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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005

Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy:
2001-2005
Prepared by
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee
Section A
Executive Summary
The cyclical migration of waterbirds across the globe has been long recognised as a natural wonder. Annually
millions of waterbirds fly many thousands of kilometres across a vast range of climates and habitats in response to
the urge to nest and to avoid adverse weather conditions. These flights require them to replenish their reserves along
the way. This cyclic pattern has occurred for aeons and predates the evolution of mankind.
In meeting the demands of their life cycles, birds depend on high quality wetlands and other habitats in many
countries. However, this pattern of existence of migratory waterbirds has come under increasing threat. Rapid human
development across the globe has dramatically increased pressure on wetlands and other habitats resulting in their
degradation and loss, and their pollution. Efforts to conserve migratory species in one country can only be effective,
if they are complemented by actions in the other countries through which the species moves during its annual cycle.
Complementary actions in all range states are therefore essential for the conservation of migratory species.
In recognition of the threats to migratory waterbirds and the need for action to conserve waterbirds and their habitats,
the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 1996-2000 was developed. The Strategy has been
actively supported by the governments of Australia and Japan and coordinated by Wetlands International.
An international committee, the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee (MWCC) was established
to monitor the implementation of the Strategy. The MWCC comprises seven government representatives (Australia,
China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia and U.S.A.), the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention), the
Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn Convention), international NGOs (BirdLife International and World Wide
Fund for Nature), a representative of the United Nations Development Programme/Global Environment Facilitiy,
chairs of the three technical Working Groups (for Anatidae, cranes and shorebirds) and a Wetlands International
Specialist Group Coordinator. The Strategy has been very successful in promoting international cooperation and an
awareness of the need to work together to promote conservation. A number of international and national activities
have been undertaken, primarily through the implementation of three regional migratory waterbird conservation
action plans (shorebirds, cranes and Anatidae) including the establishment of three networks of sites of international
importance for these groups of waterbirds. The networks (as at December 2000) comprised 67 sites in 11 countries
with new sites being added each year. Based on the successes of the Strategy over the past five years, the MWCC
recommended the development and implementation of this second Strategy for the period 2001-2005.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
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The Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005 aims to continue and expand on
the successes of the previous Strategy by providing the international framework for the conservation of
migratory waterbirds and their habitats in the Asia-Pacific region into the 21st century.
The Strategy outlines eight key elements to promote the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats:
1. Action plans for species-groups and globally threatened species.
2. Effectively managed networks of sites that are internationally important for migratory waterbirds.
3. Raised awareness of waterbirds and their link to wetland values and functions throughout the region
and at all levels.
4. Increased capacity of government agencies and non-government organisations to implement
conservation actions for migratory waterbirds.
5. An enhanced knowledge base and increased information exchange for the sound management of
migratory waterbirds and their habitats.
6. Harmonised national and state policies and legislation as a foundation for the conservation of
migratory waterbirds and their habitats.
7. Enhanced organisational relationships at all levels to increase cooperation and deliver greater
conservation benefits.
8. Adequate planning and resources to implement the Strategy.
Over the next five years the Strategy aims to have:
I achieved implementation of Action Plans for three species-groups in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway,
selected globally threatened species, and the Central Asian-Indian Flyway;
I established effective networks of sites in the flyways to conserve migratory waterbirds and their important
habitats;
I built and strengthened capacity of governments and NGOs to sustainably manage waterbirds and
wetlands primarily by providing training to managers of important sites;
I promoted conservation education, public and community awareness at the international, national and local
level through the development of products and programmes;
I enhanced programmes to monitor waterbird diversity and abundance at important sites; through improving
our knowledge base of wetlands by contributing to regional inventories;
I improved our understanding of migration patterns and conservation needs of waterbirds;
I promoted the implementation of improved national policy and legislation to ensure management of
waterbirds and their habitats;
I improved links between local communities at important sites;
I promoted the sharing of knowledge and skills through various forums (meetings, publications, newsletters,
web sites, etc.); and
I mobilised at least USD 5 million to achieve these activities.
Implementation of the Strategy will require cooperation between governments, conventions, international and
national corporations, bilateral and multilateral donor agencies, international and national non-governmental
organisations and local communities.
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
A Flyway is broadly defined as: the
migration route of a population, species, or
group of species of bird, between a
breeding area, through the staging sites
(passage) and non-breeding area
(wintering area).
Wetlands are defined as: areas of
marsh, fen, peatland or water,
whether natural or artificial,
permanent or temporary, with water
that is static or flowing, fresh,
brackish or salt, including areas of
marine water the depth of which at
low tide does not exceed six
metres. Wetlands may incorporate
riparian and coastal zones adjacent
to the wetlands, and islands or
bodies of marine water deeper than
six metres at low tide lying within the
wetlands. Based on the text of the
Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance
especially as Waterfowl Habitat
(Ramsar, Iran, 1971) (Articles
1.1 and 2.1).
1. Introduction to Waterbirds, Wetlands and Conservation Initiatives
1.1 Waterbirds
Waterbirds play an important role in several spheres
of human interest: culturally, socially, scientifically
and as a food resource. Several species, such as
cranes, swans, geese and ducks, are revered.
Waterbirds are an important component of most
wetland ecosystems, as they form important links in
the food web and nutrient cycles. Many wetland
species also play a role in the control of agricultural
pests, whilst some species are themselves
considered pests of certain crops. After fish, birds are
probably the most important faunal group that attracts
people to wetlands.
Many waterbirds are migratory, undertaking annual
migrations along different flyways spanning the length
and breadth of the globe between their breeding and non-breeding grounds. During their annual migration,
waterbirds stop for very short periods of time to rest and feed at staging sites - stepping stones that are essential
for migration and crucial to their survival. They regularly cross national boundaries and thus conservation of
migratory waterbirds is clearly a collective responsibility of all countries in the flyway.
During their annual migrations, the birds depend on a great diversity of
habitats, ranging from the Arctic tundra to forests, rivers and estuaries,
lakes and marshes, farm lands, rice fields, deserts, coastal marshes,
sandy beaches, intertidal mudflats, coral reefs and atolls, and
mangroves, most of which are wetlands.
Loss of waterbird habitats through direct and indirect modifications and
non-sustainable harvesting of waterbirds for human needs have led to declines in several waterbird populations and
a number of species. Some of the most catastrophic declines have taken place in the last few decades, and the list
of threatened species in the Asia-Pacific region has expanded rapidly to include species from a large range of
waterbird groups. Whilst the decline of some populations has been well documented, the fate of many others
remains unknown. It is vital to understand the underlying causes for declines in populations and to attempt to control
these trends in order to prevent key components of the biodiversity of wetland habitats from being lost.
The number of waterbirds using a particular habitat is related to types and quality of habitats, abundance and
availability of food, and level of disturbance. Monitoring of waterbirds can provide valuable information on the status
of wetlands, and can be a key tool for increasing the awareness of importance of wetlands and conservation values.
1.2 Global Conservation Initiatives
Around the world, waterbirds have been demonstrated to serve as a powerful
and efficient vehicle to focus attention and mobilise action for the
conservation and sustainable use of wetlands and their biota. On the basis of
the annual movement patterns of migratory waterbird populations, the world
can be divided into three major flyway regions, with some overlapping areas:
I North and South American flyways
I African-Eurasian flyways
I Asia-Pacific flyways
Promoting conservation of wetlands and waterbirds around the world is being
undertaken by government agencies involved in nature management and
conservation, international and national non-governmental organisations,
development agencies and other groups. Experience has shown that
implementation of conservation efforts in a co-ordinated manner, results in the
optimum use of limited resources and leads to a more sustainable use of
wetland habitats and conservation outcomes.
Waterbirds are broadly defined as: birds ecologically
dependent on wetlands. It includes traditionally recognised
groups popularly known as wildfowl, waterfowl and
shorebirds/waders (see Table 1, page 7 for full list of
migratory waterbird groups). In addition to these groups, there
are other birds also dependent on wetlands such as
kingfishers, birds of prey and passerines. These birds benefit
from efforts undertaken to conserve waterbirds.
Migratory populations include species in which the entire
population or a significant proportion of the population (>1%)
cyclically and predictably crosses one or more national
jurisdictional boundaries. Based on the text of the Convention
on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
(Article 1).
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
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In response to the need for flyway based actions the following broad cooperative initiatives have been developed:
I North and South American flyways. The North American Waterfowl Management Plan promotes conservation of
North American Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans). The Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network is
promoting the conservation of migratory shorebirds throughout the entire Americas, complemented by a US
Shorebird Conservation Plan (Brown et al. 2000).
I African-Eurasian flyways. An Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds under
the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS or Bonn Convention) entered in
force in November 1999 and now has nearly 30 contracting Parties.
I Asia-Pacific flyways. International action has been developed and coordinated under the Asia-Pacific
Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 1996-2000.
1.3 Asia-Pacific Conservation Initiatives
An excellent example of co-operation at an international level is the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation
Strategy: 1996-2000, launched in 1996 through the support of the governments of Australia and Japan and
coordinated by Wetlands International (see Mundkur et al. 1999 for an overview). The Strategy served as an
international framework for the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats in the region. Wetlands
International established the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee (MWCC) to oversee the
implementation of the Strategy (see page 22 for details).
A major achievement of the Strategy: 1996-2000 has been to significantly raise the profile and awareness of the
need to conserve migratory waterbirds and their habitats in the Asia-Pacific flyways through a series of initiatives
implemented at local, national and international levels. These initiatives have been undertaken with the active
support and involvement of governments, conventions, national and international non-government organisations
(NGO)s, development agencies, the corporate sector and local communities.
Highlights of the Strategy during 1996-2000 include:
I Increased awareness of the importance of conserving waterbirds and their habitats in the Asia-Pacific.
I Development and implementation of regional conservation action plans for three groups of migratory
waterbirds (shorebirds, cranes and Anatidae), see page 11 for details.
I Establishment of three networks of internationally important sites: East Asian-Australasian Shorebird Site
Network (in 1996), North East Asian Crane Site Network (in 1997) and East Asian Anatidae Site Network (in
1999). The networks, as at December 2000, comprised 67 sites in 11 countries (over 60% are sites also listed
under the Convention on Wetlands); new sites are being added each year.
I Implementation of numerous actions at network sites and other important sites in the region, including:
- Securing government and other funding support for conservation, public awareness, education and research
activities at the national and international level.
- Surveys of important wetlands resulting in the identification of new sites of national and international
importance.
The Strategy: 1996-2000 was based on the following principles:
I Migratory waterbirds have evolved to cover great distances to complete their annual life cycle. During
this cycle, birds need to stop, rest and feed in wetlands and other habitats in a number of countries,
often only for a day or more.
I Efforts to conserve migratory waterbirds and their habitats in one country can be adversely affected
by actions in another country. Thus, raising public awareness, information exchange and international
cooperation is needed to achieve conservation of migratory species throughout their range.
I Conservation of habitats for migratory waterbirds is closely linked to maintenance and sustainable
use of these habitats, including natural and man-made wetlands.
I Action plans can serve to effectively promote conservation of species-groups and globally threatened
species if implemented by governments, conventions, non-government organisations and local
people.
I Establishment of international networks of important sites can significantly contribute to the conservation
of waterbirds and their habitats across a flyway.
I Public participation in developing and implementing conservation and sustainable use policies and
programmes should be provided for and encouraged.
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
- Organisation of training courses, resulting in strengthened local capacity to manage wetland and
conserve waterbirds.
- Collection of up-to-date information on waterbirds, threats and conservation priorities.
I Organisation of international and national meetings, workshops and conferences to share and exchange
information and skills and promote the importance of conservation measures.
I Publication of technical and non-technical information in English and several Asian languages.
I Development of four web sites dedicated to inform the public about activities and issues related to waterbird
conservation.
Implementation of the Strategy for migratory waterbirds has also had benefits for resident birds and other wetland
species through raised awareness of conservation issues and improved management of important waterbird sites.
Thus migratory waterbirds have proved to be an important flagship group that can serve to unite people across the
region to promote the conservation of a common resource.
An independent review of the implementation of the Strategy undertaken in 1999, reaffirmed the positive value of this
international cooperative initiative in promoting waterbird awareness and conservation in the Asia-Pacific region. The
review identified a number of issues including the need to broaden the basis of funding activities related to the
Strategy, increasing the involvement of government agencies and other organisations with the Strategy; and related
to both these, developing closer co-operative linkages with organisations involved in related areas of wetland and
bird conservation so as to develop synergies.
Based on the successes of the Strategy: 1996-2000, the MWCC has recommended the development and
implementation of this second Strategy for 2001-2005 to provide an international framework for the conservation of
migratory waterbirds and their habitats in the Asia-Pacific region into the 21
st

century.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
6
2. Placing the Asia-Pacific Region into Context
This chapter provides an overview of waterbirds and flyways in the Asia-Pacific region, threats to the waterbirds and
their habitats, and current conservation frameworks and initiatives. It identifies regional priorities and the need for
coordinated action to achieve conservation and sustainable use of migratory waterbirds and their habitats.
2.1 The Geographic Region
This Strategy broadly covers the breeding, staging and non-breeding areas of migratory waterbirds using the three
major flyways in the Asia-Pacific region. It encompasses the Asian continent east of the Ural mountains and south to
the Caspian Sea and Arabian Gulf, across all the countries of the former Soviet Union and Asia, to Alaska (USA),
Australia, and island countries and territories of the Pacific Ocean east to the Pitcairn Islands (as presented in Map 1
and listed in Annex 1).
2.2 Major Waterbird Flyways
In the Asia-Pacific region waterbirds generally migrate in a north-south orientation. For the long-distance migrants,
especially shorebirds, three flyways are recognised, based on biological and geopolitical considerations:
I Central Asian-Indian Flyway
I East Asian-Australasian Flyway
I West Pacific Flyway
The detailed picture of migration within the region is complex, as different species and populations vary in their
migration strategies. Some populations do not follow these general flyways and spend the non-breeding period in
areas covered by two or more flyways. There is also considerable overlap between the flyway areas, especially at
northern latitudes where the birds breed. A conservation framework that encompasses the entire geographic region
is needed to achieve conservation of these waterbirds. Within this framework, actions need to be implemented at the
flyway level.
NORTH ASIA
EAST ASIA
CENTRAL ASIA
SOUTH ASIA
PACIFIC
AUSTRALIA
SOUTH
EAST
ASIA
0
0
60
0
E 120
0
E 180
0
E 120
0
E 60
0
E
45
0
N
0
0
45
0
S
0
0
60
0
E 120
0
E 180
0
E 120
0
E 60
0
E
45
0
N
0
0
45
0
S
Map 1. Implementation area of the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
Taxonomic Group English Name
Gaviidae Loons
Podicipedidae Grebes
Phalacrocoracidae Cormorants
Pelecanidae Pelicans
Ardeidae Herons, Egrets and Bitterns
Ciconiidae Storks
Threskiornithidae Ibises and Spoonbills
Phoenicopteridae Flamingos
Anatidae Swans, Geese and Ducks
Gruidae Cranes
Rallidae Rails, Gallinules and Coots
Heliornithidae Finfoots
Jacanidae Jacanas
Dromadidae Crab Plover
Haematopodidae Oystercatchers
Recurvirostridae Stilts and Avocet
Glareolidae Pratincoles
Charadriidae Plovers
Scolopacidae Sandpipers
Laridae Gulls, Terns and Skimmer
Note: Collectively, shorebirds include jacanas, crab
plover, oystercatchers, stilts and avocet,
pratincoles, plovers and sandpipers.
