CS2405 Computer Graphics Lab - Manual

Bresenhams Line Drawing

EX NO.1(A)
Aim:
To implement Bresenhams line drawing Algorithm for drawing lines.

Functions used:

Line()

The function line() is used to draw a line from(x1,y1)to (x2,y2)

Syntax:

line (x1,y1,x2,y2)

initgraph().

This function takes thee arguments and they are
i).the video driver to be used (gd).
ii).the graphics mode (gm).
iii).the path name.

Syntax:

Initgraph(gd,gm,path)

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Get the values of the end points as(x1, y1) &(x2, y2)
Step 3: Assign x=x1, y=y1;
Step 4: Compute dx=x2-x1
Step 5: Compute dy=y2-y1
Step 6: Assign sx=x2-x1, sy=y2-y1
Step 7: If dy>dx then interchange the values of dx and dy and assign exch=1
Step 8: Compute p=2xdy-dx
Step 9: Put a pixel on(x,y)
Step 10: If exch=1, y=sy else x=x+sx
Step 11: If p>0 and exch =1, x=x+sx else y=y+sy, p=p-2xdx
Step 12: Compute p=p+2xdy
Step 13: Do steps (9) t0 (12) for dx times
Step 14: Stop



Program:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int signs(int m);
void bres_line(int,int,int,int);
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int x1,x2,y1,y2;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
cout<<"enter starting value of X-Axis----->";
cin>>x1;
cout<<"enter starting value of Y-Axis----->";
cin>>y1;
cout<<"enter ending value of X-Axis----->";
cin>>x2;
cout<<"enter ending value of y-Axis----->";
cin>>y2;
bres_line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
closegraph();
}
void bres_line(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2)
{
int x,y,sx,sy,p,temp,exch=0,i,dx,dy;
x=x1;
y=y1;
dy=abs(y1-y2);
dx=abs(x1-x2);
sx=signs(x2-x1);
sy=signs(y2-y1);
if(dy>dx)
{
temp=dx;
dx=dy;
dy=temp;
exch=1;
}
p=2*dy-dx;
for(i=0;i<=dx;i++)
{putpixel(x,y,15);


if(exch==1)
y+=sy;
else
x+=sx;
if(p>=0)
{
if(exch==1)
x+=sx;
else
y+=sy;p=p-2*dx;}
p=p+2*dy;
}
}
int signs(int m)
{
if(m<0)
return(-1);
else if(m>0)
return(1);
else
return(0);
}

Input:

Enter starting value of X-Axis----->100
Enter starting value of Y-Axis----->100
Enter ending value of X-Axis----->200
Enter ending value of Y-Axis----->200

Output:








Result:

Thus the program to draw line using Bresenhams line drawing Algorithm was executed
successfully.









Circle Drawing
EX NO 1(B)

Aim:
To write a program to draw a circle using Bresenhams circle drawing Algorithm.

Functions used:

Circle()

The function circle() is used to draw a circle using(x,y) as centre point.

Syntax:

circle (x,y,radius)

initgraph().

This function takes thee arguments and they are
i).the video driver to be used (gd).
ii).the graphics mode (gm).
iii).the path name.

Syntax:

Initgraph(gd,gm,path)

Putpixel ()

The function putpixel() is used to place a pixel at particular coordinate

Syntax:

Putpixel(x,y,color)

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Get the center point as (xc,yc),get the radius as r.
Step 3: Assign y=r,x=0
Step 4: Calculate p=3-2r
Step 5: If p<0,p=p+4x+6 else p=p+10+4(x-y) and y=y-1
Step 6: Increment x by 1
Step 7: Do steps (9) to (16)
Step 8: Repeat steps (5) to (9) until x<=y
Step 9: Put a pixel on (xc+x,yc+y,15);
Step 10: Put a pixel on (xc+x,yc-y,15);
Step 11: Put a pixel on (xc-x,yc+y,15);
Step 12: Put a pixel on (xc-x, yc-y, 15);
Step 13: Put a pixel on (xc+y,yc+x,15);
Step14: Put a pixel on (xc+y, yc-x, 15);
Step 15: Put a pixel on (xc-y, yc+x, 15);
Step 16: Put a pixel on (xc-y, yc-x, 15);
Step 17: Stop.

Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void my_circle(int,int,int);
void plot(int,int,int,int);
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int xc,yc,r;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
cout<<"enter X-Axis----->";
cin>>xc;
cout<<"enter Y-Axis----->";
cin>>yc;
cout<<"enter radius----->";
cin>>r;
my_circle(xc,yc,r);
getch();
closegraph();
}
void my_circle(int xc,int yc,int r)
{
int x,y,p;
p=3-2*r;
x=0;
y=r;
while(x<=y)
{
if(p<0)
p=p+(4*x+6);
else
{
p=p+10+4*(x-y);
y=y-1;
}
plot(xc,yc,x,y);
x=x+1;
}
}
void plot(int xc,int yc,int x,int y)
{
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,15);
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,15);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,15);
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,15);
putpixel(xc+y,yc+x,15);
putpixel(xc+y,yc-x,15);
putpixel(xc-y,yc+x,15);
putpixel(xc-y,yc-x,15);
}

Input:

Enter X-Axis----->:100
Enter Y-Axis----->:200
Enter radius----->: 40

Output:













Result:
Thus the program to draw circle using Bresenhams circle drawing Algorithm was
executed successfully.














Ellipse Drawing
EX NO 1(C)
Aim:
To write a program to draw a ellipse using Bresenhams ellipse drawing Algorithm.

Functions used:

initgraph().

This function takes thee arguments and they are
i).the video driver to be used (gd).
ii).the graphics mode (gm).
iii).the path name.

Syntax:

Initgraph(gd,gm,path)

Putpixel ()

The function putpixel() is used to place a pixel at particular coordinate

Syntax:

Putpixel(x,y,color)


Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Get the center point as(x1, y1)
Step 3: Get the length of semi-major, semi-minor axes as r1 & r2
Step 4: Calculate t=pi/180
Step 5: Initialise i=0;
Step 6: Compute d=i*t
Step 7: Compute x=x1+y1*sin(d), y=y1+r2*cos(d).
Step 8: Put a pixel on(x,y)
Step 9: Increment I by 1
Step 10: Repeat steps(6) to (9) until i<360
Step 11: Stop




Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,x1=0,y1=0,r1=0,r2=0;
float x=0,y=0,t,d,i;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
cout<<"enter the center co-or:";
cin>>x1>>y1;
cout<<"enter the radius1:";
cin>>r1;
cout<<"enter radius2:";
cin>>r2;
for(i=0;i<360;i++)
{
t=3.14/180;
d=i*t;
x=x1+ceil(r1*sin(d));
y=y1+ceil(r2*cos(d));
putpixel(x,y,15);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}

Input:

Enter the center co-or:100 150
Enter the radius1:40
Enter radius2:20

Output:












Result:
Thus the program to draw ellipse using Bresenhams ellipse drawing Algorithm was
executed successfully.


Implementation of Line, Circle and ellipse Attributes

EXNO(2)

Aim:
To write a program to draw a Line, Circle and ellipse Attributes


Functions used:

Circle()

The function circle() is used to draw a circle using(x,y) as centre point.

Syntax:

circle (x,y,radius)

initgraph().

This function takes thee arguments and they are
i).the video driver to be used (gd).
ii).the graphics mode (gm).
iii).the path name.

