kilogram:
50, 52, '/. '(, 59, 0.
2edian 0
Med&an. m 0 the 1alue in the
middle position of a set of data
after the data are arranged in
ascending order. Med&an. m 0 Lm 5

m f
#
2
&
c
Lm 0 lower "oundar% of the
median class.
N 0 sum of fre$uenc%.
F 0 cumulati1e fre$uenc% of the
class "efore the median class.
fm 0 fre$uenc% of the median class
c 0 si6e of the median class.
EFFECTS OF UNIFORM C0ANES IN A SET OF DATA ON T0E MODE. MEAN AND MEDIAN:
*. 7hen a constant num"er k is added or #u$tra*ted to each data in a set, then
8 the new mode 0 original mode k
8 the new mean 0 original mean k
8 the new median 0 original median k
2. 7hen a constant num"er k is "u,t&p,&ed to each data in a set, then
8 the new mode 0 k x original mode.
8 the new mean 0 k x original mean.
8 the new median 0 k x original median.
1. #ind the "ode. "ean and "ed&an of the following sets of ungrouped data.
9a: 9, 5, !, !, /, *!, 9 9": 2, +, **, 9, , 5, *2, **
9c: !, ,, **, !, *0, **, 2, !, / 9d: ;!, ;2, *, ,, 5, 9
1. #ind the "ode. "ean and "ed&an of the following sets of ungrouped data.
9a:
<ocket mone% 9(2:, x 25 !0 !5 ,0 ,5 50
Total
2
&um"er of )tudents, f 2 , , 5 5

=umulati1e fre$uenc%, F
fx
2
E3er*&#e 7.1
mode 0
mean, x 0
median 0
/. Determine 9i: the "oda, *,a## of each of the following grouped data.
9i: 2odal class 0
9ii: >n a graph paper and "% using a scale of
2 cm to 5 unit on x.axis and 2 cm to 2 units
on fre$uenc%, f axis, draw a histogram of the
grouped data. ?ence, from the graph, estimate
the mode of the data.
9":
2arks, x &o. <upils, f fx F
0 !
* +
2
! ,
, !
5 *
@f 2fx=
9d:
)core, x
&o. pupils,
f
fx #
+ ,
9 +
*2 **
*5 *0
20 5
2* 2
9a:
?eight A cm,
x
&o.pupils,
f
B' C'
*,* - *,5 /
*, - *50 9
*5* - *55 *
*5 - *0
** - *5 2
!
9c:
&o. Doals,
x
&o. <la%ers, f fx F
! *2
, *0
5 9
/
/ 5
9e:
2arks, x
&o. of
)udents, f
fx #
*!
*, +
*5 *2
* *0
*/ 5
*+ !
mode0 mean, x 0 median0
mode0 mean, x 0 median0
mode0 mean, x 0 median0
mode0 mean, x 0 median0


9i: 2odal class 0
9ii: >n a graph paper and "% using a scale of
2 cm to 5 unit on x.axis and 2 cm to 2 units
on fre$uenc%, f axis, draw a histogram of the
grouped data. ?ence, from the graph, estimate
the mode of the data.

4. #ind the "ean of each grouped data of the following.
9a:
?eight A cm,
&o. pupils,
f
id!"oin#, x fx
*,* - *,5 /
*, - *50 9
*5* - *55 *
*5 - *0
** - *5 2
2f = 2fx=

9":
2arks
&um"er of
pupils, f
x fx
20 .29 2
9a: 2arks, x &o.pupils, f B' C'
20 - 29 2
!0 - !9 5
,0 - ,9 /
50 - 59 *0
0 - 9
,
!0 - !9 ,
,0 - ,9 5
50 - 59 *0
0 ; 9
/0 ; /9 !
2f = 2fx=

9c:
2ass A kg
&o. of
pupils, f
!0 - !9 +
,0 - ,9 *0
50 - 59 /
0 - 9 *5
/0 ; /9 *0
9d: The ta"le "elow shows the duration of telephone calls recei1ed in an office on a certain da% for ,0
calls. Determine the mean of the duration of calls.
Duration of
=alls A minutes
&o. of
=alls, f
* - ! 2
, - ,
/ - *0 5
** - *! *0
*, - */
'. #or each of the following sets of data, 5&t!out dra5&ng an og&6e, calculate the "ed&an of the set
of data.
9a: ?eight A cm,
&um"er of
pupils, f
*,* - *,5 /
*, - *50 9
5
*5* - *55 *
*5 - *0
** - *5 2

9": 2arks, x
&o. of
pupils, f
20 - 29 2
!0 - !9 ,
,0 - ,9 5
50 - 59 *0
0 - 9
/0 ; /99 !

