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DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION OF OPTICAL CODES IN MULTIUSERS
WCDMA NETWORK
VARSHA
1
, LOVE KUMAR
2
& ANURAG SHARMA
3
1,2
DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
3
CT Group of Institution, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) merges the large bandwidth of the optical fiber with the
flexibility of the CDMA technique to achieve high speed connectivity. This paper presents the designing of optical codes
for multiuser WCDMA network. The proposed network permits large number of users to communicate at elevated data
rate. This paper demonstrates a technology for an incoherent optical code-division multiple-access scheme based on
wavelength/time codes. The designed codes supports multiusers operating at 10 Gsymbols/s/user while maintaining the
proper bit-error rate (BER) for the correctly decoded signal.
KEYWORDS: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), CDMA Technique
INTRODUCTION
In next generation access networks, a symmetric multi-Gigabit service is required to meet the demands of future
applications such as , video on stipulate, videoconferencing, high-definition TV, and VoIP [1].WCDMA allows multiple
users to share the same transmission media by assigning different optical codes (OCs) to different users,it is a promising
aspirant for a new-generation broadband multiple access technique with unique features of full asynchronous transmission,
low latency access, and soft capacity on demand as well as optical layer security [1].

Figure 1: Multiuser OCDMA Network
OCDMA schemes are categorized as implementing the code through the optical field and relying through time
slots and wavelengths with reliance on incoherent detection as shown in figure 1. Coherent schemes are susceptible to
coherent beat noise that occurs when the correctly decoded signal temporally overlaps with the Multiple Access
IInternational Journal of Electronics,
Communication & Instrumentation Engineering
Research and Development (IJECIERD)
ISSN(P): 2249-684X; ISSN(E): 2249-7951
Vol. 4, Issue 2, Apr 2014, 149-154
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.
150 Varsha, Love Kumar & Anurag Sharma

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.9467 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
Interference (MAI) from other users [1].Signals from different encoders are coupled and each decoder receives the sum of
the encoded signals. If a known encoder transmits a signal, only the known decoder with the same code is capable of
recovering it. Surplus signals appear as noise to the decoder and are called multiple-access interference (MAI).
MAI is the principal source of noise in OCDMA and is the limiting factor to system performance. In a well designed
WCDMA network where MAI is overcome, users can successfully communicate asynchronously regardless of network
traffic [7].The proposed codes are based on optimal golomb ruler. In mathematics, a Golomb ruler is a set of marks at
integer positions along an imaginary ruler such that no two pairs of marks are the same distance apart. The number of
marks on the ruler is its order, and the largest distance between two of its marks is its length. Translation and reflection of a
Golomb ruler are considered trivial, so the smallest mark is customarily put at 0 and the next mark at the smaller of its two
possible values.
CODE DESIGN
Optimal Golomb ruler is used for designing optical codes in WCDMA network.The following two sequences
from optimal Golomb ruler with Length = 18 and weight = 6 are used for the system design.
Sequence 1 { 1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0 ,1}
Sequence 2 { 1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1}
These sequences are used as base to design Wavelength/Time codes. These two sequences are taken as one-
dimensional superimposed cyclic code, which is then converted to two-dimensional superimposed codes using ruler to
matrix transformation. The dimension of the matrix has been decided for the conditions i.e. (W T) L where W is the
number of Wavelength and T is the number of Time slots. With w = 3 and T = 6, a (3 6) physical matrix can be formed
without any need of filler 0s. This is a compact and optimum size because it satisfies (W T) L i.e. as W T = 18
which is equal to L, i.e. 18 and need less, i.e. 3 lasers for one codeword. So this is more optimum situation because it saves
the cost of the laser by increasing one more optical delay line. Table 1 represents the code C1 C2 respectively. So in this
coding technique total six mode locked lasers of Wavelengths (W1, W2, W3, W4, W5 and W6) are used to design
thirty-six codes.
Table 1: W/T Code 1 & 2

The system is designed by using six mode locked lasers of different wavelength ranging from 1.550e
-6
m to
1.552e
-6
m with 0.4e-
9
m wavelength spacing which generates the pulse of width e
-11
which is equal to data rate of the
system i.e. 10e
9
for 10 Gbps system, Which gives a bit period of: 1X10-10(1/10 Gbps).Therefore the chip period=Bit
Period/Time slots or 1X10-10/6=1.67X10-11.Table 2 shows the six time delays for the WCDMA network.