2.3 Waterbirds in the Asia-Pacific
The Strategy adopts the definition of waterbirds of the
Convention on Wetlands in its broadest sense as being birds
ecologically dependent on wetlands. Twenty families of
waterbirds with the exception of wetland raptors are accepted
under the definition, and these are listed in Table 1.
There are at least 243 migratory species of a total of 404
waterbird species that are recorded in the region. They visit at
least 57 countries and territories in the Asia-Pacific region.
Waterbirds in need of special action
The conservation status of waterbirds across the Asia-Pacific
region varies greatly, and there is limited information on the
sizes of most populations. A 2000 publication by BirdLife
International Threatened Birds of the World identifies 50
species of threatened migratory waterbirds in the Asia-Pacific
region (Figure 1 and Annex 2). Efforts to conserve these
species are needed.
In addition to these globally threatened species, it is also
necessary to identify biogeographical populations of
migratory waterbird species that are threatened in the
Asia-Pacific region. Conservation efforts should also be
targeted at maintaining (or restoring) viable populations of
these waterbirds in their natural ranges.
2.4 Overview of Threats to Waterbirds and Wetlands
The Asia-Pacific region supports more than half of the worlds human
population and in recent years has achieved one of the highest economic
growth rates. The effect of high economic growth has also been the rapid
and often unsustainable use of natural resources and degradation of the
environment. The two main threats to the conservation of migratory
waterbirds that are linked to this growth are the loss and degradation of
habitat. Other threats include the introduction of exotic species and
unsustainable harvesting of waterbirds.
A review of the status of wetlands in Asia undertaken during the late 1980s
(Scott 1989; Scott & Poole 1989) revealed that 85% of important wetlands
were under some form of threat. The main threats included general
disturbance from human activities including settlement and agricultural
encroachment; drainage and reclamation for agriculture; domestic, industrial
waste water and pesticide pollution; over-exploitation of fishery resources
and associated disturbance; commercial logging and other forestry activities
Figure 1. Status of 49 threatened migratory
species in the Asia-Pacific region
(See Annex 2 for details)
Table 1. Waterbird families included in the Asia-Pacific
Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy
Greater efforts to identify and promote conservation of globally threatened species
and populations will be a priority of the Strategy: 2001-2005.
in wetland-associated forests; and degradation of watersheds resulting in increased soil erosion and siltation and
decreased water quality. Fifty percent of these wetlands were reported to be under moderate or severe threat,
providing an indication of the severity of human impacts on the habitats. The Wetlands Policy of the Commonwealth
Government of Australia (Environment Australia 1997) notes the loss of wetlands and major factors leading to
degradation and loss; it also states that the greatest threat, even today, remains ignorance of the importance of
wetlands and the roles they play. Wetlands of the Pacific Islands region, while generally subject to lower population
pressure than in Asia, are nevertheless increasingly under threat from expansion of agriculture, logging and
unsustainable harvest of marine and freshwater resources (R. Jaensch, unpublished).
In order to address waterbird conservation issues, therefore, it is vital to address issues associated with conservation
and sustainable use of wetlands and other habitats used by the birds during their annual migratory cycles.
Low risk
33%
Critical
6%
Endangered
14%
Vulnerable
47%
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
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2.4.1 Loss of habitat
The loss of habitat through changes in land utilisation practices is the most severe threat to the conservation of
waterbirds. Drainage and reclamation of wetlands, for example for agriculture and aquaculture, continues in most
countries. In contrast to habitat loss in the temperate and tropical regions, there has been less impact in the high
arctic region, where the great majority of migratory waterbirds breed. However, expansion of oil and gas
developments in Alaska and Russia could adversely affect waterbirds on their breeding grounds.
2.4.2 Degradation of habitat
In addition to the loss of habitat, degradation of the quality of habitats occurs due to the over-exploitation of wetland
resources (inland and coastal fisheries, mangroves, reeds, etc.) and changes in the watersheds resulting from
logging and mining, urban, rural and industrial developments. Siltation and increased sediment loads from
deforestation and urban developments are adversely affecting many inland and estuarine wetlands. Pollution and
eutrophication from industrial, agricultural and domestic operations are creating severe problems for inland and
coastal wetlands; these contaminants directly and indirectly affect waterbirds. Degradation of habitat reduces the
ability of the habitat to support a high density and diversity of birds.
2.4.3 Threats due to introduced/exotic species
Wetlands across the region have been adversely affected by the introduction of plant species such as Water
Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia sp. and Mimosa pigra. These plants have led to long-term changes of the
nature and biodiversity of the wetlands; in turn, this has had significant effects on the use of these wetlands by
waterbirds and other species. Precedents from elsewhere in the world suggest that other introduced species,
including fishes, mammals, birds, and reptiles, may have negative impacts on waterbirds, although quantitative
information is lacking from the Asia-Pacific. Human development in the arctic region has resulted in increases in
natural predator populations with adverse effects on breeding waterbirds.
2.4.4 Harvesting of waterbirds
Migratory waterbirds, their eggs and young are traditionally harvested/collected in several countries for their high
subsistence value, to trade domestically or internationally, or for sport. Whilst in some countries hunting is strictly
regulated by legislation, uncontrolled and illegal activities are still a major problem in many important staging and
non-breeding areas. Unregulated and poorly monitored harvesting of waterbirds may have serious consequences on
the species, leading to rapid declines in populations. When unmanaged harvesting is combined with the destruction
of habitats, species are vulnerable to faster rates of declines or extinction.
2.4.5 Effects of climate change
Coastal ecosystems, islands and atolls, with their mangroves, inter-tidal mudflats and coral reefs, are prone to
predicted climate change impacts such as increased sea levels. Increasing sea levels may adversely affect the
present spatial distribution and dynamics of coastal ecosystems and their flora and fauna. Several species of
migratory waterbirds, especially, shorebirds depend on these habitats and it is likely that sea-level rise would have
serious implications for their populations. In addition, global warming is believed to lead to the slow drying or raising
the salinity of inland wetlands, especially in areas where rivers are diverted from the wetlands for irrigation or other
uses. However, more information is required before the effects of these potential impacts are understood.
A priority of the Strategy: 2001-2005 will be to highlight the need for measures to protect migratory
waterbirds from threats to their habitats and to encourage conservation and sustainable
use practices in the harvesting of birds, their eggs and their young.
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
2.5 Information Needs for Waterbird and Wetland Conservation
Baseline information is a prerequisite to plan and monitor management actions for waterbirds and their habitats.
Without scientifically robust time series information on population status and distribution, success or failure of
conservation actions cannot be assessed.
Comprehensive information on breeding ranges, migration routes, important staging areas, non-breeding sites,
feeding requirements, quality of habitat and carrying capacity and seasonal/annual usage of habitat and population
changes is not available for many waterbirds. Monitoring of bird distributions and populations during the migration
cycle is still in its infancy; thus population sizes and trends of many species remain unknown. As well, quantitative
information is lacking on the socio-economic importance of the harvest of waterbirds in the Asia-Pacific region.
The exchange of information on waterbirds and their habitats will facilitate their conservation. Such information
exchange can benefit greatly by the use of computer-based information storage and retrieval systems, especially as
access to and skills to operate computer-based systems increase across the region.
There are four main global/regional computer-based databases that store information on waterbirds and their
habitats:
I Database of Wetlands of International Importance (Convention on Wetlands)
I Important Bird Area Database (BirdLife International)
I International Waterbird Census Database (Wetlands International)
I World Bird Database (BirdLife International)
The Asian Waterfowl Census, part of the International Waterbird Census, collects, collates and disseminates
information on the distribution of waterbirds and wetlands. The programme needs to be expanded in the Asia-Pacific
region. An Asian Wetland Inventory database is being developed to collect standardised information on wetlands of
international importance across Asia.
Improved data collection and information dissemination are priority elements in the Strategy: 2001-2005.
2.6 Frameworks for Migratory Waterbird Conservation
2.6.1 National policies and legislation
Across the region there are a variety of national policies and legislative measures for the conservation of migratory
waterbirds and their habitats. Policies and legislation relating to the sound management and designation of important
wetlands as conservation areas are lacking in many countries. Implementation of conservation measures in
accordance with national laws to regulate development activities within and outside designated areas is often a
challenge, especially where laws conflict with local interests or national development plans. The level of enforcement
of legislation varies due to the numbers of trained staff, resource allocations, and levels of public awareness and
poverty.
Government agencies in most countries are undertaking conservation activities, such as designation of protected
habitats, regulation of hunting and related activities, management and restoration of habitats, studies on the
breeding, feeding and migration ecology of waterbirds, and activities to increase education and public awareness.
For the conservation of migratory species and their habitats, a flyway approach to the harmonisation of legislation
throughout the region would be a valuable approach to support conservation efforts, especially for threatened
species. Multilateral conservation initiatives such as the Strategy: 1996-2000 and Strategy: 2001-2005, Ramsar and
Migratory Species Conventions and Memoranda of Understanding on Siberian Cranes and Slender-billed Curlew
provide a framework and guidance to achieve this objective. Increasingly, countries are supporting international
initiatives by joining and participating in implementing actions under various conventions (see 2.6.3, page 10) and in
supporting the Strategy and its Action Plans.
Additionally, cooperative projects are being pursued in several nations based on bilateral treaties for the
conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats.
The Strategy: 2001-2005 will give priority to working towards achieving greater harmony in policies and
legislation in the Asia-Pacific for the conservation and sustainable use of waterbirds and their habitats.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
10
2.6.2 Conservation activities by non-government organisations
NGOs contribute significantly to waterbird and wetland conservation at the international, national and local level.
Initiatives are being implemented in collaboration with governments, conventions, other NGOs and local people. The
most active international NGOs include:
I BirdLife International
I International Crane Foundation
I Wetlands International
I World Conservation Union
I World Wide Fund for Nature
Key initiatives include:
I Co-ordinating the production of A Directory of Asian Wetlands, A Directory of Wetlands in Oceania, A
Directory of the Wetlands of the Middle East and several national wetland directories.
I Collection of information on wetlands and waterbirds through programmes such as the Asian Waterfowl
Census, Asian Red Data Book and Asian Important Bird Areas.
I Organising international and national training courses on wetland study and waterbird identification and
monitoring techniques.
I Organising international and national workshops and conferences on wetland and waterbird conservation.
I Organising education and public awareness campaigns to increase peoples awareness on the importance of
conservation.
I Development of management plans and management of important waterbird areas.
I Supporting in implementation of conventions at local, national and international levels.
The Strategy: 2001-2005 recognises the important role that non-government organisations can play in
achieving outcomes for the conservation and sustainable use of waterbirds and their habitats.
2.6.3 International conservation conventions/agreements/frameworks
There are several international conventions, international/regional initiatives, and bilateral agreements that are
relevant to the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats in the Asia-Pacific region. However, as yet
there is no governmental multilateral agreement for the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats.
International conventions.
The key inter-governmental conventions are:
I Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
I Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention or CMS)
I Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar, Iran, 1971),
also known as the Convention on Wetlands or the Ramsar Convention
Membership of these conventions by countries in the Asia-Pacific region is growing, as more nations recognise
the need and support provided for conservation and sustainable use of biological resources and habitats. As at
31 December 2000, 52% were Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention, 19% to the CMS and 83% to the
CBD (Annex 1).
Meetings of the Conference of Parties of the Ramsar Convention in 1996 (CoP6) and 1999 (CoP7) approved
three resolutions and recommendations that are directly relevant to the Strategy: Recommendation 6.4 the
Brisbane Initiative on the establishment of a network of listed sites along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway;
Recommendation 7.3 on multilateral cooperation on the conservation of migratory waterbirds in the Asia-
Pacific region including supporting the implementation of the Strategy and considering the development of a
multilateral agreement or an other arrangement; and Resolution VII.21 on enhancing the conservation and
wise use of intertidal wetlands (Annexes 3, 4 & 5).
The 1996 Meeting of the Convention on Migratory Species (CoP5) called on Parties, through Resolution 5.4,
to take an active role in the development of a conservation initiative for migratory waterbirds of the Central
Asian-Indian flyway (UNEP/CMS 1997). The 1999 CMS CoP6, through Resolution 6.4 and companion
document UNEP/CMS/Conf. 6.12, called on Parties to support and provide input to the Strategy: 1996-2000
and future related initiatives that may lead, at an appropriate time, to a formal multilateral Agreement among
States of the region, under the auspices of CMS.
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
Regional initiatives on nature conservation.
At least five regional inter-governmental initiatives provide a framework for international cooperation for the
conservation of nature, natural resources and the environment. They are:
I Association of the South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Environment Programme
I Convention on the Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific (Apia Convention)
I Convention for the Protection of Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific
(SPREP Convention)
I South Asian Agreement on Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
I Programme for the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)
Bilateral migratory bird agreements/treaties.
Ten bilateral agreements/treaties with others under discussion, deal with the conservation of migratory birds
(Table 2). These agreements provide a useful and effective mechanism for the promotion of actions at a bilateral
level and international level to promote conservation of migratory waterbirds.
Table 2. Bilateral agreements/treaties on the conservation of migratory birds in the Asia-Pacific region
A priority of the Strategy: 2001-2005 will be to promote synergistic actions for migratory waterbird and
wetland conservation in all of the various regional and bilateral arrangements for nature conservation.
International frameworks to promote migratory waterbird conservation.
Regional action for the conservation of migratory waterbirds has been promoted under the following key initiatives:
I Strategy: 1996-2000, Action Plans and Site Networks for three species-groups. Three Action Plans were
developed under the Strategy: 1996-2000 - for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway, cranes in North East
Asian Flyway, and shorebirds in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. The key element of these Action Plans
has been the establishment of networks of appropriately managed sites that are internationally important for
migratory waterbirds. The network concept is based on the successful model of the Western Hemisphere
Shorebird Reserve Network that operates in the Americas. The networks of sites and people, enable site
owners, managers, local people and participating organisations to gain national and international
recognition and support for their conservation efforts. Conservation efforts at network sites aim to conserve
all species of waterbirds and other fauna dependent on the site.
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
12
Site networks provide an ideal framework for the development of site-based activities, including basic
training and public awareness, management planning and support, monitoring and research of wetlandsand
waterbirds, information and personnel exchanges. Government agencies, NGOs and conventions are
increasingly recognising the value of the networks and enhancing their support to them. More information
on these networks is available on the web site of Wetlands International (http://www.wetlands.org).
To be effective, these networks need to be further developed and strengthened, by extending site coverage
and by enhancing network activities. In order to increase synergy between different regional groupings,
sites that are important for more than one group of waterbirds will benefit from being nominated under the
various networks.
The conservation of important sites in other flyways in the Asia-Pacific region, particularly the Central Asian-
Indian Flyway would benefit through the development of site networks. This continental flyway comprises
large semi-arid habitats with limited wetland areas, particularly in the staging and non-breeding areas and
different groups of migratory waterbirds appear to overlap considerably in the usage of important sites. An
evaluation of the migration routes, main staging and non-breeding sites of the main waterbird groups is
needed to guide the development of networks in this flyway.
I Action plans for other species-groups. International Action Plans have been developed for cranes (Meine &
Archibald 1996), grebes (ODonnel & Fjeldsa 1997), herons (Hafner et al. 2000) and Anatidae (Callaghan et
al. in prep.) by the IUCN Species Survival Commission in conjunction with Wetlands International Specialist
Groups, BirdLife International, International Crane Foundation and others, and for Eider Ducks (Circumpolar
Seabird Working Group 1997). These plans aim to raise awareness and promote conservation at the global
and national level.
I Action plans for globally threatened species. International Action Plans have been prepared for two
threatened species:
- A Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for the Siberian Crane Grus
leucogeranus was developed in 1993 under the auspices of the CMS. The Memorandum and
accompanying Conservation Plan (UNEP/CMS 1999a) aim to ensure the survival of the globally
threatened Siberian Crane through co-operative action in the nine participating range countries.
