1.

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

1.1 AIM
To study the cut section of a given 4-stroke single cylinder, high speed diesel engine
mechanism and to draw the valve timing diagram.
1.2 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
1.2.1 INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
1. Feeler gauge
2. Measuring tape
. !halk piece
1.2.2 TEST RIG SPECIFICATIONS
Type " 4 stroke, high speed, single cylinder, vertical diesel engine
#ower " $ %&# ' .( )*
%ore " +, mm
-troke " 11, mm
!. . " 1("1
-peed " 1$,, rpm
Make " )irloskar
/t has a higher thermal efficiency on account of high compression ratio of a0out 1( to 2,.
1.3 PREPARATION
1.3.1 THEORY
Importat !ompo"t# a$ %t# &'!t%o#
Co"!t%( Ro$
/t interconnects the piston and the crank shaft and transmits the gas forces from the
piston to the crankshaft.
Cra) S*a&t
/t converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into useful rotary motion of the
output shaft. The 0alancing mass is provided on the crankshaft for static and dynamic
0alancing of the rotating systems.
P%#to r%(#
#iston rings, fitted into the slots around the piston to provide a tight seal 0etween the
piston and the cylinder walls, thus preventing leakages of com0ustion gases.
Cam S*a&t
The cam shaft and its associated parts control the opening and closing of two valves.
The associated parts are push rods, rocker arms, valve springs and tappets. The cam shaft is
driven 0y the crank shaft through timing gears.
F+, -*""+
/n order to achieve a uniform tor1ue an inertia mass in the form of a wheel is attached
to the output shaft and this wheel is called as flywheel.
1.3.2 DESCRIPTION
The actual cut section of the four stroke diesel engine is shown in Fig. 1.1. The
working cycle of the engine is completed in four strokes and diesel oil is used as fuel,
therefore it is known as 4-stroke diesel engine. The following strokes are taking place during
the operation of the engine.
1. -uction stroke
2. !ompression stroke
. 23pansion stroke
4. 23haust stroke
1. S'!t%o Stro)"
4t the 0eginning of the suction the piston is at T5! and ready to draw fresh air inside
the cylinder. 5uring this stroke the inlet valve is opened and e3haust valve is closed. 4s the
piston moves downward fresh air enters the cylinder through the inlet valve due to the suction
created.
2. Compr"##%o Stro)"
5uring this stroke 0oth inlet and e3haust valves are closed and the piston moves
upward and compresses the air enclosed in the cylinder. 5ue to the compression the
temperature of the air will increases up to 1,,,
,
!, and this temperature is enough to ignite
the fuel.
3. E.pa#%o Stro)"
5uring this stroke, the inlet and e3haust valves are closed and fuel no66le opens 7ust
0efore the 0eginning of this stroke. The com0ustion of fuel is continued at constant pressure.
This high pressure and high temperature gases push the piston down towards %5!.
/. E.*a'#t Stro)"
5uring this stroke, the inlet valve remains closed and e3haust valve is opened. The
piston moves up in the cylinder and pushes out the 0urnt gases.
The valve timing diagram shows the position of the crank when the various operations
0egin and close.
1.3.3 EFFECTS OF VALVE TIMING
/n the compression ignition engine the valve overlap at the top dead centre is
often limited 0y the piston to cylinder-head-clearance. 4lso the inlet valve has to close soon
after 0ottom dead centre8 otherwise the reduction in compression ratio may make cold
starting too difficult. The e3haust valve opens a0out 4,
,
0efore 0ottom dead centre 900dc: in
order to ensure that all the com0ustion products have sufficient time to escape. This entails a
slight penalty in the power stroke, 4,
,
00dc represents only a0out 12 percent of the engine
stroke. /t should also 0e remem0ered that $
,
after starting to open the valve may 0e 1 percent
of fully open, after 1,
,
, $ percent of fully open and not fully open until 12,
,
after starting to
open. Fig. 1.2 shows a model valve-timing diagram.
!! ; !rank !ase !& ; !ylinder head
!
m
; !am shaft -# ; -park plug
!
m
- ; !am shaft T ; Tappets
! ; !ylinder /# ; /nlet port
#rd ; #ush rod 2# ; 23haust port
# ; #iston /< ; /nlet valve
#. ; #iston rings 2< ; 23haust valve
=# ; =udgeon pin !
T
; !rank
!. ; !onnecting rod %2% ; %ig end 0earing
!- ; !rank shaft .4 ; .ocker arm
!
m
F ; !am Follower <- ; <alve spring

1.3./ PRE0LA1 QUESTIONS
1. 5ifferentiate internal com0ustion engine and e3ternal com0ustion engine.