Syntax:

Initgraph(gd,gm,path)

Putpixel ()

The function putpixel() is used to place a pixel at particular coordinate

Syntax:

Putpixel(x,y,color)

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Get the center point as (xc,yc),get the radius as r.
Step 3: Assign y=r,x=0
Step 4: Calculate p=3-2r
Step 5: If p<0,p=p+4x+6 else p=p+10+4(x-y) and y=y-1
Step 6: Increment x by 1
Step 7:stop

Program
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define ROUND(a) ((int)(a+0.5))
//Line drawing
void lineBres(int xa,int ya,int xb,int yb)
{
int dx=abs(xa-xb),dy=abs(ya-yb);
int p=2*dy-dx;
int twoDy=2*dy,twoDyDx=2*(dy-dx);
int x,y,xEnd;
/* Determine which point to use as start,which as end */
if(xa>xb)
{
x=xb;
y=yb;
xEnd=xa;
}
else
{
x=xa;
y=ya;
xEnd=xb;
}
putpixel(x,y,15);
while(x<xEnd)
{
x++;
if(p<0)
p+=twoDy;
else
{
y++;
p+=twoDyDx;
}
putpixel(x,y,15);
}
}
//Circle drawing
void circleMidPoint(int xCenter,int yCenter,int radius)
{
int x=0;
int y=radius;
int p=1-radius;
void circlePlotPoints(int,int,int,int);
/*plot first set of points*/
circlePlotPoints(xCenter,yCenter,x,y);
while(x<y)
{
x++;
if(p<0)
p+=2*x+1;
else
{
y;
p+=2*(x-y)+1;
}
circlePlotPoints(xCenter,yCenter,x,y);
}
}
void circlePlotPoints(int xCenter,int yCenter,int x,int y)
{
putpixel(xCenter+x,yCenter+y,WHITE);
putpixel(xCenter-x,yCenter+y,WHITE);
putpixel(xCenter+x,yCenter-y,WHITE);
putpixel(xCenter-x,yCenter-y,WHITE);
putpixel(xCenter+y,yCenter+x,WHITE);
putpixel(xCenter-y,yCenter+x,WHITE);
putpixel(xCenter+y,yCenter-x,WHITE);
putpixel(xCenter-y,yCenter-x,WHITE);
}//Ellipse drawing
void ellipsemidpoint(int xcenter,int ycenter,int rx,int ry)
{
int rx2=rx*rx;
int ry2=ry*ry;
int tworx2=2*rx2;
int twory2=2*ry2;
int p,x=0,y=ry,px=0;
int py=tworx2*y;
void ellipseplotpoints(int,int,int,int);
ellipseplotpoints(xcenter,ycenter,x,y);
p=ROUND(ry2-(rx2*ry)+(0.25*rx2));
while(px<py)
{
x++;
px+=twory2;
if(p<0)
p+=ry2+px;
else
{
y;
py-=tworx2;
p+=ry2+px-py;
}
ellipseplotpoints(xcenter,ycenter,x,y);
}
p=ROUND(ry2*(x+0.5)*(x+0.5)+rx2*(y-1)*(y-1)-rx2*ry2);
while(y>0)
{
y;
py-=tworx2;
if(p>0)
p+=rx2-py;
else
{
x++;
px+=twory2;
p+=rx2-px+px;
}
ellipseplotpoints(xcenter,ycenter,x,y);
}
}
void ellipseplotpoints(int xcenter,int ycenter,int x,int y)
{
putpixel(xcenter+x,ycenter+y,5);
putpixel(xcenter-x,ycenter+y,5);
putpixel(xcenter+x,ycenter-y,5);
putpixel(xcenter-x,ycenter-y,5);
}
void main()
{
int ch,c;
co:
clrscr();
printf(\n\t\tBRESENHAM BDRAWINGS\n);
printf(\n\t\t1-Line drawing);
printf(\n\t\t2-Circle drawing);
printf(\n\t\t3-Ellipse drawing);
printf(\n\t\t4-Exit);
printf(\nEnter your choice :);
scanf(%d,&ch);
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, );
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
int x1,y1,x2,y2;
printf(Enter the starting co-ordinates: );
scanf(%d %d,&x1,&y1);
printf(Enter the ending co-ordinates: );
scanf(%d %d,&x2,&y2);
lineBres(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
printf(\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDo u continue(1-yes,0-no):);
scanf(%d,&c);
if (c==1)
goto co;
break;
case 2:
int xc1,yc1,r;
printf(Enter the centre co-ordinates: );
scanf(%d %d,&xc1,&yc1);
printf(Enter the radius: );
scanf(%d,&r);
circleMidPoint(xc1,yc1,r);
getch();
printf(\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDo u continue(1-yes,0-no):);
scanf(%d,&c);
goto co;
break;
case 3:
int xc,yc,rx,ry;
printf(Enter the value of xcenter and ycenter co-ordinates: );
scanf(%d %d,&xc,&yc);
printf(Enter the radius of x and y: );
scanf(%d %d,&rx,&ry);
ellipsemidpoint(xc,yc,rx,ry);
getch();
printf(\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDo u continue(1-yes,0-no):);
scanf(%d,&c);
if (c==1)

goto co;
break;
case 4: break;
}
}
output




Result:

Thus the program to draw. Implementation of Line, Circle and ellipse Attributes was
executed successfully.
2D TRANSFORMATION
EX NO 3

Aim:
To perform the 2D transformation such as translation, rotation, scaling, shearing,
Reflection

Line()
The function line() is used to draw a line from(x1,y1)to (x2,y2)

Syntax:
line (x1,y1,x2,y2)

initgraph().
This function takes thee arguments and they are
i).the video driver to be used (gd).
ii).the graphics mode (gm).
iii).the path name.

Syntax:
Initgraph(gd,gm,path)

Algorithm:

Step1. Declare the variables xa,ya,xa1,ya1 of array type.
Step2.Declare the variables gd,gm,n,i,op,tx,ty,xf,yf,rx,ry.
Step3. Initialise the graphics function.
Step4. Input the number of points.
Step5. Input the value of co-ordinate according to number of points.
Step6. Using switch statement selects the option to perform
translation, rotation, scaling, reflection and shearing.

Step7. Translation:
a).input the translation vector
b).add the translation vectors with the coordinates
xa1[i]=xa[i]=tx, ya1[i]=ya[i]=ty,
c).using the function line,display the object before and after translation.

Step8. Rotation:
a). input the rotation angle
b). using formula theta=(theta*3.14)/180
c).input the value of reference point
d). calculate new coordinate point using formula
xa1[i]=xf+(xa[i]-xf)*cos(theta)-(ya[i]-yf)*sin(theta),
ya1[i]=yf+(xa[i]-xf)*sin(theta)-(ya[i]-yf)*cos(theta),
e). using the function line,display the object before and after rotation.

Step9. Scaling:
a).input the scaling factor and reference point
b).calculate new coordinate point using formula
xa1[i]=(xa[i]*sx+rx*(1-sx),
ya1 [i] = (ya[i]*sy+ry*(1-sy)
c). using the function line, display the object before and after scaling.

Step10. Shearing:
a).input the shearing value and reference point.
b). input the shear direction x or y
i).if direction x
xa1[i]=xa[i]+shx*(ya[i]-yref)
ii).otherwise
ya1[i]=ya[i]+shy*(xa[i]-xref)

iii). using the function line, display the object before and after shearing.
Step11. Reflection:
a).display the object before reflection using the function line
b). display the object after reflection using the function line
Step12. Stop.


