Chapter 16

CIVL 7117 Finite Elements Methods in Structural Mechanics Page 353
Structural Dynamics

Introduction
This chapter provides an elementary introduction to time-dependent problems.
We will introduce the basic concepts using the single-degree-of-freedom spring-
mass system. We will include discussion of the stress analysis of the one-
dimensional bar, beam, truss, and plane frame.
We will provide the basic equations necessary for structural dynamic analysis
and develop both the lumped- and the consistent-mass matrices involved in the
analyses of the bar, beam, truss, and plane frame. We will describe the assembly
of the global mass matrix for truss and plane frame analysis and then present
numerical integration methods for handling the time derivative.
We will provide longhand solutions for the determination of the natural fre-
quencies for bars and beams, and then illustrate the time-step integration proc-
ess involved with the stress analysis of a bar subjected to a time dependent forc-
ing function.

Dynamics of a Spring-Mass System
In this section we will discuss the motion of a single-degree-of-freedom
spring-mass system as a introduction to the dynamic behavior of bars, truss,
frames. Consider the single-degree-of-freedom spring-mass system subjected to
a time-dependent force F(t) as shown in the figure below. The term k is the stiff-
ness of the spring and m is the mass of the system.

The free-body diagram of the mass is shown below. The spring force T = kx and
the applied force F(t) act on the mass, and the mass-times-acceleration term is

shown separately.

Applying Newtons second law of motion, f = ma, to the mass, we obtain the
equation of motion in the x direction:
( ) F t kx mx =

where a dot over a variable indicates differentiation with respect to time;
() () / d dt = . The standard form of the equation is:
( ) mx kx F t + =

The above equation is a second-order linear differential equation whose solution
for the displacement consists of a homogeneous solution and a particular solu-
tion. The homogeneous solution is the solution obtained when the right-hand-
side is set equal to zero. A number of useful concepts regarding vibrations are
available when considering the free vibration of a mass; that is when F(t) = 0.
Lets define the following term:
2
k
m
=
The equation of motion becomes:
2
0 x x + =

where is called the natural circular frequency of the free vibration of the
mass (radians per second). Note that the natural frequency depends on the
spring stiffness k and the mass m of the body.

The motion describe by the homogeneous equation of motion is called simple
harmonic motion. A typical displacement/time curve is shown below.


where x
m
denotes the maximum displacement (or amplitude of the vibration).
The time interval required for the mass to complete one full cycle of motion is
called the period of the vibration (in seconds) and is defined as:
2
=

The frequency in hertz (Hz = 1/s) is f = 1/ = /(2).

Direct Derivation of the Bar Element
Lets derive the finite element equations for a time-dependent (dynamic)
stress analysis of a one-dimensional bar.
Step 1 - Select Element Type
We will consider the linear bar element shown below.

where the bar is of length L, cross-sectional area A, and mass density (with
typical units of lb-s
2
/in
4
), with nodes 1 and 2 subjected to external time-
dependent loads,
( )
e
x
f t .

Step 2 - Select a Displacement Function
A linear displacement function is assumed in the
x direction.
1 2

u a a x = +

The number of coefficients in the displacement function, a
i
, is equal to the total
number of degrees of freedom associated with the element.
We can express the displacement function in terms of the shape functions:
| |
1
1 2
2
x
x
d
u N N
d

= =
`

)

where N
1
and N
2
are the interpolation functions gives as:
1 2

1
x x
N N
L L
= =
Step 3 - Define the Strain/Displacement and Stress/Strain Relationships
The stress-displacement relationship is:
{ }
{ }
[ ]
x
du
B d
dx
= =
where
{ }
1
2
1 1
[ ]
x
x
d
B d
L L
d

(
= =
`
(

)

The stress-strain relationship is given as:
{ } { }
{ }
[ ] [ ][ ]
x x
D D B d = =
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations
The bar element is typically not in equilibrium under a time-dependent force;
hence, f
1x
f
2x
. We must apply Newtons second law of motion, f = ma, to each
node. Write the law of motion as the external force f
x
e
minus the internal force
equal to the nodal mass times acceleration. Therefore:

2 2
1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

e e
x x
x x x x
d d
f f m f f m
t t

= + = +

where m
1
and m
2
are obtained by lumping the total mass of the bar equally at the
two nodes such that:
1 2
2 2
AL AL
m m

= =

In matrix form, the above equations are:
2
1
2
1 1 1
2
2
2 2 2
2

0
0
x
e
x x
e
x x x
d
f f m
t
m
f f d
t

(

= +
` ` `
(

) )

)

If we replace
{ }
f with
| |{ }
k d we get:
{ } { }
{ }

( )
e
f t k d m d
(
= + (

where the elemental stiffness matrix is:
{ }
{ }
2
2
1 1

1 1
d
AE
k d
L t
(
(
= =
(

and the lumped-mass matrix is:
1 0
2 0 1
AL
m
(
= (
(

Lets derive the consistent-mass matrix for a bar element. The typical
method for deriving the consistent-mass matrix is the principle of virtual work;
however, an even simpler approach is to use DAlemberts principle. The effec-
tive body force is:
{ } { }
e
X u =

The nodal forces associated with {X
e
} are found by using the following:

{ }
[ ] { }
T
b
V
f N X dV =

Substituting {X
e
} for {X} gives:
{ }
{ }
[ ]
T
b
V
f N u dV =

The second derivative of the u with respect to time is:
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }

[ ] [ ] u N d u N d = =

where
and
are the nodal velocities and accelerations, respectively.

