1

PART 1
EXPOSITORY ESSAY 1 : CAUSE AND EFFECT
WHAT CAUSE TSUNAMIS (SOURCE : BOOK)
Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation of harbour wave.
Represented by two characters, the top character, 'tsu' means harbour, while the
bottom character, name means wave. In the past, tsunamis were sometimes
referred to as tidal wave by the general public. The term tidal wave is wrongly
used for tsunamis are not related to the tides. Lately, the press termed them more
correctly by calling them waves of death.

Tsunamis are generally caused by earthquakes and less commonly by
submarine landslides submarine volcanic eruptions and very rarely by a large
meteorite impact in the ocean. Submarine volcanic eruptions have the potential to
produce truly awesome tsunami waves. Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor
abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are
a particular kind of earthquake that is associated with the earths crustal deformation.
When these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is
displaced from its equilibrium position. Waves are formed as the displaced water
mass, under the influence of gravity. When large areas of the sea floor elevate or
subside, a tsunami can be created.

Therefore, all oceanic regions of the world can experience tsunamis.
However, in the Pacific Ocean, there is a much more frequent occurrence of large
and destructive tsunamis because of the many large earthquakes along the margins
of the Pacific Ocean. In less than a day, these tsunamis can travel from one side of
the Pacific to the other. People living near areas where large earthquakes occur
may find that the tsunami waves will reach their shores within minutes of the
earthquake. For these reason, the tsunami threat in many areas such as Alaska,
the Philippines or Japan can be immediate.

2

As a tsunami leaves the deep water of the ocean and travels into the
shallower water near the coast, it transforms. A tsunami travels at speed that is
related to the water depth. Therefore, as the water depth degreases, the tsunami
slows. The tsunamis energy flux, which is dependent on both its wave speed and
wave hei ght, remai ns nearl y constant. Consequentl y, as the tsunami ' s
speed di mi ni shed when travelling into shallower water, its height grows. Because
of this shoaling effect a tsunami may grow to be several meters or mare in height
near the coast. When it finally reaches the coast, a tsunami may appear as a rapidly
rising or falling tide or a series of breaking waves.

Just like other water waves, tsunamis begin to lose energy as they rush
onshore. Despite the loss, tsunamis still reach the coast with tremendous amounts of
energy. Tsunamis have great eroding potential, stripping beaches of sand that may
have taken years to accumulate anti undermining trees and other coastal
vegetation. Capable of inundating or flooding hundreds of meters inland past the
typical high
.
-water level, the fast-moving water can crush homes and other coastal
structures.

Tsunamis are a threat to life and property to anyone living near the
ocean. For example, in 1992 and 1993 over 2,000 people were killed by tsunamis
occurring in Nicaragua, Indonesia, and Japan. Property damage was nearly one
billion dollars. The 1960 Chile Earthquake generated a Pacific-wide tsunami
that caused widespread death and destruction in Chile, Hawaii, Japan and
other areas in the Pacific. Large tsunamis have been known to rise over 100 feet,
while tsunamis 10 to 20 feet high can be very destructive and cause many deaths and
injuries.





3

Paragraph 1
1) Topic sentence :
Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation of harbour
wave.

2) Supporting details :
Represented by two characters, the top character, 'tsu' means harbour,
while the bottom character, name means wave.
In the past, tsunamis were sometimes referred to as tidal wave by
the general public.
The term tidal wave is wrongly used for tsunamis are not related to
the tides.

3) Concluding sentence :
Lately, the press termed them more correctly by calling them waves of
death.

4) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronouns :
Lately, the press termed them more correctly by calling them
waves of death.
Synonyms :
translation = means
character = term
referred = related
Antonyms :
top bottom
wrongly - correctly


4

Repetition :
character (2 times) in line 2.
wave (3 times) in lines 1, 3 and 5.
harbour (2 times) in lines 1 and 2.
tidal wave (2 times) in lines 3 and 4.
tsunamis (2 times) in lines 3 and 4.
them (2 times) in line 5.
means (2 times) in line 2.

