/"tfPW*THE Gardeners Dictionary.

Containing the

Methods
and

of

Cultivating

Improving

ALL SORTS OF

Trees, Plants, and Flowers,

FOR THE
Kitchen, Fruit, and Pleafure Gardens;

AS A
Thofe which

O v

are ufed in

Medicine,

with
Directions
for the Culture

and Making

of W

of
3

VINEYARDS,
in

NE

England.

In which likewife are included

The Practical Parts of HUSBANDRY.

Abridged from
the laft Folio Edition,

By the Author,

PHILIP MILLER,
divini gloria runs.

F.R.S.

Member of the Botanic Academy ^Florence, and Gardener to the Wiorlhipful Company of Apothecaries, at their Botanic Garden, at Chelfea.

Digna manet
In

Virg, Geor.

THREE VOLUMES.
V O
L.
III.

The

Fourth Edition,
Printed for the

Corrected and Enlarged.

LONDON:
Author;
at the Bille

And

Sold by

John

and

James Rivington,
in
St.

and Croivn 9

PauVs Church -Yard.

M.DCC.LIV.

THE

Gardeners
Vol.

Di&ionary.
III.

PA
.pADUS,
JL

P A
or
4.

The

Bird-cherry,

Padus

foiiis fempervirentibus

Cherry-Laurel. The Characters are The Empalemeni of the Tlnver

confifing

lanceolato-ovatis.

Lin.

Hort.

Cliff.

The common
is

Laurel,

or Cherry-

buy.
5.

of one Leaf which expands at the Brim, where it is fight ly cut into five Parts: the Flower is comfofed of five roundfh
hell- fhaped,

Padus

fsliis

fempervirentibus'

ovatis. Lin. Hort. Clff.

The

Por-

tugal Laurel

by fome called the Portugal Cherry ; and in Portuguefe,

;

Petals,

which are

infer ted

in

the

Empalemcnt, and are fprcad open : in the Centre of the Flower is fituated the Point al y attended by a great Number of Stamina, which are inferted in the Empalement : the Pointal afterward changes to a roundijh Berry, inclojlng cne oval Xut.

The two
generally
Cherries,

firft

Species have been

The
1.

Species are

Padus, glandulis duahus ba(i

Lin.

foliorum fubjedis.

Hart.

Cliff.

The common Bird-cherry. 2. Pad us foiiis ovatis

petiolis
reclis,

ferratis,

/pica

forum

breviere.

The
3.

Cornifh Cherry.

in the Genus of Dr. Liun^us feparated them from that Genus, and added the two laft Species to them, and applied this Title of Padus to them ; which is an old Name given by Theobut phraflus to one of the Species the Doctor, in his laft Edition of his Method, feems to join thefe to the Cherries again. But as thefe produce their Fruit in a long Thyrfe, or Bunch, I think they may be feparated from the Cherry on that Ac-

rangM

till

Padus foiiis

lanceolatis glabris,
itt'gre.

count.

vix ferratis,
Bird-cherry.

frtitlu

American

The

firft

Sort

is

very

common

in

feveral Parts

of Engla?ids but

parti-

r 1

cularly

grow This

in the

Hedges

in great Plenty,

ripe.

will rife to the

Height of eigh-

teen or twenty Feet ; but generally fends out a great Number or Shoots

from the Bottom, which, if fuffered to grow, will form a Thicket, and prevent the upright Growth of
the Tree.

The

Branches of

this

Tree are generally irregular, and grow very confufed fo that it is rarely feen to grow handfome but when it is mixed with other Shrubs in Wildernefs-quarters, it makes an handfome Appearance during the Seafon of its flowering, which is
;
:

of this Tree reDecember, unlefs hard Frolts happen early, to decay them. The Wood of this Tree is very beautifully vein'd, for which the Inhabitants of America greatly elleem it. All thefe Sorts may be propagated by laying down their young Branches