{ } | | | |
{ } { }

T
b
V
f N N d dV m d = = (

where
| | | |
T
V
m N N dV = (

The mass matrix is called the consistent mass matrix because it is derived using
the same shape functions use to obtain the stiffness matrix. Substituting the
shape functions in the above mass matrix equations gives:
V
x
x x
L
m dV
L L x
L

(
= (
`

(

)

or
0
1

1
L
x
x x
L
m A dx
L L x
L

(
= (
`

(

)

or

2
2
0

1 1

1
L
x x x
L L L
m A dx
x x x
L L L
(
| | | |

(
| |
\ . \ .
(
= (

(
| | | |
(
| |
(
\ . \ .

Evaluating the above integral gives:
2 1
6 1 2
AL
m
(
= (
(

Step 5 - Assemble the Element Equations and Introduce
Boundary Conditions
The global stiffness matrix and the global force vector are assembled using the
nodal force equilibrium equations, and force/deformation and compatibility equa-
tions.
{ } | | | |
{ }
( ) { } F t K d M d = +

where
| | | | { } { }
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
N N N
e e e
e e e
K k M m F f
= = =
( ( = = =

Numerical Integration in Time
We now introduce procedures for the discretization of the equations of motion
with respect to time. These procedures will allow the nodal displacements to be
determined at different time increments for a given dynamic system. The general
method used is called direct integration. There are two classifications of direct
integration: explicit and implicit. We will formulate the equations for two direct in-
tegration methods. The first, and simplest, is an explicit method known as the
central difference method. The second, more complicated but more versatile
than the central difference method, is an implicit method known as the New-
mark-Beta (or Newmarks) method. The versatility of Newmarks method is evi-
denced by its adaptation in many commercially available computer programs.

Central Difference Method
The central difference method is based on finite difference expressions for the
derivatives in the equation of motion. For example, consider the velocity and the
acceleration at time t:
1 1 1 1
2( ) 2( )
i i i i
i i
d d d d
d d
t t
+ +

= =

where the subscripts indicate the time step for a given time increment of t. The
acceleration can be expressed in terms of the displacements (using a Taylor se-
ries expansion) as:
1 1
2
2
( )
i i i
i
d d d
d
t
+
+
=

We generally want to evaluate the nodal displacements; therefore, we rewrite the
above equation as:
2
1 1
2 ( )
i i i i
d d d d t
+
= +

The acceleration can be expressed as:
( )
1
i i i
d d
= M F K

To develop an expression of d
i+1
, first multiply the nodal displacement equation
by M and substitute the above equation for
i
d
into this equation.

( )( )
2
1 1
2
i i i i i
d d d d t
+
= + M M M F K
Combining terms in the above equations gives:
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
2
i i i i
d t t d d
+
(
= +

M F M K M
To start the computation to determine
1 1 1
, , and
i i i
d d d
+ + +

we need the displacement
at time step i-1. Using the central difference equations for the velocity and accel-
eration and solving for d
i-1
2
1
( )
( )
2
i i i i
t
d d t d d

= +

Procedure for solution:
1. Given: d
0
,
0
d
, and F
i
(t)
2. If the acceleration is not given, solve for
0
d
at t = 0.
( )
1
0 0 0
d d
= M F K

3. Solve for d
-1
at t = -t
2
1 0 0 0
( )
( )
2
t
d d t d d

= +

4. Solve for d
1
at t = t using the value of d
-1
from Step 3
( ) ( )
{ }
2 2
1
1 0 0 1
2 d t t d d
(
= +

M F M K M
5. With d
0
given and d
1
determined in Step 4 solve for d
2

( ) ( )
{ }
2 2
1
2 1 1 0
2 d t t d d
(
= +

M F M K M
6. Solve for
1
d

( )
1
1 1 1
d d
= M F K

7. Solve for
1
d
using the central difference equation

2 0
1
2( )
d d
d
t

8. Repeat Steps 5, 6, and 7 to obtain the displacement, acceleration, and
velocity for other time steps.


Example Problem
Determine the displacement, acceleration, and velocity at 0.05 second time in-
tervals for up to 0.2 seconds for the one-dimensional spring-mass system shown
in the figure below.

The time-dependent forcing function is given as:

Consider the above spring-mass system as a single degree of freedom problem
represented by the displacement d.
1. At time t = 0:
0 0
0 0 d d = =

2. The initial acceleration at t = 0:
( )
1
2 0 0 0
2,000 100(0)
62.83
31.83
in
d d
s

= = = M F K

3. Solve for d
-1
at t = -t
2
1 0 0 0
( )
( )
2
t
d d t d d

= +

2
1
(0.05)
0 (0.05)0 (62.83) 0.0785
2
d in
= + =

4. Solve for d
1
at t = t (0.05 seconds) using the value of d
-1
from Step 3:
( ) ( )
{ }
2 2
1
1 0 0 1
2 d t t d d
(
= +

M F M K M
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
{ }
2 2
1
1
0.05 2,000 2 31.83 0.05 100 0 31.83 0.0785
31.82
0.0785
d
in
(
= +

=

5. Solve for d
2
at t = 0.10 seconds:
( ) ( )
{ }
2 2
1
2 1 1 0
2 d t t d d
(
= +

M F M K M

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
{ }
2 2
2
1
0.05 1,500 2 31.83 0.05 100 0.0785 31.83 0
31.82
0.274
d
in
(
= +

