CS101 Computer Systems 1

Chathura De Silva, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering

CS-101: Computer Systems
Introduction to programming
using MatLab
Lecture 1
CS428 Introduction to prg. Using MatLab 2
Chathura De Silva, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
CS428 Introduction to prg. Using MatLab 3
Chathura De Silva, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Introduction to MATLAB
What is MATLAB?
n Short for MATrix LABoratory
n Capable of solving any technical problems
n A Special-purpose, interpreter-based, computer
application for technical computing, simulation,
engineering and scientific computing, numerical
computation and visualization.
n May be used without intensive programming knowledge.
n MATLAB computing environment Widely used for
scientific and engineering.
n Developed and marketed by a company called MathWorks
(http://www.mathworks.com).
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Introduction to MATLAB (continue)
The Advantage of MATLAB
n Ease of Use
n Platform Independence
n A large collection of predefined functions
n Arranged into toolboxes for different deciplines.
n Device-Independent Plotting
n Graphical User Interface
n MATLAB Compiler
Disadvantages of MATLAB
n Interpreted language slow
n Cost
n Not for symbolic manipulations
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Introduction to MATLAB(continue)
The MATLAB Environment includes
n Graphical user interface
n MATLAB desktop and Command Window
n A command history
n An editor and debugger, and
n A Browser for viewing help, the workspace, files, and
the search path.
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Introduction to MATLAB(continue)
n MATLAB Desktop the main interface for working with
MATLAB
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Introduction to MATLAB(continue)
n MatLab could be used in two different modes
n Command Mode (Interactive Mode)
n Similar to a scientific calculator (but with lot more
features).
n Input a single operation (i.e. mathematical
expression) and results are displayed
immediately.
n Programmed Mode (Scripting Mode)
n Like a programmable calculator (but can
accommodate very large programs).
n Define sequences of operations involving
variables and functions.
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MATLAB Electrical Calculator:
An Interactive Session
n Start MATLAB
n Example1: Enter the
following lines on the
MATLAB Command
Windows
>> watt = 100;
>> volt = 220;
>> i = watt/volt
i =
0.4545
n Double Click the Command
in the Command History
Window
Workspace
Command
Window
Command
History
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MATLAB Electrical Calculator:
an Interactive Session(continue)
n Example 2: Calculate the area of a circle with a
radius of 0.001 inch (p r
2
).
>> pi
ans =
3.1416
>> area = pi*0.001^2
area =
3.1416e-006
>>
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MATLAB: an Interactive Session
n Example 3: Sum of 12 numbers with continue statement
on successive lines by typing an ellipsis () at the end of
the first line
>> x = 1 + 2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12
x =
78
>> x = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...
5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12
x =
78
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Using Constants and Variables
n Like in algebra, we can use symbols (i.e. Identifiers
or Variables) to represent unknown quantities.
2
2 3 5 y x x = + +
n Result of the expression (i.e. value assigned to
variable y) depends on the value of x.
n On symbolic arithmetic point of view, y can be defined
in terms of x. However on numerical terms, without a
value assigned for x, y remains undefined.
n In MatLab, an expression can be evaluated only if all
variables in the right-hand side are assigned with
values.
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Using Constants and Variables
n Constants: sum of resistance
(ohms)
n 100 + 120
n Variables: sum of resistance
n R1 + R2 + 0.01
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Constants and Variables(cont.)
n MATLAB Sum Calculator: enter the following lines
at the MATLAB command window:
>> 100 + 120
ans = 220
>> Rt = 100 + 120
Rt = 220
>> R1 = 100;
>> R2 = 120;
>> R1 + R2 + 0.01
ans = 220.01
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Constants and Variables(cont.)
MATLAB Variables and Assignments
n No need to declare MATLAB variables before they are used.
Assigns a value to a variable creates the variable.
n Variable names must begin with a letter, which may be
followed by any combination of letters, digits, and
underscores.
n Case Sensitive, so A and a are not the same variable.
n The variable on the right-hand side of the assignment must
has a value.
n A variables value is over written if it already exists.