Program:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int gd,gm,n,i,xa[10],ya[10],op,tx,ty,xa1[10],ya1[10],theta,xf,yf,rx,ry,sx,sy,shx,shy,xref,yref;
char d;
gd=DETECT;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
cout<<"enter the no of points";
cin>>n;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<"enter the coordinates"<<i+1;
cin>>xa[i]>>ya[i];
}

do
{
cout<<"menu";
cout<<"\n1.translation\n2.rotation\n3.scaling\n4.shearing\n5.reflection\n6.exit";
cin>>op;
switch(op)
{
case 1:
cout<<"enter the translation vector";
cin>>tx>>ty;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
xa1[i]=xa[i]+tx;
ya1[i]=ya[i]+ty;
}
cout<<"before translation";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(xa[i],ya[i],xa[(i+1)%n],ya[(i+1)%n]);
}
cout<<"after translation";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(xa1[i],ya1[i],xa1[(i+1)%n],ya1[(i+1)%n]);
}
getch();
cleardevice();
break;
case 2:
cout<<"enter the rotation angle";
cin>>theta;
theta=(theta*3.14)/180;
cout<<"enter the reference points";
cin>>xf>>yf;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
xa1[i]=xf+(xa[i]-xf)*cos(theta)-(ya[i]-yf)*sin(theta);
ya1[i]=yf+(xa[i]-xf)*sin(theta)-(ya[i]-yf)*cos(theta);
}
cout<<"before rotation";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(xa[i],ya[i],xa[(i+1)%n],ya[(i+1)%n]);
}


cout<<"after rotation";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(xa1[i],ya1[i],xa1[(i+1)%n],ya1[(i+1)%n]);
}
getch();
cleardevice();
break;
case 3:
cout<<"enter the scaling factor";
cin>>sx>>sy;
cout<<"enter the reference point";
cin>>rx>>ry;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
xa1[i]=xa[i]*sx+rx*(1-sx);
ya1[i]=ya[i]*sy+ry*(1-sy);
}
cout<<"before scaling";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(xa[i],ya[i],xa[(i+1)%n],ya[(i+1)%n]);
}
cout<<"after scaling";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(xa1[i],ya1[i],xa1[(i+1)%n],ya1[(i+1)%n]);
}
getch();
cleardevice();
break;
case 4:
cout<<"enter the shear value";
cin>>shx>>shy;
cout<<"enter the reference point";
cin>>xref>>yref;
cout<<"enter the shear direction x or y";
cin>>d;
if(d=='x')
{
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
xa1[i]=xa[i]+shx*(ya[i]-yref);
ya1[i]=ya[i];
}
}
cout<<"before shearing";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(xa[i],ya[i],xa[(i+1)%n],ya[(i+1)%n]);
}
cout<<"after shearing";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(xa1[i],ya1[i],xa1[(i+1)%n],ya1[(i+1)%n]);
}
getch();
cleardevice();
break;
case 5:
cout<<"before reflection";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(xa[i],ya[i],xa[(i+1)%n],ya[(i+1)%n]);
}
cout<<"after reflection";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(ya[i],xa[i],ya[(i+1)%n],xa[(i+1)%n]);
}
getch();
cleardevice();
break;
case 6:
exit(0);
break;
}
}while(op!=6);
}
Input & Output:
enter the no of points:3
enter the coordinates 1:50 150
enter the coordinates 2:50 50
enter the coordinates 3:75 150

menu
1. translation
2. rotation
3. scaling
4.shearing
5.reflection
6.exit1
enter the translation vector:30 40

Before translation After Translation


menu
1. translation
2. rotation
3. scaling
4.shearing
5.reflection
6.exit 2

enter the rotation angle:40

enter the reference points:100 100

before rotation after rotation



















menu
1. translation
2. rotation
3. scaling
4.shearing
5.reflection
6.exit 3

Enter the scaling factor: 3 4
Enter the reference points: 30 40

Before scaling after scaling








menu
1. translation
2. rotation
3. scaling
4.shearing
5.reflection
6.exit 4

Enter the shear value: 3 4
Enter the reference point: 20 30
Enter the shear direction x or y: X










Before shearing After shearing


menu
1. translation
2. rotation
3. scaling
4.shearing
5.reflection
6.exit 5

Before reflection after reflection











menu
1. translation
2. rotation
3. scaling
4.shearing
5.reflection
6.exit 6



Result:
Thus the program for 2D transformation was executed successfully

Composite 2D Transformations
Exno(4)

Aim:
To perform the Composite 2D Transformations



Line()
The function line() is used to draw a line from(x1,y1)to (x2,y2)

Syntax:
line (x1,y1,x2,y2)

initgraph().
This function takes thee arguments and they are
i).the video driver to be used (gd).
ii).the graphics mode (gm).
iii).the path name.

Syntax:
Initgraph(gd,gm,path)



Algorithm:

Step1. Declare the variables xa,ya,xa1,ya1 of array type.
Step2.Declare the variables gd,gm,n,i,op,tx,ty,xf,yf,rx,ry.
Step3. Initialise the graphics function.
Step4. Input the number of points.
Step5. Input the value of co-ordinate according to number of points.
Step6. Using switch statement selects the option to perform
translation, rotation, scaling, reflection and shearing.

Step7.
a).input the translation vector
b).add the translation vectors with the coordinates
xa1[i]=xa[i]=tx, ya1[i]=ya[i]=ty,
c).using the function line,display the object before and after translation.

Step8.
a). input the rotation angle
b). using formula theta=(theta*3.14)/180
c).input the value of reference point
d). calculate new coordinate point using formula
xa1[i]=xf+(xa[i]-xf)*cos(theta)-(ya[i]-yf)*sin(theta),
ya1[i]=yf+(xa[i]-xf)*sin(theta)-(ya[i]-yf)*cos(theta),
e). using the function line,display the object before and after rotation.

Step9.
a).input the scaling factor and reference point
b).calculate new coordinate point using formula
xa1[i]=(xa[i]*sx+rx*(1-sx),
ya1 [i] = (ya[i]*sy+ry*(1-sy)
c). using the function line, display the object before and after scaling.

Step10.: Composite 2D Transformations


a).input the shearing value and reference point.
b). input the shear direction x or y
i).if direction x
xa1[i]=xa[i]+shx*(ya[i]-yref)
ii).otherwise
ya1[i]=ya[i]+shy*(xa[i]-xref)

iii). using the function line, display the object before and after shearing.
Step11.
a).display the object before reflection using the function line
b). display the object after reflection using the function line
Step12. Stop.

Program


#include<stdio.h>
#include<process.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
void disp(int n,float c[][3])
{
float maxx,maxy;
int i;
maxx=getmaxx();
maxy=getmaxy();
maxx=maxx/2;
maxy=maxy/2;
i=0;
while(i<n-1)
{
line(maxx+c[i][0],maxy-c[i][1],maxx+c[i+1][0],maxy-c[i+1][1]);
i++;
}
i=n-1;
line(maxx+c[i][0],maxy-c[i][1],maxx+c[0][0],maxy-c[0][1]);
setcolor(GREEN);
line(0,maxy,maxx*2,maxy);
line(maxx,0,maxx,maxy*2);
setcolor(WHITE);
}
void mul(int n,float b[][3],float c[][3],float a[][3])
{
int i,j,k;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
a[i][j]=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
for(k=0;k<3;k++)
{
a[i][j] = a[i][j] + (c[i][k] * b[k][j]);
}
}
void translation(int n,float c[][3],float tx,float ty)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
c[i][0]=c[i][0]+tx;
c[i][1]=c[i][1]+ty;
}
}
}
void scaling(int n,float c[][3],float sx,float sy)
{
float b[10][3],a[10][3];
int i=0,j;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
b[i][j]=0;
b[0][0]=sx;
b[1][1]=sy;
b[2][2]=1;
mul(n,b,c,a);
setcolor(RED);
disp(n,a);
}
void rotation(int n,float c[][3],float ra)
{
int i=0,j;
float b[10][3],xp,yp,a[10][3];
xp=c[0][0];
yp=c[0][1];
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
b[i][j]=0;
b[0][0]=b[1][1]=cos(ra*3.14/180);
b[0][1]=sin(ra*3.14/180);
b[1][0]=-sin(ra*3.14/180);
b[2][0]=(-xp*cos(ra*3.14/180))+(yp*sin(ra*3.14/180))+xp;
b[2][1]=(-xp*sin(ra*3.14/180))-(yp*cos(ra*3.14/180))+yp;
b[2][2]=1;
mul(n,b,c,a);
setcolor(RED);
disp(n,a);
}
void main()
{
int i,j,k,cho,n,gd=DETECT,gm;
float c[10][3],tx,ty,sx,sy,ra;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,d:\\turboc~1\\bgi);
printf(\nEnter the number of vertices : );
scanf(%d,&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf(\nEnter the co-ordinates of the %d vertex :,i+1);
scanf(%f%f,&c[i][0],&c[i][1]);
c[i][2]=1;
}
do
{
clrscr();
cleardevice();
printf(\n\t\t\t * * * MENU * * *);
printf(\n\t 1) TRANSLATION);
printf(\n\t 2) SCALING );
}while(cho!=4);
getch();
closegraph();
}
OUTPUT:

Before scaling after scaling









Result:
Thus the program for Composite 2D transformation was executed successfully











Cohen-Sutherland Clipping& Windowing

EXNO 5

Aim:
To implement Cohen-Sutherland clipping& WindowingAlgorithm.

Functions used:

Line()
The function line() is used to draw a line from(x1,y1)to (x2,y2)

Syntax:
line (x1,y1,x2,y2)

initgraph().
This function takes thee arguments and they are
i).the video driver to be used (gd).
ii).the graphics mode (gm).
iii).the path name.

Syntax:
Initgraph(gd,gm,path)

Setcolor().
This function changes the drawing colour.

Syntax:
Setcolor(value of the color)

Settextstyle().
The function settextstyle() is used to change the style of the text.

Syntax:
Settextstyle(font,direction,charsize)

Where font is the constant value or the font filename, direction is the number either 0 or
1, which makes the output to display in horizontal, or in vertical direction, charsize is the
character size or magnification factor and it varies from 1 to 10.

Outtext().
This function display a text message on upper left of the screen

Syntax:
Outtext(message);



Algorithm:

Step 1. Create a class sulc with functions drawwindow, drawline, setcode, visibility and
reset endpoint.
Step 2. Using the function line set the parameters to draw window.
Step 3. Using the function defined in class sulc, setcode is used to save the line inside the
window and to the line outside the window.
Step 4. Using the function visibility
i).check the code to know the points inside or outside the window.
ii).if the code value is zero the point is inside the window.
Step 5. Using the function reset end point
i). if the code value for the line is outside the window.
ii).reset the endpoint to the boundary of the window.
Step 6. Initialize the graphics functions
Step 7. Declare the variables x1, x2, y1, y2 of array type.
Step 8. Get the value of two endpoints x1, y1 and x2, y2 to draw the line.
Step 9. Using the object c, display the window before clipping.
Step 10. Using the function setcode, visibility display the clipped window only with lines
inside the window class was displayed after clipping.

Program:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
typedef struct coord
{
int x,y;
char code[4];
}pt;
class sulc
{
public:
void drawwindow();
void drawline(pt p1,pt p2,int c1);
pt setcode(pt p);
int visibility(pt p1,pt p2);
pt resetendpt(pt p1,pt p2);
};
void sulc::drawwindow()
{
setcolor(WHITE);
line(150,100,450,100);
line(450,100,450,350);
line(450,350,150,350);
line(150,350,150,100);
}
void sulc::drawline(pt p1,pt p2,int c1)
{
setcolor(c1);
line(p1.x,p1.y,p2.x,p2.y);
}
pt sulc::setcode(pt p)
{
pt ptemp;
if(p.y<100)
ptemp.code[0]='1';
else
ptemp.code[0]='0';
if(p.y>350)
ptemp.code[1]='1';
else
ptemp.code[1]='0';
if(p.y>450)
ptemp.code[2]='1';
else
ptemp.code[2]='0';
if(p.y<150)
ptemp.code[3]='1';
else
ptemp.code[3]='0';
ptemp.x=p.x;
ptemp.y=p.y;
return(ptemp);
}
int sulc::visibility(pt p1,pt p2)
{
int i,flag=0;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
if((p1.code[i]!='0')||(p2.code[i]!='0'))
flag=1;
}
if(flag==0)
return(0);
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
if((p1.code[i]==p2.code[i])&&(p1.code[i]=='1'))
flag=0;}
if(flag==0)
return(1);
return(2);
}
pt sulc::resetendpt(pt p1,pt p2)
{
pt temp;
int x,y,i;
float m,k;
if(p1.code[3]=='1')
x=150;
if(p1.code[2]=='1')
x=450;
if((p1.code[3]=='1')||(p1.code[2]=='1'))
{
m=(float)(p2.y-p1.y)/(p2.x-p1.x);
k=(p1.y+(m*(x-p1.x)));
temp.y=k;
temp.x=x;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
temp.code[i]=p1.code[i];
if(temp.y<=350 &&temp.y>=100)
return(temp);
}
if(p1.code[0]=='1')
y=100;
if(p1.code[1]=='1')
y=350;
if((p1.code[0]=='1')||(p1.code[1]=='1'))
{
m=(float)(p2.y-p1.y)/(p2.x-p1.x);
k=(float)p1.x+(float)(y-p1.y)/m;
temp.x=k;
temp.y=y;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
temp.code[i]=p1.code[i];
if(temp.y<=350 &&temp.y>=100)
return(temp);
}
else
return(p1);
}
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,v;
sulc c1;
pt p1,p2,ptemp;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
int x1[10],y1[10],x2[10],y2[10];
cleardevice();
int i,n;
settextstyle(4,0,4);
outtext("cohen sutherland line clipping");
cout<<"\n\n enter the no.of lines:";
cin>>n;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<"\n\n enter end-point1(x1,y1):";
cin>>x1[i]>>y1[i];
cout<<"\n\n enter end-point2(x2,y2):";
cin>>x2[i]>>y2[i];
}
cleardevice();
settextstyle(0,0,3);
outtext("before clipping");
c1.drawwindow();
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
p1.x=x1[i];
p1.y=y1[i];
p2.x=x2[i];
p2.y=y2[i];
c1.drawline(p1,p2,15);
}
getch();
cleardevice();
settextstyle(0,0,3);
outtext("after clipping");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
p2.x=x2[i];
p2.y=y2[i];
p1=c1.setcode(p1);
p2=c1.setcode(p2);
v=c1.visibility(p1,p2);
switch(v)
{
case 0:
c1.drawwindow();
c1.drawline(p1,p2,15);
break;
case 1:
c1.drawwindow();
break;
case 2:
p1=c1.resetendpt(p1,p2);
p2=c1.resetendpt(p2,p1);
c1.drawwindow();
c1.drawline(p1,p2,15);
break;
}
}
getch();
closegraph();
}

Input:

Enter the no.of lines: 1
Enter end-point1(x1,y1):30 40
Enter end-point1(x2,y2):300 400

Output:

Before clipping

















After clipping







Result:
Thus the program to implement Cohen-Sutherland clipping& Windowing is
executed successfully
Sutherland Hodgeman Polygon clipping Algorithm

EX NO. (6)

Aim:
To implement Sutherland Hodgeman Polygon clipping Algorithm



Functions used:

Line()
The function line() is used to draw a line from(x1,y1)to (x2,y2)

Syntax:
line (x1,y1,x2,y2)

initgraph().
This function takes thee arguments and they are
i).the video driver to be used (gd).
ii).the graphics mode (gm).
iii).the path name.