- An Action Plan for Black-faced Spoonbill Platalea minor was developed in 1995 by BirdLife
International partners in Asia (Severinghaus et al. 1995). It is proving a successful mechanism of
promoting cooperation for the conservation of this species.
A priority of the Strategy: 2001-2005 will be develop the migratory waterbird networks and to
build greater co-operation between sites and flyways.
The Strategy: 2001-2005 will continue to provide an international framework for conservation
measures for migratory waterbirds through the development and implementation of Action Plans
for species-groups and globally threatened species.
13
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
3. Strategy Framework
3.1 Key Elements
The Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005 aims to enhance the long-term
conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats in the Asia-Pacific region. It will build and expand on
the successes of the Strategy: 1996-2000. The Strategy: 2001-2005 is based on the principles as set out on page 4.
The Strategy calls for action to be undertaken at the international, regional and national level. The Strategy divides
the Asia-Pacific into broad regions as determined by the migration pattern of species along three flyways: Central
Asian-Indian, East Asian-Australasian and West Pacific. It also recognises sub regions for some species-groups, for
example, within the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, for cranes in North East Asia and Anatidae in East Asia.
Action Plans are to continue to serve as the main tool for promoting conservation initiatives at the regional level.
Three Action Plans have been reviewed and further developed for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway, cranes in the
North East Asian Flyway and shorebirds in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. The three existing site networks will
serve as a focus for site-based conservation efforts for these species-groups.
An Action Plan for the Central Asian-Indian flyway will be developed to promote action for all migratory waterbirds. In
addition, all existing global and regional waterbird Action Plans will be reviewed and promoted. Single species Action
Plans will be developed and promoted for selected species.
Interactions with other international migratory waterbird conservation programmes such as the North American
Waterfowl Management Plan, United States Shorebird Conservation Plan, Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve
Network and African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement need to be enhanced to provide expertise and linkages to
enhance the implementation of activities in the Asia-Pacific region.
National implementation programmes will need to be developed to provide detailed planning for implementation at
the national level. Action at national level will involve the national, state and local governments responsible for
wetland habitats and the conserving biodiversity. These actions need to be supported and complemented by local
people, national and international NGOs, conventions and the corporate and donor community.
The conservation benefits must be clear to local people across the region, as only through the recognition of the
importance of the waterbirds and their habitats, can such an ambitious conservation plan be achieved.
The challenge is to ensure that organisations in all countries are involved in the achievement of the outcomes before
the end of 2005. National government agencies are encouraged to embrace the key elements of the Strategy within
their national agendas. It is recognised that specific actions may differ between countries depending on existing
situations, current programmes and availability of resources.
NGOs play an important role in achieving the outcomes of the Strategy, by working with governments and local
people to develop innovative and cost-effective programmes to implement activities to promote the conservation of
migratory waterbirds and their habitats at the national and international level.
The key elements of this Strategy for the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats are as follows:
1. Action plans for species-groups and globally threatened species.
2. Effectively managed networks of sites that are internationally important for migratory waterbirds.
3. Raised awareness of waterbirds and their link to wetland values and functions throughout the region and at
all levels.
4. Increased capacity of government agencies and non-government organisations to implement conservation
actions for migratory waterbirds.
5. An enhanced knowledge base and increased information exchange for the sound management of migratory
waterbirds and their habitats.
6. Harmonised national and state policies and legislation as a foundation for the conservation of migratory
waterbirds and their habitats.
7. Enhanced organisational relationships at all levels to increase cooperation and deliver greater conservation
benefits.
8. Adequate planning and resources to implement the Strategy.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
14
3.2 Implementing the Strategy
Element 1: Action plans for species-groups and globally threatened species.
Rationale
Action Plans serve as the main tool for promoting conservation at the regional level (see 2.6.3, page 11). To focus
international attention on the priorities required to conserve migratory species, it is important to continue to further
develop and promote implementation of these action plans. For selected globally threatened species that have
specific needs, development of single species action plans are encouraged.
The conservation of migratory waterbirds and wetlands in the Central Asian-Indian Flyway is recognised as a high
priority. Initial activities identified are networking of experts and the development of an action plan that collates
information and identifies regional priorities.
Implementation of these plans requires the active cooperation and participation of all stakeholders.
Outcomes
1. Five year species-group Action Plans developed and implemented for shorebirds in the East Asian-Australasian
Flyway, cranes in North East Asian Flyway and Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway with annual implementation
plans developed that include resourcing strategies.
2. Single species Action Plans developed and implemented for globally threatened species (Swan Goose Anser
cygnoides, Baikal Teal Anas formosa, Black-faced Spoonbill Platalea minor, Oriental Stork Ciconia boyciana,
Saunders Gull Larus saundersi, and others).
3. A regional Action Plan developed and implemented for migratory waterbirds and wetlands in the Central Asian-
Indian Flyway.
4. Improved support and involvement by governments, the donor community, conventions, NGOs and the
community has been achieved in the implementation of the Strategy.
15
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
Element 2: Effectively managed networks of sites that are internationally important for migratory
waterbirds.
Rationale
The establishment of three site networks in the East Asian-Australasian region during the Strategy: 1996-2000 (see
2.6.3, page 11) has proved to be a valuable mechanism for promoting and delivering conservation outcomes. The
success of these networks to conserve waterbirds will depend on expanding the coverage of networks to include all
the important sites and to ensure their effective management.
It is proposed to establish a network in the Central Asian-Indian Flyway during the life of this Strategy. An
assessment will be undertaken to determine the importance of establishing site networks to promote the
conservation of selected globally threatened species.
Appropriate integrated management underpins the long-term conservation of network sites. Current Strategy
initiatives have shown that management outcomes are beginning to achieve greater success when local community
needs (for example traditional practices and resource use) are considered and integrated into management plans
and activities. The conservation benefits must be clear to local communities in the region, as only through the
recognition of the importance of the waterbirds and their habitats, can sound conservation initiatives be achieved.
The development of site management plans by site managers, in consultation with the local community, provides a
mechanism for integrated management to be achieved.
Outcomes
5. Established site networks for species-groups in the East Asian-Australasian flyways and selected globally
threatened species that include a minimum of 25% of the internationally important sites.
6. Establishment of a site network for conservation of migratory waterbirds and wetlands in the Central
Asian-Indian Flyway.
7. Model projects developed and implemented that promote sustainable resource use and provide alternative
livelihoods to local communities at network sites.
8. Adoption of management plans at network sites.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
16
Element 3: Raised awareness of waterbirds and their link to wetland values and functions
throughout the region and at all levels.
Rationale
Increasing public awareness of the values of waterbirds is fundamental to efforts to promote their conservation.
Public support and participation is essential to ensure the successful implementation of the Strategy and Action
Plans. To increase the appreciation and awareness of waterbirds and their habitats, it is important to collaborate with
existing education and public awareness programmes and to develop new programmes, which are targeted to a
range of audiences locally, nationally and internationally.
The success of these education and awareness programmes depends on the development and dissemination of
products, materials and tools tailored to the specific requirements of particular countries (e.g. language) and interest
groups. Communication mechanisms will also be facilitated through existing and new channels such as wetland/
nature education/interpretation centres, networks sites, Ramsar sites and training courses. Where necessary,
wetland centres need to be set-up for effective delivery of these programmes.
Outcomes
9. A communication and education plan developed for the Strategy.
10. Availability of a range of general communication products on wetlands and waterbirds in local languages.
11. Availability of communication and education tools for use at Network sites and education centres.
12. Enhanced community awareness of the value of managing waterbirds and their habitats through the
implementation of wide ranging awareness programmes.
13. Development of new wetland centres in the Asia-Pacific region to meet identified priority needs.
17
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
Element 4: Increased capacity of government agencies and non-government organisations to
implement conservation actions for migratory waterbirds.
Rationale
The conservation of waterbirds and their habitats requires a variety of skills and resources at the international,
national, state and site level. Providing access to training for site managers provides the most viable and sustainable
mechanism for the appropriate management of Network sites.
The existing capacity in countries varies considerably, it is important to assess knowledge and skills and resource
needs and subsequently identify and provide appropriate training and infrastructure support. By encouraging
international cooperation to build capacity, it is possible to strengthen the spirit of regional cooperation by sharing
experiences, skills, and conservation technologies.
The conservation of waterbirds is closely linked to the management of wetlands. The Convention on Wetlands in its
Strategic Plan 1997-2002 has identified capacity development as a priority; the links to its activities and those of this
Strategy will be identified and cooperative implementation promoted. The links to other conventions and
international initiatives that promote capacity enhancement will also be identified and encouraged.
Outcomes
14. Managers of important sites for waterbirds will have skills in waterbird identification, wetland management, and
education and engaging communities in conservation activities.
15. Enhanced technical capacity of government agencies and non-government organisations to implement
conservation actions for migratory waterbirds and wetlands.
16. Greater co-operation between complementary activities of other bilateral and international initiatives and
conventions for migratory waterbird and wetland conservation.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
18
Element 5: An enhanced knowledge base and increased information exchange for the sound
management of migratory waterbirds and their habitats.
Rationale
The conservation of migratory waterbirds poses a great challenge as the birds utilise a variety of habitats and food
sources throughout the course of a year. Present understanding of the complex requirements of these birds and their
habitats are far from comprehensive. It is clear that any assessment of the success of actions implemented during
the life of the Strategy will be ultimately based on trends in migratory waterbird numbers. Scientifically sound on-the-
ground monitoring and research activities need to be continued or initiated in the Asia-Pacific region as a priority.
In order to ensure access to up-to-date information, the continued development and enhancement of waterbird and
habitat inventory and monitoring programmes and information storage systems will be encouraged and supported to
ensure that conservation efforts are based on the best available knowledge. Advances in information and
communication technology make it possible to increase access and facilitate the exchange of information.
The regular exchange of information and experience is essential to monitor the status of action plans, evaluate and
improve methods, identify needs for further work, and review/refine priorities. This requires regular information and
experience exchange, and consultation between waterbird and wetland researchers, interested individuals,
organisations, agencies, conservationists and other practitioners.
Outcomes
17. A regional programme to collect information on waterbird diversity and abundance at all important sites.
18. An updated inventory of important waterbird habitats in the Asia-Pacific region.
19. Up-to-date population estimates for migratory waterbirds in the Asia-Pacific region.
20. An improved scientific understanding of migration strategies, threats and conservation needs of waterbirds.
21. Forums identified and/or established to share knowledge and experience in migratory waterbird and habitat
conservation (e.g. meetings, newsletters, web sites etc.).
19
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
Element 6: Harmonised national and state policies and legislation as a foundation for the
conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats.
Rationale
Most nations in the Asia-Pacific region have developed a range of policies and legislation that relate to the
conservation of waterbirds and their habitats. As these policies and legislation emphasise national objectives, most
do not address the international perspective necessary for the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their
habitats. For example, several globally threatened migratory species are not afforded adequate flyway wide
protection and are hunted in some countries. Harvesting of migratory waterbirds, differing national legislation and
levels of enforcement leave species vulnerable to declines or extinction especially where this is combined with the
destruction of habitats.
With changing environmental conditions, habitat modifications and other pressures mounting on these species, there
is a need to review existing legislation and policy to develop international guidelines for countries to update and
harmonise policy and legislation relating to waterbirds and their habitats.
Outcomes
22. Publication of a review of national policy and legislation pertaining to the management of waterbirds in the
Asia-Pacific region and the preparation of guidelines to assist regional harmonisation.
23. National policies and legislation that recognise the importance of conserving migratory waterbirds and their
habitats are promoted to support the management and conservation of waterbirds and their habitats.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
20
Element 7: Enhanced organisational relationships at all levels to increase cooperation and
deliver greater conservation benefits.
Rationale
A fundamental principle of the Strategy is that cooperative action is the only means to ensure the conservation of
migratory waterbirds and their habitats. As the nature of this action is cooperative it is essential that constructive
relations are built and maintained with a wide range of organisations and individuals.
Coordination of implementation of the Strategy: 1996-2000 has built a coalition of national government agencies,
international Convention staff and NGOs. The development and implementation of action plans build additional
relationships between waterbird biologists, site managers, local communities and national government organisations.
These coalitions need to be expanded to enable more comprehensive and sustainable outcomes over the 2001-
2005 period.
Links between site managers and the local community are crucial to maintaining the values of waterbird habitat.
Outcomes
24. Linkages between local communities at different sites within each of the migratory waterbird networks have
been established.
25. Cooperative implementation of Action Plans and actions at Network sites involving governments,
conventions, site managers, NGOs and local communities.
21
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
Element 8: Adequate planning and resources to implement the Strategy.
Rationale
To achieve the outcomes of the Strategy and to successfully implement the Action Plans, adequate planning and
programme management will be required. The MWCC and Working Groups provide the institutional mechanisms for
the implementation of the Strategy and Action Plans at the international level (refer to 4.1, page 22 for further
information).
A detailed Strategy implementation plan will be developed in consultation with governments and NGOs to achieve
the broader objectives of the Strategy not covered by the species-group action plans. This will ensure a co-ordinated
approach for all migratory waterbird conservation efforts in the region.
Detailed work programmes with annual milestones will be prepared for the Waterbird Officers.
Planning and implementation of the Strategy at the national and local level will be promoted by detailed planning and
the development of an agenda for joint action with other partners. Their development will benefit through creating
closer links and synergies with the MWCC and Working Groups.
Considerable financial resources need to be mobilised at the international and national level to achieve the
outcomes of the Strategy. This is especially relevant for a number of countries whose economies are in transition.
A number of agencies and organisations are funding some ongoing activities. Additional financial resources will be
necessary to ensure timely implementation of the Strategy. The support of the development assistance community,
corporations, national and state governments, conventions and non-government organisations will be vital to achieve
the aims of the Strategy.
Outcomes
26. Effective operation of the MWCC and Working Groups to promote and monitor implementation of the Strategy
and Action Plans.
27. Engagement of personnel to coordinate, promote and monitor implementation of the Strategy and Action Plans.
28. Annual implementation plans for the Strategy and Action Plans including resourcing strategies.
29. National implementation plans for the Strategy developed and supported by all relevant stakeholders.
30. Increased funding directed towards the conservation and management of migratory waterbirds and their
habitats.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
22
4. Organisational Arrangements
4.1 Co-ordination of Action
4.1.1 Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee
The Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee (MWCC) was established in 1996 by the Council of
Wetlands International - Asia Pacific to oversee the implementation and review of Strategy: 1996-2000. The MWCC
comprises 16 members: seven government representatives (Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australia
(Environment Australia); State Forestry Administration, Peoples Republic of China; Ministry of Environment and
Forests, India; Ministry of Forestry and Forest Crops, Indonesia; Ministry of the Environment, Japan, Ministry of
Natural Resources, Russian Federation, and Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S.A.), the Convention on Wetlands, the
Convention on Migratory Species, a development assistance agency (United Nations Development Programe/Global
Environment Facility), international NGOs (BirdLife International and World Wide Fund for Nature), chairs of three
technical Working Groups (for Anatidae, cranes and shorebirds) and a Wetlands International Specialist Group
Coordinator (Figure 2). The MWCC is supported by a Strategy Coordination Officer.
Figure 2. Organisational structure of the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee (as at 1 January 2001)
- Australia - Japan
- China - Russia
- India - U.S.A.