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Constants and Variables in MatLab
n As the name implies (MATrix LABoratory), MatLab
treats each and every variable as a Matrix.
n Thus scalar values are treated as special case
matrices, a 1x1 dimension matrix.
n Constants are also like variables, except their values
will never change.
n There are some pre-defined constants which cannot
be changed.
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Constants and Variables (cont.)
n Natural Numbers: counting numbers) =
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, } (will go till infinity, but practical
sequences will always have a limit)
n In MatLab a number sequence can be represented as
follows
<start>:<step_size>:<end>
n MATLAB row vector commands
>> x = 1: 1: 10
or
>> x = 1:10
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Constants and Variables (cont.)
n Whole Numbers: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, }
n Add 0 to the whole numbers
n MATLAB Commands
>> x = [0, x]
or
>> clear x
>> x = 0:1:10
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Constants and Variables(cont.)
n Integers: {, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, }
n Combining whole
numbers and
negatives of the
whole numbers
n MATLAB Commands
>> y = -3:3
y =
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
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Constants and Variables(cont.)
n Some Predefined MATLAB
Variables
n ans holds the value of the
most recent calculation result
n pi p
(Circumference/Diameter), ratio
of the circumference of a circle
to its diameter; pi = 3.1415926

n eps - Smallest number such that

when added to 1 create a
floating-point number greater
than 1; eps = 2.2204e-016.
n inf - Positive infinity, generated
through divided by zero, such as
1/0
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( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 2
2
1 2
x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x
=
= +
=
=
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Constants and Variables(cont.)
n Some Predefined MATLAB
Variables
n NaN - Not a number,
obtained from invalid
operations such as 0/0,
inf/inf, and so on.
n realmax - Largest positive
floating point number;
realmax = 2.2251e308.
n realmin - Smallest
positive floating point
number; realmin = 2.2251e-
308.
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Constants and Variables(cont.)
n Some Prefixes for SI
Units (International
Standard)
micro 10
-6
n nano 10
-9
p pico 10
-12
f femto 10
-15
a atto 10
-18
z zepto 10
-21
y yocto 10
-24
Abbreviat
ion
Prefix Power
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Constants and Variables
n Some Prefixes for SI Units
(International Standard)
G giga 10
9
M mega 10
6
k kilo 10
3
da deka 10
1
d deci 10
-1
c centi 10
-2
m milli 10
-3
Abbreviat
ion
Prefix Power
Source: http://www.frontierusa.com/
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Constants and Variables
n Some Prefixes for SI Units (International Standard)
Y Yotta 10
24
Z Zetta 10
21
E exa 10
18
P peta 10
15
T tera 10
12
Abbreviation Prefix Power
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MATLAB Math. Operators
Operators
+ op1 + op2 Adds op1 and op2
- op1 op2 Subtract op2 from op1
* op1 * op2 Multiplies op1 by op2
/ op1 / op2 Divide op1 by op2
^ op1 ^ op2 Computes the power op1 goes
to the power of op2
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MATLAB Math. Operators (cont.)
n Arithmetic Expressions
n velocity = distance / time;
n force = mass * acceleration;
n count = count + 1;
n power = V^2/R;
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MATLAB Math. Operators
n Example 2-1: Mr. A rides a bike 140 meters in 20
second. What is the average speed of bike riding?
n MATLAB Solution
>> v = 140/20
v =
7
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MATLAB Math. Operators (cont.)
n Example 2-2: Neglecting friction and air resistance, what
force is required to accelerate an automobile weighting
2000 lbs from 30.0 miles/hr to 55.0 miles/hr in 10.0
second.
MATLAB Solution
>>% acceleration a = vf v1/ dt
% force = ma (comments)
>> m = 2000;
>> a = (55.0 - 30.0)/(10/3600);
>> f = m*a
f =
18000000
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MATLAB Math. Operators (cont.)
n Example 2-3: Electric Power Calculation, for R = 15
ohms, voltage = 120 volts: P = V^2 /R (watts).
MATLAB Solution:
>>R = 15.0;
>>V = 120;
>>P = V^2 / R
P =
960
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Writing and Evaluating Math.
Equations in MATLAB Operators (cont.)
Example 2-4: The sum of three consecutive numbers is 93.
Find the numbers.