2. *hat are the important components in an /! 2ngine>
. ?ame the four strokes present in an 4 stroke /! engine>

4. *hat is the importance of valve timing>
$. &ow valves are opened and closed in an /! engine>
1.3.2 ANS-ERS FOR PRE0LA1 QUESTIONS

1. 5ifferentiate internal com0ustion engine and e3ternal com0ustion engine.
/n internal com0ustion engine com0ustion takes place inside the engine cylinder and
in case of e3ternal com0ustion engine com0ustion takes place outside the engine.
2. *hat are the important components in an /! 2ngine>
!onnecting rod, crank shaft, piston rings, cam shaft, fly wheel, etc.,
3. ?ame the four strokes present in an 4 stroke /! engine>
-uction, !ompression, #ower and 23haust strokes.

/. *hat is the importance of valve timing>
<alve timing is crucial to the efficient operation of the 4-stroke petrol or diesel
engine. The opening and closing of the inlet and e3haust valves at the correct time in
relation to piston position must 0e precisely controlled, either at a fi3ed compromise
position, or varia0le within finely controlled limits.

$. &ow valves are opened and closed in an /! engine>
The valves are opened and closed 0y the camshaft9s: which are driven 0y chain,
toothed 0elt or gear train from the crankshaft.
1./ PROCEDURE
1. Find out the direction of rotation of the flywheel.
2. /dentify the valves.
. Mark the reference point on the wheel.
4. Mark the T5! and %5! position on the flywheel.
$. Find out the opening and closing point of the inlet and e3haust valves using feeler
gauge and mark on the flywheel.
(. Measure the circumference of the flywheel using the tape or thread.
@. Find out the arc length of /<A, /<!, 2<A and 2<! with respect to T5! or %5!
9*hich is closer to that point:.
1.2 O1SERVATION
1.2.1 TA1ULATION
!ircumference of the flywheel ; 123.2 !m
2vents <alve position 4rc length 4ngle
9cm: 95egrees:
/<A %efore T5! 1 2.B2
/<! 4fter %5! 1,.2 2B.+
2<A %efore %5! 1.+ 4,.2
2<! 4fter T5! 1.+ $.2(
1.2.2 CALCULATIONS
The arc length to the respective points can 0e converted into angles, using the
following formula and ta0ulate the values o0tained.
1. 4ngle ;
r 2
(,

X
;
L
X (,
*here, - !ircumference of the flywheel
- .adius of the flywheel in CmD
E - 4rc length of the corresponding points measured from the T5! or %5!
in CmD
2. 4ngle of overlap ; /<A angle F 2<! angle
1.2.3 DIAGRAM
1.3 POST LA1 QUESTIONS
1. *hat is the difference 0etween four stroke !/ and -/ engines>
2. 5iscuss the various applications of /! engine.
. *hat is the difference 0etween 4-stroke cycle engine and a 2-stroke cycle engine>
4. *hat is meant 0y the following terms>
9a: %ore 90: T5! 9c: %5! 9d: -troke length 9e: !ompression ratio
$. *hat are the two general classes of com0ustion engines, and how do they 0asically
differ in principle>
(. &ow many revolutions of the crank shaft are re1uired to complete the cycle for a four
stroke engine>
@. =ive a 0rief idea a0out 2-stroke diesel engine.
+. *hat do you mean 0y angle of overlap>
1.3.1 ANS-ER FOR POST LA1 QUESTIONS
1. *hat is the difference 0etween four stroke !/ and -/ engines>
The compression ratio is high in !/ engines than -/ engines.
. 5iscuss the various applications of /! engine.
4utomo0iles, 5iesel #ower =enerators, 5iesel engines, etc
4. *hat is the difference 0etween 4-stroke cycle engine and a 2-stroke cycle engine>
/n 4-stroke engine, each stroke each process will happen. /n 2 stroke engine in 1
stroke 2 process will happen.
$. *hat is meant 0y the following terms>
90: %ore 90: T5! 9c: %5! 9d: -troke length 9e: !ompression ratio
%ore G 5iameter of the cylinder
T5! G Top 5ead !entre
%5!- %ottom 5ead !entre
-troke Hength G The 5istance 0etween T5! and %5!.
!ompression ratio G The ratio 0etween the volume 0efore compression and volume
after compression.
(. *hat are the two general classes of com0ustion engines, and how do they 0asically
differ in principle>
!ompression /gnition and -park /gnition 2ngine.
@. &ow many revolutions of the crank shaft are re1uired to complete the cycle for a four
stroke engine>
2 .evolutions
+. =ive a 0rief idea a0out 2-stroke diesel engine.
/n each stroke 2 process will happen simultaneously one a0ove the piston and one
0elow the piston. -o in one crank shaft rotation itself all 4 processes will happen.
B. *hat do you mean 0y angle of overlap>
4t some point of time the inlet and e3haust valve 0oth will 0e in open position. This
makes the scavenging assisted 0y incoming air.
1.4 INFERENCE
1. /<A for 212.@2I of crank travel.
2. 2<A for 22(.1+I of crank travel.
. <alve overlap +.1+I of crank travel.
4. %low down occurs at 4,.2 %5!.

1.5 RESULT
The actual cut section and operations of the 4-stroke diesel engine has been carried
out and the valve timing diagram is plotted.