- Indonesia
Government Representation
- Convention on Wetlands
- Convention on Migratory Species
Conventions
- BirdLife International
- World Wide Fund for Nature
International NGO Representation
- Shorebird Working Group
- Anatidae Working Group
- Crane Working Group
Chairs of Working Groups
Representative of Wetlands
International Specialist Groups
Asia-Pacific
Migratory Waterbird
Conservation
Committee (MWCC)
Wetlands International -
Asia Pacific Council
- UNDP/GEF
Development Assistance Agency
- Strategy Coordination Officer
- Anatidae Flyway Officer
- Crane Flyway Officer
- Shorebird Flyway Officer
Administrative &
Technical Support
23
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
The MWCC will maintain overall responsibility for coordinating, monitoring and reporting on implementation of the
Strategy, fund raising, development of projects, and overseeing activities of the Strategy Coordination Officer. The
terms of reference for the Committee are to:
I Promote and encourage support for implementation of the Strategy by governments and other relevant
organisations in the Asia-Pacific region.
I Monitor implementation of the Strategy.
I Establish and provide guidance to Working Groups to oversee the implementation of species-group Action
Plans and site networks.
I Provide advice to and monitor progress of Working Groups.
I Monitor and encourage partnerships and linkages between initiatives for conservation of migratory
waterbirds and those for wetlands and other wetland species.
I Make recommendations for development of proposals for the conservation of waterbirds and their habitats.
I Provide advice to the Wetlands International - Asia Pacific Council and other agencies on priorities for
funding and projects.
I Report on activities to the Wetlands International - Asia Pacific Council.
I Review the annual work programme of the Strategy Coordination Officer.
Contact details for the MWCC are provided in Annex 6.
4.1.2 Working Groups
Coordination of activities to implement the shorebird, crane and Anatidae Action Plans during 1996-2000 was
achieved through three international Working Groups. The Working Groups established by the MWCC, comprise 6-9
members drawn from governments, technical institutes and NGOs. Each Working Group has an elected Chair and is
supported by a Flyway Officer.
The Working Groups are responsible for developing, coordinating, monitoring and reporting on implementation of
Action Plans, development of projects, supporting fund raising activities, and overseeing activities of the Flyway
Officer. Contact details for the Working Groups are provided in Annex 6.
These Working Groups will continue their support role to the MWCC. Additional Working Groups may be established
to address specific elements of the Strategy.
4.1.3 Waterbird Officers
A coalition of non-government organisations will host the Strategy Coordination Officer and Flyway Officers:
I Strategy Coordination Officer is hosted by Wetlands International - Asia Pacific, provides secretariat
support to the MWCC and Flyway Officers and coordinates the implementation of the Strategy.
I Crane Flyway Officer is hosted by the Wild Bird Society of Japan and implements the Crane Action Plan
for the North East Asian Flyway.
I Anatidae Flyway Officer is hosted by the Japanese Association for Wild Geese Protection and implements
the Anatidae Action Plan for the East Asian Flyway.
I Shorebird Flyway Officer is hosted by Wetlands International - Oceania and implements the Shorebird
Action Plan for the East Asian-Australasian Flyway and conservation action for shorebirds in the West
Pacific Flyway.
4.2 Resourcing the Strategy
During 1996-2000, Environment Australia, Environment Agency of Japan and Wetlands International provided core
funding to support the Strategy and Action Plan implementation activities, and the meetings of the MWCC and
Working Groups. Funding was also provided for the development of the Strategy: 2001-2005. It is expected that
these agencies will continue to work with governments and other agencies in the Asia-Pacific region to implement
the Strategy: 2001-2005.
Implementation of the key elements outlined in the Strategy: 2001-2005 will require considerable financial resources.
A number of agencies and organisations are already undertaking some of these activities with funds from a variety of
sources. Other activities can be supported through the re-allocation of existing resources. Additional financial
resources will be necessary to ensure timely and sustainable implementation of most of the Strategy.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
24
Fund raising will be the responsibility of Wetlands International (including MWCC and the Working Groups) and the
organisations that host Flyway Officers. Fund raising will be guided through the development of a detailed fund
raising programme.
4.3 Strategy Evaluation
Reports on the implementation of the Strategy and evaluation of its outcomes will be prepared periodically.
Information for the report will be collated by the MWCC by soliciting reports from the agencies and organisations
involved in implementation. The report will be available for public information. Progress reports will be presented at
appropriate international waterbird and wetland conservation conferences and other fora.
A mid term review will be conducted in 2003. During the final year, 2005, a comprehensive independent final review
will be undertaken. The MWCC, Working Groups and major co-operating agencies will consider the outcomes of the
review. Future conservation initiatives will be developed based on the evaluation of the success of the implementa-
tion of the Strategy.
25
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
5. References and Further Reading
Adyasuren Tsokhiogiin, Mundkur, T. & Ayushiin Namkhai. 1998. Proceedings of International Workshop on Wetland
Conservation in Mongolia and North-East Asia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 16-19 September 1997. Development &
Environment NGO, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and Wetlands International, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 181pp.
Anonymous. 1996. Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 1996-2000. Wetlands International - Asia
Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau, Japan Committee,
Tokyo, Japan. 41pp.
Australian Nature Conservation Agency. 1996. A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia. Second Edition,
Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra, Australia. 964pp.
AWB. 1994. Priorities in Wetland Conservation in South-east Asia: Selected Recommendations for Action. Ramsar
South-east Asia Regional Workshop. 29 March - 1 April 1994, Indonesia. Asian Wetland Bureau, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. 39pp.
Beintema, A. & J. van Vessem (eds.) 1999. Strategies for Conserving Migratory Waterbirds. Procs. of Workshop 2 of
the 2nd International Conference on Wetlands and Development held in Dakar, Senegal, 8-14 November 1998.
Wetlands International Publication No. 55. Wageningen, The Netherlands. 71pp.
BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Italy
and Cambridge, UK. 852pp.
BirdLife International. 2001. Threatened Birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife
International, Cambridge, UK.
Brown, S. Hickey, C. & Harrington, B. (eds.). 2000. The U.S. Shorebird Conservation Plan. Manomet Center for
Conservation Sciences, Manomet, MA. USA. 60pp. [on-line] http://www.manomet.org/USSCP/files.htm
Callaghan, D. A. et al. in prep. Global Action Plan for the Conservation of Anseriformes (Ducks, Geese, Swans and
Screamers). IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Circumpolar Seabird Working Group. 1997. Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan. Conservation
of Arctic Flora and Fauna. Akureyri, Iceland. 16pp.
Chan, S. 1999. Atlas of Key Sites for Cranes in the North East Asian Flyway. Wetlands International - Japan, Tokyo,
Japan. 67pp.
Chen Kelin & Zhang Guixin (eds.). 1998. Wetland and Waterbird Conservation - Proceedings of an International
Workshop on Wetland and Waterbird Conservation in North East Asia. Wetland International -China
Programme. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. China. 294pp.
Collar, N. J., Crosby, M. J. & Stattersfield, A. A. 1994. Birds to Watch 2: The World List of Threatened Birds. BirdLife
Conservation Series No. 4. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. 407pp.
Environment Australia. 1997. Wetlands Policy of the Commonwealth Government of Australia. Commonwealth of
Australia, Canberra, Australia. 48pp.
Hafner, H., Lansdown, R. V., Kushlan, J. A., Butler, R. W., Custer, T. W., Davidson, I. J., Erwin, R. M.,
Hancock, J. A., Lyles, A. M., Maddock, M., Marion, L., Morales, G., Mundkur, T., Perennou, C., Pineau, O.,
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
28
Annex 1: Accession to international conventions directly relevant to
the conservation of waterbirds in the Asia-Pacific region
Nation and Territory
International Conventions
1
Biological
Diversity
CMS Wetlands
Afghanistan
Australia
Azerbaijan
2
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, Peoples Republic of
Cook Islands
East Timor
Fiji
France (French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis
and Futuna Islands)
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Japan
Kazakhstan
2
Kyrgyzstan
2
Kiribati
Korea, Peoples Democratic Republic of
Korea, Republic of
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
Malaysia
Maldives
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Federated States of
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nauru
Nepal
New Zealand
Yes Yes Yes
Yes (Yes)
Yes Yes
Yes
Yes Yes
Yes (Yes) Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
(Yes) (Yes) (Yes)
Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes
Yes (Yes) Yes
Yes Yes
Yes (Yes)
Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes
Yes Niue
(Yes) Northern Mariana Islands
Yes Yes Yes Pakistan
Yes
Palau
Yes Papua New Guinea
Yes
Yes Yes Yes Philippines
Yes (Yes) Yes Russian Federation
Yes Singapore
Yes Solomon Islands
Yes Yes Yes Sri Lanka
Yes Yes* Tajikistan
2
29
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
Notes:
Yes - nation is party to the convention, (Yes) - territory of a nation is party to the convention, Yes* Deposition of
Declaration of Succession, (Yes) - a non Contracting Party to CMS, but a member of agreements on waterbirds under
CMS.
1
Wetlands - Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat
(Ramsar Convention); list as at 31 December 2000.
CMS - Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention); list as at
31 December 2000.
Biological Diversity - Convention on Biological Diversity; list as at 31 December 2000.
2
Nations belonging to the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) have undertaken in the Alma-Ata
Declaration of 21 December 1991 to guarantee in conformity with their legislative procedures, the fulfilment of
international obligations, stemming from the agreements signed by the former USSR. In December 2000,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan are still to confirm their membership of the Ramsar Convention.
Nation and Territory
International Conventions
1
Biological
Diversity
CMS Wetlands
Yes Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Tuvalu
United States of America (American Samoa)
Uzbekistan
2
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
Western Samoa
(Yes)
Yes*
TOTAL 45 (3) 83% 10 (3) 19% 28 (6) 52%
Yes Thailand
(Yes) (Yes) Tokelau
Yes Tonga
(Yes) Yes Turkmenistan
2
United Kingdom (Pitcairn Islands) (Yes) (Yes) (Yes)
United States of America (Alaska, Hawaii and Guam)
(Yes)
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
30
Annex 2: Threatened migratory waterbird species in the
Asia-Pacific region
Species
1
English Name
Category
of Threat
2
Status
3
Population estimate
4
Pelecanus philippensis
Pelecanus crispus
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus
Egretta eulophotes
Gorsachius goisagi
Ixobrychus eurhythmus
Anastomus oscitans
Ciconia boyciana
Threskiornis melanocephalus
Platalea minor
Phoeniconaias minor
Anser cygnoides
Anser erythropus
Anser canagica
Branta ruficollis
Aix galericulata
Anas formosa
Marmaronetta angustirostris
Aythya baeri
Aythya nyroca
Polysticta stellerii
Somateria fischeri
Mergus squamatus
Oxyura leucocephala
Grus nigricollis
Grus monacha
Grus japonensis
Grus vipio
Grus antigone
Grus leucogeranus
Coturnicops exquisitus
Crex crex
Heliopais personata
Vanellus gregarius
Vanellus cinereus
Charadrius placidus
Numenius tahitiensis
Numenius tenuirostris
Numenius madagascariensis
Tringa guttifer
Gallinago hardwickii
Gallinago nemoricola
Spot-billed Pelican VU MR 11,500
Dalmatian Pelican LR/CD 10,000-13,000
5
M
Pygmy Cormorant LR/nt M <5,000
5
Chinese Egret VU M 1,800-2,500
6
Japanese Night-heron EN M 250-999
6
Schrencks Bittern LR/lc M <100,000
Asian Openbill Stork LR/lc M 60,000
Oriental Stork EN M 2,500
Black-headed Ibis LR/nt MR <100,000
Black-faced Spoonbill EN M 700
Lesser Flamingo LR/nt MR 150,000
5
Swan Goose EN M 30,000-50,000
6
Lesser White-fronted Goose VU M 14,000-16,000
5,6
Emperor Goose LR/nt M 45,000-80,000
Red-breasted Goose VU M 88,000
6
Mandarin Duck LR/nt MR 70,000
Marbled Teal VU M 5,000
5
Baikal Teal VU M 210,000
6
Baers Pochard VU M 10,000-20,000
6
Ferruginous Duck LR/nt M 15,000
5
Stellers Eider LR/lc M 150,000-250,000
5,6
Spectacled Eider LR/lc M <200,000
6
Scaly-sided Merganser VU M 3,600-4,500
6
White-headed Duck EN M 300
5
Black-necked Crane VU MR 5,500-6,000
6
Hooded Crane VU M 9,150
6
Red-crowned Crane EN MR 2,200
6
White-naped Crane VU M 5,500-6,500
Sarus Crane VU MR 13,500-16,500
6
Siberian Crane CR M 2,500-3,000
6
Swinhoes Rail VU M 2,500-10,000
6
Corncrake VU M 515,000-1,240,000
5,6
Masked Finfoot VU M 2,500-10,000
6
Sociable Lapwing VU M <1,000
5
Grey-headed Lapwing LR/lc MR <100,000
Long-billed Plover LR/lc M <25,000
Bristle-thighed Curlew VU M 7,000
Slender-billed Curlew CR M <50
Far Eastern Curlew LR/nt M 21,000
Spotted Greenshank EN M 250-999
6
Japanese Snipe LR/lc M 36,000
Wood Snipe VU M 2,500-10,000
6
Gallinago media
Limnodromus semipalmatus Asian Dowitcher LR/nt M 15,000-20,000
Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus Spoon-billed Sandpiper VU M 2,500-10,000
6
Great Snipe LR/nt M <500,000
5
31
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
Notes:
1
Species list adapted from BirdLife International (2000). The list covers species and populations that breed and migrate within
the Asia-Pacific region. In addition, it includes three globally threatened species Corn Crake, Slender-billed Curlew and
Great Snipe that breed within the region and migrate outside.
2
Categories of threat follow BirdLife International (2000). Information provided below is abstracted from the publication which
provides detailed information on the criteria used for the classification.
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR). A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in
the wild in the immediate future, as defined in any of the criteria.
ENDANGERED (EN). A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in
the wild in the medium-term future, as defined in any of the criteria.
VULNERABLE (VU). A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of
extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as defined in any of the criteria.
LOWER RISK (LR). A taxon is Lower Risk when it has been evaluated, does not satisfy the criteria for any of the categories
Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Taxa included in the Lower Risk category can be separated into three
subcategories:
1. Conservation Dependent (CD). Taxa which are the focus of a continuing taxon-specific or habitat-specific conservation
programme targeted towards the taxon in question, the cessation of this conservation programme would result in the
taxon qualifying for one the threatened categories above within a period of five years.
2. Near Threatened (nt). Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, but which are close to qualifying for
Vulnerable.
3. Least Concern (lc). Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent or Near Threatened.
3
Status of species follows Perennou et al. (1994): M - Migratory species, MR - migratory species with resident populations
4
Populations estimates are based on Perennou et al. (1994) and Rose and Scott (1997).
5
The population estimated only refers to the population in the Asia-Pacific region for a species which has an extended range.
6
Updated population estimates base on BirdLife International (2000).