Design & Implementation of Optical Codes in Multiusers WCDMA Network 151

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Table 2: Delays for Six Time Delay Blocks

In above table, 6 time delays are represented by Time slot 0, 1,2,3,4 & 6. These time delays are created by adding
1.67e-11 delay blockmultiple of time delay number i.e.if delay 2 has been calculated it will be two times of dealy 1.
These all calculations are for 10Gbps dta rate.Similarly by changing the data rate we can redesign the timedealys.
CODE IMPLEMENTATION
The designed codes are now being implemented in multiuser WCDMA network, which is created in OPTSIM
simulation tool. Here we have demonstrated an incoherent WCDMA system based on a wavelength-time spreading coding
technique. The two dimensional wavelength/time (W/T) codes have been designed by using six wavelengths and six time
slot in the system. 6 mode locked laser have been used to create a WDM multi-frequency light source i.e. carrier signal.
This carrier signal is used to modulate the PRBS data of the user. After modulation an coder is used for encoding the
signal. The PRBS data generator is used to generate random data of 2
six
-pattern length. An electrical RZ signal generator is
used to convert digital data into electrical signal. A Mach-Zehn LiNbO3 modulator modulates the multiplexed 6
wavelengths according to the RZ electrical data.

Figure 2: Multiusers WCDMA Network
The modulated signals are disseminated to the respective encoders, which have been assigned a unique code
respective to each encoder. In an encoder 3 optical filters and 6 shift signals are used to produce the encoded bit stream.
152 Varsha, Love Kumar & Anurag Sharma

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.9467 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
The filter is used to filter out one spectral wavelength and then the shiftSig is used to produce a pulse at specified chip.
The residency of the delay lines arrays and the amount of each delay are dictated by the specifies of the user signatures.
The combiner combines 6 of the displaced pulses to from an encoded signal. The encoded data from all users are
multiplexed and then pass through 150 kms of fiber. The decoder tune to the same structure as the corresponding encoder
but with negative delays as compare to coder, providing delays in terms of integer multiples of chip times. The decoded
signal lastly arrives at optical receiver.For the transmission of data, primary of all, data is applied to the generator which
converts the data stream {0, 1} to the pulse waveform by optical source. This output is modulated with the DWDM optical
signal which is produced by multiplexing multiple MLM laser input and generating the output signal which include the
entire input DWDM optical signal.This signal is feed to encoder, which consists of 3 filters and 6 time delay blocks.
The Filters filter out the desired wavwlength and each wavelength is time delayed according to spanning ruler to create a
different code for different user.Now again the signals are combined through 36/1 multiplexer and then amplified to
specific level this whole process is called encoding. The Output of multiplexer is transmitted through single stream over
long distance single mode fiber. Signal now enters the fiber link in which span and the length of the fiber is defined.
This network is consisting of single mode fiber and amplifiers in which changing length will result in use of extra
amplifiers and spans. The output of fiber enters the splitter l/36 which divides the signal stream to 36 data signals. Outputs
of the optical splitter again enter an optical splitter which splits the signals to the no of wavelength generated by MLM
laser. For the desired signal the splitter's output enters the filter model which filter out the signal whose peak power exceed
the user specified drop Filtered output is again passed through time delay block which has same magnitude but with
negative sign to cancel the effect,this whole procedure is called decoding.
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
The wavelength spectrum for six wavelength is shown in figure 3, which is using multiplot. Each code is
deliberated using three wave length as seen in figure 4.

Figure 3: Wavelength Spectrums for 10 Gbps
Design & Implementation of Optical Codes in Multiusers WCDMA Network 153

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Figure 4: Received Spectrum at Encoder Output
From table 3, it can be analyzed that as the number of users raised from 1 to 18 the multiple access interference
increases but it is in acceptable limits,which degrades the BER. It is further observed that as the number of users increases
from 18 to 36 the BER further degrades.
Table 3: USERS VS BER
USER BER
1 1.91E-22

USER BER
1 1.61E-12
18 1.42E-16
36 1.71E-14

USER BER
1 1.33E-16
18 1.75E-20

CONCLUSIONS
The existing 1-D codes are having restrictions on code lengths and weights while it has been analyzed that
2D codes can operate in time as well as wavelength domain. Therefor 2D codes can be a good solution to the limitations
offered by one dimensional codes. The wavelength/time codes are here constructed using folded optimum Golomb ruler
sequences which enhanced the cardinality and spectral efficiency of the WCDMA network. It has been concluded that
codes supports multiusers operating at 10 Gsymbols/s/user while maintaining BER.
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