The Leaves
until

main green

in Oftcber, which, in one Year, will have made good Roots or they may
:

be grafted upon each other; as alio upon the common Cherry-itock but
:

thefe grafted

commonly in
at

the Beginning of May : which time the whole Tree is co-

ver'd with

Flowers

long Spikes of white but thefe have a very flrong Scent, which is very difagreeable to many Perfons fo there fhould not be many of them planted too near the Habitation. The fecond Sort will rife to a greater Height than the firft, and maybe trained up with a regular ftrait Stem, to the Height of twenty Feet, with an handfome regular Head: for the Branches of this Sort are naturally difpos'd in a regular
;
;

Trees never grow to the Size of thofewhich are propagated by Seeds or Layers. But they are feidom propagated by Seeds ; becaufe the Birds generally eat them, unlefs the Fruit are Careened from them and as the moft expeditious Method of railing the Piants is by Layers, fo that is generally ufed by the Garden:

ers near London.

The common
known,
it

as to

Laurel is fo well need no Defcription

in every

being very

common

Gar-

The Flowers of this Sort Order. are produced on fhorter Spikes than thole of the former Sort ; but in other refpefts are very like them. The third Sort is a Native of Amirica, from whence the Seeds have been brought, and the Plants are

This Tree was brought from Conjiantiveple about the Year 1 578. and was for many Years kept in Pots and Tubs, and preferv'd in but afterGreen-houfes in Winter
den.
:

ward

it

was planted

againfl:

warm

Walls, to preferve it ; being frequently injured by fevere Froft. After this the Plants

were trained into Pyramids and Globes ; and conftantby which the broad ly kept fhear'd now commonly fold in the Nurferies Leaves, were generally cut in the It grows plentifully Middle, which rendered the Plants rear London. where the very unftghtly. Of late Years they in the Woods in Carolina have been more properly difpofed Fruit is particularly efteemed for makingCherry-brandy.ThisTree is of in G ardens, by planting them to bor-r middiing Growth, and the Branches der Woodf, and the Sides of Wifthe dernefs-quarters ; for which Purgenerally grow very irregular Leaves are very fmooth, and of a pofe we have but few Plants fo well fhining Green the Flowers are pro- adapted ; for it will grow under the duced in long Clutters, like the Drip of Trees, in Shade or Sun ;
;

former Sort

but the Fruit

is

larger,

;:

P A
Ground, fo as to form a Thicket and the Leaves being large, and
green Colour, they fet off theWoods and other Plantations in Winter, when the other Trees havecaft their Leaves; and in Summer they make a good Contrail with the Green of the other Trees. This Tree is fometimes injur'd in very fevere Winters, efpecially where
to

p A
which
this

Tree may be applied,

fo as to render

having a

fine gloffy

it very ornamental. In warmer Countries this Tree

will

grow to a fome Parts of

to have

large Size

fo that in

Italy there are large

Woods

they ftand fmgle, and are poled ; but where they

much

ex-

grow in
:

Thickets, and are fcreen'd by other Trees, they are feldom much hurt for in thole Places it is only the

we cannot hope them grow to fo large Stems for mould thefe Trees in England be pruned up, in order to form them into Stems, the Froit would then become much more hurtful to them, than in the manner they ufually grow, with their Branches to the
of them; but
;

Ground however,
:

if thefe

Trees are

young tender Shoots which are

jur'd; and there will be
i'upply their Place

in-

planted pretty clofe together, in large Thickets, and permitted to grow

rude, they
will

new Shoots
thefe, to

defend each other

produced immediately below

;

fo that in one Year the Damage will be repaired but whenever fuch fevere Winters happen, thefe Trees mould not be cut or pruned till after the following Midfummer by which time it will appear what Branches are dead, which may then be cut away, to the Places where the new Shoots are for by haftily cutting produced
;
:

from the Froft, and they will grow to a confiderable Height an Inftance of which is nowin that noble Plantation of ever-greenTrees, made by his Grace the Duke of Bedford, at Woodbcum- Abbey ; where there is a confiderable Hill, covered intirely with Laurels and in the other Parts of the fame Plantation, there are great Numbers of thefe intermixed with
: :

the other ever-green Trees,

where

thefe Trees in the. Spring, the dry-

they are already

grown

to a confi-

ing Winds have free Egrefs to the Branches whereby the Shoots furfer as much, as they had done by the
;

derable Size, and

pearance.

make a noble Ap-

Froft.