Solution:
Step 1: Represent unknown quantities as variables
Let x be the consecutive number
Let x + 1 be the second consecutive number
Let x + 2 be the third consecutive number
Step 2: Write the equation
x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) = 93
Step 3: Solve x
3x + 3 = 93
3x = 90
x = 30
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Writing and Evaluating Math.
Equations in MATLAB Operators (cont.)
Example 2-4: The sum of three consecutive numbers is
93. Find the numbers.
Solution:
Step 4; Using the equation in Step 2 and MATLAB
command to verify the answer.
>> x = 30;
>> x + (x +1) + (x +2)
>> ans
= 93
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Writing and Evaluating Math.
Equations in MATLAB Operators (cont.)
Example 2-5: There are two ICs on a circuit board, one called
IC1 and another called IC2. There is an average operating
temperature of 65C. What is the operating temperature of
each IC if the IC2 has a 10C lower operating temperature
than IC1?
Solution:
Step 1: Write the equations:
(1) --- Taveg = (T1 + T2)/2 = 65;
(2) --- T1 T2 = 10;
Step 2: Solve the equations
Rewrite equation (2) as equation (3) T1 = 10 + T2
Substitute (3) into (1)
Taveg = (10+T2+T2)/2 = 65
10 + 2T2 = 130
2T2 = 120
T2 = 60C
Now, we substitute T2 into (2) to solve
T1 = 10 + T2 = 70C
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Writing and Evaluating Math.
Equations in MATLAB Operators (cont.)
Example 2-5:
Step 3: Verify the solution using MATLAB
>> T1 = 70;
>> T2 = 60;
>> (T1 + T2)/2
ans
= 65
>> T1 T2
ans
= 10
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Example 2-6: Graph the line
y = a x + b, where b is
called the offset (b = 0), a
is called the slope (a = 3),
and x is in the following
range: -20 x 20.
Solution:
n Need several steps.
n We will later se how we
can automate these
command sequences
using a script file
Writing and Evaluating Math.
Equations in MATLAB Operators (cont.)
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Writing and Evaluating Math.
Equations in MATLAB Operators (cont.)
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MatLab Desktop Environment
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Desktop Tools
Started MATLAB and see the three sub-windows:
n Command Window
n Current Directory
n Command History
At the command
window, we enter
>>help help
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Command Window
n Running Functions
n Entering Variables
n Controlling Input/Output
n Searching Items
n Running Programs
n Setting Preferences for the Command
Window
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Running Commands
An Example:
>> magic(3)
ans =
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2
>> help magic >> help magic
MAGIC MAGIC Magic Magic square. square.
MAGIC(N) is an N MAGIC(N) is an N- -by by- -N N
matrix constructed from the matrix constructed from the
integers integers
1 through N^2 with equal 1 through N^2 with equal
row, column, and diagonal row, column, and diagonal
sums. sums.
Produces valid magic Produces valid magic
squares for all N > 0 except N squares for all N > 0 except N
= 2. = 2.
15
15
15
15
15
15 15 15
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Entering Variables
>> x = 10
x = 10
>> y = 10
y = 10
>> x * y
ans = 100
>> x / y
ans = 1
>> x + y
ans = 20
>> x - y
ans = 0
>>
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Controlling Input/Output
Format Function control the display formats
for numeric values
n Examples
>> x = 1/3
x = 0.3333
>> y = 1.2345e-7
y = 1.2345e-7
>> format short e
>> x
x = 3.3333e-001
>> y
y = 1.2345e-007
Hit Enter key Hit Enter key
MATLAB Displays MATLAB Displays
Hit Enter key Hit Enter key
MATLAB Displays MATLAB Displays
Hit Enter key Hit Enter key
Enter x Enter x
Enter y Enter y
MATLAB Echoes MATLAB Echoes
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Controlling Input/Output (continue)
n Format Function:
>> help format
FORMAT Set output format.
All computations in MATLAB are done in double
precision.
FORMAT may be used to switch between
different output
display formats as follows:
FORMAT Default. Same as SHORT.
FORMAT SHORT Scaled fixed point format
with 5 digits.
FORMAT LONG Scaled fixed point format
with 15 digits.
FORMAT SHORT E Floating point format with
5 digits.
FORMAT LONG E Floating point format with
15 digits.