Transitional words :
Contrast :
Represented by two characters, the top character, 'tsu'
means harbour, while the bottom character, name
means wave.

Time and Sequence :
In the past, tsunamis were sometimes referred to as
tidal wave by the general public.

Exemplification :
In the past, tsunamis were sometimes referred to as
tidal wave by the general public.

Result :
Represented by two characters, the top character, 'tsu'
means harbour, while the bottom character, name
means wave.
In the past, tsunamis were sometimes referred to as
tidal wave by the general public.

5

Paragraph 2
1) Topic sentence :
Tsunamis are generally caused by earthquakes and less commonly
by submarine landslides submarine volcanic eruptions and very
rarely by a large meteorite impact in the ocean.

2) Supporting details :
Submarine volcanic eruptions have the potential to produce truly
awesome tsunami waves.
Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and
vertically displaces the overlying water.
Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that is
associated with the earths crustal deformation.
When these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the
deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position.
Waves are formed as the displaced water mass, under the influence of
gravity. When large areas of the sea floor elevate or subside, a tsunami
can be created.

3) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronouns :
Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that is
associated with the earths crustal deformation.
When these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water
above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium
position.




6

Repetitions :
submarine volcanic eruptions (2 times) in lines 2 and 3.
earthquakes (4 times) in lines 1,5 and 6.
tsunamis (2 times) in lines 1 and 4.
tsunami (2 times) in lines 3, and 8.
water (3 times) in lines 5, 6 and 7.
the sea floor (2 times) 4 and 8.
waves (2 times) in lines 3 and 7.
the sea (3 times) in lines 4, 6 and 8.
displaced (2 times) in line 7.

Synonyms :
caused = influence
less = very rarely
produce = created
formed = created
elevate = subside

Antonyms :
above under

Transitional words :
Result :
Tsunamis are generally caused by earthquakes
and less commonly by submarine landslides
submarine volcanic eruptions and very rarely by a
large meteorite impact in the ocean.



7

Addition :
Tsunamis are generally caused by earthquakes
and less commonly by submarine landslides
submarine volcanic eruptions and very rarely by a
large meteorite impact in the ocean.

Contrast :
When large areas of the sea floor elevate or
subside, a tsunami can be created.

Reformulation :
Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of
earthquake that is associated with the earths crustal
deformation.

Place/Position :
When these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the
water above the deformed area is displaced from its
equilibrium position.
Waves are formed as the displaced water mass,
under the influence of gravity.

Exemplification :
Waves are formed as the displaced water mass,
under the influence of gravity.




8

Paragraph 3
1) Topic sentence :
In less than a day, these tsunamis can travel from one side of the
Pacific to the other.

2) Supporting details :
All oceanic regions of the world can experience tsunamis.
In the Pacific Ocean, there is a much more frequent occurrence of
large and destructive tsunamis because of the many large
earthquakes along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.
People living near areas where large earthquakes occur may find that
the tsunami waves will reach their shores within minutes of the
earthquake.
For these reason, the tsunami threat in many areas such as Alaska,
the Philippines or Japan can be immediate.

3) Coherence and coherence devices :
Pronoun :
In less than a day, these tsunamis can travel from one side of
the Pacific to the other.
People living near areas where large earthquakes occur may
find that the tsunami waves will reach their shores within
minutes of the earthquake.
For these reason, the tsunami threat in many areas such
as Alaska, the Philippines or Japan can be immediate.





9

Repetition :
Pacific Ocean (2 times) in lines 1 and 3.
tsunamis (3 times) in lines 1, 2 and 3.
tsunami (2 times) in lines 5 and 6.
large (3 times) in lines 2, 3 and 4.
large earthquakes (2 times) in lines 3 and 4.
many (2 times) in lines 3 and 6.

Synonym :
regions = areas

Antonym :
many less

Transitional words :
Result :
Therefore, all oceanic regions of the world can
experience tsunamis.
However, in the Pacific Ocean, there is a much more
frequent occurrence of large and destructive tsunamis
because of the many large earthquakes along the
margins of the Pacific Ocean.
For these reason, the tsunami threat in many areas
such as Alaska, the Philippines or Japan can be
immediate.

