Centre Number

Candidate Number

Name

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

General Certificate of Education
Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

8291/01

Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere

May/June 2005
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials:

Answer Booklet/Paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1.
fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2.
enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.

For Examiners Use

Section A
If you have been given a label, look at the
details. If any details are incorrect or
missing, please fill in your correct details
in the space given at the top of this page.

1
2
Section B

Stick your personal label here, if

provided.
Total
This document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.
SP (SLM/SLM) S83775/2
UCLES 2005

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For
Examiners
Use

2
Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.

(a) Fig. 1.1 shows the structure of the Earth and the behaviour of seismic waves generated
by an earthquake.
epicentre
L, S, and P waves
transmitted and recorded
P and S
waves

mantle

crust (exaggerated)

core

P waves
only

shadow zone
for P and S waves
only P waves
detected
Fig. 1.1
(i)

What are seismic waves?

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(ii)

Distinguish between P and S waves.

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(iii)

Why are P waves refracted when passing from the mantle to the core of the Earth?
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3
(iv)

Describe and explain the formation of a shadow zone for P and S waves.
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(v)

Suggest how seismic waves obtained from more than two seismometers can be
used to locate the focus of an earthquake. You may use a labelled diagram to
illustrate your answer.

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4
(b) Fig. 1.2 contains information on a shallow focus earthquake.
Mexico
City

th an
or ric
N e
Amte
a
pl

sea level
Cocos
plate

F
shock waves

E : epicentre
F : focus

time
seismogram trace of an earthquake
Fig. 1.2
(i)

Explain the terms epicentre and focus of an earthquake.

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...............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii)

What are L waves and why do seismographs show them arriving after the P and S
waves?
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5
(iii)

Suggest the likely effects of the passage of L waves through

an area of loose sediment: e.g. river or lake deposits,

an area of compact rock.

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(c) Outline two ways in which buildings can be constructed to reduce the possible damage
caused by an earthquake.
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[20 marks]

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6
2

(a) Fig. 2.1 is a generalised map of the global pattern of air circulation and air pressure at
sea level. It does not show the effects of major continental areas.
high pressure
low pressure
high pressure
low pressure
high pressure
low pressure
high pressure
Fig. 2.1
(i)

Outline how the movement of air shown in Fig. 2.1 is influenced by atmospheric
pressure and the Earths rotation.
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(ii)

Describe and explain the effects of large continental areas upon this pattern of air
movement in summer.
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For
Examiners
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temp/C
30

rainfall/mm
300
250
200
150
100
50

20
10

Californian current

(b) Fig. 2.2 contains a climatic chart for San Francisco and a map of California.

California

San Francisco

JFMAMJJASOND

Pacific Ocean

months

Fig. 2.2
(i)

Describe the pattern of temperature and rainfall for San Francisco.

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(ii)

Some places on the same line of latitude as San Francisco have a mean winter
temperature of 8C and a mean summer temperature of 26C.
Explain why San Franciscos annual temperature characteristics are different from
those of these other places.
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8
(c) Describe the succession of weather events that are likely to have occurred as Hurricane
Mitch (Fig. 2.3) passed over Jamaica.

Fig. 2.3
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[20 marks]

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9
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answers must be in continuous prose.
Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.

(a) Fig. 3.1 contains data about levels of different types of air pollution from cities.
Mexico City
6

Los Angeles

6
2

London

2
4

Delhi
1

6
2

2
4

serious pollution
( 2 WHO guidelines)

Key 1 = ozone
2 = sulphur dioxide
3 = nitrogen dioxide
4 = suspended particulate matter
5 = carbon monoxide
6 = lead

moderate to heavy pollution

( 1 to 2 WHO guidelines)
low pollution
(WHO guidelines normally met)
Fig. 3.1

Compare the data and suggest reasons for the differences in the levels of air pollution.

[10]

(b) Using examples of urban areas with which you are familiar, describe and evaluate the
measures currently being undertaken to manage either land pollution or air pollution.
[30]
[40 marks]

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10
4

(a) Describe how biotic and abiotic processes have worked together to produce the soil profile in
Fig. 4.1.
[10]
grass
humus (dark brown to black)

iron and aluminium oxides deposited

parent material

Fig. 4.1
(b) Using examples you have studied, describe how human activity can cause soil erosion as
well as lead to a more sustainable use of soils.
[30]
[40 marks]

(a) Using examples in each case, outline the differences between renewable and non-renewable
resources.
[10]
(b) Describe and explain how policies aimed at encouraging the use of more sustainable sources
of energy in more economically developed countries (MEDCs) might differ from those of less
economically developed countries (LEDCs).
[30]
[40 marks]

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Copyright Acknowledgements:
Fig. 3.1

Adapted from The Global Casino: An Introduction to Environmental Issues by N Middleton p191

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of
the University of Cambridge.

8291/01/M/J/05