Thefe Trees are alfo very ornamental, when they are mix'd with other ever-green Trees, in forming Thickets, or to fhut out the Appearfor ance of difagreeable Objects the Leaves, being very large, make a very good Blind, and are equally
:

ufeful for fcreening

from Winds

fo

that

when

they are planted between

flowering Shrubs, they may be trained fo as to fill up the Vacancies in the Middle of fuch Plantations ; and
will anfwer thePurpofe of fcreening jn the Winter, and (hutting out the

This Tree is commonly propagaby Cuttings, which mould be planted in September; and in taking off the Cutting?, if a Joint of the former Year's Shoot is cut to the Bottom of each, there will be no Danger of their growing and thefe Cuttings will have much betterRoots, than thofe which have only the fame Year's Shoot which, being very fofc and tender, do not put out Roots from the Bottom in the fame manner as the others, and they frequently mifcarry. Thefe Cuttings fhould be made about fifteen Inches long, or fomewhat Ihorter ; and they Ihould
ted
:

View

thro' the Shrubs in all Seafons:

be planted feven or eight Inches into

the Ground, obferving to tread the

fchsre are alfo

many

ether Purpofes

Earth

: :

; :

P A
Earth

p A
Thefe
feclly ripe
is feldom earlier than the Latter-end of September, or the Beginning of October j for they
;

down

clofe to them.

which

Cuttings fliould be planted in a foft loamy Soil, not fo ltrong as to detain the Wet, nor fo light and dry
as to admit the

Sun and Wind

eafily

quite

fhould hang until the outer Pulp is black. When thefe Berries

to the lower Part of the Cuttings

are gathered, they fliould be

fown

fuch Soil as this, the Cuttings muft be duly watered in the Spring, otherwife they will molt of them fail whereas, in a gentle Loam, fcarce
in

foon after ; for when they are kept out of the Ground till Spring, they
frequently mifcarry
;

and there

will

one

in an

hundred

will mifcarry,

and

make much greater Progrefs. The commonMethod ofplanting thefe

theywill in the Nurferies
is,

to lay out the

Ground

into Beds,

about four Feet

broad, with two Feet Alleys betwen them, for the Conveniency of go-

be no Hazard in fowing them in Autumn, provided they are put in a dry Soil: and if the Winter fliould prove fevere, the Bed in which they are fown is covered with rotten Tan, Straw, Peas -haulm, or any light Covering, to prevent the Froft from
penetrating of the Ground.

The

belt

ing between them to water them in dry Weather ; and in thefe Beds they plant the Cuttings about five or but where there fix Inches afunder is a loamy Soil, it will be a better Method to plant the Cuttings in Rows, about a Foot or fifteen Inches afunder, and at fix Inches Diltance
:

be to fow the Berries in Rows at about fix Inches Diltance, and one Inch afunder in the Rows
will

Way

made about three Inches deep, and the Berries fcattered in them, and the Earth drawn over
if Drills are

in the

Rows

in

this

Method

the

be a very good Mefollowing Spring the Plants will appear, when they mould

them,

it

will

thod.

The

Cuttings will have more room to grow, and there will be room to hoe

between them in Summer, to keep them clean from Weeds and when they are removed, they may be taken up without injuring any of the Plants, which cannot be avoided where they are very clofe together. There are fome Perfons who propagate thefe Trees from their Berries, which is certainly the bell Way to obtain good Plants ; for thofe which come from Seeds, have a Difpofition to an upright Growth ; whereas almoft all thofe which are raifed from Cuttings, incline more to an horizontal Growth, and produce a greater Number of lateral When any Perfon is deBranches. firous to propagate this Tree by Seeds, the Berries mud be guarded from the Birds, otherwife they will devour them before they are per;

be kept clean from Weeds ; and if, the Seafon fhould prove dry, if they are duly watered, the Plants will make fo good Progrefs, as to be fit
for tranfplanting the following

Au-

tumn, when they fliould be carefully taken up, and planted in a Nurfery,

them in Rows at three Feet afunder, and the Plants one Foot Diplacing
ltance in the

Rows.

In

this

Nur-

fery they

may remain two

Years

by which time they will be fit to tranfplant where they are defigned
to remain.