Species
1
English Name
Category
of Threat
2
Status
3
Population estimate
4
Larus saundersi Saunders Gull VU M 7,000
6
Larus relictus Relict Gull VU M 2,500-10,000
6
Larus brevirostris Red-legged Kittiwake VU M 168,000
6
Sterna bernsteini Chinese Crested Tern CR M <50
6
Rynchops albicollis Indian Skimmer VU M 2,500-10,000
6
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
32
Annex 3: Convention on Wetlands, Recommendation 6.4
6th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties
Brisbane, Australia
19-27 March 1996
Recommendation 6.4: The Brisbane Initiative on the establishment of a network of listed sites along the
East Asian-Australasian Flyway
1. RECALLING Article 5 of the Convention, which calls for international consultation and coordination in the
conservation and management of shared wetland resources;
2. NOTING Recommendations 4.4, which calls for networks of reserves to be established, and 4.12, which
recognizes the flyway concept for the conservation of wetland bird species;
3. AWARE of the Kushiro Statement (Resolution 5.1), which calls for the strengthening of regional coordination on
wetland issues, cooperation with other conventions and organizations, and the establishment of international net
works of wetlands with significant ecological or hydrological links;
4. WELCOMING the proposed development of a Memorandum of Understanding between the Ramsar Bureau and
the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) as a
mechanism to improve international cooperation on the conservation of migratory species;
5. CONVINCED of the need for a concerted multilateral approach involving governments, non-government
organizations and local communities to the conservation of migratory waterbirds within each of the major flyways
of the globe;
6. FURTHER CONVINCED that such an approach should have as a central feature a network of wetland sites
of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar criteria, for the conservation of migratory waterbirds;
7. NOTING the socio-economic and cultural significance of some of these internationally important sites;
8. NOTING the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network, developed in the Americas, as a useful model
for international cooperation in the conservation of migratory shorebird species;
9. FURTHER NOTING the recent adoption of the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory
Waterbirds under CMS;
10. NOTING that participants at the regional technical workshop on the Conservation of Migratory Waterbirds and
their Wetland Habitats held in Kushiro, Japan, in December 1994 supported a concerted multilateral approach to
the conservation of migratory waterbirds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, through the development of
the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy, and recommended the immediate establishment of
an East Asian-Australasian Shorebird Reserve Network;
11. NOTING that the Delhi Declaration on the Conservation of Wetlands in Asia, adopted at the Ramsar Regional
Meeting in March 1995, called for the support of initiatives to develop frameworks for the coordination of efforts
to conserve migratory waterbirds in the Asian flyways; and
12. CONVINCED that the Ramsar Convention, through the cooperative actions of its Contracting Parties along the
major flyways, could facilitate the development of such multilateral approaches to waterbird conservation by
supporting the development of networks of wetland sites of international importance for migratory waterbirds;
33
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
THE CONFERENCE OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES
13. ADOPTS this Recommendation as the Brisbane Initiative which calls for the establishment of a network of
Ramsar-listed and other wetlands of international importance for migratory shorebirds along the East Asian-
Australasian Flyway, managed to maintain their suitability for migratory shorebirds;
14. ENCOURAGES Contracting Parties to consider supporting the implementation of the Asia-Pacific Migratory
Waterbird Conservation Strategy;
15. URGES Contracting Parties within the East Asian-Australasian Flyway to demonstrate their support for an East
Asian-Australasian Shorebird Reserve Network by nominating one or more appropriate sites for inclusion in the
Network;
16. COMMENDS the Brisbane Initiative to other countries or territories along the Flyway who are not yet
Contracting Parties, and urges their full participation in the Brisbane Initiative;
17. FURTHER COMMENDS consideration of the flyway site network approach to other species groups of migratory
waterbirds in the Asia-Pacific region and in other flyways; and
18. FURTHER URGES participating countries to work together to maintain and expand such networks in a
coordinated manner, and to promote public awareness, training and information exchange and thus contribute to
the long-term conservation of migratory shorebirds and their habitats.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
34
Annex 4: Convention on Wetlands, Recommendation 7.3
Multilateral cooperation on the conservation of migratory waterbirds in the Asia-Pacific region
1. RECALLING Article 5 of the Ramsar Convention, which calls for international consultation and coordination in
the conservation and management of shared wetland resources;
2. NOTING Recommendation 4.4, which calls for networks of wetland reserves to be established, and
Recommendation 4.12, which recognises the flyway concept for the conservation of wetland bird species;
3. NOTING Action 7.2.5 of the Strategic Plan 1997-2002 to enhance Ramsars contribution to international
cooperation on shared wetland species, notably through cooperative arrangements with the Convention on
Migratory Species, flyway agreements, networks and other mechanisms dealing with migratory species;
4. RECALLING the Kushiro Initiative of December 1994, which called for enhanced mechanisms for collaborative
action to conserve waterbird species in the Asia-Pacific region, establishment of a network of sites critical for
waterbird conservation, and sustainable management of waterbirds, which also recommended the development
of a regional multilateral waterbird agreement;
5. NOTING that pursuant to Recommendation 6.4 (the Brisbane Initiative) of the 6th Conference of the Contracting
Parties, an East Asian-Australasian Shorebird Reserve Network has been established and continues to expand;
6. FURTHER NOTING the development of the North East Asian Crane Site Network and the Anatidae Site Network
in the East Asian Flyway;
7. RECALLING that the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy 1996-2000 calls for development
of an Asia-Pacific multilateral migratory waterbird conservation agreement;
8. NOTING the Guidelines on international cooperation under the Ramsar Convention, adopted at this Conference
of Contracting Parties (Resolution VII.19);
9. ACKNOWLEDGING that Resolution 5.4 of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild
Animals (CMS) lists development of Regional Agreements as a key priority and calls for continued support for
the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy 1996-2000;
10. AWARE of the Memorandum of Understanding between the Ramsar Bureau and the CMS Secretariat, through
which they have agreed to intensify their cooperation in implementation of both conventions, as well as
Agreements concluded under CMS;
11. CONVINCED of the need for a concerted multilateral approach to the conservation of migratory waterbirds within
each of the major flyways of the globe;
12. RECOGNISING the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement as a useful model for international cooperation in the
conservation of migratory waterbird species; and
13. CONVINCED that the Ramsar Convention, through the cooperative actions of its Contracting Parties along the
major flyways, can facilitate the development of a multilateral approach to waterbird conservation in the Asia-
Pacific region;
People and Wetlands: The Vital Link
7th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties
to the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971),
San Jos, Costa Rica, 10-18 May 1999
35
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
THE CONFERENCE OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES
14. REQUESTS Contracting Parties to extend their support to the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation
Strategy 1996-2000, and to work toward having in place a secure and extended framework for international
cooperation aimed at the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats in the Asia-Pacific region
beyond 2000;
15. URGES Contracting Parties in the Asia-Pacific region to nominate additional sites to the Networks established
under the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy and to participate fully in the Action Plans
developed under the Strategy;
16. COMMENDS the Strategy to other nations within the Asia-Pacific region that are not yet Contracting Parties, and
urges their full participation in its implementation; and
17. CALLS UPON Contracting Parties to consider actively the development of a multilateral agreement or other ar
rangement, to provide a long-term conservation framework for migratory waterbirds and their habitats which is
inclusive of all Asia-Pacific countries.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
36
Annex 5: Convention on Wetlands, Resolution VII.21
Enhancing the conservation and wise use of intertidal wetlands
1. RECOGNISING the critical economic, social and environmental values of intertidal wetlands, including tidal flats,
salt marsh, mangrove and seagrass beds, especially for fisheries, biodiversity, coastal protection, recreation,
education, and in relation to water quality;
2. AWARE that the livelihood of substantial numbers of people around the world depend on the productivity and
values of intertidal wetlands;
3. CONCERNED that a large proportion of intertidal wetlands and their values have already been lost or degraded,
notably due to reclamation, unsustainable aquaculture, and pollution, and that, in some regions, the scale of
reclamation continues to increase;
4. NOTING that there is growing scientific evidence of, and awareness by, local communities of the productivityand
values of intertidal wetlands, in particular of tidal flats, and that the experiences and expertise in dealing with the
conservation and wise use of intertidal wetlands at local and national levels is rapidly increasing;
5. FURTHER NOTING that there are not adequate mechanisms at the global level to share and benefit from these
experiences and this expertise;
6. RECALLING Recommendation 5.1, which calls on Contracting Parties along the East Asia flyway to designate
additional wetlands for the Ramsar List, and in particular to designate additional intertidal wetlands; and
NOTING that yet these wetlands are still under-represented in the List of Wetlands of International Importance;
7. FURTHER RECALLING Recommendation 6.4, which urges countries to work together in the area of information
exchange in order to contribute to the long-term conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats; and
noting that many such migratory waterbird populations dependent upon intertidal wetlands are globally
threatened yet remain poorly represented on existing Ramsar sites;
8. DRAWING ATTENTION TO Recommendation 7.3 of this Conference which calls upon Contracting Parties to
support the development of a multilateral agreement to provide a long-term conservation framework for
migratory waterbirds and their habitats which is inclusive of all Asia-Pacific countries;
9. NOTING that Recommendation 6.7 urges Contracting Parties to designate suitable areas of their coral reefs and
associated ecosystems, including mangrove forests and seagrass beds, for inclusion in the List of Wetlands of
International Importance; and
10. FURTHER NOTING that Recommendation 6.8 on Strategic Planning in Coastal Zones calls for sound decision-
making on the conservation and wise use of coastal wetlands and other key environmental components;
People and Wetlands: The Vital Link
7th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties
to the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971),
San Jos, Costa Rica, 10-18 May 1999
37
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
THE CONFERENCE OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES
11. CALLS upon Contracting Parties to document the extent of loss of intertidal wetlands that has occurred in the
past and to inventory those intertidal wetlands which remain, and their conservation status;
12. REQUESTS Contracting Parties, in collaboration with the Ramsar Bureau, International Organization Partners,
and relevant groups, to develop initiatives which enable dissemination of information on the extent of loss of
intertidal wetland area and its impacts, and on alternative development strategies for remaining intertidal areas
that assist in maintaining their ecological character;
13. URGES Contracting Parties to review and modify existing policies that adversely affect intertidal wetlands, to
seek to introduce measures for the long-term conservation of these areas, and to provide advice on the success,
or otherwise, of these actions in their National Reports to Ramsar COP8;
14. FURTHER URGES Contracting Parties to identify and designate as Wetlands of International Importance a
greater number and area of intertidal wetlands, especially tidal flats, giving priority to those sites which are
important to indigenous people and local communities, and those holding globally threatened wetland species
(as encouraged by Resolution VII.11); and
15. ALSO URGES all Contracting Parties to suspend the promotion, creation of new facilities, and expansion of
unsustainable aquaculture activities harmful to coastal wetlands until such time as assessments of the
environmental and social impact of such activities, together with appropriate studies, identify measures aimed at
establishing a sustainable system of aquaculture that is in harmony both with the environment and with local
communities.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
38
Annex 6: Contact details for the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird
Conservation Committee and Working Groups
MWCC
Interim-Chair
Alison RUSSELL-FRENCH
Marine and Water Division
Environment Australia
PO Box 787, Canberra ACT 2601
AUSTRALIA
Tel: +61-2-6274-1090
Fax: +61-2-6274-1006
Email: [email protected]
Strategy Coordination Officer
Taej MUNDKUR
Wetlands International - Asia Pacific
3A39, Block A Kelana Centre Point
Jalan SS7/19
47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor
MALAYSIA
Tel: +60-3-704-6770
Fax: +60-3-704-6772
Email: [email protected]
ANATIDAE WORKING GROUP
Chair
Masayuki KURECHI
Japan Association for Wild Geese Protection
Minamimachi 16
Wakayanagi 989-5502
JAPAN
Tel: +81-228-32-2004
Fax: +81-228-32-3294
Email: [email protected]
Anatidae Flyway Officer
Yoshihiko MIYABAYASHI
Japan Association for Wild Geese Protection
Minamimachi 16
Wakayanagi 989-5502
JAPAN
Tel/Fax: +81-228-32-2592
Email: [email protected]
CRANE WORKING GROUP
Chair
Noritaka ICHIDA
Director, International Center
Wild Bird Society of Japan
WING, 2-35-2, Minamidaira
Hino City, Tokyo, 191
JAPAN
Tel: +81-425-93-6871
Fax: +81-425-93-6873
Email: [email protected]
Crane Flyway Officer
Simba CHAN
International Center
Wild Bird Society of Japan
WING, 2-35-2 Minamidaira, Hino-shi
Tokyo 191-0041
JAPAN
Tel: +81-42-593-6871
Fax: +81-42-593-6873
Email: [email protected]
SHOREBIRD WORKING GROUP
Chair
Lew YOUNG
WWF-Hong Kong
1 Tramway Path
Hong Kong SAR
CHINA
Tel: +852-2471-6306
Fax: +852-2482-0369
Email: [email protected]
Shorebird Flyway Officer
Doug WATKINS
Wetlands International - Oceania
GPO 787, Canberra ACT 2601
AUSTRALIA
Tel: +61-2-6274-2780
Fax: +61-2-6274-2799
Email: [email protected]
39
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
A component of the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Anatidae
in the East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
Prepared by
Anatidae Working Group
Section B
Summary
This Action Plan has been developed under the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
to achieve long-term conservation of migratory Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans) and their habitats in the East
Asian Flyway. In recognition of the need for international cooperation, this Action Plan outlines priority actions to be
undertaken in the flyway, in close collaboration with government agencies, site management authorities,
researchers, local communities and non-government organisations.
This Action Plan calls for 13 priority actions to address key elements identified in the Strategy for the conservation of
Anatidae and will achieve:
I expansion of the network of sites of international importance for migratory Anatidae and effective management
of these important sites by encouraging development of management plans and site-twinning programmes;
I development of action plans for two threatened Anatidae in the flyway (Swan Goose Anser cygnoides and
Baikal Teal Anas formosa);
I development of educational materials and site-based educational programmes to raise awareness on Anatidae
and their habitats;
I implementation of training programmes to increase capacity to implement conservation actions;
I enhancement of knowledge base by promoting identification of important sites, monitoring populations,
migration study and assessment of hunting pressure; and,
I enhancement of organisational relationships and exchange of information.
The five-year plan (2001-2005) calls for the investment of USD 2 million to support the implementation of the key
actions across the East Asian Flyway. These key actions have been identified following broad consultation with
government agencies and non-government organisations. The Anatidae Working Group of the Asia-Pacific
Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee has been established as a consultative mechanism to oversee and
guide the implementation of the Action Plan. The Anatidae Flyway Officer will co-ordinate its implementation and
maintain a web site (http://www.jawgp.org/anet) to report on the activities under this Action Plan and the Site
Network.
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
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Foreword
Ducks, geese and swans (Anatidae) are among the most familiar migratory birds for the people in East Asia.
Japanese ancient poets often referred to the scene of migratory geese flying in the moonlight. In those days, they
recognized such scenery as the symbol of natural beauty. However, environmental and social changes in East Asian
region in recent years have drastically affected the status of several Anatidae species. The conservation of Anatidae
species and their habitats in the region has become an important issue.
The East Asian Anatidae Site Network was launched in May 1999 at the 7
th
Conference of the Contracting Parties of
Ramsar Convention, as the third migratory waterbird network under the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird
Conservation Strategy 1996-2000. The network aims to promote long-term conservation of Anatidae and their
habitats in East Asia through international cooperation. Since 1999, various activities including information
exchange, workshops and symposia have been conducted under the network in collaboration with Governments,
NGOs, the Anatidae Flyway Officer and others. The Ministry of the Environment, Japan has been supporting the
Strategy and the Anatidae Site Network from their inception.
The second phase of the Anatidae Action Plan proposed here under the Strategy 2001-2005 includes 13 priority
actions including the expansion of the site network, capacity building and information exchange. At the beginning of
the second phase, all concerned government agencies, NGOs, local communities and people in the region are
invited to play important roles in implementing the action plan. The efforts will lead to the success in the conservation
and sustainable management of Anatidae and their habitats in the coming 5 years.
Kojiro Mori
Director
Wildlife Division
Nature Conservation Bureau
Ministry of the Environment, Japan
Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans) are familiar to many of us and their importance acknowledged for a number of
reasons. The spectacular concentrations of Anatidae at their staging and wintering sites are a sight enjoyed by
many. Anatidae and their wetland habitats contribute to the study of natural science and ecology. In some regions
people depend on Anatidae as food source and accept them as an integral part of their culture. On the other hand, in
some places they can cause damage to certain crops. Many Anatidae are migratory, crossing over the borders of
many countries in the flyway. Awareness about these species has been raised and the importance of international
cooperation to promote the conservation and wise use of Anatidae and their habitats has been recognised.
