6.3.1 Direct Analysis Beam-Column Design Strength Example

as a single parameter non-dimensional
"demand" or "required strength"
y
0.54 =
so we find
y
0.73 =
y

u
:=
33 ksi
17.74 ksi
:=
i.e., 17.74ksi = P
u
/A+(C
m
M
u
/)(c/I)
For this combination of P and M, how far can P and M be increased (together) before the first fiber
yields? The ratio, , of f
Y
/f
max
where f
max
is the maximum stress in the cross-section based on
gross properties allows us to calculate this distance.
u
0.39 =
u
x
2
y
2
+ := y
P
u
P
y
:= x
C
m
M
u
M
y
:=
Characterizing the required strength (demand) more generally. Consider the typical interaction
diagram as defining x and y coordinates, where x=M
u
/M
Y
and y=P
u
/P
Y
. Now ask, how far away
from the origin is the demand? Use for this quantity.
M
y
1.69 kip in = P
y
14.91 kip =
see Example 8.3-6 for C
m
and details.
C
m
M
u
0.59 kip in =
P
u
2.8kip =
Bending Axial
REQUIRED STRENGTH (DEMANDS)
First, consider the required strength (i.e., the demands):
P
u
M
u
P
u
M
u
L=49.3 in.
550T125-54
bending about weak axis
P
u
M
u
P
u
M
u
L=49.3 in.
550T125-54
bending about weak axis
Consider the same beam-column as of Example 8.3-6.
Given:
a. Steel: F
y
= 33 ksi
b. Section SSMA Track 550T125-54 as shown to the right
c. Finite strip analysis results (Section 3.2.3)
d. Conventional example problem results as shown in
Section 8.3 Design Examples 8.3-1 through 8.3-6.
Required
1. Beam-colum strength under P
u
=2.8 kips, M
u
=0.32 kip-in.
5.698
1.25
0.0849
t = 0.0566
x
y
c s
5.698
1.25
0.0849
t = 0.0566
x
y
c s
WARNING: This example is provided to the reader so that a better understanding of the future
direction that the Direct Strength Method is anticipated to take can be appreciated. Research in this
area is currently active and changes may occur in the future. Conventional use of the beam-column
interaction diagrams as shown in Example 8.3-5 can be overly conservative but is most closely
consistent with the current Specification. Potential benefits of direct analysis of the cross-section for
beam-columns are numerous and significant. This method has not been adopted by the Specification.
6.3.1 Direct analysis beam-column design strength example
69
Again, we see that bending actually improves the local
elastic buckling axial behavior, in this section putting
more compression on the lips is beneficial (to a point)
because local buckling is initiated by the slender web.
M
crl
4.26 kip in =
with bending only
2.35 M
u
0.74 kip in =
P
crl
5.52 kip =
with comp. only
2.35 P
u
6.57 kip =
Local, compare beam-column direct
We see that the bending actually improves the global
elastic buckling axial behavior.
M
cre
5.48 kip in =
with bending only
2.21 M
u
0.7kip in =
P
cre
6.08 kip =
with comp. only
2.21 P
u
6.18 kip =
Global, compare beam-column direct
This is quite a lot to take in, but we may compare these results with the earlier pure beam and
column results to try to maintain a sense of the magnitudes.
crl
0.93 =
crl
2.35
u
:=
crd
0.93 =
crd
2.35
u
:=
The applied stress resulting from the application of the
load and moment is shown in the upper right of the
diagram. Note, M
u
applied is the amplified, or
approximate 2nd order required bending moment
(demand). The local and global elastic buckling values
under this applied stress are given to the left.
cre
0.87 =
cre
2.21
u
:=
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
half-wavelength (in.)
L
F
c
r

(
a
p
p
l
i
e
d

P
=
P
u
=
2
.
8
k
,

M
=
M
u
=
0
.
5
9
k
-
i
n
)
C-section without lips
applied P=P
u
=2.8k +
M=M
u
=0.59k-in
P
y
=14.91kips
M
y
=1.69in.-kips
Local/Distortional LF
cr
=2.35
Flexural LF
cr
=2.21
Now perform finite strip analysis under this axial load and moment to find global, dist, local
ELASTIC BUCKLING
(Continued) 6.3.1 direct beam-column analysis
70
which is greater than the demand of 0.39, therefore the
section is predicted to be OK
bc

n
0.41 =
bc
0.8 :=
LRFD:
n
0.52 =
n
min
ne

nl

nd
( ) ( ) :=
As described above inclusion of this check is conservative, but likely
unnecessary. Note at this length DB does not control.
nd
0.6 =
nd

y

d
0.561 if
1 0.25

crd
y
|
\
|
.
0.6

(
(
(

crd
y
|
\
|
.
0.6
(
(
(

d
0.561 > if
:=
d
0.89 =
d

y
crd
:=
Distortional buckling check
We find essentially no local reduction! a significant change from Example 8.3-4.
nl
0.52 =
nl

ne

l
0.776 if
1 0.15

crl
ne
|
\
|
.
0.4

(
(
(

crl
ne
|
\
|
.
0.4
ne
(
(
(

l
0.776 > if
:=
l
0.746 =
l

ne
crl
:=
Local buckling check
(remember
u
=0.39 and
y
=0.73 for comparison)
ne
0.52 =
ne
0.658

c
2
( )

y

c
1.5 if
.877
c
2

y

c
1.5 > if
:=
note, replaces P, but otherwise the expressions are unmodified.
c
0.92 =
c

y
cre
:=
Global buckling check
Final equations for global, local, and distortional buckling of beam-columns have not been
determined, research is underway. However, the strength equations for columns are equal to or more
conservative than the equations for beams in all cases. Therefore, use of the column expressions is
a conservative choice at this juncture.
STRENGTH (CAPACITY)
71
DISCUSSION
A visual interpretation of this analysis as compared to the traditional interaction diagram is
embodied in the following figure.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
P
crl
/P
y
P
cre
/P
y
P
n
/P
y
P
n
/P
y
M
n
/M
y
M
n
/M
y
crl
cre
n
M/M
y
(weak axis)
P
/
P
y
yield
interaction diagram =0.8
demand
Note M
cre
/M
y
and M
crl
/M
y
are >> 1 and therefore are not shown on the figure.
Beam: beam analysis results are on the horizontal axis, not shown is that the beam M
cre
/M
Y

and M
crl
/M
Y
are >>1. Note M
n
=0.8My is determined in Example 8.3-5.
Column: column analysis results are on the vertical axis. The plotted points are all determined in
Example 8.3-4 and represent the pure column strength.
Interaction Diagram: The AISI Specification assumes a linear interaction diagram between the
column and the beam strength as shown in the figure.
Direct Analysis: The line emenating from the origin represents a particular ratio of P to M
demand, in this case P=P
u
, M=C
m
M
u
/. The distances along this lines are the values. Note,
in this picture that the improvements in
cre
and
crl
are clear, they do not trend starkly lower
due to the bending moment (quite the opposite). From an elastic stability standpoint the addition
of this bending moment is beneficial. This helps explain why the DSM direct analysis provides a
different solution from the interaction diagram, as detailed in Example 8.3-5.
The strength
n
could be determined for all ratios of P and M, and a new interaction diagram
would then be generated. Correctly generated, this diagram would have the same endpoints as
the traditional beam-column interaction equation, but the shape would be cross-section
dependent.
72

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as a single parameter non-dimensional

"demand" or "required strength"

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