9c:
2ass A
kg
&um"er of
pupils
!0 - !9 +
,0 - ,9 *0
50 - 59 +
0 - 9 *,
/0 ; /9 *0

9d: The ta"le "elow shows the duration of telephone calls recei1ed in an office on a certain da% for ,0 calls.
7&t!out dra5&ng an og&6e, determine the "ed&an of the duration of calls.
Duration
of =alls A
min
&um"er
of =alls
2 - ! 9
, - 5 *2
- / *0
+ - 9 /
*0 - ** 2

7.1 OI8E
En ogi1e is a statistical graph which is drawn of cumulati1e fre$uenc% of a set of grouped data against its
fre$uenc% class of upper "oundar%.
En ogi1e can "e used to estimate the median, m, first quartile, Q1 and third quartile, Q3 of the grouped data.
=umulati1e fre$uenc%, #

,
& !
& 0 )um of fre$uenc%

2
&
F* 0 #irst $uartile
m 0 2edian

,
&
F! 0 Third $uartile

Cpper "oundar%
F*m F!
To draw an ogi1e, a =umulati1e #re$uenc% G Cpper 'oundar% ta"le has to "e "uilt.
E class with 6ero fre$uenc% and its upper "oundar% also need to "e created.
Example:

E graph is then plotted with its cumulati1e fre$uenc% against upper "oundar% to gi1e an ogive.
Ma## 9 :g
Fre)uen*+.
f
Cu"u,at&6e %re)uen*+.
F
Upper $oundar+
20 - 29 0 0 29.5
!0 - !9 + + !9.5
,0 - ,9 *0 *+ ,9.5
50 - 59 + 2 59.5
0 - 9 *, ,0 9.5
/0 - /9 *0 50 /9.5
/
E3er*&#e 7.1
1. The ta"le "elow shows marks scored "% !0 pupils in a test. Draw an ogive, hence determine the
median, m, first quartile, Q1. and third quartile, Q3 of the test.
2arks
&um"er of
pupils, f
# C'
20 - 29 2
!0 - !9 ,
,0 - ,9 5
50 - 59 *0
0 - 9
/0 - /9 !
1. The mode, mean and median of a set of num"ers are , +.5 and /.+ respecti1el%. Determine the new mode,
mean and median if each of the num"ers in the set is3
9i: added "% ! and then di1ided "% 2.
9ii: su"tracted "% 5 and then multiplied "% ,.
1. The mode, mean and median of a set of data are !2.5, !0 and !*.5 respecti1el%. #ind the new mode, mean
and median if each 1alue in the data is3
9i: added "% ! and then multiplied "% H.,
9ii: su"tracted "% *.2.
/. E set of data with num"ers has a mean of 2*. 7hen a new num"er is added to the set, the mean
"ecomes 20. #ind the 1alue of the num"er added.
+
E3er*&#e 7./ ; E%%e*t o% Un&%or" C!an*e# &n a Set o% Data on t!e Mode. Mean and Med&an
7./ MEASURE OF DISPERSION
Ungrouped Data
Ungrouped Data
9in a #re$uenc% Ta"le:
rouped Data
Range 0 largest 1alue -
smallest 1alue of data.
Range 0 largest 1alue -
smallest 1alue of data.
Range 0 midpoint of the higest
class - midpoint of
the lowest class.
Inter )uart&,e range
0 F! ; F*
Inter )uart&,e range
0 F! ; F*
Inter )uart&,e range
0 F! ; F*
8ar&an*e.

1
<
N
x
2

;
4
x
2
where3

2
x
0 sum of s$uare of the
1alues of data.
N 0 num"er of 1alue of data
x 0 mean
8ar&an*e.

1
<

f
fx
2
4
x
2
where3
f 0 fre$uenc%.
x 0 1alue of data.
x 0 mean
8ar&an*e.

1
<

f
fx
2
4
x
2
where3
f 0 fre$uenc%.
x 0 class midpoint.
x 0 mean
Standard de6&at&on.

<
4
2
2
x
N
x

Standard de6&at&on.


<
4
2
2
x
f
fx

Standard de6&at&on.