The Action Plan is aimed at providing a framework for people across the flyway to undertake conservation activities
in a cooperative and complementary manner. Local people are encouraged to take part and play key roles in
implementing activities for conservation of Anatidae and their important sites. Through the exchange of experiences
and expertise, the positive efforts in one site may be used to stimulate and encourage people in other sites to
undertake more effective conservation efforts. Government agencies are encouraged to provide the overall legal and
administrative framework at a national and site level to facilitate the implementation of conservation action. Non-
governmental organisations are encouraged to play an important role by bringing technical and practical support for
the people and government agencies. Funding and development assistance agencies are invited to consider
financial support to the activities under this Action Plan.
We would like to invite all individuals and organisations interested in Anatidae and their habitats to join various efforts
to achieve the long term conservation of Anatidae and their habitats in the flyway. Through international cooperation
and commitment from all those involved, the survival of these species can be secured.
Masayuki Kurechi
Chair
Anatidae Working Group
Wetlands International - Asia Pacific
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
1. Background
In the East Asian Flyway there are 58 populations of migratory Anatidae, namely ducks, geese and swans. This
includes 12 species of special conservation concern. The migratory behaviour of these Anatidae means that each
year they move through several countries. Consequently their conservation is dependent on international
cooperation.
Recognition of the need for international cooperation lead to the development and endorsement of an Asia-Pacific
Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 1996-2000 (Anonymous 1996). The Strategy called for conservation
actions for species groups on a flyway basis. It identified the development of action plans and networks of sites of
international importance. The Anatidae Site Network in the East Asian Flyway was launched in 1999 with the
nomination of 25 sites from 6 countries (http://www.jawgp.org/anet).
Based on the successes of the Strategy over the past five years, the second Strategy for the period 2001-2005 has
been developed. This Action Plan draws from the outcomes identified in the Strategy: 2001-2005. It has been
prepared by the Anatidae Working Group of Wetlands International - Asia Pacific to provide priority actions to be
undertaken for the conservation of migratory Anatidae and their habitats in the flyway, with close involvement of
government agencies, site management authorities, researchers, local communities and non-government
organisations.
Time Frame: This Action Plan covers the period January 2001 - December 2005.
Mission Statement
To achieve the long-term conservation of migratory Anatidae and their habitats in the East Asian
Flyway through international cooperation.
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
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2. Priority Actions
The Strategy: 2001-2005 identifies key elements necessary for the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their
habitats. This Plan outlines priority actions to be implemented in the five years of 2001-2005 from these key
elements to promote the conservation of migratory Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway.
2.1. Effectively Managed Networks of Sites that are Internationally Important for Migratory Anatidae
The Anatidae Atlas (Miyabayashi & Mundkur 1999) in a preliminarily list identified 337 sites of international
importance for migratory Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway. At the end of 2000 the Site Network included 7.4% of
these sites. Expansion of effectively managed network of sites in the Site Network is a useful mechanism for
promoting and delivering conservation efforts. Supporting the appropriate management of habitat and species at
each Network Site will be achieved by improving site management skills and building community awareness.
Action 1 Obtain nominations of sites from countries to the Anatidae Site Network in the East Asian Flyway, that
include minimum of 10% of Anatidae key sites.
[Anatidae Flyway Officer, Anatidae Working Group, Governments, Site Management Bodies,
Non-government Organisations]
Action 2 Develop of the site-twinning programme in the Site Network.
[Anatidae Flyway Officer, Site Management Bodies, Governments, Anatidae Working Group,
Non-government Organisations]
Action 3 Encourage the development of management plans for Network Sites.
[Anatidae Flyway Officer, Anatidae Working Group, Site Management Bodies, Governments,
Non-government Organisations]
Action 4 Develop the Site Information Sheet and Database for the management of Network Sites, based on the
monitoring of the habitats.
[Anatidae Flyway Officer, Site Management Bodies, Anatidae Working Group,
Non-government Organisations]
2.2. Action Plans for Globally Threatened Species
The Strategy: 2001-2005 identified a key element of development of action plans for selected globally threatened
species that have specific needs. Among the Anatidae populations in the flyway, 12 species have been identified as
globally threatened.
Action 5 Develop Action Plans for two priority populations of threatened Anatidae in the flyway; Priority species
in 2001-2005 are Swan Goose Anser cygnoides and Baikal Teal Anas formosa. Species of special
concern including Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus, Baers Pochard Aythya baeri and
Scaly-sided Merganser Mergus squamatus are priority species for future Action Plans.
[Anatidae Working Group, Anatidae Flyway Officer, Non-government Organisations, Governments,
Site Management Bodies, Wetlands International Specialist Groups]
2.3. Raised Awareness of Anatidae and their Link to Wetland Values and Functions Throughout the Region
and at All Levels
Public support and participation is essential to ensure the conservation of migratory Anatidae and their habitats. To
increase the appreciation of and raise conservation awareness among the people of the region, it is important to
expand existing education and public awareness programmes and to develop new programmes.
Action 6 Develop educational materials to promote Anatidae conservation.
[Anatidae Flyway Officer, Anatidae Working Group, Non-government Organisations, Wetlands International
Specialist Groups]
Action 7 Develop site-based educational programmes to enhance awareness in the local communities living
around the Network Sites.
[Site Management Bodies, Governments, Anatidae Flyway Officer, Non-government Organisations]
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
2.4. Increased Capacity of Government Agencies and Non-Government Organisations to Implement
Conservation Actions for Migratory Anatidae
The conservation of Anatidae and their habitats requires a variety of skills. As the existing skills and capacity in the
countries vary considerably, it is important to assess training needs and subsequently to provide appropriate training
and infrastructure support.
Action 8 Provide access to personnel of Network Sites to existing training programmes on species monitoring
and wetland management, and develop and implement training activities.
[Anatidae Flyway Officer, Anatidae Working Group, Non-government Organisations, Site Management
Bodies]
2.5. An Enhanced Knowledge Base and Increased Information Exchange for the Sound Management of
Migratory Anatidae and their Habitats
In order to implement appropriate conservation activities for migratory Anatidae, it is essential to understand their
biology, movements and habitat requirements. Information on population status and trends are required in order to
review their conservation status.
Action 9 Promote the identification of important sites for Anatidae populations.
[Non-government Organisations, Research Institutions, Anatidae Flyway Officer, Site Management Bodies,
Governments, Anatidae Working Group, Wetlands International Specialist Groups]
Action 10 Promote the monitoring of Anatidae populations in the flyway.
[Wetlands International, Research Institutions, Wetlands International Specialist Groups, Non-government
Organisations, Site Management Bodies, Anatidae Working Group, Anatidae Flyway Officer]
Action 11 Promote the conduct of research projects on migration of selected Anatidae populations through
ringing and satellite tracking.
[Research Institutions, Non-government Organisations, Site Management Bodies, Governments, Anatidae
Flyway Officer, Wetlands International Specialist Groups]
Action 12 Assessment of hunting pressure for understanding conservation needs of Anatidae.
[Anatidae Working Group, Anatidae Flyway Officer, Governments, Non-government Organisations]
2.6. Enhanced Organisational Relationships at all Levels to Increase Cooperation and Deliver Greater
Conservation Benefits
Exchange of information on the migratory Anatidae and experiences in management of their key sites is a basic
cooperation to enhance the conservation of them on a flyway basis.
Action 13 Establish links among and/or co-ordinate with concerned organisations and experts to assist in the
activities of the Network Sites, and enhance the exchange of information on the conservation of
Anatidae populations and their habitat.
[Anatidae Flyway Officer, Anatidae Working Group, Site Management Bodies, Governments,
Non-government Organisations, Research Institutions]
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
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3. Implementation
The Action Plan has been developed to make the maximum use of existing organisational structures and activities.
Successful implementation requires cooperative actions between government organisations, site management
authorities, local communities and non-government organisations.
3.1. Key Personnel and Organisations
Anatidae Flyway Officer: Implementation of the Action Plan will be coordinated by the Flyway Officer. The Officer is
responsible to assist in the priority actions identified in this Action Plan.
National Government Agencies: These agencies are responsible for the endorsement of nominations for sites to
be part of the Site Network. It is anticipated that they will provide in-principle support and, where possible, funding
for activities associated with implementation of this Action Plan.
Site Management Authorities and/or Local Government Organisations: It is the day-to-day management of sites
of international importance that determines the future of migratory Anatidae populations. These organisations need
to have access to training opportunities, up-to-date knowledge and resources for appropriate site management. It is
anticipated that they will provide opportunities for local communities and local non-government organisations to be
involved in the activities in the site.
Non-government Organisations: National and regional specialist group on Anatidae species and non-government
organisations having objectives in relation to the conservation of Anatidae habitat will be invited to be involved in
implementation of the activities. These organisations will perform a vital role in such activities as monitoring,
research, public awareness and the exchange of information.
3.2. Review and Consultation Mechanisms
Implementation of the Action Plan will be guided and monitored on an annual basis. An annual plan will be prepared
by the Working Group and Flyway Officer. At the end of each year, an annual report of the activities implemented will
be prepared by the Working Group and Flyway Officer. The annual plans and reports will be accessible to all
interested parties.
Anatidae Working Group: A consultative committee has been formed consisting of seven members drawn from
government and non-government organisation across the East Asian Flyway. The Working Group will promote and
review implementation of the activities, assist to identify and secure resources, and review the annual workplan of
the Flyway Officer. It will meet at least annually and report to the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation
Committee.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee: The Committee has 16 members drawn from
representatives of governments, the Ramsar Bureau, the UNEP/CMS Secretariat, a development assistance agency,
international non-government organisations, three technical Working Groups and Wetlands International Specialist
Groups. The Committee oversees the implementation of the Strategy and receives reports from the Working Groups.
The Committee reports to the Council of Wetlands International - Asia Pacific.
3.3. Linkages to Major Regional and Global Initiatives
This Action Plan is a component of the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005. It links to
a number of other initiatives, such as the Convention on Wetlands Strategic Plan 1997-2002 and bilateral
agreements for the conservation of migratory birds. The activities in the flyway will link to the closely related
initiatives for Anatidae populations under the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, North American Waterfowl
Management Plan, African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement and the Convention on Migratory Species.
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
4. Resource Implications
This Action Plan outlines a targeted program of activities for the 2001-2005 period. An indicative budget has been
developed to emphasise the relative priorities of the different actions and to guide fundraising activities.
Table Indicative Budget for implementation of the Action Plan for the Conservation of Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway:
2001-2005
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Actions Sub-total (USD)
Effectively managed network of sites
1 Nominations of new sites 60,000
2 Site-twinning programme 45,000
3 Management planning 173,000
4 Monitoring sites 184,000
Action plans for globally threatened species
5 Development of species action plans 103,000
Raised awarenes
No. %
462,000 23
103,000 5
20 398,000
6 Educational materials 194,000
7 Site-based educational programmes 204,000
Increased capacity to implement conservation actions 414,000
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8 Training activities 414,000
Enhanced knowledge base 28 564,000
9 Identification of important sites 193,000
10 Monitoring populations 169,000
11 Migration research 169,000
12 Assessment of hunting pressure 33,000
Enhanced organisational relationships 13 59,000 3
Exchange of information 59,000
2,000,000 Total (5 years)
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
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5. Further Reading
Anonymous. 1996. Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 1996-2000. Wetlands International -
Asia Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, and Wetlands International - Japan, Tokyo. 41pp.
[on-line] http://www.environment.gov.au/bg/environm/wetlands/mwp/apstrat.htm
Miyabayashi, Y. & Mundkur, T. 1999. Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway.
Wetlands International - Japan, Tokyo, and Wetlands International - Asia Pacific, Kuala Lumpur. 148pp.
[on-line] http://www.jawgp.org/anet/aaa1999/aaaendx.htm
North American Waterfowl Management Plan Committee, the. 1999. 1998 Update, North American Waterfowl
Management Plan, Expanding the Vision. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Arlington, Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Hull, and Instituto Nacional de Ecologia, Mexico.
33pp. [on-line] http://www.nawmp.ca/pdf/update-e.pdf
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Cranes in the North East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
A component of the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005.
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Cranes
in the North East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
Prepared by
Crane Working Group
Section C
Summary
The North East Asian Crane Site Network (henceforth the Crane Network) was established in 1997. In the first three
years the Crane Network has organized workshops, symposia and training courses for improving site management
and promoting public awareness on site conservation. The Crane Network has brought conservation organizations
and personnel in North East Asia closer in regional conservation.
From 2001 to 2005, the Crane Network proposes 15 main actions that cover a vast area of network development,
management, education, training, research, monitoring and information exchange among Crane Network sites in six
North East Asian countries (Russian Federation, Mongolia, Peoples Republic of China, Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea and Japan). The proposed budget to implement the Action Plan is about
USD 900,000.
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Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Cranes in the North East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
Foreword
North East Asia is the region of the highest diversity of cranes in the world. Seven species of cranes, for example,
Hooded cranes, White-naped cranes and Red-crowned cranes are found in this region. Cranes have long been
treasured as the symbol of longevity and happiness in North East Asia. Therefore, they can serve as a flagship
species in wildlife conservation around this area. Most of these species however, are exposed to various threats
such as habitat degradation and destruction, and the conservation of cranes is an urgent and serious matter.
The North East Asian Crane Site Network was launched in 1997, as one of the three migratory waterbird networks
under the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 1996-2000, which was adopted in 1996.
In the past three years, 18 sites in 6 countries joined this network. Workshops and symposia were organized, and a
newsletter published. Through these activities, the network is functioning as the forum for concerned people and
experts in the conservation of cranes and their habitats in North East Asia.
The second phase of the Migratory Waterbird Strategy will be implemented from 2001. Under this strategy, the Crane
Network drafted a five-year Action Plan compiling 15 major actions. These include: the drafting of management plans
at the Crane Network Sites, promotion of mutual exchange between Crane Network Sites, preparation of
environment education guidelines, breeding surveys of White-naped crane and Red-crowned crane throughout North
East Asia and development of an e-mail communication system to facilitate tracking of migratory movements of
cranes.
These activities will enhance the conservation of cranes throughout North East Asia, and enable this unique
international framework of the flyway network to grow further and strengthen.
It is crucial to reinforce the fundamental network activities in order to carry out the programs steadily, and achieve
definite results. The Ministry of the Environment, Japan will continue to support the work of the flyway officer and
implementation of the Action Plan.
Kojiro Mori
Director
Wildlife Protection Division
Nature Conservation Bureau
Ministry of the Environment, Japan
The North East Asian Crane Site Network was launched in 1997. It was a new concept in North East Asia, so we
started carefully and slowly. After three years of practice we are more familiar with the needs in the region.
This Action Plan was drafted under the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005. It covers
four major directions. The first is to develop and expand the Crane Network, both in number of Crane Network sites
and the area covered under the Crane Network. At the Crane Network Working Group Meeting in February 2000,
Dr. Yuri Darman, Chairman of the Russian Oriental Stork Working Group, proposed it would be economical and
efficient to include the Oriental Stork under the Crane Network since personnel and sites for conservation of cranes
and storks in North East Asia largely overlap. His proposal was approved by all Working Group members.
The other three directions focus on management and education, research and monitoring, and information
exchange. Good management is vital to all sites, and education important to win the support of people for
conservation. Therefore we propose training, education workshops and production of education materials as our
priority for future activities. Research and monitoring are needed to give data for management planning, and
information exchange and communication encourage the sharing of information and management experience among
the Crane Network sites.