=

6. Solve for the acceleration
1
d
at time t = 0.05:
( ) ( )
1
2 1 1 1
1
1,500 100 0.0785 46.88
31.83
in
d d
s
( = = =

M F K

7. Solve for
1
d

( )
2 0
1
0.274 0
2.74
2( ) 2 0.05
d d
in
d
s
t

= = =

velocity for the next time step.
Repeating Step 5:
( ) ( )
{ }
2 2
1
3 2 2 1
2 d t t d d
(
= +

M F M K M

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
{ }
2 2
3
1
0.05 1,000 2 31.83 0.05 100 0.274 31.83 0.0785
31.82
0.546
d
in
(
= +

=

Repeating Step 6:
( ) ( )
1
2 2 2 2
1
1,000 100 0.274 30.56
31.83
in
d d
s
( = = =

M F K

Repeating Step 7:
( )
3 1
2
0.546 0.0785
4.68
2( ) 2 0.05
d d
in
d
s
t

= = =

The following table summarizes the results for the remaining time steps as com-
pared with the exact solution.

t (s)
F(t) (lb)
i
d
(in/s
2
)
i
d
(in/s) i
d (in)
i
d (exact)
0.00
2,000 62.83 0.00 0.000 0.0000
0.05
1,500 46.88 2.74 0.0785 0.0718
0.10
1,000 30.56 4.68 0.274 0.2603
0.15
500 13.99 5.79 0.546 0.5252
0.20
0 -2.68 6.07 0.854 0.8250
0.25
0 -3.63 5.91 1.154 1.132

Newmarks Method
Newmarks equations are given as:
1 1
( ) (1 )
i i i i
d d t d d
+ +
(
= + +

( )
2
1
1 1 2
( ) ( )
i i i i i
d d t d t d d
+ +
(
= + + +

where and are parameters. The parameter is typically between 0 and ,
and is often taken to be . For example, if = 0 and = the above equation
reduce to the central difference method.
To find d
i+1
first multiply the above equation by the mass matrix M and substi-
tute into this the expression for acceleration. Recall the acceleration is:
( )
1
0 0 0
d d
= M F K

The expression Md
i+1
is:
( ) | |
2 2
1
1 1 1 2
( ) ( ) ( )
i i i i i i
d d t d t d t d
+ + +
= + + + M M M M F K

Combining terms gives:
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1
1 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
i i i i i
t d t d t d t d
+ +
+ = + + + M K F M M M

Dividing the above equation by (t)
2
gives:
1 1
' '
i i
d
+ +
= K F
where
2
1
'
( ) t
= +
K K M
( )
2
1
1 1 2 2
' ( ) ( )
( )
i i i i i
d t d t d
t

+ +
(
= + + +

M
F F

The advantages of using Newmarks method over the central difference method
are that Newmarks method can be made unconditionally stable (if = and =
) and that larger time steps can be used with better results.


Procedure for solution of Newmarks Method:

1. Given: d
0
,
0
d
, and F
i
(t)
0
d
at t = 0.

( )
1
0 0 0
d d
= M F K

3. Solve the displacement d
1
at time t = t

1 1
' ' d = K F

4. Solve for
1
d
(original Newmark equation for

1 i
d
+
rewritten for
1 i
d
+
)

( )
2
1
1 1 0 0 0 2 2
1
( ) ( )
( )
d d d t d t d
t

(
=

5. Solve for
1
d

1 0 0 1
( ) (1 ) d d t d d
(
= + +

velocity for the next time step.
Example Problem
Determine the displacement, acceleration, and velocity at 0.1 second time in-
tervals for up to 0.5 seconds for the one-dimensional spring-mass system shown
in the figure below.

The time-dependent forcing function is given as:

Consider the above spring-mass system as a single degree of freedom problem
represented by the displacement d. Use Newmarks method with = 1/6 and =
.

1. At time t = 0:
0 0
0 0 d d = =

0
d
at t = 0:
( )
1 2
0 0 0
100 70(0)
56.5 /
1.77
d d in s

= = = M F K

3. Solve the displacement d
1
at time t = 0.1 seconds:
1 1
' ' d = K F
2 2
1
6
1 1
' 70 (1.77) 1,132 /
( ) (0.1)
lb in
t
= + = + =
K K M
( )
2
1
1 1 0 0 0 2 2
' ( ) ( )
( )
d t d t d
t

(
= + + +

M
F F

( ) ( )
2
1 1
1 2 6 2
1
6
1.77
' 80 0 (0.1)0 (0.1) 56.5 280
(0.1)
lb ( = + + + =

F
1
1
' 280
0.248
' 1,132
d in = = =
F
K

4. Solve for
1
d
at time t = 0.1 seconds:

( )
2
1
1 1 0 0 0 2 2
1
( ) ( )
( )
d d d t d t d
t

(
=

( )
2
1 1
2 1 2 6 2
1
6
1
0.248 0 (0.1)0 (0.1) 56.5 35.4
(0.1)
in
d
s
( = =

5. Solve for
1
d

1 0 0 1
( ) (1 ) d d t d d
(
= + +

( )
1 1
1 2 2
0 (0.1) (1 )56.5 35.4 4.59
in
d
s
( = + + =

velocity for the next time step (t = 0.2 s).