Contrast :
However, in the Pacific Ocean, there is a much more
frequent occurrence of large and destructive tsunamis
because of the many large earthquakes along the
margins of the Pacific Ocean.
10

Place/Position :
However, in the Pacific Ocean, there is a much more
frequent occurrence of large and destructive tsunamis
because of the many large earthquakes along the
margins of the Pacific Ocean.

Exemplification :
For these reason, the tsunami threat in many areas
such as Alaska, the Philippines or Japan can be
immediate.





















11

Paragraph 4
1) Topic sentence :
As a tsunami leaves the deep water of the ocean and travels into the
shallower water near the coast, it transforms.

2) Supporting details :
A tsunami travels at speed that is related to the water depth.
As the water depth degreases, the tsunami slows.
The tsunamis energy flux, which is dependent on both its wave speed
and wave hei ght, remai ns nearl y constant.
As the tsunami ' s speed di mi ni shed when travelling into shallower
water, its height grows.
Because of this shoaling effect a tsunami may grow to be several
meters or mare in height near the coast.

3) Concluding sentence :
When it finally reaches the coast, a tsunami may appear as a rapidly
rising or falling tide or a series of breaking waves.

4) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronouns :
As a tsunami leaves the deep water of the ocean and travels
into the shallower water near the coast, it transforms.
The tsunamis energy flux, which is dependent on both its wave
speed and wave hei ght, remai ns nearl y constant.
Consequentl y, as the tsunami ' s speed di mi ni shed when
travelling into shallower water, its height grows.
When it finally reaches the coast, a tsunami may appear as a
rapidly rising or falling tide or a series of breaking waves.

12

Repetition :
tsunami (5 times) in lines 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7.
tsunamis (2 times) in lines 3 and 4.
water depth (2 times) in lines 2 and 3.
speed (3 times) in lines 2 and 4.
coast (3 times) in lines 2, 6 and 7.
height (3 times) in lines 4,5 and 6.

Synonyms :
decrease = slows
remains = constant
travels = reaches
rising = grows

Antonyms :
deep shallower
rising falling

Transitional words :
Place/Position :
As a tsunami leaves the deep water of the ocean and
travels into the shallower water near the coast, it
transform.

Contrast :
Because of this shoaling effect a tsunami may grow to
be several meters or mare in height near the coast.
When it finally reaches the coast, a tsunami may
appear as a rapidly rising or falling tide or a series of
breaking waves.

13

Reformulation :
A tsunami travels at speed that is related to the water
depth.

Result :
Therefore, as the water depth degreases, the tsunami
slows.
Consequently, as the tsunami ' s speed
di mi ni shed when travelling into shallower water, its
height grows.

Addi ti on :
The tsunamis energy flux, which is dependent on both its
wave speed and wave hei ght, remai ns nearl y
constant.

Enumerati on :
When it finally reaches the coast, a tsunami may
appear as a rapidly rising or falling tide or a series of
breaking waves.











14

Paragraph 5
1) Topic sentence :
Just like other water waves, tsunamis begin to lose energy as they
rush onshore.

2) Supporting details :
Despite the loss, tsunamis still reach the coast with tremendous amounts
of energy.
Tsunamis have great eroding potential, stripping beaches of sand that
may have taken years to accumulate anti undermining trees and other
coastal vegetation.
Capable of inundating or flooding hundreds of meters inland past the
typical high
.
-water level, the fast-moving water can crush homes and other
coastal structures.

3) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronouns :
Just like other water waves, tsunamis begin to lose energy as they
rush onshore.
Tsunamis have great eroding potential, stripping beaches of
sand that may have taken years to accumulate anti
undermining trees and other coastal vegetation.

Repetition :
energy (2 times) in lines 1 and 2.
tsunamis (3 times) in lines 1 and 2.
water (3 times) in lines 1 and 5.
coastal (2 times) in lines 4 and 5.


15

Synonyms :
onshore = coast
loss = lose
tremendous = great
inundating = flooding
eroding = crush
rush = fast

Transitional words :
Exemplification :
Just like other water waves, tsunamis begin to lose
energy as they rush onshore.