<
4
2
2
x
f
fx

E%%e*t# o% un&%or" *!ange# &n a #et o% data on t!e range. &nter )uart&,e range. 6ar&an*e and #tandard
de6&at&on.
*. 7hen a constant num"er k is added or #u$tra*ted to each data in a set, then
8 the ne5 range, inter$uartile range, 1ariance and standard de1iation < or&g&na, range range, inter$uartile
range, 1ariance and standard de1iation
respecti1el%.
2. 7hen a constant num"er k is "u,t&p,&ed to each data in a set, then
8 the new range 0 k x original range.
8 the new inter$uartile range 0 k 3 or&g&na, &nter)uart&,e range..
8 the new 1ariance 0 k
2
3 or&g&na, 6ar&an*e.
8 the new standard de1iation 0 k 3 or&g&na, #tandard de6&at&on.
1. #ind the range and inter quartile range of each set of the following data.
9
E3er*&#e 7./=a>
9a: ,, !5, ,*, ,0, !2, !+, ,,, ,0 9": */, ,, , *0, *2, *2
1. #ind the range and inter quarter range of each of the following data.
9c : 22, 20, 25, *9, 2, 9": !, *2, +, ,, *0, , /
/. #ind the range and inter quartile range of each set of the following data.
9a
:
)core
&o. of
<upils, f
#
* !
2
! *2
, 20
5 *+
**
9":
&o. of
"ook
&o. of
pupils
0 *0
* *,
2 20
! 2
, *+
5 *2
*0
9c:
2ass A
kg
&o. of
pupils
50 2
5* !
52 *0
5! 20
5, +
55 /
'. The ta"le "elow shows the num"er of chicken sold o1er a period of 0 da%s.

&o. of chickens,
x
&o. of da%s,
f
** - *5 **
* - 20 *
2* - 25 *9
2 - !0 +
!* ; !5
9a: #ind the range of incomes of the workers.
9": =alculate the first quartile, Q1,, the third quartile, Q3 and the inter quartile range.
9c: Draw an ogive, hence determine the first quartile, Q1,,third quartile, Q3 and the inter quartile range from
the ogi1e.
*. #ind the mean, variance and standard deviation of each set of the following data.
9a: 9, 5, !, !, /, *!, 9
9": 2, +, **, 9, , 5, *2, **
**
E3er*&#e 7./=$>:
9c: !, ,, **, !, *0, **, 2, !, /
2. #ind the mean, 1ariance and standard de1iation of each of the following data.
9a
:
)core,
x
&o. of
pupils, f
* !
2
! *2
, 20
5 *+
**
9":
&o. of
"ook
&o. of
pupils
0 *0
* *,
2 20
! 2
, *+
5 *2
*2
9c:
2ass A
kg
&o. of
pupils
50 2
5* !
52 *0
5! 20
5, +
55 /
9d:
&o.
of
children
&o. of
famil%
0 *
* 2
2 +
! 2
, *
5 *
1. The ta"le "elow shows the duration of telephone calls recei1ed in an office on a certain da% for ,0 calls.
#ind the mean, variance and standard deviation of the duration of calls.
Duration of
=alls A min
&um"er
of =alls
2 - ! 9
, - 5 *2
- / *0
+ - 9 /
*0- ** 2

*!
E3er*&#e 7./=*>:
1. The ta"le "elow shows marks scored "% !0 pupils in a test. #ind the mean. variance and standard deviation
of the test.
2arks
&um"er of
pupils
20 - 29 2
!0 - !9 ,
,0 - ,9 5
50 - 59 *0
0 . 9
/0 . /9 !
4. The ta"le "elow shows the lengths of 0 mature long "eans in a field stud%. #ind the mean, variance
and standard deviation of the lengths of the "eans.
Bength A cm
&um"er
of 'eans
*0 - *, +
*5 - *9 *5
20 - 2, *9
25 - 29 *!
!0- !, 5