Repeating Step 3:
( )
2
1
2 2 1 1 1 2 2
' ( ) ( )
( )
d t d t d
t

(
= + + +

M
F F

( ) ( )
2
1 1
2 2 6 2
1
6
1.77
' 60 0.248 (0.1)4.59 (0.1) 35.4 934
(0.1)
lb ( = + + + =

F
1
1
' 934
0.825
' 1,132
d in = = =
F
K

Repeating Step 4:
( )
2
1
2 2 1 1 1 2 2
1
( ) ( )
( )
d d d t d t d
t

(
=

( )
2
1 1
2 2 2 6 2
1
6
1
0.825 0.248 (0.1)4.59 (0.1) 35.4 1.27
(0.1)
in
d
s
( = =

Repeating Step 5:
2 1 1 2
( ) (1 ) d d t d d
(
= + +

( )
1 1
2 2 2
4.59 (0.1) (1 )35.4 1.27 6.42
in
d
s
( = + + =

The following table summarizes the results for the time steps through t = 0.5 sec-
onds.
t (s)
F(t) lb
i
d
(in/s
2
)
i
d
(in/s)
d
i
(in)
0
100 56.6 0 0
0.1
80 35.4 4.59 0.248
0.2
60 1.27 6.42 0.825
0.3
48.6 -26.2 5.17 1.36
0.4
45.7 -42.2 1.75 1.72
0.5
42.9 -42.2 -2.45 1.68


Natural Frequencies of a One-Dimensional Bar
Before solving the structural stress dynamic analysis problem, lets consider
how to determine the natural frequencies of continuous elements. Natural fre-
quencies are necessary in vibration analysis and important when choosing a
proper time step for a structural dynamics analysis.
Natural frequencies are obtained by solving the following equation:
0 d d + = M K

The standard solution for d is given as ( ) '
i t
d t d e
= where ' d is the part of the

nodal displacement matrix called natural modes that is assumed to independent
of time, i is the standard imaginary number, and is a natural frequency.
Differentiating the above equation twice with respect to time gives:
( )
2
'
i t
d d e

Substituting the above expressions for d and d
into the equation of motion gives:

2
' ' 0
i t i t
d e d e

+ = M K

Combining terms gives:
( )
2
' 0
i t
e d
= K M

Since e
it
is not zero, then:
( )
2
' 0 d = K M
The above equations are a set of linear homogeneous equations in terms of dis-
placement mode ' d . There exist a non-trivial solution if and only if the determi-
nant of the coefficient matrix of ' d is zero.
2
0 = K M


Example Problem
Determine the first two natural frequencies for the bar shown in the figure be-
low. Assume the bar has a length 2L, modulus of elasticity E, mass density ,
and cross-sectional area A.

Lets discretize the bar into two elements each of length L as shown below. We
need to develop the stiffness matrix and the mass matrix (either the lumped-
mass of the consistent-mass matrix). In general, the consistent-mass matrix has
resulted in solutions that compare more closely to available analytical and ex-
perimental results than those found using the lumped-mass matrix. However,
when performing a long hand solution, the consistent-mass matrix is more diffi-
cult and tedious to compute; therefore, we will use the lumped-mass matrix.

The elemental stiffness matrices are:
(1) (2)
1 2 2 3
1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1
AE AE
k k
L L
( (
( (
= =
( (

The global stiffness matrix is:
| |
1 1 0
1 2 1
0 1 1
AE
K
L
(
(
=
(
(

The lumped-mass matrices are:
(1) (2)
1 2 2 3
1 0 1 0

2 2 0 1 0 1
AL AL
m m
( (
( ( = =
( (

The global lumped-mass matrix is:
| |
1 0 0
0 2 0
2
0 0 1
AL
M

(
(
=
(
(

Substituting the above stiffness and lumped-mass matrices into the natural fre-
quency equation
( )
2
' 0 d = K M
and applying the boundary condition d
1x
= 0 (or
1
' 0 d = ) gives:
2 2
3
' 2 1 2 0 0
' 2 1 1 0 1 0
d
AE AL
d L

| | ( (
=
` ` |
( (
) ) \ .

Set the determinant of the coefficient matrix equal to zero as:
2 1 2 0
0
2 1 1 0 1
AE AL
L

( (
=
( (

where =
2
. Dividing the above equation by AL and letting
2
E
L

= gives:
2
0
2

=

Evaluating the determinant of the above equations gives:
2 2 =
or
1 2
0.60 3.41 = =

For comparison, the exact solution gives = 0.616, whereas the consistent-
mass approach yields = 0.648 . Therefore, for bar elements, the lumped-mass
approach can yield results as good as, or even better than, the results from the
consistent-mass approach. However, the consistent-mass approach can be
mathematically proven to yield an upper bound on the frequencies, whereas the
lumped-mass approach has no mathematical proof of boundedness.
The first and second natural frequencies are given as:
1 1 2 2
0.77 1.85 = = = =

The term may be computed as:
6
6 2
2 2
30 10
4.12 10
(0.00073)(100)
E
s
L
= = =

Therefore, first and second natural frequencies are:
3 3
1 2
1.56 10 / 3.76 10 / rad s rad s = =