The

beft Seafon for tranfplanting

is

thefe Flants

in the

Autumn,

as

foon as the Rain has prepared the Ground for Planting; for altho' they often grow, when removed in the Spring, yet thofe do not take near fowell, nor makefo good Progrefs, as thofe

which are removed in

efpecially if the Plants
'

the

Autumn

are

P A
are taken from a light Soil, which generally falls away from their Roots : but if they are taken up with Balls of Earth to their Roots,

p A
Ufe: and I would who have this Curiofity, to graft the Laurel upon the Cornifo Cherry, rather than any other Sort of Stock, becaufe the
ed with no recommend
real

to

Perfons,

and removed but a fmall Diftance, there will be no Danger of tranfplanting them in the Spring, provided it is done before they begin to moot
for as
thefe Plants will

Graft will unite better with this;

and as it is a regular Tree, and grows large, fo it will better anfwer

the

moot very

Purpofe

of

producing

large

early in the Spring, fo if they are

Trees.

removed

after

they have mot, the

;

Shoots will decay

the Plants intirely

and many times

fail.

The Portugal Laurel has not been very long cultivated in the Englijb
Gardens, nor
is
;

it,

as yet,
it

become

fome Perfons who, of late, have banifhed thefe Plants from their Gardens, as fuppofing them
are
poflefled

There

common

here

but

deferves to be

of a poifonous
the
diltilled

becaufe

proved

fo in

many

Quality ; has Jnftances but

Water

however the diitilled Water may have been found deftrudlive to Animals, yet from numberlefs Experiments, which have been made both of the Leaves and Fruit, it hath not
appeared, that there is the leaft hurtful Quality in either j fo that the Whole muit be owing to the Oil, which may be carried over in Diftillation.

propagated as much as any of the Trees j for the Leaves have a molt beautiful mining Verdure, and, in June, the Trees are covered with long Spikes of white Flowers, which, together with the bright-red Bark of the young Shoots, make a very beautiful Appearance: and in the Autumn, when the Berever-green
ries

ripen,

they likewife
;

make a
this

goodly Shew

and what renders

is,

Tree more valuable

its

being fo

very hardy, as to defy the feverelt Cold of this Country for in the hard
:

The

Berries have

been long ufed

to put into Brandy, to

make

a fort

of Ratafia ; and the Leaves have alfo been put into Cuftards, to give them an agreeable Flavour and altho' thefe have been for many Years much ufed, yet there hath been no one Inftance of their having done
:

740. when almoft every other ever -green Tree and Shrub was feverely pinched, thefe Trees retained their Verdure, and feemed to have felt no Injury.
1

Froll of the Year

This

will

grow

to

the Height of

ten or twelve Feet in England (but probably, in their native Country,

the

leaft

Injury

and

as to the Ber-

they may be much larger) ; but I have not feen any which are higher here they generally fend out their Branches near the Ground, and form
:

ries, I have known them eaten in great Quantities, without Prejudice.

grafted

There are fome Perfons who have the Laurel upon Cherry-

large fpreading

may

Heads ; but they be trained up with Stems, ef-

itocks, with Defign to inlarge the Trees; but altho' they will take very well upon each other, yet they feldom

pecially fuch Plants as are produ-

make much Progrefs when

either the

Laurel is grafted on the Cherry ,or the pherry upon the Laurel ; fo that it js only a thing of Curiofity, attend-

ced from the Berries, which are more grow upright, than thofe which are propagated from Cuttings therefore where the Berries can be procured in Plenty, I would recomdifpofed to

mend

the propagating thefe Trees

from

P
tings
:

M
red Flower.

P JE
5. P/eonia plena for e rubro, minor. J. B. Peony with a lefler double

from them, rather than by the Cutand

as there are

m England,
fully

many Trees which produce the Ber-

ries in plenty, fo, if they are care-

guarded from the Birds, there may be focn plenty of the Berries in England. Thefe Berries mull be managed in the fame way as hath been before directed for the common Laurel ; and if it is propagated by Cuttings, they fhould be treated in the fame manner as the common Laurel. This Tree delights in a gentle loamy Soil, which is not too wet, nor over-dry ; tho' it will grow upon almoft any Soil ; but the Plants

6. P/eonia fore exalbido pleno, major. C. 2. P. Greater Peony, with

a double whirifh Flower.

