KL Murty MSE 450 page 1

Creep and Stress Rupture :

o
= instantaneous strain at loading (elastic, anelastic and plastic)

s
= steady-state creep strain (constant-rate viscous creep ) = D
s
t

p
= primary or transient creep : Andrade- flow (or 1/3 rd law) : t
1/3

primary or transient creep :
Andrade- flow (or 1/3 rd law) :
p
= t
1/3

problem as t 0
Garofalo / Dorn Equation :
p
=
t
(1 - e
-rt
) , r is related to
s
i

>
>
(~1-20)
Dorn Both primary and steady-state follow similar kinetics
- temperature compensated time ( = t e
- Q
c
/RT
)
- single universal curve with t replaced by

or

s
t
Or, creep strain

-
o
=
t
(1 - e
-
D
s
t
) + D
s
t see Sherby-Dorn (Al), Murty (Zr)
Sherby-Dorn -parameter


Creep curves for Al at Sherby & Dorn (1956) A single curve demonstrating the
(3,000 psi) and at three different temperatures validity of -parameter

KL Murty MSE 450 page 2

s
t
Creep data in Zircaloy at varied temperatures (F)
and stresses (ksi) fall into a single curve
demonstrating the validity of Dorn equation
(Murty et al 1976)

(K. L. Murty, M.S. Thesis, 1967)
Zener-Holloman :
RT Q
e Z
/
D =
Stress Rupture Test : (13-4) vs t
r

Representation of engineering creep / rupture data (13-12, 13-13)
- Figs. 13-17, 13-18
Sherby-Dorn Parameter : P
S-D
= t e
-Q/RT

Larson-Miller Parameter : P
L-M
= T (log t + C) Fig. 13-19-21
Manson-Haferd Parameter : P
M-H
=
T - T
a
log t - log t
a

--- these parameters are for a given stress and are functions of (Fig. 13-20) ---


Monkman-Grant : =
r s
t C
Eq. 13-24

Demonstration of Monkman-Grant
Relationship in Cu (Feltham and Meakin 1959)

KL Murty MSE 450 page 3
Creep Under Multiaxial Loading
(text 14-14)
Use Levy-Mises Equations in plasticity

eff
=
1
2
(
1
-
2
)
2
+ (
2
-
3
)
2
+ (
3
-
1
)
2

and d
1
=
d
eff

eff
[
1
-
1
2
(
2
+
3
) ] ,
since creep is plastic deformation 1/2 appears as in plasticity.
Similarly, d
2
and d
3
.
Dividing by dt, get the corresponding creep-rates,
D
1
=

eff

eff
[
1
-
1
2
(
2
+
3
) ], etc.
One first determines the uniaxial creep-rate equation,
D
s
= A
n
e
-Q/RT

and assume the same for effective strain-rate : D
eff
= A
n
eff
e
-Q/RT

so that

1
= A
n-1
eff
e
-Q/RT
[
1
-
1
2
(
2
+
3
)] etc.

Stress Relaxation
As noted in section 8-11, the stress relaxation occurs when the deformation is held
constant such as in bolt in flange where the constraint is that the total length of the
system is fixed.

t
=
E
+
creep
= const. Here,
E
=

E
.
Thus
d
t
dt
= 0 =
1
E

d
dt
+ D
s
Or,
d
dt
= - E D
s
= - E A
n
@ fixed T
Integration from o to t gives,

f

d

n
= - E A

o
t
dt = - E A t
) 1 /( 1 1
] ) 1 ( 1 [
) (

+
=
n n
o
o
final
t n AE
t or

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
20
40
60
80
100
Data from "HW #8-8"
time, hr


KL Murty MSE 450 page 4
Deformation / Creep Mechanisms :
Introduction - structural changes (13-5)
- Slip (difficult to observe slip lines / folds etc are usually noted)
Subgrains
GBS
- excess (deformation induced) vacancies
Two important relationships :
Orowan equation : D =bv and Taylor equation : =