In general, an n-degree-of-freedom discrete system has n natural modes and
frequencies. A continuous system actually has an infinite number of natural
modes and frequencies. The lowest modes and frequencies are approximated
most often; the higher frequencies are damped out more rapidly and are usually
less important.
Substituting
1
into the following equation
2 2
3
' 2 1 2 0 0
' 2 1 1 0 1 0
d
AE AL
d L

| | ( (
=
` ` |
( (
) ) \ .

gives:
(1) (1) (1) (1)
2 3 2 3
1.4 ' ' 0 ' 0.7 ' 0 d d d d = + =

where the superscripts indicate the natural frequency. It is customary to specify
the value of one of the natural modes ' d for a given
i
or
i
and solve for the
remaining values. For example, if
(1)
3
' 1 d = than the solution for
(1)
2
' 0.7 d = . Simi-
larly, if we substitute
2
and let
(2)
3
' 1 d = the solution of the above equations gives

(2)
2
' 0.7 d = . The modal response for the first and second natural frequencies are
shown in the figure below.

The first mode means that the bar is completely in tension or compression, de-
pending on the excitation direction. The second mode means that bar is in com-
pression and tension or in tension and compression.

Time-Dependent One-Dimensional Bar Example
Consider the one-dimensional bar system shown in the figure below.

Assume the boundary condition d
1x
= 0 and the initial conditions d
0
= 0 and
0
d
=
0. Let = 0.00073 lb-s
2
/in.
4
, A = a in.
2
, E = 30 x 10
6
psi, and L = 100 in. The bar
will be discretized into two elements as shown below.

The elemental stiffness matrices are:
(1) (2)
1 2 2 3
1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1
AE AE
k k
L L
( (
( (
= =
( (

The global stiffness matrix is:
| |
1 1 0
1 2 1
0 1 1
AE
K
L
(
(
=
(
(

The lumped-mass matrices are:
(1) (2)
1 2 2 3
1 0 1 0

2 2 0 1 0 1
AL AL
m m
( (
( ( = =
( (

| |
1 0 0
0 2 0
2
0 0 1
AL
M

(
(
=
(
(

Substitute the global stiffness and mass matrices into the global dynamic equa-
tions gives:
1 1 1
2 2
3 3 3
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 2 1 0 2 0 0
2
0 1 1 0 0 1 ( )
x x
x x
x x
d d R
AE AL
d d
L
d d F t

( (

( (
+ =
` ` `
( (

( (
) )
)

where R
1
denotes the unknown reaction at node 1.
For this example, we will used the central difference method, because it is
easier to apply, for the numerical time integration. It has been mathematically
shown that the time step t must be less than or equal to two divided by the
highest natural frequency.

2
max
t

For practical results, we should use a time step defined by:
3 2
4
max
t
| |

|
\ .

An alternative guide (used only for a bar) for choosing the approximate time step
is:
x
L
t
c
=
where L is the element length, and
x
x
E
c

= is called the longitudinal wave
velocity. Evaluating the time step estimates gives:
3
3
3 2 1.5
0.40 10
4 3.76 10
max
t s

| |
= = =
|

\ .

3
6
100
0.48 10
30 10
0.00073
x
L
t s
c

= = =

Guided by these estimates for time step, we will select t = 0.25 x 10
-3
s.

1. Given: d
1x
= 0 (fixed end), all nodal displacements, velocities are zero
at time t = 0, d
0
= 0 and
0
d
= 0, also
1x
d
= 0 at all times.
2. Solve for
0
d
at t = 0.
( )
1
0 0 0
d d
= M F K

1
2
2
0
3
0
0 0 2 1 0
2
0 1 1,000 1 1 0
x
x
t
d AE
d
AL L d
=
| | ( (

= =
` ` ` |
( (
) )
\ . )

Applying the boundary conditions d
1x
= 0 and
1x
d
= 0 and simplifying gives:

2
2 0
3
0
0 0
2000
1 27,400
x
x
d
in
d
s
AL d

= = =
` ` `
) )
)

3. Solve for d
-1
at t = -t
2
1 0 0 0
( )
( )
2
t
d d t d d

= +

Applying the initial conditions for d
0
and
0
d
and
1x
d
from Step 2 gives:

3 2
2 3
3
3
1
0 0
(0.25 10 )
0 (0.25 10 )(0)
2 27,400 0.856 10
x
x
d
in
d

= + =
` ` `
) ) )

4. Solve for d
1
at t = t using the value of d
-1
from Step 3
( ) ( )
{ }
2 2
1
1 0 0 1
2 d t t d d
(
= +

M F M K M
( )
1
2
2 2 3
3
1
0 0 2 0
2 2(0.073)
0.25 10
0.073 2 0 1 1,000 0 1
x
x
d
d

( (
= +
` `
( (
) )

( ) ( )
2
3 4
3
2 1 0 2 0 0
0.073
0.25 10 30 10
2 1 1 0 0 1 0.856 10
( ( (

` `` (
( (

) )
)

Simplifying the above equation gives:
1
2 2
3 3
3
1
0 0 0
2
0.073 0 1 0.0625 10 0.0312 10
x
x
d
d

( (
=
` ` ` (
(

) ) )

The nodal displacements at t = 0.25 x 10
-3
are:
2
3
3
1
0
0.858 10
x
x
d
in
d

=
` `
) )

5. With d
0
given and d
1
determined in Step 4 solve for d
2

( ) ( )
{ }
2 2
1
2 1 1 0
2 d t t d d
(
= +

M F M K M

( )
1
2
2 2 3
3
2
0 0 2 0
2 2(0.073)
0.25 10
0.073 2 0 1 1000 0 1
x
x
d
d

( (
= +
` `
( (
) )