7.

P/eonia
odorato.

Lufitanica,

fore

fm-

plici

Inf. R.

H.

Portugal

Peony, with a fingle fvveet-fcented Flower.

8.
tis

ampiioribus. C. B. P.

P/eonia mas, fcliorum fegmenMale Peony,

with Leaves having broader Segments.

9.

P/EONIA

tenuius laeiniata, fub-

tus pubefccns,f->re purpureo.

C. B. P.

do not

make

fo

great

Progrefs,

Pecny with narrow jagged Leaves, which are downy underneath, and a
purple Flower.

nor appear fo beautiful, when planted in a very dry Soil, or in Ground The time of tranfthat is too wet. planting this is the fame as for the

common

Laurel.
are

P/eonia aquilina- foliis. C. B. Peony with a Columbine-leaf. I I.P/eonia fore njariegato. C. B. P. Peony with a ftrip'd Flow10.

P.

P^ONIA, The Peony.

The Cbarafters
;
1

er.

It hath a Flower compos

d offede-

ral Leaves, which are placed orbicularly , and expand in form of a Rofe ;
cut

12. P /eon 1 a folio fubtus incano, fore albo <vel pallida. C. B. P. Peony with Leaves hoary underneath, and white or pale Flowers.

of whofe Empalement

rifes the

which afterward becomes a Fruit, in which federal little Horns, bent downward, are gather 'd, as it were, into a little Head, covered with Dcnvn, opening lengthwife, containing many globulous Seeds.
Pointal,

The
1.

Species are

dido,

P/eonia qua mas.

folio nigricante fplen-

C. B. P.

The Male
in-

The firft of thefe Sorts is chiefly propagated for the Roots, which are us'd in Medicine ; for the Flowers, being fingle, do not afford near fo much Pleafure as thofe with double Flowers, nor will they abide near fo long in Beauty. The fecondSort hath larger fingle Flowers than the firft; but they are of a paler Colour this is preferv'd
:

Peony.
2.

P/eonia mas major, fore

Eyft.

by Perfons who are curious in collecting the various Kinds of Flowers

;

carnate. Hcrt.

The
flefn
-

greater

but

is

not fo

much

efteem'd

as

Male Peony, with a

coloured

thofe with double Flowers.

flower. 3. P/eonia communis <vel fcemina. C. B. P. The Female Peony. 4. P/eonia faemina, fore plena rubro majore. C. B. P. Female Peony, with a large double red Flow-

All the Sorts with double Flowers

are preferv'd in curious

Gardens for

the Beauty of their Flowers ; which, when intermix'd with other large-

growing Plants
riety
i

in the

Borders
to

of

large Gardens, will add

the

Va-

er
I

and the Flowers are very ornamental

P
plac'd in

M
Water, which will greatly forward their Growth. In this Bed they fhould remain two Years before they
are tranfplanted,

uamental in Bafins or Flower-pots,

when They are all extremely hardy, and will grow in almoft any Soil or Situation,

Rooms.

obferving in

Au-

which renders them more valu;

able

for they will thrive

under the

Shade of Trees; and

in fuch Places

they will continue much longer in Eeauty. They are propagated by parting their Roots, which multiply very
beftSeafon for tranfplanting them is toward the Latter - end of Augufli or the Beginning of September ; for if they are remov'd after their Roots have fhot out new Fibres, they feldom flower ftrong the
fait.

tumn,when theLeaves are decay'd,to fpread fome frefh rich Earth over the Beds about an Inch thick, and conftantly to keep them clear from Weeds. When you tranfplant them (which
be done in September), you muft prepare fome Beds of frefh light Earth, which fhould be dug,and well clean'd from the Roots of all noxious Weeds ; then plant the Roots therein fix Inches afunder, and about three Inches deep. In thefe Beds they may remain until they
fhould
flower
fliould
;