Syntax:
Initgraph(gd,gm,path)

Setcolor().
This function changes the drawing colour.

Syntax:
Setcolor(value of the color)

Settextstyle().
The function settextstyle() is used to change the style of the text.

Syntax:
Settextstyle(font,direction,charsize)

Where font is the constant value or the font filename, direction is the number either 0 or
1, which makes the output to display in horizontal, or in vertical direction, charsize is the
character size or magnification factor and it varies from 1 to 10.

Outtext().
This function display a text message on upper left of the screen

Syntax:
Outtext(message);



Algorithm:

Step 1. Create a class sulc with functions drawwindow, drawline, setcode, visibility and
reset endpoint.
Step 2. Using the function line set the parameters to draw window.
Step 3. Using the function defined in class sulc, setcode is used to save the line inside the
window and to the line outside the window.
Step 4. Using the function visibility
i).check the code to know the points inside or outside the window.
ii).if the code value is zero the point is inside the window.
Step 5. Using the function reset end point
i). if the code value for the line is outside the window.
ii).reset the endpoint to the boundary of the window.
Step 6. Initialize the graphics functions
Step 7. Declare the variables x1, x2, y1, y2 of array type.
Step 8. Get the value of two endpoints x1, y1 and x2, y2 to draw the line.
Step 9. Using the object c, display the window before clipping.
Step 10. Using the function setcode, visibility display the clipped window only with lines
inside the window class was displayed after clipping.

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<process.h>
int pixels[2][4];
float xn1,xn2,yn1,yn2,x3,y3,m;
int xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax,x1,y1,x2,y2;
int choice,ed[20],num;
void su_co(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,int xmin,int ymin,int xmax,int ymax)
{
int i,j,f1;
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
pixels[i][j]=0;
if(y1>ymax)
pixels[0][0]=1;
if(y1<ymin)
pixels[0][1]=1;
if(x1>xmax)
pixels[0][2]=1;
if(x1<xmin)
pixels[0][3]=1;
if(y2>ymax)
pixels[1][0]=1;
if(y2<ymin)
pixels[1][1]=1;
if(x2>xmax)
pixels[1][2]=1;
if(x2<xmin)
pixels[1][3]=1;
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
if(pixels[0][j]==0&&pixels[1][j]==0)
continue;
if(pixels[0][j]==1&&pixels[1][j]==1)
{
f1=3;
break;
}
f1=2;
}
switch(f1)
{
case 1:line(320+x1,240-y1,320+x2,240-y2);
break;
case 3:printf(\n\n\t\LINE IS NOT VISIBLE..\");
break;
case 2:m=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1);
xn1=x1;
yn1=y1;
xn2=x2;
yn2=y2;
if(pixels[0][0]==1)
{
xn1=x1+(ymax-y1)/m;
yn1=ymax;3
}
if(pixels[0][1]==1)
{
xn1=x1+(ymin-y1)/m;
yn1=ymin;
}
if(pixels[0][2]==1)
{
yn1=y1+(xmax-x1)*m;
xn1=xmax;
}
if(pixels[0][3]==1)
{
yn1=y1+(xmin-x1)*m;
xn1=xmin;
}
if(pixels[1][0]==1)
{
xn2=x2+(ymax-y2)/m;
yn2=ymax;
}
if(pixels[1][1]==1)
{
xn2=x2+(ymin-y2)/m;
yn2=ymin;
}
if(pixels[1][2]==1)
{
yn2=y2+(xmax-x2)*m;
xn2=xmax;
}
if(pixels[1][3]==1)
{
yn2=y2+(xmin-x2)*m;
xn2=xmin;
}
line(320+xn1,240-yn1,320+xn2,240-yn2);
break;
}
}
void cohen()
{
clearviewport();
line(320+xmin,240-ymin,320+xmin,240-ymax);
line(320+xmin,240-ymax,320+xmax,240-ymax);
line(320+xmax,240-ymax,320+xmax,240-ymin);
line(320+xmax,240-ymin,320+xmin,240-ymin);
line(320+x1,240-y1,320+x2,240-y2);
getch();
cleardevice();
line(320+xmin,240-ymin,320+xmin,240-ymax);
line(320+xmin,240-ymax,320+xmax,240-ymax);
line(320+xmax,240-ymax,320+xmax,240-ymin);
line(320+xmax,240-ymin,320+xmin,240-ymin);
su_co(x1,y1,x2,y2,xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax);
getch();
}
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,i,j;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,..\\bgi);
printf(\n\n\t\t\Enter the coordinate of the Clipping Window\");
printf(\n\n\t\t\Enter X(min),Y(min)\:=);
scanf(%d%d,&xmin,&ymin);
printf(\n\n\t\t\Enter X(max),Y(max)\:=);
scanf(%d%d,&xmax,&ymax);
printf(\n\n\t\tEnter the coordinates of the Line);
printf(\n\n\t\t Enter X(1) & Y(1):);
scanf(%d%d,&x1,&y1);
printf(\n\n\t\t Enter X(2) & Y(2):);
scanf(%d%d,&x2,&y2);
clrscr();
cohen();
}
Output:
















Result

Sutherland Hodgeman Polygon clipping Algorithm is executed















3D- Transformation
EXNO(7)
Aim:
To perform 3D transformations such as translation, rotation and scaling.

Functions used:

Line()
The function line() is used to draw a line from(x1,y1)to (x2,y2)

Syntax:
line (x1,y1,x2,y2)



initgraph().
This function takes thee arguments and they are
i).the video driver to be used (gd).
ii).the graphics mode (gm).
iii).the path name.

Syntax:
Initgraph(gd,gm,path)

Algorithm:
Step 1. Create a class cube with function draw cube.
Step 2. Use the function draw cube to draw a cube using eight points by means of
functions line.
Step 3. Declare the variables x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, in array type which of data type int.
Step 4.Declare the variables theta,op,ch,tx,ty,sx,sy,sz,lz+xy,zf,i,x,y,z.
Step 5.Initialise graphics functions.
Step 6.Input the first point in the cube.
Step 7.Input the size of the edge.
Step 8.Create an object to call the function.
Step 9.Using switch operation select the operation to perform translation, rotation,scaling.
Step 10.Translation
a).input the translation vectortx,ty,tz.
b).calculate points using formula
x3[i]=x1[i]+tx.
y3[i]=y1[i]+ty
z3[i]=z1[i]+tz.
x4[i]=x3[i]+z3[i]/2
y4[i]=y3[i]+z3[i]/2


c).using the function line, display the object before and after translation.


Step11. Rotation:
a). input the rotation angle
b). using formula theta=(theta*3.14)/180
c).input the direction in x,y,z axis
d). if the direction is along x axis,
x3[i]=x1[i].
y3[i]=y1[i]*cos(theta)-z1[i]*sin(theta),
y3[i]=y1[i]*sin(theta)-z1[i]*cos(theta),
if the direction is along yaxis,
y3[i]=y1[i].
z3[i]=z1[i]*cos(theta)-x1[i]*sin(theta),
x3[i]=z1[i]*sin(theta)-x1[i]*cos(theta),
if the direction is along z axis,
z3[i]=z1[i].
x3[i]=x1[i]*cos(theta)-y1[i]*sin(theta),
y3[i]=x1[i]*sin(theta)-y1[i]*cos(theta),
e).calculate the points using the formula
x4[i]=x3[i]+z3[i]/2
y4[i]=y3[i]+z3[i]/2
f). using the function line,display the object before and after rotation.