Contrast :
Despite the loss, tsunamis still reach the coast with
tremendous amounts of energy.
Capable of inundating or flooding hundreds of meters
inland past the typical high
.
-water level, the fast-moving
water can crush homes and other coastal structures.

Addition :
Tsunamis have great eroding potential, stripping
beaches of sand that may have taken years to
accumulate anti undermining trees and other coastal
vegetation.
Capable of inundating or flooding hundreds of meters
inland past the typical high
.
-water level, the fast-moving
water can crush homes and other coastal structures.



16

Paragraph 6
1) Topic sentence :
Tsunamis are a threat to life and property to anyone living near the
ocean.

2) Supporting details :
Property damage was nearly one billion dollars.
Large tsunamis have been known to rise over 100 feet, while tsunamis 10
to 20 feet high can be very destructive and cause many deaths and injuries.

3) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Repetition :
tsunamis (3 times) in lines 1 and 5.
over (2 times) in lines 2 and 5.
feet (2 times) in lines 5 and 6.
Japan (2 times) in lines 3 and 4.
Chile (2 times) in lines 3 and 4.

Synonymous :
damage = destructive

Transition words :
Result :
For example, in 1992 and 1993 over 2,000 people were killed
by tsunamis occurring in Nicaragua, Indonesia, and Japan.
The 1960 Chile Earthquake generated a Pacific-wide
tsunami that caused widespread death and destruction in
Chile, Hawaii, Japan and other areas in the Pacific.


17

Addition :
Tsunamis are a threat to life and property to anyone living
near the ocean.
For example, in 1992 and 1993 over 2,000 people were killed
by tsunamis occurring in Nicaragua, Indonesia, and Japan.
The 1960 Chile Earthquake generated a Pacific-wide
tsunami that caused widespread death and destruction in
Chile, Hawaii, Japan and other areas in the Pacific.
Large tsunamis have been known to rise over 100 feet, while
tsunamis 10 to 20 feet high can be very destructive and cause
many deaths and injuries.

Place/Position :
Tsunamis are a threat to life and property to anyone living
near the ocean.

Exemplification :
For example, in 1992 and 1993 over 2,000 people were killed
by tsunamis occurring in Nicaragua, Indonesia, and Japan.

Contrast :
Large tsunamis have been known to rise over 100 feet, while
tsunamis 10 to 20 feet high can be very destructive and cause
many deaths and injuries.






18

EXPOSITORY ESSAY 2 : PROCESS
PREPARATION BEFORE HIKING (SOURCE : BOOK)

Before embarking on your hike in the forest you need to be prepared for this
adventure.
First, plan your adventure in detail. You

must hike with a partner or a few
people for safety. Make sure you leave word with your family members and close
friends. Tell them where you will be travelling in case of an emergency. Provide all
the details about the hike.
Secondly, you must carry a hand phone with you. You may need to make
emergency calls wherever you are. Ensure that you carry an extra battery pack too.
However, keep in mind that you might not get reception in certain areas, so don't
depend too much on It.
Next, be sure to wear the right type of clothing and footwear for the hike. Light,
breathable clothing is best for the hot weather during the day, along with a hat or cap
and proper hiking shoes. Carry a change of clothes with you in case you get wet.
You dont want to be walking around in wet clothes as you might catch a cold.
Next, you have to carry plenty of drinking water so that you do not get
dehydrated. You could bring along some snacks such as biscuits or energy bars that
will be handy in case you cannot get a full meal.
After that, you al so need to carry a small first - aid kit with you, in case
you get injured. You can get one of those little ones that are sold in the
pharmacies.
Next, before you go on the hike, pack a detailed map of the area where
you are hi king, along with a compass or a GPS to locate your position. You
might need them to navi gate through unfamiliar terrain.
Finall y, you may want to bring along a camera to take snapshots of
your adventure and some music to entertain you whi le you are hiking.

19

Paragraph 1
1) Topic sentence :
First, plan your adventure in detail.