The

fucceeding Summer. In parting of thefe Roots, you fhould always obferve to prefer ve a Bud upon the Crown of each OfT-fet, otherwife they will come to nothing
fmall (efpecially if
to their

after

tranfplanted where

which they may be you defign they

nor mould you divide the Roots too you have regard
for

when

blowing the followingYear); their Off-fets are weak,

It is very probable be fome Varieties obtained from the Seeds of thefe Plants, as is common in moll other Flowers ; fo that thofe which produce beautiful

grow.

there

may

Flowers may be plac'd

er-garden
;

in the

Flow-

they many times don't flower the fucceeding Summer, or at leaft produce but one Flower upon each Root but where you would mul:

but fuch as continue fingle

or ill-colour'd,may be planted inBeds

to propagate for medicinal Ufe.

them in Quantities, you may divide them as you pleafe, provided there be a Bud to each OfF-fet;
tiply

but then they fhould be planted in a Nurfery-bed, for a Seafon or two, to getStrength,before they are plac'd in the Flower-garden. The fingle Sorts may be propagated from Seeds (which they generally produce in large Quantities, where the Flowers are permitted to remain); which fliould be fown in the middle of Augufi upon a Bed of frefh light Earth, covering them over about half an Inch thick with the fame light Earth the Spring
:

The Portugal Peony may alfo be propagated either by Seeds, or parting of the Roots, in the fame manner as the other Sorts ; but fhould have a lighter Soil, and a warmer Situation. The Flowers of this Kind are fingle but fmell very fweet ; which renders it worthy of a Place in every good Garden.
;

The

four Sorts

lalt -

mentioned

are not fo

common

in the Englijb

Gardens at prefent, as thofe before enumerated ; but they are equally hardy, and may be propagated in the lame manner. PALIURUS, Chrift's Thorn.
Characters are ; hath long foarp Spines : the Flower confijls of jive Leaves, which expand inform of a Rofe : out of the
//

The

following

the

Plants

will

come

up

carefully cleared

fliould be from Weeds, and in very dry Weather refrefh'd with

;

when

they

Flower- cup (which

is

divided into

feverat

A
Strength,
It

P
out for good.
ing

federal Segments) rifes the Pointal, which becomes a Fruit Jhafd like a Bonnet, having a Shell almojl globular , which is divided into three Cells,
in

before they are planted

alfo
its

may down

be propagated by laytender Branches in the

each of

which

is

contain

one

roundijh Seed.

We
Plant
;

have but one Species of

viz.

this

Spring of the Year; which, if carewith Water in dry Weather, will take Root in a Year's time, and may then be taken off from
fully fupply'd

Paliurus. Dod. Chrift's Thorn. This Plant is ranged in the Genus of Rhamnus by Dr. Linnaeus, who has alfc joined the Frangula of Tournefort, the Alaternus and Zizibut if the fbus, to the fame Genus
;

and tranfplanted w here they are to remain. 'The belt time for tranfplanting this Plant is in theAutumn, foon afthe old Plants,
ter the Leaves decay, or the Beginning of April, juft before it begins to ihoot, obferving to lay fome Mulch upon the Ground abont their Roots to prevent them from drying,

Fruit of thefe Plants are admitted as a characterise Note in diftinguifhing the Genera, thefe cannot be brought together.

as

alfo to

refrefli
little

This is by many Perfons fuppos'd to be the Plant from which the Crown of Thorns, which was put upon the Head of our Saviour, was compos'd the Truth of which is fupported by many Travellers of Credit, who affirm, that it is one of the moft common Shrubs in the and from the Country of Judea Pliablenefs of its Branches, which may be eafily wrought into any Fi:

then with a

have taken frefti they will require but very little Care. They are very hardy, and will grow to be ten or twelve Feet high, if planted in a dry Soil, and a warm Situation. There is little
in

them now-andWater, until they Root, after which

Beauty in this Plant ; but Gardens as a Curiofity.

it is

kept

PALMA, The
The

Palm-tree. Characters are

gure,

it

may

afford a Probability.