>> format long
>> x
x =
0.33333333333333
>> y
y =
1.234500000000000e-
007
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Controlling Input/Output (continue)
n Format Function:
>> help format
FORMAT SHORT G Best of fixed or floating
point format with 5 digits.
FORMAT LONG G Best of fixed or floating
point format with 15 digits.
FORMAT HEX Hexadecimal format.
FORMAT + The symbols +, - and blank
are printed for positive, negative and zero
elements. Imaginary parts are ignored.
FORMAT BANK Fixed format for dollars
and cents.
FORMAT RAT Approximation by ratio of
small integers.
>> format long g
>> x
x =
0.333333333333333
>> y
y = 1.2345e-007
>> format bank
>> x
x = 0.33
>> y
y = 0.00
>> format rat
>> x
x = 1/3
>> y
y = 1/8100446
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Controlling Input/Output (continue)
File File - -> Preferences > Preferences
Allows you to set Allows you to set
up various up various
numeric display numeric display
formats through formats through
GUI GUI
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Suppress Output
n Suppressing Output
n End of the statement with a semicolon
n Increase statement and program
execution speed
n An Example
>> x = 10;
>> y = 10;
>> product = x * y
Product = 100
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Entering long Statements
n If a statement does not fit on a line (too long),
uses an ellipsis (three periods), follow by
Enter or Return, to indicate the continuation of
the statement to the next line
n For an example
>> x = 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 6 + 7 + ...
8 + 9 + 10
x =
51
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Command Line Editing and Command History
n Command Line Editing
Keys such as right arrow ? , down arrow ?, up
arrow ?, left arrow ? , etc, can be used to edit
commands
n Command History
n The entered commands at the Command
Windows are recorded or logged in the
Command History
n We can view previous commands or
statements
n We can copy or execute rerun previous
statements
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The MATLAB Workspace
n who function
n whos function
n clear function
>> who
Your variables are:
x y
>> whos
Name Size Bytes Class
x 1x1 8 double array
y 1x1 8 double array
Grand total is 2 elements using 16 bytes
>> clear x
>> who
Your variables are:
y
>> clear
>> whos
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The MATLAB Workspace
n save function
n load function
>> save 8_20_2004.mat
>> clear
>> whos
>> load 8_20_2004.mat
>> whos
Name Size Bytes Class
ans 1x1 8 double array
x 1x1 8 double array
y 1x1 8 double array
Grand total is 3 elements using 24 bytes
>> clear
>> whos
Current Directory
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Save Command
n We can use help save to see documentation of
SAVE function and learn how to Save workspace
variables to disk.
n SAVE FILENAME saves all workspace variables
to the binary "MAT-file, If FILENAME has no
extension, .mat is assumed.
n SAVE, by itself, creates the binary "MAT-file"
named 'matlab.mat'. It is an error if 'matlab.mat'
is not writable.
n SAVE FILENAME X saves only X.
n SAVE FILENAME X Y Z saves X, Y, and Z. The
wildcard '*' can be used to save only those
variables that match a pattern.
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Save Command (continue)
MATLAB also offers various saving options:
n ASCII Options:
n SAVE ... -ASCII uses 8-digit ASCII form instead
of binary regardless of file extension.
n SAVE ... -ASCII -DOUBLE uses 16-digit ASCII
form.
n SAVE ... -ASCII -TABS delimits with tabs.
n And more will be discussed later
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Help Browser
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Workspace Browser
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Current Directory Browser
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The Edit/Debug
n Use the Editor/Debugger to create and debug M-files, which are
programs you write to run MATLAB functions.
n The Editor/Debugger provides a graphical user interface for
basic text editing, as well as for M-file debugging.
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The Edit/Debug (continue)
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The Edit/Debug (continue)
Create a mlab_exs directory
Save the M-file as sine60hz.m
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The Edit/Debug (continue)
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Testing/Debugging sin60hz.m
Click -> Debug -> Run
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Other Commands
n Other Useful MATLAB Management
Commands/Functions
n Demo - Run demos
n help - Online help
n ver - Current MATLAB and toolbox
versions
n version - Current MATLAB version
number
n path - MATLAB Search path
n diary - Save typed commands on a
named file