2
G
2
b
2

Thermally Activated Dislocation Glide (at low T and/or high strain-rates)
D
= A e
B
e
-
Q
i
/RT
where Q
i
is the activation energy for the underlying mechanisms
Peierls mechanism (bcc metals) Intersection mechanism (fcc and hcp metals)
Dislocation creep - (lattice) diffusion controlled glide and climb
Diffusion creep - (viscous creep mechanisms mainly due to point defects) - at low
stresses and high temperatures
Grain-Boundary Sliding - (GBS) - intermediate stresses in small grained
materials and ceramics (where matrix deformation is difficult)
Many different mechanisms may contribute and the total strain-rate :
parallel mechanism series mechanisms
(fastest controls / dominates) (slower controls / dominates)

D
=
i
D
i

D
=

1
1
i

Slip following creep deformation in -iron

Uncrept specimen Crept at 5500 psi to 21.5% strain
(K.L. Murty, MS thesis, Cornell University, 1967)

KL Murty MSE 450 page 5
Dislocation Creep :
Pure Metals / Class-M alloys: Experiments :
D
= A
n
e
-Q
c
/RT

,n ! 5, Q
c
! Q
L
(Q
D
)

(edge ) glide - climb model Weertman-Climb model (Weertman Pill-Box Model)

sequential processes
L

= average distance a dislocation glides
t
g
= time for glide motion
h = average distance a dislocation climbs
t
c
= time for climb

FR L
h
Lomer-Cottrell
Barrier

= strain during glide-climb event =

g
+

c
!

g
= b L
t = time of glide-climb event = t
g
+ t
c
! t
c
=
h
v
c
, v
c
= climb velocity

D
=

t
=
b L
h/v
c
= b (
L
h
) v
c

where v
c
C
v
e
-E
m
/kT
, E
m
= activation energy for vacancy migration
Here, C
v
= C
+
v
- C
-
v
= C
o
v
e
V/kT
- C
o
v
e
-
V/kT
= C
o
v
2 Sinh(
V
kT
)
D
= b (
L
h
) v
c
= b (
L
h
) C
o
v
e
-E
m
/kT
2 Sinh(
V
kT
)
At low stresses, Sinh() ! so that
D
= A
1
b (
L
h
) C
o
v
e
-E
m
/kT
V
kT

D
= A
1
b (
L
h
) D
L

V
kT
! A
2
(
L
h
) D
L

Or D A
3
= D natural creep-law
Weertman:
L
h

1.5
, D
= A
4.5
D as
experimentally observed in Al
In general D
= A(T)
n
Power-law
- n is the stress exponent
{f(xal structure, )}
Garofalo Eqn.
D
= A D (sinhB)
n


also known as Nortons Equation
(n is Norton index)
At high stresses ( " 10
-3
E), Sinh(x) ! e
x
, D
= A
H
e
B
D (Power-law breakdown)



KL Murty MSE 450 page 6
Experimental Observations - Dislocation Creep

Fig. 13-13 (Dieter) (Sherby)
What happens if we keep decreasing the stress, say to a level at and below the
FR
?
As is decreased reach a point when #
FR
,
dislocation density would become constant (independent of ): D

- viscous creep known as Harper-Dorn creep
Harper-Dorn creep occurs at

E
# b

! 10
-5
,

o
! 10
6
cm
-2
H-D creep is observed in large grained
materials (metals, ceramics, etc.)
D
HD
= A
HD
D
L

ln
ln
2
1

Characteristics of Climb Creep (Class-M) :
large primary creep regions
subgrain formation (
1

)
dislocation density
2

independent of grain size


KL Murty MSE 450 page 7
Effects of Alloying : (class-A)
Solid-solution - decreases rate of glide A glide controlled creep although
annihilation due to climb still occurs (micro-creep / viscous glide creep)
viscous glide controlled creep : (decreased creep-rates)
D
g
= A
g
D
s