Step12. Scaling:
a).input the scaling factor and reference point
b).calculate coordinate point using formula
x3[i]=xf+(x1[i]*sx+xf*(1-sx),
y3 [i] =yf+ (y1[i]*sy+yf*(1-sy)
z3 [i] =zf+ (z1[i]*sz+zf*(1-sz)
c). calculate the points using the formula
x4[i]=x3[i]+z3[i]/2
y4[i]=y3[i]+z3[i]/2
d). using the function line, display the object before and after scaling.

Step13. Stop.

Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
class cube
{
public:
void drawcube(int x1[],int y1[])
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
if(i<3)
line(x1[i],y1[i],x1[i+1],y1[i+1]);
line(x1[0],y1[0],x1[3],y1[3]);
}
for(i=4;i<8;i++)
{
if(i<7)
line(x1[i],y1[i],x1[i+1],y1[i+1]);
line(x1[4],y1[4],x1[7],y1[7]);
}

for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
line(x1[i],y1[i],x1[i+4],y1[i+4]);
}
}
};
void main()
{
int
i,x1[8],y1[8],x2[8],y2[8],z1[8],x3[8],y3[8],z3[8],x4[8],y4[8],theta,op,ch,tx,ty,tz,sx,sy,sz,xf,yf,zf,
x,y,z,size;
int driver=DETECT;
int mode;
initgraph(&driver,&mode,"");
cout<<"enter the points on the cube:";
cin>>x>>y>>z;
cout<<"enter the size of the edge:";
cin>>size;
x1[0]=x1[3]=x;
x1[1]=x1[2]=x+size;
x1[4]=x1[7]=x;
x1[5]=x1[6]=x+size;
y1[0]=y1[1]=y;
y1[2]=y1[3]=y+size;
y1[4]=y1[5]=y;
y1[6]=y1[7]=y+size;
z1[1]=z1[2]=z1[3]=z1[0]=z ;
z1[4]=z1[5]=z1[6]=z1[7]=z-size;
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x2[i]=x1[i]+z1[i]/2;
y2[i]=y1[i]+z1[i]/2;
}
cube c;
getch();
cleardevice();
do
{
cout<<"menu"<<endl;
cout<<"\n1.translation\n2.rotation\n3.scaling\n4.exit\n";
cout<<"enter the choice:";
cin>>ch;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
cout<<"enter the translation vector:";
cin>>tx>>ty>>tz;
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x3[i]=x1[i]+tx;
y3[i]=y1[i]+ty;
z3[i]=z1[i]+tz;
}
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x4[i]=x3[i]+z3[i]/2;
y4[i]=y3[i]+z3[i]/2;
}
cleardevice();
cout<<"before translation";
c.drawcube(x2,y2);
getch();
cleardevice();
cout<<"after translation";
c.drawcube(x4,y4);
getch();
cleardevice();
break;
case 2:
cout<<"enter the rotation angle:";
cin>>theta;
theta=(theta*3.14)/180;
cout<<"enter the direction"<<endl;
cout<<"1.rotation about x axis"<<endl<<"2.rotation about y axis"<<endl<<"3.rotation about z
axis";
cin>>op;
if(op==1)
{
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x3[i]=x1[i];
y3[i]=y1[i]*cos(theta)-z1[i]*sin(theta);
z3[i]=y1[i]*sin(theta)+z1[i]*cos(theta);
}
}
else
if(op==2)
{
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
y3[i]=y1[i];
x3[i]=z1[i]*cos(theta)-x1[i]*sin(theta);
x3[i]=z1[i]*sin(theta)+x1[i]*cos(theta);
}
}
else
if(op==3)
{
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
z3[i]=z1[i];
x3[i]=x1[i]*cos(theta)-y1[i]*sin(theta);
y3[i]=x1[i]*sin(theta)+y1[i]*cos(theta);
}
}
else
cout<<"enter correct option";
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x4[i]=x3[i]+z3[i]/2;
y4[i]=y3[i]+z3[i]/2;
}
cleardevice();
cout<<"before rotation";
c.drawcube(x2,y2);
getch();
cleardevice();
cout<<"after rotation";
c.drawcube(x4,y4);
getch();
cleardevice();
break;

case 3:
cout<<"enter the scaling factor:";
cin>>sx>>sy>>sz;
cout<<"enter the reference point:";
cin>>xf>>yf>>zf;
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x3[i]=xf+(x1[i]*sx)+xf*(1-sx);
y3[i]=yf+(y1[i]*sy)+yf*(1-sy);
z3[i]=zf+(z1[i]*sz)+zf*(1-sz);
}
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x4[i]=x3[i]+z3[i]/2;
y4[i]=y3[i]+z3[i]/2;
}
cleardevice();
cout<<"before scaling";
c.drawcube(x2,y2);
getch();
cleardevice();
cout<<"after scaling";
c.drawcube(x4,y4);
getch();
cleardevice();
break;
case 4:
exit(0);
break;
}
}
while(op!=4);
getch();
}

Input

Enter the point in the cube: 100 100 100
Enter the size of the edge: 50

Menu
1. translation
2. rotation
3. scaling
4. exit



Enter the choice:1
Enter the translation vector: 5,10,15

Before translation After translation









Result:
Thus the program for 3D transformation was executed successfully.































Composite 3D transformations
EXno(8)

Aim:
To perform. Composite 3D transformations

Functions used:

Line()
The function line() is used to draw a line from(x1,y1)to (x2,y2)

Syntax:
line (x1,y1,x2,y2)

initgraph().
This function takes thee arguments and they are
i).the video driver to be used (gd).
ii).the graphics mode (gm).
iii).the path name.

Syntax:
Initgraph(gd,gm,path)

Algorithm:
Step 1. Create a class cube with function draw cube.
Step 2. Use the function draw cube to draw a cube using eight points by means of
functions line.
Step 3. Declare the variables x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, in array type which of data type int.
Step 4.Declare the variables theta,op,ch,tx,ty,sx,sy,sz,lz+xy,zf,i,x,y,z.
Step 5.Initialise graphics functions.
Step 6.Input the first point in the cube.
Step 7.Input the size of the edge.
Step 8.Create an object to call the function.
Step 9.Using switch operation select the operation to perform translation, rotation,scaling.
Step 10.
a).input the translation vectortx,ty,tz.
b).calculate points using formula
x3[i]=x1[i]+tx.
y3[i]=y1[i]+ty
z3[i]=z1[i]+tz.
x4[i]=x3[i]+z3[i]/2
y4[i]=y3[i]+z3[i]/2


c).using the function line, display the object before and after translation.


Step11.
a). input the rotation angle
b). using formula theta=(theta*3.14)/180
c).input the direction in x,y,z axis
d). if the direction is along x axis,
x3[i]=x1[i].
y3[i]=y1[i]*cos(theta)-z1[i]*sin(theta),
y3[i]=y1[i]*sin(theta)-z1[i]*cos(theta),
if the direction is along yaxis,
y3[i]=y1[i].
z3[i]=z1[i]*cos(theta)-x1[i]*sin(theta),
x3[i]=z1[i]*sin(theta)-x1[i]*cos(theta),
if the direction is along z axis,
z3[i]=z1[i].
x3[i]=x1[i]*cos(theta)-y1[i]*sin(theta),
y3[i]=x1[i]*sin(theta)-y1[i]*cos(theta),
e).calculate the points using the formula
x4[i]=x3[i]+z3[i]/2
y4[i]=y3[i]+z3[i]/2
f). using the function line,display the object before and after rotation.

Step12.
a).input the scaling factor and reference point
b).calculate coordinate point using formula
x3[i]=xf+(x1[i]*sx+xf*(1-sx),
y3 [i] =yf+ (y1[i]*sy+yf*(1-sy)
z3 [i] =zf+ (z1[i]*sz+zf*(1-sz)
c). calculate the points using the formula
x4[i]=x3[i]+z3[i]/2
y4[i]=y3[i]+z3[i]/2
d). using the function line, display the object before and after scaling.