( ) ( )
2
3 4
3
2 1 0 2 0 0
0.073
0.25 10 30 10
2 1 1 0.858 10 0 1 0
( ( (

` `` (
( (

) )
)


(
(
=
( ` ` `
(

( ) ) )

3
1
2 2
3 3
3
2
0 0 0.0161 10 2
0.073 0 1 0.0625 10 0.0466 10
x
x
d
d

-3
are:
3
2
3
3
2
0.221 10
2.99 10
x
x
d
in
d

=
` `
) )

6. Solve for
1
d

( )
1
1 1 1
d d
= M F K

1
2 4 2
3
3
1
0 0 2 1 0
2
(30 10 )
0.073 0 1 1000 1 1 0.858 10
x
x
d
d

( ( (

=
` ` ` (
( (

) )
)

2
2
3
1
3,526
20,345
x
x
d
in
s
d

=
` `
)
)

7. Solve for
1
d

2 0
1
2( )
d d
d
t

( )
3
3
2
1
3
3
1
0 0.221 10
0 2.99 10 0.442
5.98 2 0.25 10
x
x
d
in
d
s
d
( ` `

( ) )

= =
` `
)
)

velocity for other time steps.
Repeating Step 5:
( ) ( )
{ }
(
= +

2 2
1
3 2 2 1
2 d t t d d M F M K M
( )
1
2
2 2 3
3
3
0 0 2 0
2 2(0.073)
0.25 10
0.073 2 0 1 1000 0 1
x
x
d
d

( (
= +
` `
( (
) )

( ) ( )

(
( (

( ` ``
( (

( ) )
)
3
2
3 4
3 3
2 1 2 0 0 0.221 10 0.073
0.25 10 30 10
2 1 1 0 1 0.858 10 2.99 10


3
1
2 2
3 3
3
3
0 0 0.080 10 2
0.073 0 1 0.0625 10 0.135 10
x
x
d
d

(
(
= +
( ` ` `
(

( ) ) )

-3
are:

3
2
3
3
3
1.096 10
5.397 10
x
x
d
in
d

=
` `
) )

Repeating Step 6:
( )
1
2 2 2
d d
= M F K

3
1
2 4 2
3
3
2
0 0 2 1 0.221 10 2
(30 10 )
0.073 0 1 1000 1 1 2.99 10
x
x
d
d
( ( (

=
( ` ` `
( (

( ) ) )


=
` `
)
)
2
2
3
2
10,500
4,600
x
x
d
in
s
d

Repeating Step 7:
3 1
2
2( )
d d
d
t

( )
3
3 3
2
2
3
3
2
0 1.096 10
0.858 10 5.397 10 2.192
9.078 2 0.25 10
x
x
d
in
d
s
d
( ` `

( ) )

= =
` `
)
)

Beam Element Mass Matrices and Natural Frequencies
We will develop the lumped- and consistent-mass matrices for time-dependent
beam analysis. Consider the beam element shown in the figure below.

The basic equations of motion are:
{ } | | | |
{ }
( ) { } F t K d M d = +

where the stiffness matrix is:
2 2
3
2 2
1 1 2 2
12 6 12 6
6 4 6 2
12 6 12 6
6 2 6 4
d d
y y
L L
L L L L
EI
k
L L L
L L L L

(
(
(
(
=

(
(

and the lumped-mass matrix is:

1 1 2 2
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
d d
y y
AL
m

(
(
(
= (

(
(

The mass in lumped equally into each transitional degree of freedom; however,
the inertial effects associated with any possible rotational degrees of freedom is
assumed to be zero. A value for these rotational degrees of freedom could be
assigned by calculating the mass moment of inertia about each end node using
basic dynamics as:
3
24
AL
I

=
The consistent-mass matrix can be obtained by applying
| | | |
T
V
m N N dV = (

| |
1
2
1 2 3 4
3 0
4

L
A
N
N
m N N N N dA dx
N
N

= (
`

)

where
( ) ( )
3 2 3 3 2 2 3
1 2 3 3
1 1

2 3 2 N x x L L N x L x L xL
L L
= + = +

( ) ( )
3 2 3 2 2
3 4 3 3
1 1

2 3 N x x L N x L x L
L L
= + =

Substituting the shape functions into the above mass expression and integrating
gives:

2 2
2 2
156 22 54 13
22 4 13 3
[ ]
420 54 13 156 22
13 3 22 4
L L
L L L L
AL
m
L L
L L L L
(
(
(
=
(
(

Example Problem
Determine the first natural frequency for the beam shown in the figure below.
Assume the bar has a length 2L, modulus of elasticity E, mass density , and
cross-sectional area A.

Lets discretize the beam into two elements each of length L. We will use the
lumped-mass matrix. We can obtained the natural frequencies by using the fol-
lowing equation.
2
K M 0 =
The boundary conditions are d
1x
= d
3x
= 0 and
1
=
3
= 0. Therefore the global
stiffness matrix is:
2 2
3 2
24 0
K
0 8
y
d
EI
L L
(
=
(

2 0
M
2 0 0
AL (
=
(

Substituting the global stiffness and mass matrices into the global dynamic equa-
tions gives:
2
3 2
24 0 1 0
0
0 8 0 0
EI
AL
L L

( (
=
( (

Dividing by AL and simplify
2
4
24EI
AL
=
or
2
4.90 EI
L A
=
The exact solution for the first natural frequency is:
2
5.59 EI
L A
=

Example Problem
Determine the first natural frequency for the beam shown in the figure below.
Assume the bar has a length L = 30 in, modulus of elasticity E = 3 x 10
7
psi,
mass density = 0.00073 lb-s
2
/in, and cross-sectional area A 1 in
2
, moment of
inertia I = 0.0833 in
4
, and Poissons ratio = 0.3.