We hope in these five years we will be able to bring all important personnel and sites for crane conservation closer,
and we will be working on a common goal of crane and habitat conservation.
I would like to thank the Ministry of the Environment, Japan and the Japan Fund for Global Environment for their
support of the Crane Network activities in the early years. Without their support the Crane Network could not grow up
and fledge. While I hope we will continue to receive their support, I hope more people and organisations inside or out
of North East Asia will work with us and support us in implementation of the Action Plan.
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Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Cranes in the North East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
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I would also like to thank members of the Crane Working Group and people who work for conservation at each crane
site. Without their effort conservation of the sites would not be possible.
Ten years ago, satellite tracking drew lines on maps to link up important sites of cranes, now we are in a process to
turn these lines into bridges. This network of bridges has partially finished, but we still need to work hard to build the
rest of our Network. I hope, in another ten years time, we will see busy traffic on these bridges.
Please join us in the conservation of cranes and their habitat. We cannot work well without your involvement.
Noritaka Ichida
Chairman
Crane Working Group
Wetlands International - Asia Pacific
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
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Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Cranes in the North East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
Acknowledgements
The North East Asian Crane Site Network was launched on 7 March 1997, after a preparation period of about two
years. The Ministry of the Environment, Japan has been supporting the Crane Network from the earliest stage. After
the launch the Crane Network has also received warm support from the State Committee for Environmental
Protection of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Nature and the Environment of Mongolia, the State Forestry
Administration of the Peoples Republic of China, the Nature Conservation Center of the Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea, the Forestry Administration and the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea. Their
support and guidance is essential for the success of crane conservation in North East Asia.
The International Crane Foundation and other national crane research groups and experts have provided advice and
assistance to the formation of the Crane Network. We are particularly grateful to the Amur Chapter of the
Socio-ecological Union (Russian Federation), the Muraviovka Park for Sustainable Land Use (Russian Federation)
and the National Institute of Environmental Research (Republic of Korea) for arranging the first two Working Group
meetings. Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux (BirdLife partner in France) assisted in raising funds to organize
education workshops. Activities of the Crane Network have been generously funded by the Ministry of the
Environment, Japan, the Japan Fund For Global Environment, Japan Trust for Global Environment, Ministry of
Environment (Republic of Korea), City Government of Suncheon (Republic of Korea), the Socit des Eaux
Minrales dEvian of the Danone Corporate Group (France) and the French Global Environment Facility.
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
1. Background
The Asia-Pacific region has the biggest diversity of crane species in the world. Ten of the fifteen existing crane
species are found here, of which six species are regarded as globally threatened.
North East Asia is the region with the highest number of threatened species of cranes. As cranes are highly
respected culturally in the region they serve as ideal flagship species for wetland conservation. These factors make
North East Asia the most appropriate region to launch a network for conservation of cranes.
The North East Asian Crane Network (henceforth the Crane Network) originated from a series of regional crane
research and conservation activities since the early 1990s. Satellite tracking of cranes led by the Wild Bird Society of
Japan and many organisations and researchers revealed migratory routes and important sites for crane
conservation. The idea of forming a network of important sites for cranes was raised and discussed at the
symposium The Future of Cranes and Wetlands held in Japan in June 1993.
In December 1994, the Kushiro Initiative was produced as a result of an international workshop on migratory
waterbird conservation held in Kushiro, Japan. It calls for the:
I Preparation of a conservation strategy for migratory waterbirds in the region.
I Development of Action Plans for species-groups.
I Development of networks of internationally important sites for species-groups.
The Kushiro Workshop was organized under the auspices of the Environment Agency of Japan (now Ministry of the
Environment, Japan) and the Australian Nature Conservation Agency (now Environment Australia) with assistance
from the Asian Wetland Bureau (now Wetlands International - Asia Pacific) and the International Waterfowl and
Wetlands Research Bureau - Japan Committee (now Wetlands International - Japan). Since the Kushiro Workshop
the governments of Australia and Japan have been strong supporters of the Strategy and Networks, and the
Wetlands International has been responsible for establishment and management of the Strategy and Networks.
The Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 1996-2000 was published in 1996. An updated
Strategy for 2001-2005 is published with this Action Plan.
Three species-group networks were established in 1996-2000: the East Asian-Australasian Shorebird Site Network
(1996), the North East Asian Crane Site Network (1997), and the East Asian Anatidae Site Network (1999).
The Strategy Officer is based at the Wetlands International - Asia Pacific office. The three waterbird networks were
established by Wetlands International, with the Wild Bird Society of Japan and the Japan Association for Wild Geese
Protection supporting and managing the activities of the Crane and Anatidae networks.
The Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee (MWCC) was established under the Council of the
Wetlands International - Asia Pacific. It holds regular meetings to give approval on activities of the Strategy and
networks. The MWCC is formed with representatives from government agencies, international non-governmental
organizations, Wetland International Specialist Groups, a development assistence agency and bureaus of the
Convention on Wetlands and the Convention on Migratory Species.
The Crane Network was launched in 1997. In 2000 there were 18 sites from all six range countries (Russian
Federation, Mongolia, Peoples Republic of China, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea and
Japan). The Working Group of the Crane Network was established in 1997 to give guidance to the activities of the
Crane Network. It consists of national representatives from all six range countries, researchers and international
crane experts. The Crane Flyway Officer implements the activities discussed and decided by the Crane Working
Group.
From 1997 to 2000, the Crane Network organized workshops on research and management, symposia to promote
public awareness on conservation, and training courses for improving site management. The Crane Network also
published manuals for research and management, and newsletters for information exchange.
Looking into the next five years, the Crane Network will continue to improve communication among sites and people
of North East Asia, and empower sites and organizations on crane conservation. About half of the proposed budget
will be used on education, training and improvement of management of the Crane Network sites.
The Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Cranes in North East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005 does not aim to
replace the IUCN Crane Action Plan (Meine & Archibald 1996), which is the most comprehensive reference on crane
conservation to date. This new Action Plan is a compatible document aiming at the implementation of
proposed activities under the Crane Network discussed by the Crane Working Group. The time frame of the Action
Plan is from 2001 to 2005.
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2. Mission Statement and Objectives
Mission statement:
To encourage international cooperation on conservation of cranes and wetlands and to ensure the long-term
survival of all crane species and their habitats in the region through the establishment of a network of
globally important sites for the conservation of cranes.
Objectives:
I To preserve important breeding, staging and wintering habitats for crane species.
I To encourage joint and coordinated management efforts between reserves on national borders.
I To encourage joint and coordinated management efforts among protected areas, agencies and
organizations along the Asia-Pacific flyways.
I To promote exchange of information between different countries and agencies.
I To maintain and share a database on crane information and reserve sites.
I To carry out studies and research on the requirements relating to the survival of cranes.
I To carry out studies on the sustainable use of wetlands in the region.
I To promote the sustainable use of wetlands in the region.
I To promote public awareness and education in the region, especially at the Network Sites.
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Cranes in the North East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
3. Priority Actions
3.1 Development of the Crane Network
From the Atlas of Key Sites for Cranes in the North East Asian Flyway published in 1999, there are at least 96 sites
in North East Asia that have the potential to be listed as Crane Network sites. As of October 2000 there were only 18
sites in the Crane Network. This figure is only about one-fifths of the important sites in North East Asia. At the second
meeting of the Crane Working Group, all members agreed the Crane Network should expand gradually and cover
more sites. The target is to include at least 20 more sites in the Crane Network by the end of 2005.
At the same meeting the Crane Working Group members also agreed to expand the geographical scope of the
Crane Network to cover sites important to the Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis, and to include the conservation
activities for the Oriental Stork Ciconia boyciana under the Crane Network.
Action 1 Obtain the nomination of at least 20 more Crane Network sites, preferably with at least one new site
from each range country. Expand the geographic scope of the Crane Network to cover the range of
Black-necked Cranes in China, and to cover the whole country of Mongolia.
Action 2 Expand the taxonomic scope of the Crane Network to cover the range of storks in North East
Asia, particularly the Oriental Stork. The main justifications for including the storks are because of their
threatened status and the extensive overlap of sites and personnel with the Crane Network.
Action 3 Conduct dedication ceremonies and present official certificate to the Crane Network sites.
Action 4 Promote the Crane Network in the region and within the countries by making TV documentaries,
observance of an International Crane Day and arranging promotion activities in all range countries
on that day.
Action 5 Ensure adequate planning and fundraising for the development of the Crane Network, and assist
Crane Network sites to raise financial support to implement Crane Network activities. The work of
implementation of the Crane Network activities is to be reviewed annually.
3.2 Management, Training and Education
Improvement of site management, education and work with local communities are the main goals of the activities of
the Crane Network in this Action Plan. Training courses are needed to achieve these goals. About half of the
resources of the Crane Network will be used on the following activities.
Action 6 Assist the Crane Network sites in producing effective results in their management activities. This
process includes encouraging and assisting management bodies of Crane Network sites in drafting
and implementing management plans, identifying and establishing models among the Crane Network
sites to encourage other sites to learn from their management experience. Encourage and assist
personnel exchange between Network Sites.
Action 7 Encourage and assist Crane Network site management bodies to establish local networks of
cooperation with neighbouring communities, NGOs, academics etc. Sharing of experience in
management methods at different sites is also encouraged. At least one cross visit between sites or
one training course should be held each year to improve management techniques and promote
communication.
Action 8 Draft guidelines and plans for education programs, ecotourism and sustainable use at the Crane
Network sites. The education program should include outbound education to schools, factories,
corporate and community halls, and on site education at visitor centers and in the field.
Action 9 Produce education and public awareness material (leaflets, posters, school materials, slide packs
etc.) for the Crane Network.
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3.3 Research and Monitoring
Research and monitoring provide a scientific basis for the improvement of site management and conservation. The
regular census gives trends of the populations and indicates possible changes in environmental factors.
Action 10 Study the feasibility to disperse over-concentrated crane populations.
Action 11 Develop standardized methods for color banding, censusing and monitoring. Conduct annual winter
and migration censuses. Produce reports and disseminate results widely.
Action 12 Undertake a survey of the breeding populations of White-naped Cranes Grus vipio, Red-crowned
Cranes Grus japonensis and Oriental Stork Ciconia boyciana across the entire range in 2004.
3.4 Information Exchange
One of the main objectives of the Crane Network is sharing of information and experience among sites important for
crane conservation. The following actions aim at improving communication among Crane Network sites and other
conservation bodies.
Action 13 Collect and store information on mortality of wild cranes, including deaths caused by poisoning,
disease and power lines. Develop a central database on populations of cranes in North East Asia.
Information should be easily accessible by all crane researchers and other interested groups.
Action 14 Publish newsletters and regularly update the website. Encourage and assist Network Sites to design
their own web sites.
Action 15 Improve communication among Network sites. Develop e-mail linkages along the migratory routes to
report migration of cranes. Ensure each Crane Network site has e-mail access by 2005 and at least
one worker from each site can read and write simple English for communication with other sites.
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Cranes in the North East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
4. Implementation
Implementation and funding of the Action Plan are to be discussed by the Crane Working Group in this region.
Actions will be recommended to relevant government agencies, Crane Network site management bodies or
organizations through the Crane Flyway Officer.
4.1 Key Personnel and Agencies
Crane Flyway Officer: Implementation of the Action Plan will be coordinated by a Crane Flyway Officer based at
Wild Bird Society of Japan. The Officer will be responsible for the development of the Network, promoting
appropriate management of Network sites and supporting research.
National Government Agencies: These agencies are responsible, at the national level, for endorsing nominations
of sites to join the Network and providing funding for site management and research. It is anticipated that they will
provide in-principle support and, where possible, funding for new activities associated with implementation of the
Action Plan.
Site Management Bodies: These agencies are responsible for the day-to-day management of internationally
important sites. Site management bodies need to have access to training opportunities, up to date knowledge and
resources for appropriate site management.
Non-government Organisations: National and regional crane specialist groups exist in the Russian Federation,
China, Republic of Korea and Japan. Many international and national organizations, in particular the International
Crane Foundation and Wild Bird Society of Japan, are also involved in crane conservation in North East Asia.
National NGOs involved in nature protection, bird and wetland conservation also will have a vital role in activities
such as monitoring, research, public awareness and the exchange of information. All of these organisations are
invited to be fully involved in implementation of the Action Plan.
4.2 Review and Consultation Mechanisms
Crane Working Group: A consultative committee has been formed consisting of nine members: national
representative from the six range countries in North East Asia and three specialists from the breeding ground, the
wintering ground and IUCN/SSC Crane Specialist Group. The Crane Working Group has developed this Action Plan
and will monitor/review its implementation, assist to identify and secure resources, review the annual workplan of the
Flyway Officer, provide advice and assistance to the Flyway Officer, promote the Action Plan and establish links with
related activities. In principle it will meet at least annually and report to the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird
Conservation Committee.
Members of the Crane Working Group (as of October 2000):
Chairman: Noritaka Ichida Representative from Japan
Vice-chairman: Wang Wei Representative from the Peoples Republic of China
Members: Vladimir Andronov Representative from Russian Federation
Natsagdorjiyn Tseveenmyadag Representative from Mongolia
Park U-il Representative from Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea
Kim Jin-han Representative from Republic of Korea
Nikolai Germogenov Breeding Ground Specialist
Qian Fawen Wintering Ground Specialist
James Harris IUCN Crane Specialist
(Represented by the International Crane Foundation)
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee: The Committee has 16 members drawn from
representatives of governments, the Ramsar Bureau, the UNEP/CMS Secretariat, a development assistance agency,
international non-government organisations, three technical Working Groups and Wetlands International Specialist
Groups. The Committee oversees the implementation of the Strategy and receives reports from the Working Groups.
The Committee reports to the Council of Wetlands International - Asia Pacific.
Linkages to Major Regional and Global Initiatives: The Action Plan is a component of the Asia-Pacific Migratory
Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005. It links to a number of other initiatives, such as the MOU of Siberian
Crane under the Convention on Migratory Species, the Convention on Wetlands Strategic Plan 1997-2002 and
bilateral agreements for the conservation of migratory birds.
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Cranes in the North East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
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5. Resources Implications
This Action Plan outlines a targeted program of activities for the 2001-2005 period. An indicative budget has been
developed to emphasise the relative priorities of the different actions and to guide fundraising activities.
Table Indicative Budget for implementation of the Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Cranes in the North East Asian
Flyway: 2001-2005
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Cranes in the North East Asian Flyway: 2001-2005
1 Expanding the geographical scope of the Crane Network and
obtaining nomination of new Crane Network sites
72,000
No. Action
Sub-total (USD) %
Development of the Crane Network 173,000 19
2 Expanding the Crane Network to cover the conservation of storks
in North East Asia, particularly the Oriental Stork Ciconia boyciana
7,000
3 Conducting dedication ceremonies and presenting official certificate
to the Crane Network sites
8,000
4 Promoting the Crane Network in the region 7,000
5 Planning, fundraising and reviewing the activities of the Crane Network 78,000
Management, training and education 401,000 45
6 Assisting management of Crane Network sites 63,000
7 Assisting exchange of information among Crane Network sites 73,000
8 Designing plans and training on education programmes, ecotourism
and sustainable use at the Crane Network sites
214,000
9 Producing education and public awareness material 51,000
Research and monitoring 215,000 24
10 Studying the feasibility to disperse over-concentrated crane populations 118,000
11 Standardizing research methods and conducting census and monitoring 17,000
12 Conducting breeding populations survey 80,000
Information exchange 106,000 12
13 Developing a central database on populations of cranes in North East Asia 13,000
14 Publishing newsletters and updating web sites. Assisting Crane Network
sites to design their own web sites
25,000
15 Improving communication among Crane Network sites 68,000
895,000 Total (5 years)
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
Further Reading
Anonymous. 1996. Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 1996-2000. Wetlands International - Asia
Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, and Wetlands International - Japan, Tokyo, 41pp.