2) Supporting details :
You

must hike with a partner or a few people for safety.
Make sure you leave word with your family members and close
friends.
Tell them where you will be travelling in case of an emergency.
Provide all the details about the hike.

3) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronouns :
First, plan your adventure in detail.
You

must hike with a partner or a few people for safety.
Make sure you leave word with your family members and
close friends.
Tell them where you will be travelling in case of an
emergency.

Repetition :
hike (2 times) in lines 1 and 5.

Synonymous :
partner = few people
leave word = tell them




20

Transitional words :
Enumeration :
First, plan your adventure in detail.

Contrast :
You

must hike with a partner or a few people for
safety.
Addition :
Make sure you leave word with your family members
and close friends.





















21

Paragraph 2
1) Topic sentence :
Secondly, you must carry a hand phone with you.

2) Supporting details :
You may need to make emergency calls wherever you are.
Ensure that you carry an extra battery pack too.
Keep in mind that you might not get reception in certain areas, so
don't depend too much on it.

3) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronouns :
Secondly, you must carry a hand phone with you.
You may need to make emergency calls wherever you are.
Ensure that you carry an extra battery pack too.
However, keep in mind that you might not get reception in
certain areas, so don't depend too much on it.

Repetition :
carry (2 times) in lines 1 and 3.

Synonymous :
you must = you may

Transitional words :
Enumeration :
Secondly, you must carry a hand phone with you.



22

Place/Position :
You may need to make emergency calls wherever you
are.

Contrast :
However, keep in mind that you might not get reception
in certain areas, so don't depend too much on It.

Addition :
Ensure that you carry an extra battery pack too.
However, keep in mind that you might not get reception
in certain areas, so don't depend too much on It.



















23

Paragraph 3
1) Topic sentence :
Next, be sure to wear the right type of clothing and footwear for the hike.

2) Supporting details :
Light, breathable clothing is best for the hot weather during the day,
along with a hat or cap and proper hiking shoes.
Carry a change of clothes with you in case you get wet.
You dont want to be walking around in wet clothes as you might catch a
cold.

3) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronoun :
Carry a change of clothes with you in case you get wet.
You dont want to be walking around in wet clothes as you
might catch a cold.

Repetition :
clothing (2 times) in lines 1 and 2.
wet (2 times) in lines 4 and 5.

Synonyms :
hat = cap
get = catch

Antonym :
hot cold


24

Transitional words :
Enumeration :
Next, be sure to wear the right type of clothing and
footwear for the hike.

Addition :
Next, be sure to wear the right type of clothing and
footwear for the hike.
Light, breathable clothing is best for the hot weather
during the day, along with a hat or cap and proper hiking
shoes.

Contrast :
Light, breathable clothing is best for the hot weather
during the day, along with a hat or cap and proper hiking
shoes.















25

Paragraph 4
1) Topic sentence :
Next, you have to carry plenty of drinking water so that you do not get
dehydrated.

2) Supporting details :
You could bring along some snacks such as biscuits or energy bars that
will be handy in case you cannot get a full meal.

3) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronoun :
Next, you have to carry plenty of drinking water so that you
do not get dehydrated.
You could bring along some snacks such as biscuits or
energy bars that will be handy in case you cannot get a full
meal.

Repetition :
get (2 times) in lines 2 and 4.
Synonymous :
carry = bring
snacks = biscuits

Transitional words :
Enumerations :
Next, you have to carry plenty of drinking water so that
you do not get dehydrated.
Contrast :
Next, you have to carry plenty of drinking water so that
you do not get dehydrated.
26

Paragraph 5
1) Topic sentence :
After that, you also need to carry a small first - aid kit wi th you, in
case you get injured.

2) Supporting details :
You can get one of those little ones that are sold in the
pharmacies.

3) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronouns :
After that, you also need to carry a small first - aid kit
with you, in case you get injured.
You can get one of those little ones that are sold in
the pharmacies.

Repetitions :
you (4 times) in lines 1 and 2.
that (2 times) in lines 1 and 3.

Transitional words :
Enumeration :
After that, you also need to carry a small first - aid
kit with you, in case you get injured.