Lets discretize the beam into two elements each of length L = 15 in. We will use
the lumped-mass matrix. We can obtained the natural frequencies by using the
following equation.
2
K M 0 =
The problem is similar to the previous problem. The solution for the first natural
frequency is:
2
3.148 EI
L A
=
The exact solution for the first natural frequency is:

2
3.516 EI
L A
=
According to vibration theory for a clamped-free beam, the higher natural fre-
quencies to the first natural frequency is given as:
3 2
1 1
6.2669 17.5475

= =
The figure below shows the first, second, and third mode shapes corresponding
to the first three natural frequencies for the cantilever beam.

The table below shows various finite element solutions compared to the exact so-
lution.

1
, (rad/s)
2
, (rad/s)
Exact Solution 228 1,434
Finite Element Solution
Using 2 elements 205 1,286
Using 6 elements 226 1,372
Using 10 elements 227.5 1,410

Truss and Plane Frame Analysis
The dynamics of trusses and plane frames are preformed by extending the
concepts of bar and beam element. The truss element requires the same trans-
formation of the mass matrix from local to global coordinates as that used for the
stiffness matrix given as:
T T
T
m m =
Truss Elements
Since the motion of the element is now in two- or three-dimension, the bar ele-
ment mass matrix must be reformulated to account for the axial and transverse
inertial properties in the x and y directions.

Considering two-dimensional motion, the axial and the transverse displacement
are given as:
1
1
2
2

0 0
1

0 0
x
y
x
y
d
d
u L x x
L v L x x
d
d

(
=
` `
(
)

)

The shape functions for the matrix are:
| |

0 0
1

0 0
L x x
N
L L x x
(
=
(

The consistent-mass matrix can be obtained by applying:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
T
V
m N N dV =

2 0 1 0
0 2 0 1
6 1 0 2 0
0 1 0 2
AL
m

(
(
(
= (

(
(

The lumped-mass matrix for two-dimensional motion is obtained by simply lump-
ing mass at each node and remembering that mass is the same in both the x and
y directions, The lumped-mass matrix is:
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
2 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
AL
m

(
(
(
= (

(
(

Frame Elements
The plane frame element requires combining the bar and beam elements to
obtain the local mass matrix. There are six degrees of freedom associated with a
plane frame element.


The plane frame analysis requires first expanding and then combining the bar
and beam mass matrices to obtain the local mass matrix. The bar and beam
mass matrices are expanded to a 6 x 6 and superimposed. Combining the local
axis consistent-mass matrices for the bar and beam elements gives:
2 2
2 2
2 1
6 6
156 54 13 22
420 420 420 420
13 3 22 4
420 420 420 420
1 2
6 6
54 13 156 22
420 420 420 420
13 3 22 4
420 420 420 420
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
[ ]
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
L L
L L L L
L L
L L L L
m AL

(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(

The resulting lumped-mass matrix for a plane frame element is give as:

1 1 2 2 2
1
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
[ ]
2 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
d d d d
x y x y
AL
m

(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

The global mass matrix for the plane frame element arbitrarily oriented in x-y co-
ordinates is transformed by:

| |
0 0 0
0 0 0
i j m
i j m
N N N
N
N N N
(
=
(

T T
T
m m =

where the transformation matrix is given as:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
C S
S C
C S
S C
T

Long-hand solution to the truss and frame problem are quite tedious and lengthy;
therefore, we will use a computer problem to generate approximation for the mo-
tion of truss and frame structures.

Plane Stress/Strain Elements
The plane stress/strain constant-strain triangle consistent-mass matrix is ob-
tained using the shape functions given below as:

The consistent-mass matrix can be obtained by applying:

[ ] [ ] [ ]
T
V
m N N dV =

where dV = tdA

The CST global consistent-mass Matrix is:

2 0 1 0 1 0
0 2 0 1 0 1
1 0 2 0 1 0
[ ]
12 0 1 0 2 0 1
1 0 1 0 2 0
0 1 0 1 0 2
tA
m

(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

Example Problem
Determine the motion of the frame structure shown below.

Assume the modulus of elasticity E = 3 x 10
7
psi. The mass densities are ob-
tained by dividing the total mass of each floor by the cross-sectional area and
length the element. For example, consider the element 6:
( )( )( )
2
2
6
6
104 30 15
121
386.4
in
s
psf ft ft
W
lb s
M
in
g

= = =
2
2
4 6 2
121
0.0136
(24.7 )(360 )
lb s
in
lb s
in
in in
= =

Use Newmarks method with = and = .