This Shrub grows wild in mod Parts of the Levant, as alfo in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the South of
France, efpecially

It hath a fingle unbranch]d Stalk ; the Leaves are difpos^d in a circular

Form on

the Top,

which when

they

near Montpelicr,

wither, or fall off with Age, new ones always arife out of the middle of
the re?nai?iing
ones
;

may be procured ; for they do not ripen in Xngland. ThefeSeeds mould be fown as foon as po'iTible, after they arrive, in a Bed of light Earth, and the Plants will come up the following Spring but when the Seeds are kept out of the Ground till Spring, they will not come up till the next therefore Year, and very often fail
from whence
their Seeds
:
:

among which,

certain Sheaths or Spikes break forth,

opening from the Bottom to the Top, very full of Flowers, and Chiflert of

Embryoes.
1.

The Species are Palm a major. C.B.P.

;

The

greater Palm, or Date-tree.

2. Palm a minor. C. B. P. The Dwarf Palm, with prickly Footftalks.
3.

in

much the beft way to fow them Autumn. Thefe Seedling, plants may be tranfplanted the folit is

Palm a

Brajilienfs prunifera 9
c au-

the

folio plicatili feu fabelliformi,

di ce fquamato.

Rail Hifl.

The
4.

Pal-

lowing Seafon into

Nurfcry to get

metto-tree,

Palma

P
4.

A
minore
non fpinqfa, racemofo

p A
Flowers growing in Bunches, and 2 round Fruit.
16.

Palm a

altiftima

fruclu
tree.

pruniformi

fparfo. Sloan. Cat.

The Cabbage-

Palma

prunifera Japonenfs.

Palm a foliorum pediculis fpifruftu pruniformi luteo oleofo. The oily Palm-tree. Sloan. Cat. 6. Pal ma tot a fpinofa major, ruBu pruniformi. Sloan. Cat. The great
5.
nofts,

H. L. B. Japan.
17.

Plum - bearing Palm of

daclylifera
tjf

Palma

<vini-

Date and wine-bearfera. Plum. ing Palm-tree. 18. Palma daclylifera aculeata
minima. Plum. The leaft pricklydate- bearing Palm-tree.
teribus aculeatis.
c ofarum la~ Plum. Nut- bearing Palm-tree, with Spines growing

Macaw- tree.
7.

Palma

bumilis daclylifera, ra-

dice repentijftma fobolifera, folio fla~ pedunculo <vix fpinofo. belliformi,

19.

Palma

cocci fera,

Boerb. Ind.
fcarce
italks.

The Dwarf Palm, with any Prickles upon the Footfoliis longijftmis

on

the Stalks.

20.

Palma

daclylifera latifolia.

8.

Palma

pendu-

Plum.
zi.
lofa.

Broad -leav'd date -bearing

lis, abfque ullo pedunculo ex caudice glabro enatis. Boerb. Ind. The Dra-

Palm-tree.

Palma
C.

In diea cocafera atrgu-

gon-tree.
9.

B. P.

The Cocoa-nut,

Palma

Japonica>fpinofis pedi-

*vulgo.

The culis, polypodii folio. Par. Bat. Palm-tree from Japan, with prickly footftalks, and a Leaf like Polypody.
10. Palma cujus fruclus fejplis Faufel dicitur. C. B. P. The Palmtree,
1 1

whofe Fruit
.

is

called Faufel.

Palma

altijjima

non fpinofa,

The talleft fruclu oblongo. Houjl. fmooth Palm-tree, with oblong Fruit,
called 12.

Mountain Cabbage.

Palma

coccifra,

compile ato

folio, fruclu minore.

H.

L.

The

nut-

bearing Palm, with a folded Leaf,

and fmaller
13.

Fruit.

The tenth Sort here mentioned is a Native of the E aft- Indies the Fruit of this Kind is directed by the College of Phyficians to be ufed in Medicine ; but it is rarely brought The eleventh Sort was to England. difcovered by the Jate Dr. Houftoutt, growing on the Hills near La Vera Cruz : the Fruit of this Kind is about an Inch and an half in Length, and near two Inches in Circumference. The Flower-buds, which are produced in the Centre of the Plants, are by the Natives cut, and boiled to eat with their Meat, and are by
:

fiellatis, fruclu longo

Malaharica, ficfculis Jquamato. Plum. Palm-tree of Malabar, with fmall ftarry Flowers, and a long fcaly
Fruit.

Palma

them calFd the Mountain Cabbage. The twelfth Sort grows plentifully in feveral Parts

of the Spanifh Weft -In di.es, from whence I have re-

ceived the Fruit.