Step13. Stop.












Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
int main(void)
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
int xmax,ymax,tx,ty,tz,i,n,x[20],y[20],z[20],a[20],b[20],choice;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,h:\cplus);
xmax=getmaxx();
ymax=getmaxy();
line(xmax/2,0,xmax/2,ymax/2);
line(xmax/2,ymax/2,xmax,ymax/2);
line(xmax/2,ymax/2,0,ymax);
cout<<\nEnter the no. of sides:;
cin>>n;
void draw(int x[],int y[],int z[],int n);
cout<<\n\n\n Enter your choice\n\n 1.Translation \n\n 2.rotation;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1: cout<<you have selected translation:\n;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cin>>x[i]>>y[i]>>z[i];
x[i]+=xmax/2;
y[i]=ymax/2-y[i];
a[i]=x[i]-z[i];
b[i]=y[i]-z[i];
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(x[i],y[i],x[(i+1)%n],y[(i+1)%n]);
line(a[i],b[i],x[(i+1)%n]-z[(i+1)%n],y[(i+1)%n]-z[(i+1)%n]);
line(x[i],y[i],a[i],b[i]);
}
cout<<Given the translation vector:;
cin>>tx>>ty>>tz;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
x[i]=x[i]+tx;
y[i]=y[i]+ty;
z[i]=z[i]+tz;
a[i]=x[i]-z[i];
b[i]=y[i]-z[i];
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(x[i],y[i],x[(i+1)%n],y[(i+1)%n]);
line(a[i],b[i],x[(i+1)%n]-z[(i+1)%n],y[(i+1)%n]-z[(i+1)%n]);
line(x[i],y[i],a[i],b[i]);
}
break;
case 2: cout<<you have chosen rotation:;
{
int a[10],b[10],th;
cout<<\n\n Enter the coordinates;
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cin>>x[i]>>y[i]>>z[i];
x[i]+=xmax/2;
y[i]=ymax/2-y[i];
a[i]=x[i]-z[i];
b[i]=y[i]-z[i];
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(x[i],y[i],x[(i+1)%n],y[(i+1)%n]);
line(x[i]-z[i],y[i]-z[i],x[(i+1)%n]-z[(i+1)%n],y[(i+1)%n]-z[(i+1)%n]);
line(x[i],y[i],x[i]-z[i],y[i]-z[i]);
}
cout<<Enter the angle:;
cin>>th;
int t=th*3.14/180;
for(int tta=0;tta<t;tta+=3.14)
{
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
int xx=x[i];
x[i]=x[0]+(x[i]-x[0])*cos(t)-(y[i]-y[0])*sin(t);
y[i]=y[0]+(xx-x[0])*sin(t)+(y[i]-y[0])*cos(t);
xx=a[i];
a[i]=a[0]+(a[i]-a[0])*cos(t)-(b[i]-b[0])*sin(t);
b[i]=b[0]+(xx-a[0])*sin(t)+(b[i]-b[0])*cos(t);
}
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(x[i],y[i],x[(i+1)%n],y[(i+1)%n]);
line(a[i],b[i],a[(i+1)%n],b[(i+1)%n]);
line(x[i],y[i],a[i],b[i]);
}
delay(500);
}
break;
}
case 3: break;
}
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the choice:1
Enter the translation vector: 5,10,25

Before translation After translation










Result:

Thus the program for Composite 3D transformations as executed successfully.


Drawing three dimensional objects and Scenes

EXNO(9)

Aim:
To write program to visualize the Drawing three dimensional objects and Scenes

Functions used:

Line()
The function line() is used to draw a line from(x1,y1)to (x2,y2)

Syntax:
line (x1,y1,x2,y2)

initgraph().
This function takes thee arguments and they are
i).the video driver to be used (gd).
ii).the graphics mode (gm).
iii).the path name.
Syntax:
Initgraph(gd,gm,path)
Algorithm:
Step 1. Create a class parallel.
Step 2. Create a constructor parallel
i).initialize graphics
Step 3. Create a function initialize
i).draw the x,y,z axis
Step 4. Create a function projection
i).get the reference angle alpha as j.
ii).assign the value of k as 45.
iii).compute the following
fi=(3.14/180)*k;
a1=(3.14/180)*j;
z=pz1[1];
i=z/tan(a1);
i1=floor(i*cos(fi));
i2=floor(i*sin(fi));
iv).Calculate
px3[1]=px1[1]+i1;
py3[1]=py1[1]+i2;
px3[2]=px1[2]+i1;
py3[2]=py1[2]+i2;
px3[3]=px1[3]+i1;
py3[3]=py1[3]+i2;
px3[4]=px1[4]+i1;
py3[4]=py1[4]+i2;
v).compute the following
z=pz1[5];
i=z/tan(a1);
i1=floor(i*cos(fi));
i2=floor(i*sin(fi));
vi). calculate
px3[5]=px1[5]+i1;
py3[5]=py1[5]+i2;
px3[6]=px1[6]+i1;
py3[6]=py1[6]+i2;
px3[7]=px1[7]+i1;
py3[7]=py1[7]+i2;
px3[8]=px1[8]+i1;
py3[8]=py1[8]+i2;
vii).compute the values to screen coordinate value.
viii).join the coordinate using line function
ix).display the projected object.
Program
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<process.h>
class parallel
{
public:
int a,k;
int gd,gm;
int px[8],py[8],pz[8],px1[8],py1[8],pz1[8],px3[8],py3[8];
parallel();
void initialize();
void drawobj();
void proj(int);
};
parallel::parallel()
{
gd=DETECT;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
}
void parallel::initialize()
{
px1[1]=100,py1[1]=100,pz1[1]=0;
px1[2]=200,py1[2]=100,pz1[2]=0;
px1[3]=200,py1[3]=200,pz1[3]=0;
px1[4]=100,py1[4]=200,pz1[4]=0;
px1[5]=100,py1[5]=100,pz1[5]=100;
px1[6]=200,py1[6]=100,pz1[6]=100;
px1[7]=200,py1[7]=200,pz1[7]=100;
px1[8]=100,py1[8]=200,pz1[8]=100;
}
void parallel::drawobj()
{
setcolor(WHITE);
line(px1[1],py1[1],px1[2],py1[2]);
line(px1[2],py1[2],px1[3],py1[3]);
line(px1[3],py1[3],px1[4],py1[4]);
line(px1[4],py1[4],px1[8]+50,py1[8]+50);
line(px1[8]+50,py1[8]+50,px1[5]+50,py1[5]+50);
line(px1[5]+50,py1[5]+50,px1[6]+50,py1[6]+50);
line(px1[6]+50,py1[6]+50,px1[7]+50,py1[7]+50);
line(px1[7]+50,py1[7]+50,px1[8]+50,py1[8]+50);
line(px1[1],py1[1],px1[5]+50,py1[5]+50);
line(px1[2],py1[2],px1[6]+50,py1[6]+50);
line(px1[3],py1[3],px1[7]+50,py1[7]+50);
line(px1[4],py1[4],px1[1],py1[1]);
getch();
}
void parallel::proj(int j)
{
cleardevice();
int z,xp,yp;
int dx,dy;
float a1,fi,i,i1,i2;
k=45;
fi=(3.14/180)*k;
a1=(3.14/180)*j;
z=pz1[1];
i=z/tan(a1);
i1=floor(i*cos(fi));
i2=floor(i*sin(fi));
px3[1]=px1[1]+i1;
py3[1]=py1[1]+i2;
px3[2]=px1[2]+i1;
py3[2]=py1[2]+i2;
px3[3]=px1[3]+i1;
py3[3]=py1[3]+i2;
px3[4]=px1[4]+i1;
py3[4]=py1[4]+i2;
z=pz1[5];
i=z/tan(a1);
i1=floor(i*cos(fi));
i2=floor(i*sin(fi));
px3[5]=px1[5]+i1;
py3[5]=py1[5]+i2;
px3[6]=px1[6]+i1;
py3[6]=py1[6]+i2;
px3[7]=px1[7]+i1;
py3[7]=py1[7]+i2;
px3[8]=px1[8]+i1;
py3[8]=py1[8]+i2;
cout<<"enter the projected object";
line(px3[1],py3[1],px3[2],py3[2]);
line(px3[2],py3[2],px3[3],py3[3]);
line(px3[3],py3[3],px3[4],py3[4]);
line(px3[4],py3[4],px3[1],py3[1]);
line(px3[5],py3[5],px3[6],py3[6]);
line(px3[6],py3[6],px3[7],py3[7]);
line(px3[7],py3[7],px3[8],py3[8]);
line(px3[8],py3[8],px3[5],py3[5]);
line(px3[1],py3[1],px3[5],py3[5]);
line(px3[2],py3[2],px3[6],py3[6]);
line(px3[3],py3[3],px3[7],py3[7]);
line(px3[4],py3[4],px3[8],py3[8]);
}
void main()
{
parallel p;
int a;
char c='y';
clrscr();
cleardevice();
while(c=='y'||c=='y')
{
cleardevice();
p.initialize();
p.drawobj();
cout<<"enter the reference angle\ny";
cin>>a;
p.proj(a);
cout<<"do u want to continue(y/n)";
cin>>c;
}
cleardevice();
}