Reformulation :
You can get one of those little ones that are sold in
the pharmacies.


27

Paragraph 6
1) Topic sentence :
Next, before you go on the hike, pack a detailed map of the area
where you are hiking, along with a compass or a GPS to locate
your position.

2) Supporting details :
You mi ght need them to navi gate through unfamiliar terrain.

3) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronouns :
Next, before you go on the hike, pack a detailed map of
the area where you are hiking, along with a compass or a
GPS to locate your position.
You mi ght need them to navi gate through unfamiliar
terrain.

Repetition :
you (3 times) in lines 1,2 and 3.

Transitional words :
Enumeration :
Next, before you go on the hike, pack a detailed
map of the area where you are hiking, along with a
compass or a GPS to locate your position.




28

Paragraph 7
1) Concluding sentence :
Finall y, you may want to bring along a camera to take snapshots
of your adventure and some music to entertain you whi le you are
hiking.

2) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronouns :
Finall y, you may want to bring along a camera to take
snapshots of your adventure and some music to
entertain you while you are hi king.

Repetitions :
you (3 times) in lines 1 and 3.

Transitional words :
Enumeration :
Finally, you may want to bring along a camera to
take snapshots of your adventure and some music to
entertain you whi le you are hiking.

Contrast :
Finall y, you may want to bring along a camera to take
snapshots of your adventure and some music to
entertain you while you are hiking.

Addition :
Finall y, you may want to bring along a camera to take
snapshots of your adventure and some music to
entertain you whi le you are hiking.

29

EXPOSITORY ESSAY 3 : EXPLAINING WITH EXAMPLE
VITAMIN C (SOURCES:INTERNET)

Vitamin C plays a crucial role in our lives by building and maintaining our tissues
and fortifying our immune systems. Vitamin C should be included in a daily diet because
it is water soluble, which means it, is excreted from the body every day and cannot be
stored for later use. You should consume at least 500-1000mg of Vitamin C per day to
maintain a strong immune system which fights off diseases and illnesses from the
human body. It is also used to keep teeth and gums healthy, heal wounds, and
strengthen muscles as well as blood vessels.

Vitamin C can also be known as ascorbic acid and can be found in many food
sources. Ascorbic Acids which are found in green peppers, citrus fruit, strawberries,
tomatoes, broccoli, turnip and other greens, white and sweet potatoes, cantaloupes,
and a small amount can be found in fish and milk. Humans should consume as much of
this vitamin as necessary to assure a health immune system. The only side effect from
taking too much Vitamin C is diarrhea, but it very uncommon.

A deficiency of this vitamin source is a disease known as Scurvy. Scurvy is rare
among the United States, because of the many food sources available. Scurvy is a
disease among humans that causes the body to be weak. Infected people have spongy
and inflated gums, loose teeth, swollen joints, and may be prone to Anemia, which is a
deficiency in iron. This disease is usually seen in sailors whom have been months
without fresh vegetables. Doctors say that vitamin C will prevent any type of cancer by
seventy-five percent and shorten the length of colds by twenty-three percent. People
with high blood levels of Vitamin C are said to live six years longer than lower blood
levels.

Even though Vitamin C is located in every cell of the human body it plays key
roles in the blood, skin, nerves, teeth, bones, and glands. As a whole this vitamin is
essential to live a healthy life.
30

Although this vitamins' key job is insuring a healthy immune system that keeps
us free for infections, it also is involved in other areas of our body that are less talked
about, but certainly not less important. Since there are no serious side effects from this
nutrient and it does so very much to keep us healthy, doctors recommend to take large
amounts of Vitamin C for our own benefit and let it assist us in living a healthy lifestyle.

























31

Paragraph 1
1) Topic sentence :
Vitamin C plays a crucial role in our lives by building and maintaining our
tissues and fortifying our immune systems.

2) Supporting details :
Vitamin C should be included in a daily diet because it is water soluble,
which means it, is excreted from the body every day and cannot be stored
for later use.
You should consume at least 500-1000mg of Vitamin C per day to
maintain a strong immune system which fights off diseases and illnesses
from the human body.
It is also used to keep teeth and gums healthy, heal wounds, and
strengthen muscles as well as blood vessels.

3) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronouns :
Vitamin C plays a crucial role in our lives by building and
maintaining our tissues and fortifying our immune systems.
Vitamin C should be included in a daily diet because it is water
soluble, which means; it is excreted from the body every day and
cannot be stored for later use.
You should consume at least 500-1000mg of Vitamin C per day
to maintain a strong immune system which fights off diseases and
illnesses from the human body.
It is also used to keep teeth and gums healthy, heal wounds, and
strengthen muscles as well as blood vessels.
Repetition :
immune system (2 times) in lines 2 and 5.
body (2 times) in lines 3 and 6.
Vitamin C (3 times) in lines 1,2 and 4.
32

Synonymous :
fortifying = fights off
strong = strengthen
disease = illness
strong = health

Transitional words:
Addition :
Vitamin C plays a crucial role in our lives by building and
maintaining our tissues and fortifying our immune
systems.
Vitamin C should be included in a daily diet because it is
water soluble, which means it, is excreted from the body
every day and cannot be stored for later use.
You should consume at least 500-1000mg of Vitamin C
per day to maintain a strong immune system which fights
off diseases and illnesses from the human body.
It is also used to keep teeth and gums healthy, heal
wounds, and strengthen muscles as well as blood
vessels.
Result :
Vitamin C should be included in a daily diet because it is
water soluble, which means it, is excreted from the body
every day and cannot be stored for later use.

Transition :
It is also used to keep teeth and gums healthy, heal
wounds, and strengthen muscles as well as blood
vessels.

33

Paragraph 2
1) Topic sentence :
Vitamin C can also be known as ascorbic acid and can be found in many
food sources.

2) Supporting details :
Ascorbic Acids which are found in green peppers, citrus fruit, strawberries,
tomatoes, broccoli, turnip and other greens, white and sweet potatoes,
cantaloupes, and a small amount can be found in fish and milk.
Humans should consume as much of this vitamin as necessary to assure
a health immune system.
The only side effect from taking too much Vitamin C is diarrhea, but it very
uncommon.

3) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronoun :
Humans should consume as much of this vitamin as necessary to
assure a health immune system.
The only side effect from taking too much Vitamin C is diarrhea,
but it very uncommon.

Repetition :
Vitamin C (2 times) in lines 1 and 6.
found (3 times) in lines 1,2 and 4.

Transitional words :
Exemplification :
Vitamin C can also be known as ascorbic acid and can
be found in many food sources.

34

Addition :
Ascorbic Acids which are found in green peppers, citrus
fruit, strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli, turnip and other
greens, white and sweet potatoes, cantaloupes, and a
small amount can be found in fish and milk.
The only side effect from taking too much Vitamin C is
diarrhea, but it very uncommon.























35

Paragraph 3
1) Topic sentence :
A deficiency of this vitamin source is a disease known as Scurvy.

2) Supporting details :
Scurvy is rare among the United States, because of the many food
sources available.
Scurvy is a disease among humans that causes the body to be weak.
Infected people have spongy and inflated gums, loose teeth, swollen
joints, and may be prone to Anemia, which is a deficiency in iron.
This disease is usually seen in sailors whom have been months without
fresh vegetables.

3) Concluding sentence :
Doctors say that vitamin C will prevent any type of cancer by seventy-five
percent and shorten the length of colds by twenty-three percent.
People with high blood levels of Vitamin C are said to live six years longer
than lower blood levels.

4) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronoun :
A deficiency of this vitamin source is a disease known as Scurvy.
Scurvy is a disease among humans that causes the body to be
weak.
This disease is usually seen in sailors whom have been months
without fresh vegetables.



36

Repetition :
Vitamin C (2 times) in lines 6 and 8.
Scurvy (3 times) in lines 1 and 2.
blood levels (2 times) in lines 8.
disease (2 times) in lines 1 and 3.
deficiency (2 times) in lines 1 and 5.
people (2 times) in lines 3 and 7.
percent (2 times) in line 7.