3
, D
s
is solute diffusion
little or no primary creep
no subgrain formation

2

grain-size independent

5
3
1
1
class-M
class-A
log(stress)
(Al)
(Al-3Mg)

At low stresses (for large grain sizes), Harper-Dorn creep dominates
what happens as grain size becomes small
As grain-size decreases (and at low stresses) diffusion creep due to point defects
becomes important : (due to migration of vacancies from tensile boundaries to
compressive boundaries)
Nabarro-Herring Creep (diffusion through the lattice) : D
NH
= A
NH
D
L

d
2

Coble Creep (diffusion through grain-boundaries) : D
Co
= A
Co
D
b

d
3

Nabarro-Herring Creep vs Coble Creep :
Coble creep for small grain sizes and at
low temperature
NH creep for larger grain sizes and at
high temperatures
at very large grain sizes, Harper-Dorn
creep dominates
3
2
1
1
log (grain-size)
N-H
Coble
Harper-Dorn

At small grain-sizes, GBS dominates at intermediate stresses and temperatures :
D
GBS
= A
GBS
D
b

2
d
2
superplasticity


KL Murty MSE 450 page 8
Effect of dispersoids : Dispersion Strengthening / Precipitate Hardening
- recall Orowan Bowing
at high temperatures, climb of dislocation loops around the precipitates
controls creep D
ppt
= A
ppt
D
8 - 20

Rules for Increasing Creep Resistance
Large Grain Size
(directionally solidified superalloys)
Low Stacking Fault Energy
(Cu vs Cu-Al alloys)
Solid Solution Alloying
(Al vs Al-Mg alloys)
Dispersion Strengthening
(Ni vs TD-Ni)
Formability Improvement

Small (stable) Equiaxed Grain Size
(superplasticity)
Strengthen Matrix
(i.e., increase GBS - ceramics)
Stoichiometry
(especially Ceramics)


KL Murty MSE 450 page 9
Summary of Creep Mechanisms: D
t
= D
N-H
+ D
Coble
+ D
H-D
+D
GBS
+
1
1 1

+
g c


Dorn Equation :
n
E
A
DEb
kT

=


Mechanism D n A
Climb of edge dislocations D
L
5 6x10
7
(Pure Metals and class-M alloys) (n function of Xal structure & )*
Low-temperature climb D

7 2x10
8

Viscous glide (Class-I alloys - microcreep) D
s
3 6

Nabarro-Herring D
L
1 14 (
b
d
)
2

Coble D
b
1 100 (
b
d
)
3

Harper-Dorn D
L
1 3x10
-10


GBS (superplasticity) D
b
2 200 (
b
d
)
2

D
L
= lattice diffusivity; D
s
= solute diffusivity; D

= core diffusivity;
D
b
= Grain-Boundary Diffusivity; b = Burgers vector; d = grain size;
= subgrain size = 10
Gb

and =

2
G
2
b
2
where G is the shear modulus

*
n increases with decreasing (stacking-fault energy)


KL Murty MSE 450 page 10
Deformation Mechanism Maps
Visual picture of the domains (, T) where various mechanisms dominate


Ashby-Map

Lead pipes on a 75-year-old building in southern England
The creep-induced curvature of these pipes is typical
of Victorian lead water piping. (Frost and Ashby)



Other examples :
W filament (light bulbs)
turbind blade {Ni-based alloy DS by Ni
3
(Ti,Al)}



KL Murty MSE 450 page 11

WEERTMAN PILL-
BOX MODEL





Pure Metals - Glide faster
Climb-controlled creep (n!5)


t
=
1


c
+
1

g






1

Alloys - Glide slower
Glide-controlled creep (n!3)


Solid Solution Alloys
Pb 9Sn
d = 0.25 mm
I
II
III
IV
ln
(
k T
D b
)
ln
(


)
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-16
10
-14
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6

Creep Transitions for Alloy Class Murty and Turlik (1992)