Output:






Result:

Thus the program to visualize the Drawing three dimensional objects and Scenes
was executed successfully.

























Generating Fractal images
EX NO(10)

Aim:

To write program to draw the Generating Fractal images
Functions used:

Line()
The function line() is used to draw a line from(x1,y1)to (x2,y2)

Syntax:
line (x1,y1,x2,y2)

initgraph().
This function takes thee arguments and they are
i).the video driver to be used (gd).
ii).the graphics mode (gm).
iii).the path name.

Syntax:
Initgraph(gd,gm,path)

Algorithm:
Step1:Pres()
i).Initialise graphics.
Step 2: Initialize()
i).Draw x,y,z axis
ii).Number all axis with regular interval 1 to 8
step 3:Draw-obj
i). Get the value of each p6 of 3D object
ii).Convert the value to screen coordinate values
iii).Join the coordinate using the function.
Step 4:Proj()
i).Get the reference point in z-axis as j
ii).Get the position of the view plane as k
iii).Assign the values for Zprp=j and Zrp=k
iv).Compute
z=pz1[1];
u=(zprp-zvp)/(zprp-z);
v).Calculate
px3[1]=px1[1]*u;
py3[1]=py1[1]*u;
px3[2]=px1[2]*u;
py3[2]=py1[2]*u;
px3[3]=px1[3]*u;
py3[3]=py1[3]*u;
px3[4]=px1[4]*u;
py3[4]=py1[4]*u;
vi).Compute
z=pz1[5];
u=(zprp-zvp)/(zprp-z);
vii).Calculate
px3[5]=px1[5]*u;
py3[5]=py1[5]*u;
px3[6]=px1[6]*u;
py3[6]=py1[6]*u;
px3[7]=px1[7]*u;
py3[7]=py1[7]*u;
px3[8]=px1[8]*u;
py3[8]=py1[8]*u;
viii).Compute the values to screen coordinate value.
ix).Join the coordinate using line function.
x).Display the projected object.


Program:
#include<iostream.h>.
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<process.h>
class pres
{
public:
int a,k;
int gd,gm;
int px[8],py[8],pz[8],px1[8],py1[8],pz3[8],px3[8],py3[8],pz1[8];
pres();
void initialize();
void drawobj();
void proj(int,int);
};
pres::pres()
{
gd=DETECT;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
}
void pres::initialize()
{
px1[1]=200,py1[1]=200,pz1[1]=100;
px1[2]=300,py1[2]=200,pz1[2]=100;
px1[3]=300,py1[3]=300,pz1[3]=100;
px1[4]=200,py1[4]=300,pz1[4]=100;
px1[5]=200,py1[5]=200,pz1[5]=200;
px1[6]=300,py1[6]=200,pz1[6]=200;
px1[7]=300,py1[7]=300,pz1[7]=200;
px1[8]=200,py1[8]=300,pz1[8]=200;
}
void pres::drawobj()
{
setcolor(WHITE);
line(px1[1],py1[1],px1[2],py1[2]);
line(px1[2],py1[2],px1[3],py1[3]);
line(px1[3],py1[3],px1[4],py1[4]);
line(px1[4],py1[4],px1[8]+50,py1[8]+50);
line(px1[8]+50,py1[8]+50,px1[5]+50,py1[5]+50);
line(px1[5]+50,py1[5]+50,px1[6]+50,py1[6]+50);
line(px1[6]+50,py1[6]+50,px1[7]+50,py1[7]+50);
line(px1[7]+50,py1[7]+50,px1[8]+50,py1[8]+50);
line(px1[1],py1[1],px1[5]+50,py1[5]+50);
line(px1[2],py1[2],px1[6]+50,py1[6]+50);
line(px1[3],py1[3],px1[7]+50,py1[7]+50);
line(px1[4],py1[4],px1[1],py1[1]);
getch();
}
void pres::proj(int j,int k)
{
cleardevice();
int z,xp,yp;
float zprp,zvp,u;
zprp=j;zvp=k;
z=pz1[1];
u=(zprp-zvp)/(zprp-z);
z=pz1[1];
px3[1]=px1[1]*u;
py3[1]=py1[1]*u;
px3[2]=px1[2]*u;
py3[2]=py1[2]*u;
px3[3]=px1[3]*u;
py3[3]=py1[3]*u;
px3[4]=px1[4]*u;
py3[4]=py1[4]*u;
z=pz1[5];
u=(zprp-zvp)/(zprp-z);
px3[5]=px1[5]*u;
py3[5]=py1[5]*u;
px3[6]=px1[6]*u;
py3[6]=py1[6]*u;
px3[7]=px1[7]*u;
py3[7]=py1[7]*u;
px3[8]=px1[8]*u;
py3[8]=py1[8]*u;
cleardevice();
cout<<"enter the projected object";
line(px3[1],py3[1],px3[2],py3[2]);
line(px3[2],py3[2],px3[3],py3[3]);
line(px3[3],py3[3],px3[4],py3[4]);
line(px3[4],py3[4],px3[1],py3[1]);
line(px3[5],py3[5],px3[6],py3[6]);
line(px3[6],py3[6],px3[7],py3[7]);
line(px3[7],py3[7],px3[8],py3[8]);
line(px3[8],py3[8],px3[5],py3[5]);
line(px3[1],py3[1],px3[5],py3[5]);
line(px3[2],py3[2],px3[6],py3[6]);
line(px3[3],py3[3],px3[7],py3[7]);
line(px3[4],py3[4],px3[8],py3[8]);
}
void main()
{
pres p;
int a,b;
clrscr();
cleardevice();
cout<<"prespective projection"<<endl;
p.initialize();
p.drawobj();
cout<<"enter the reference point inz-axis"<<endl;
cin>>a;
cout<<"enter the positionof view plane"<<endl;
cin>>b;
p.proj(a,b);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter the values for h,s and r: 0.5 0.6 0.7
R=0.28
G=0.28
B=0.7
Result:Thus the program to draw the Generating Fractal images object was executed
successfully.