Antonym :
fresh weak
usually rare
high lower

Transitional words :
Exemplification :
A deficiency of this vitamin source is a disease known as
Scurvy.

Result :
Scurvy is rare among the United States, because of the
many food sources available.

Addition :
Infected people have spongy and inflated gums, loose
teeth, swollen joints, and may be prone to Anemia, which
is a deficiency in iron.



37

Paragraph 4
1) Topic sentence :
Even though Vitamin C is located in every cell of the human body it plays
key roles in the blood, skin, nerves, teeth, bones, and glands.

2) Concluding sentence :
As a whole this vitamin is essential to live a healthy life.

3) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronoun :
Even though Vitamin C is located in every cell of the human body
it plays key roles in the blood, skin, nerves, teeth, bones, and
glands.
As a whole this vitamin is essential to live a healthy life.

Repetition :
vitamin (2 times) in lines 1 and 2.

Transitional words :
Contrast :
Even though Vitamin C is located in every cell of the
human body it plays key roles in the blood, skin, nerves,
teeth, bones, and glands.

Summary/Conclusion :
As a whole this vitamin is essential to live a healthy life.
Addition :
Even though Vitamin C is located in every cell of the
human body it plays key roles in the blood, skin, nerves,
teeth, bones, and glands.
38

Paragraph 5
1) Topic sentence :
Although this vitamins' key job is insuring a healthy immune system that
keeps us free for infections, it also is involved in other areas of our body
that are less talked about, but certainly not less important.

2) Concluding sentence :
Since there are no serious side effects from this nutrient and it does so
very much to keep us healthy, doctors recommend to take large amounts
of Vitamin C for our own benefit and let it assist us in living a healthy
lifestyle.

3) Cohesive and coherence devices :
Pronouns :
Although this vitamins' key job is insuring a healthy immune
system that keeps us free for infections, it also is involved in
other areas of our body that are less talked about, but certainly
not less important.
Since there are no serious side effects from this nutrient and it
does so very much to keep us healthy, doctors recommend to
take large amounts of Vitamin C for our own benefit and let it
assist us in living a healthy lifestyle.

Repetition :
vitamin (2 times) in lines 1 and 5.
healthy (3 times) in lines 1, 4 and 5.
less (2 times) in lines 2 and 3.


39

Transitional words :
Reformulation :
Although this vitamins' key job is insuring a healthy immune
system that keeps us free for infections, it also is involved in
other areas of our body that are less talked about, but
certainly not less important.

Addition :
Although this vitamins' key job is insuring a healthy immune
system that keeps us free for infections, it also is involved in
other areas of our body that are less talked about, but
certainly not less important.
Since there are no serious side effects from this nutrient and
it does so very much to keep us healthy, doctors recommend
to take large amounts of Vitamin C for our own benefit and
let it assist us in living a healthy lifestyle.

Result :
Since there are no serious side effects from this nutrient and
it does so very much to keep us healthy, doctors recommend
to take large amounts of Vitamin C for our own benefit and
let it assist us in living a healthy lifestyle.

Contrast :
Although this vitamins' key job is insuring a healthy immune
system that keeps us free for infections, it also is involved in
other areas of our body that are less talked about, but
certainly not less important.



40

Graphic organizer for the most interesting essay.

Preparation
Before Hiking
Plan adventure in
detail
Hike with few people for safety
Leave word with family members in
case of emergency.
Carry a hand
phone.
To make emergency calls.
Carry extra battery pack.
Keep in mind not get reception
(certain areas), so dont depend too
much on it.
Wear right type of
clothing and
footwear.
Hot weather - light, breathable
clothing, a cap, hiking shoes.
Carry a change of clothes.
Carry plenty of
drinking water
not dehydrated.
Bring some snacks
Carry a small first-
aid kit.
Carry it in case of injured.
Can get in pharmacies.
Pack a detailed
map of the area.
Bring along a compass or GPS.
Need them navigate unfamiliar
terrain.
Bring along a
camera
Camera - to take snapshots.
Music to entertain.