[on-line] http://www.environment.gov.au/bg/environm/wetlands/mwp/ apstrat.htm
BirdLife International. 2001. Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International/IUCN Red Data Book. BirdLife
International, Cambridge, U.K.
Chan, S. (ed.). 1998. North East Asian Crane Site Network Newsletter. Volume 1, Number 1. Wetlands International
- Japan and Wild Bird Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan. 22pp.
[on-line]. http://www.wing-wbsj.or.jp/english/newsletter/crane_net/crane_news_eng.html
Chan, S. 1999. Atlas of Key Sites for Cranes in the North East Asian Flyway. Wetlands International - Japan,
Tokyo, Japan, and Wetlands International - Asia Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 67pp.
Ellis, D. H., Gee, G. F. and Mirande, C. M. (eds.). 1996. Cranes: their biology, husbandry and conservation. U.S.
Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, DC and International Crane
Foundation, Baraboo, Wisconsin, USA. 308 pp.
[on-line]. http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/resshow/gee/cranbook/cranebook.htm
Meine, C.D. and Archibald, G. W. (eds.). 1996. The Cranes: - Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.
IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, U.K. 294pp.
[on-line]. http://www.npsc.nbs.gov/resource/distr/birds/cranes/cranes.htm
Smirenski, S.M., Harris, J. and Smirenski, E.M. (eds.). 2000. Crane Research Manual: North East Asian Crane
Site Network. Muraviovka Park for Sustainable Land Use of the International Socio - ecological Union and
Moscow Stats University, Moscow, Russia. 91pp.
Wang Qishan, Ma Yiqing and Xu Yangong. (eds.) 1997-2000. China Crane News: The Newsletter of Crane and
Waterbird Specialists Group, China Ornithological Society. Volume 1 - 7. China Ornithological Society,
Beijing, China.
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
A component of the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Shorebirds
in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway: 2001-2005
Prepared by
Shorebird Working Group
Section D
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Shorebirds in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway: 2001-2005
Summary
Conservation of migratory shorebirds requires effective international cooperation across the length of the East Asian-
Australasian Flyway. This Action Plan has been developed to guide a regional program of key actions to conserve
migratory shorebirds. It calls for the extension of the Network of sites of international importance for shorebirds. This
site Network provides the framework for improved management and increased public awareness and education
activities. The Action Plan recognises the importance of a strong scientific base to guide decision making.
The 5 year Action Plan calls for the investment of USD 2 million in 14 key actions across the East Asian-Australasian
Flyway. These key actions have been identified following broad consultation with Government Agencies and
non-government organisations. Consultative mechanisms are identified to oversee and guide the implementation
of the Plan.
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Foreword
The Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Shorebirds in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway: 2001-2005 (the
Shorebird Action Plan) is a result of successful international cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. The
Commonwealth Government of Australia is pleased to have supported the Shorebird Action Plan since 1998 and the
East Asian-Australasian Shorebird Site Network since 1996 and is encouraged by the wide ranging support that has
been received to successfully progress the objectives of the Plan.
The Shorebird Action Plan does not sit under any international legal framework, but rather relies upon Governments
and non-government organisations working in partnership to conserve migratory shorebirds that their habitats in our
Flyway.
As well as providing a broader plan for action in Asia Pacific, the Shorebird Action Plan is also enabling the
Commonwealth Government of Australia to meet its obligations under the Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement,
the China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement and Convention on Migratory Species.
The Commonwealth Government is continuing to contribute to implementing the Plan with funds provided under the
Natural Heritage Trust and through national legislative protection for migratory waterbirds under the Environment
Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
Mark Butz
Director, Wetlands Section, Department of the Environment and Heritage (Environment Australia)
Australia
The species in the group known as shorebirds, carry out some of the longest migration of all the species of
waterbirds in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. As a result, the survival of these shorebirds is dependent upon the
close cooperation from all the countries in the flyway where they pass through on migration, breed, or spend the
non-breeding season. However, these countries differ immensely from each other, such as in terms of their cultural
background, economic development, political stability and expertise in conservation.
The Shorebird Action Plan: 2001-2005 recognises the difficulties that many of the countries in the flyway face in their
efforts to protect shorebirds and their wetland habitats. As a result, the Action Plan lists a series of actions to
address these difficulties. These include:
I Providing training programmes to site managers so that they can be more effective in their work.
I Improving information exchange between site managers and shorebird conservationists across the flyway.
I Initiating model projects based on sites (i.e. the Bohai Sea) and shorebird species (i.e. Dunlin).
I Improve the scientific base for future work on shorebird conservation.
Improving the quality of our work over the next 5 years will be especially be important, and will proceed with efforts to
increase the number of sites and countries in the network.
The Shorebird Working Group is deeply grateful to all the countries and organisations in the flyway who have
contributed so much of their resources in supporting shorebird conservation in the flyway during the period of the last
Action Plan. The Australian Department of Environment and Heritage is to be acknowledged especially, because
much of the work would not have been possible without their financial and other support for the Network.
We look forward to working closely with you all in the next 5 years.
Lew Young
Chair, Shorebird Working Group
Wetlands International - Asia Pacific
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Shorebirds in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway: 2001-2005
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
1. Background
In the East Asian-Australasian Flyway there are over 65 populations of migratory shorebirds with a combined
minimum population total of 4 million. This includes 11 species of special conservation concern. The migratory
behaviour of these shorebirds means that each year they move through a number of countries. Consequently their
conservation is dependent on international cooperation.
Recognition of the need for international cooperation lead to the development and endorsement of an Asia-Pacific
Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 1996-2000 and the linked Asia-Pacific Shorebird Action Plan: 1998-
2000. These initiatives have been reviewed and this Action Plan is based on their success.
The Strategy recognises three major flyways for shorebirds in Asia-Pacific and calls for conservation action on a
flyway basis. It identifies the development of networks of internationally important sites as a primary implementation
mechanism for conservation actions. The further development of the East Asian-Australasian Shorebird Site
Network will provide:
I International recognition for important sites.
I A focus for public awareness and education activities.
I An international framework for public awareness and education, training and research activities.
I An integrated conservation model for Governments and funding bodies.
During the first period of the Shorebird Action Plan initiatives focused on; development of the East Asian-
Australasian Site Network, supporting the Network and increasing the information base on migratory shorebirds. The
Network now has 29 sites in 9 countries (as at December 2000). Implementation of the Action Plan was coordinated
by a Shorebird Flyway Officer, engaged by Wetlands International with funding from the Australian Government.
Two international consultative committees (Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee and the
Shorebird Working Group) were established to oversee the implementation of conservation initiatives for migratory
shorebirds.
This Action Plan draws from the key elements of the updated Strategy.
Time Frame: This Action Plan covers the period January 2001 - December 2005.
Mission Statement
To achieve the conservation of migratory shorebirds and their habitats in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway
through a network of appropriately managed sites that are of international importance for migratory
shorebirds.
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2. Priority Actions
2.1 Development of the East Asian-Australasian Shorebird Site Network
It is estimated that the East Asian-Australasian Flyway has more than 400 sites of international importance for
migratory shorebirds. As at the end of 2000 the Network included 8% of these sites.
The objective of the Plan is to develop the Network to include at least 25% of the sites known to be of international
importance to migratory shorebirds. This gives a target of having 100 sites in the Network by the end of 2005. The
geographic coverage of the Network will also be broadened to include all countries in the flyway.
Action 1 Obtain the nomination of at least 25% of the sites of international importance for the Network (to give
a total of 100 sites in the Network).
[Shorebird Flyway Officer, Site Management Bodies, Governments, Shorebird Working Group]
Action 2 Obtain the nomination of at least one site in all countries with sites of international importance
for the Network. Remaining countries to be included are U.S.A. (Alaska), Bangladesh, Viet Nam,
Thailand, Mongolia, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar and the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea.
[Shorebird Flyway Officer, Governments, Non-government Organisations]
Action 3 Ensure adequate planning and fund raising for the development of the Network. Conduct annual
reviews of the implementation of the Action Plan in the flyway and prepare an annual workplan.
[Wetlands International, Shorebird Working Group, Shorebird Flyway Officer, Non-government
Organisations]
2.2 Appropriate Management of Network Sites
Supporting the implementation of appropriate habitat and species management (wise use of wetland resources as
defined by the Ramsar Convention) at each Network site is the highest priority of the Action Plan. This will be
achieved by improving site management skills, building community awareness and empowering local communities to
be involved in site management.
Action 4 Provide access for site managers and staff to training in species monitoring, wetland management,
management planning, public awareness and education programs and project management. The
target will be for each site to have competence in these 5 themes by the end of 2005.
[Shorebird Flyway Officer, Site Management Bodies, Governments, Non-government Organisations]
Action 5 Provide a range of tools and programs to promote public awareness and education activities on
shorebirds. The target will be to have 50% of Network sites conducting awareness and education
programs or involved in activities developed and promoted under the Action Plan.
[Shorebird Flyway Officer, Site Management Bodies, Non-government Organisations]
Action 6 Conduct dedication ceremonies at new Network sites that involve the site management agency,
Government and local community representatives.
[Site Management Bodies, Shorebird Flyway Officer, Non-government Organisations]
Action 7 Provide management planning information to all Network sites to promote the development of
management plans.
[Shorebird Flyway Officer, Site Management Bodies]
Action 8 Develop a special program of activities to address the ongoing loss and degradation of shorebird
habitat in the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea).
[Shorebird Flyway Officer, applicable Governments, Non-government Organisations, Site Management
Bodies]
Action 9 Implement a model flyway management approach project for Dunlin Calidris alpina; a species for
which a significant number of Network sites act as key staging and non-breeding areas.
[Shorebird Flyway Officer, Site Management Bodies]
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
Action 10 Enhance the exchange of information on shorebird conservation and habitat management between
site managers, researchers and non-government organisations. This will include the use of existing
publications (eg. The Stilt and Tattler), wetland newsletters, e-mail and web sites.
[Non-government Organisations, Site Management Bodies, Shorebird Flyway Officer]
2.3 Increasing the Information Base on Migratory Shorebirds
On going survey, monitoring and research work on shorebirds and their habitats is needed to ensure that the
Network is achieving conservation of migratory shorebirds in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.
Action 11 Support implementation of statistically robust methodologies to monitor shorebird populations in
priority countries (Australia, New Zealand and Japan).
[Non-government Organisations, Site Management Bodies, Governments, Shorebird Flyway Officer]
Action 12 Develop and implement projects to identify internationally important sites for:
I shorebirds in countries where knowledge is incomplete, notably the Russian Federation,
Peoples Republic of China, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Myanmar, Bangladesh
and Papua New Guinea;
I endangered species (Spoon-billed Sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmeus and Spotted
Greenshank Tringa guttifer)
[Non-government Organisations, Governments, Shorebird Flyway Officer]
Action 13 Support existing and initiate new projects on shorebird migration with a special focus on the use of
colour leg flags. Seek to maximise community involvement in these projects through reporting and
analysis of sightings of colour flagged birds.
[Non-government Organisations, Governments, Shorebird Flyway Officer]
Action 14 Develop a database to collate shorebird counts in the flyway. Compile and publish an up-date of
the population estimates of shorebirds and inventory of internationally important sites in the East
Asian-Australasian Flyway. Assess the adequacy of the Network to conserve species.
[Non-government Organisations, Shorebird Flyway Officer]
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3. Implementation
The Action Plan has been developed to make the maximum use of existing organisational structures and activities.
Successful implementation requires cooperative action between Government agencies, site management bodies and
non-government organisations.
3.1 Key Personnel and Agencies
Shorebird Flyway Officer. Implementation of the Action Plan will be coordinated by a Shorebird Flyway Officer. The
Officer will be responsible for the development of the Network, promoting appropriate management of Network sites
and supporting shorebird research.
National Government Agencies. These agencies are responsible, at the national level, for endorsing nominations
of sites to join the Network and providing funding for site management and research on shorebirds. It is anticipated
that they will provide in-principle support and, where possible, funding for new activities associated with
implementation of the Action Plan.
Site Management Bodies. It is the day-to-day management of internationally important sites that determines the
future of shorebird populations. Site management bodies need to have access to training opportunities, up to date
knowledge and resources for appropriate site management.
Non-government Organisations. National and regional shorebird specialist groups exist in the Russian
Federation, U.S.A, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. International organisations such as Wetlands International,
BirdLife International and World Wide Fund for Nature are also involved in shorebird conservation in the region.
National NGOs involved in nature protection, bird and wetland conservation also will have an important role. These
organisations perform a vital role in activities such as monitoring, research, public awareness and the exchange of
information. All of these organisations are invited to be fully involved in implementation of the Action Plan.
3.2 Review and Consultation Mechanisms
Shorebird Working Groups. A consultative committee has been formed consisting of eight members drawn from
government and non-government organisations from across the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. The Shorebird
Working Group has developed this Action Plan and will monitor/review its implementation, assist to identify and
secure resources, review the annual workplan of the Flyway Officer, provide advice and assistance to the Flyway
Officer, promote the Action Plan and establish links with related activities. It will meet at least annually and report to
the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee.
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee: The Committee has 16 members drawn from
representatives of governments, the Ramsar Bureau, the UNEP/CMS Secretariat, a development assistance agency,
international non-government organisations, three technical Working Groups and Wetlands International Specialist
Groups. The Committee oversees the implementation of the Strategy and receives reports from the Working Groups.
The Committee reports to the Council of Wetlands International - Asia Pacific.
3.3 Linkages to Major Regional and Global Initiatives
The Action Plan is a component of the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005. It links to
a number of other initiatives, such as the Convention on Wetlands Strategic Plan 1997-2002 and bilateral
agreements for the conservation of migratory birds. Complementary activities occurring in other parts of the world for
shorebird conservation are the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement, United States Shorebird
Conservation Plan and the Canadian Shorebird Plan.
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Shorebirds in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway: 2001-2005
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Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
4. Resource Implications
This Action Plan outlines a targeted program of activities for the 2001-2005 period. An indicative budget has been
developed to emphasise the relative priorities of the different actions and to guide fundraising activities.
In the East Asian-Australasian Flyway it is anticipated that a minimum of approximately USD 2 million is needed to
implement the Action Plan. Approximately 15% of this relates to developing the Network, 60% to supporting the
Network sites and 25% to increasing the information base on shorebirds. The major proposed expenditure is
providing training to staff at Network sites (25% of total budget).
Wetlands International - Asia Pacific is prepared to take overall responsibility for coordination of fundraising. It looks
forward to working with national government agencies, development assistance bodies, non-government
organisations and site management bodies to ensure the successful implementation of the Action Plan.
Table Indicative Budget for implementation of the Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Shorebirds in East Asian-
Australasian Flyway: 2001-2005
Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Shorebirds in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway: 2001-2005
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No. Action Sub-total (USD) %
Building the Network 280,000 14
1 Seek nomination of new sites 140,000
2 Involvement of additional countries 20,000
3 Program review, development and funding 120,000
Supporting the Network 1,220,000 62
4 Training activities 500,000
5 Awareness tools and activities 140,000
6 Dedication ceremonies 85,000
7 Management Planning 140,000
8 Critical regions in the flyway 110,000
9 Flyway management approach 110,000
10 Increased communication 135,000
Enhancing Shorebird Information 475,000 24
11 Population monitoring 110,000
12 Identification of internationally important sites 170,000
13 Migration Research projects 85,000
14 Species/Site Status Overview Project 110,000
Total (5 years) 1,975,000
Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001-2005
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