*. The range and the 1ariance of a set of data are *2 and *! respecti1el%. Each 1alue in the set of data
is multiplied "% ! and then su"tracted "% 5. #ind
9a: the new range,
9": the new 1ariance
2. E set of data has a range of !0, an inter $uartile range of 5 and a standard de1iation of +. Each 1alue in the
set of the data is di1ided "% , and then added "% !. #ind
9a: the new range,
9": the new inter $uartile range,
9c: the new standard de1iation.
*,
E3er*&#e 7.4: Pro$,e" So,6&ng I
E3er*&#e 7./=d> ; E%%e*t o% Un&%or" C!an*e# &n a Set o% Data on t!e Mea#ure# o% D&#per#&on#
*. Di1en the mode and the mean of the following set of data, 9, p, *,, q, !!, q are !! and 20 respecti1el%.
Determine the 1alues of p and q.
2. The median of the set data ,, 5, , +, k, 9, is /. Determine the 1alue of k.
!. E set of data has se1en num"ers. Its mean is 9. If a num"er p is added to the set, the new mean is *2. 7hat is
the possi"le 1alue of pJ
,. E set of data x*, x2, x!, x,, x5 has a mean of *0 and a 1ariance of ,. E 1alue of x is added to the set of data, the
mean remains unchanged. Determine
9a: the 1alue of x,
9": the 1ariance of the new set of data.
5. E set of data consists of num"ers. The sum of the num"ers is !9 and the sum of the s$uares is 2/*.
9a: #ind the mean and 1ariance of the set of data.
9": If a num"er 5 is taken out from the set of data, find the new mean and standard de1iation of the new data.
*5
*. The diagram "elow is a histogram which represents the distri"ution of the marks o"tained "% ,0 pupils
in a test.
Nu"$er o% Pup&,#
Mar:#
0.5 *0.5 20.5 !0.5 ,0.5 50.5
9a: 7ithout using an ogi1e, calculate the median mark. K! marksL
9": =alculate the standard de1iation of the distri"ution. K, marksL
*
Pa#t SPM Paper#
*,

*2
*0
+

,
2
0
($% 2&&5'$ec#ion('%a"er 2)
2. E set of data consists of *0 num"ers. The sum of the num"ers is *50 and the sum of the s$uares
of the num"ers is 2,/2.
9a: #ind the mean and 1ariance of the *0 num"ers. K! marksL
9": Enother num"er is added to the set of data and the mean is increased "% *. #ind
9i: the 1alue of this num"er,
9ii: the standard de1iation of the set of ** num"ers. K, marksL
($%
2&&)'$ec#ion('%a"er 2)
!. E set of examination marks x*, x2, x3, x), x5, x+ has a mean of 5 and a standard de1iation of *.5.
9a: #ind
9i: the sum of the marks, x,
9ii: the sum of the s$uares of the marks, x
2
. K! marksL
9": Each mark is multiplied "% 2 then ! is added to it. #ind, for the new set of marks,
9i: the mean,
9ii: the 1ariance. K, marksL
9)<2 200!A)ection EA<aper 2:
*/
,. The positi1e integers consists of 2, 5 and m. The 1ariance for this set of integers is *,. #ind the 1alue of m.
K,
marksL
($% 2&&+'%a"er *)
5. E set of data consists of fi1e num"ers. The sum of the num"ers is 0 and the sum of the s$uares
of the num"ers is +00.
#ind, for the fi1e num"ers
9a: the mean,
9": the standard de1iation. K! marksL
($%2&&,'%a"er *)
. Ta"le * shows the cumulati1e fre$uenc% distri"ution for the scores of !2 students in a competition.
)core M *0 M 20 M !0 M ,0 M 50
&um"er of students , *0 20 2+ !2
Ta"le *
9a: 'ased on Ta"le *, cop% and complete Ta"le 2.
)core 0 - 9 *0 - *9 20 - 29 !0 - !9 ,0 - ,9
*+
&um"er of students
Ta"le 2
9": 7ithout drawing an ogi1e, find the inter$uartile range of the distri"ution.

K5 marksL
($%2&&,'$ec#ion ('%a"er 2)
/. Ta"le * shows the fre$uenc% distri"ution of the scores of a group of pupils in a game.
S*ore Nu"$er o% pup&,#
*0 - *9 *
20 - 29 2
!0 - !9 +
,0 - ,9 *2
50 - 59 -
0 - 9 *
9a: It is gi1en that the median score of the distri"ution is ,2.
=alculate the 1alue of -. K! marksL
(b) ./e #0e gra"0 "a"er "ro1ided #o an/2er #0i/ que/#ion.
Csing a scale of 2 cm to *0 cm scores on the hori6ontal axis and 2 cm to 2 pupils on the 1ertical axis,
draw a histogram to represent the fre$uenc% distri"ution of the scores.
#ind the mode score. K, marksL
*9
9c: 7hat is the mode score if the score of each pupil is increased "% 5J
K* markL
($%2&&+'$ec#ion ('%a"er 2)
20