The following is the input file for WinFElt.

problem description
title=dynamic frame analysis nodes=8 elements=9 analysis=transient
analysis parameters
beta=0.25 gamma=0.5 alpha=0.0 duration=0.8 dt=0.05
nodes=[8,6,3] dofs=[Tx] mass-mode=lumped
nodes
1 x=0 y=0 constraint=fixed
2 x=360 y=0
3 x=0 y=180 constraint=free force=f1
4 x=360
5 x=0 y=300 force=f2
6 x=360
7 x=0 y=420 force=f3
8 x=360
beam elements
1 nodes=[1,3] material=wall_bottom
2 nodes=[3,5] material=wall_top
3 nodes=[5,7]
4 nodes=[7,8] material=floor_top load=top_wt
5 nodes=[5,6] material=floor_bottom load=bottom_wt
6 nodes=[3,4] load=bottom_wt
7 nodes=[8,6] material=wall_top
8 nodes=[6,4]
9 nodes=[4,2] material=wall_bottom
material properties
wall_bottom A=13.2 Ix=249 E=30e6 rho=0.0049
wall_top A=6.2 Ix=107 E=30e6 rho=0.0104
floor_top A=12.3 Ix=133 E=30e6 rho=0.01315
floor_bottom A=24.7 Ix=237 E=30e6 rho=0.0136
distributed loads
top_wt direction=perpendicular values=(1,-62.5) (2,-62.5)
bottom_wt direction=perpendicular values=(1,-130) (2,-130)
forces
f1 Fx=1000*(t < 0.2 ? 25*t : 5)
f2 Fx=800*(t < 0.2 ? 25*t : 5)
f3 Fx=500*(t < 0.2 ? 25*t : 5)
constraints
fixed Tx=c Ty=c Rz=c
free Tx=u Ty=u Rz=u
end

The following is the WinFElt output

------------------------------------------------------------------
time Tx(8) Tx(6) Tx(4)
------------------------------------------------------------------
0 0 0 0
0.05 0.0054775 0.0046834 0.0047332
0.1 0.032795 0.028894 0.026946
0.15 0.10231 0.092341 0.078059
0.2 0.23314 0.21232 0.16267
0.25 0.43808 0.39636 0.27818
0.3 0.71526 0.63623 0.41441
0.35 1.0528 0.91484 0.56253
0.4 1.4335 1.2132 0.71742
0.45 1.8341 1.5124 0.87255
0.5 2.2269 1.7954 1.0185
0.55 2.5809 2.0464 1.1461
0.6 2.8674 2.2528 1.2504
0.65 3.0641 2.4041 1.3297
0.7 3.1589 2.4924 1.3824
0.75 3.1498 2.511 1.4031
0.8 3.0433 2.4556 1.3844


Example Problem
Determine the motion of the frame structure shown below. This problem is the
same as the previous example, except for the loading function F(t) and the time
duration.

The following is the WinFElt output

------------------------------------------------------------------
time Tx(8) Tx(6) Tx(4)
------------------------------------------------------------------
0 0 0 0
0.05 0.0054775 0.0046834 0.0047332
0.1 0.032795 0.028894 0.026946
0.15 0.10231 0.092341 0.078059
0.2 0.21123 0.19359 0.14374
0.25 0.32881 0.29952 0.18933
0.3 0.43722 0.38244 0.20996
0.35 0.52949 0.43491 0.22408
0.4 0.59182 0.45828 0.23644
0.45 0.61612 0.45612 0.23879
0.5 0.59851 0.42714 0.22158
0.55 0.53509 0.37319 0.1881
0.6 0.42314 0.30076 0.1489
0.65 0.27506 0.21612 0.11208
0.7 0.11427 0.11995 0.07504
0.75 -0.041956 0.012366 0.028051
0.8 -0.18758 -0.10174 -0.034383
0.85 -0.31656 -0.21548 -0.10737
0.9 -0.41638 -0.31995 -0.17587
0.95 -0.48337 -0.40479 -0.22728
1 -0.52583 -0.45861 -0.25632
1.05 -0.55228 -0.47809 -0.26688
1.1 -0.55737 -0.46626 -0.26286
1.15 -0.5321 -0.42613 -0.24354
1.2 -0.4741 -0.3581 -0.20324
1.25 -0.38481 -0.26715 -0.13927
1.3 -0.26441 -0.16487 -0.062339
1.35 -0.11615 -0.058684 0.0067415
1.4 0.046209 0.05035 0.051067
1.45 0.20774 0.16045 0.076603
1.5 0.35642 0.26056 0.10478
1.55 0.48124 0.34101 0.15095
1.6 0.56682 0.40072 0.20559
1.65 0.60441 0.44251 0.24564
1.7 0.59778 0.46276 0.25798
1.75 0.55525 0.45409 0.24836
1.8 0.48211 0.41509 0.22947
1.85 0.38454 0.3486 0.20213
1.9 0.27609 0.25766 0.15744
1.95 0.16472 0.14464 0.088264
2 0.046915 0.019038 0.0033795


Problems
22. Do problems 16.5 and 16.11 on pages 611-613 in your textbook A First
Course in the Finite Element Method by D. Logan.
23. Do problems 16.14 and 16.16 on pages 613 - 614 in your textbook A First
Course in the Finite Element Method by D. Logan using WinFElt.

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CIVL 7117 Finite Elements Methods in Structural Mechanics Page 353

are the nodal velocities and accelerations, respectively.

into this equation.

using the central difference equation

using the central difference equation

(original Newmark equation for

at time t = 0.1 seconds:

= where ' d is the part of the

into the equation of motion gives:

= 0 and simplifying gives:

from Step 2 gives:

using the central difference equation

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