14.
tree,
1

Palma

daclylifera,

fruttu

ucerrimo. Plum. Date-bearing

Palm-

Thefe Fruit are hhap'd exactly like the Cocoa-nut, and are inclosM in a Shell in the

with a (harp Fruit. 5* Palma montana Malaharica,

folio

io

magna complicato acuto, fore alPlum. Mountain Palm-tree of Malabar, with a large (harp folded Leaf, white
racemofo, fruclu rotunda.

as that; but thefe are not fo large as a Man's Fifr, whereas the Cocoa-nuts are larger than a

fame manner

Man's Head.

The

thirteenth,

fourteenth, fix.

teenth s feventeench, eighteenth,

and

nine-

A
ward
is

P
their

A
;

nineteenth Sorts grow in feveral Places in the Eaft and IVeJl-lniics ; for by the feveral Writers they are

Growth

for

where

this

wanting, they will not grow to any tolerable Size in eight or ten
Years.

mentioned to grow in the EaJI, and I have receivVl Fruit of all thefe Sorts from the Weji-Jndies. Thefe Plants may be eafily produced frOm the Seeds (provided they are frefh) ; which mould be fown in Pots filrd with light rich Earth, and plunged into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark which fhould be kept in a moderateTemper, and the Earth frequently refrefh'd with Water.
;

Whenever

thefe Plants

are

re-

moved (which mould be done once a Year), you muft be very careful not
to cut or injure their large Roots, which'is very hurtful to them ; but

you mould clear off Fibres which are

Mouidinefs
;

all

the

fmall
to

inclinable

for if thefe are left on,

they will in time decay, and hinder

the frefh Fibres from

coming out,

When

the Plants are

come

up, they

which

will greatly retard the

Growth

Jhould be each planted into a feparate fmall Pot filPd with the fame light rich Earth, and plunged into

of the Plants.

The

Soil in

which

thefe Plants

mould be

planted, muft be

compofed
;

an Hot-bed again, obfcrving to frefli them with Water, as alfo let them have Air in proportion
the

re-

in the following

manner

<viz.

to
to

third Part of frefh light Earth taken

Warmth

of the Seafon, and the

Bed in which they are placed. During the Summer-time they fhould
fame Hot-bed ; but in you mould let them have a great Share of Air to harden them againft the Approach of Winter
in the

remain

Jiuguft

from Pafture-ground ; a third Part Sea-fand ; and the other Part rotten Dung, or Tanners Bark thefe mould be carefully mixed, and laid in an Heap three or four Months at leaft before it is ufed ; but mould be often turn'd over, to prevent the
:

Growth of Weeds, and

the Earth.

to fweetert

they are too much forc'd, they will be fo tender as not to be preferv'd thro' the Winter without
for
if

much Difficulty, cfpecially if you have not the Conveniency of a Bark .flove to keep them in. The Beginning of Qftoher you muft remove the Plants into the Stove, placing them where they may have a great Share of Heat (thefe being fomewhat tenderer, while young, than after they haveacquir'd fome Strength) ; tho' indeed they
may be fometimes preferv'd alive in a cooler Situation, yet their Progrefs
would be
fo

You mould alfo obferve to allow them Pots proportionable to the Sizes of the Plants; but you muft never let them be too large, which is of worfe Confequence than if they are too fmall. During the
Summer-feafon they lhould be frequently refrefhed with Water ; but you muft be careful not to give it in too great Quantities and in Winter they muft be now-and-then refrefhed, efpecially if they are placed in a warm Stove; otherwife they
;

will require very little

Water

at that

much

retarded, as not

Seafon.

to recover their Vigour the fucceedNor is it worth the ing Summer. Trouble of raifing thefe Plants from Seeds, where a Perfon has not the Conveniency of a good Stove to for-

Thefe Plants are moll of them very flow Growers, even in their native Countries, notwithftanding
they arrive to a great Magnitude
for
it

has been often obferved by feveral

*

P A
veralofthe old Inhabitants of thofe Countries, that the Plants of fome of thefe Kinds have not advanced two Feet in Height in twenty Years fo that when they are brought into
;

which the Inhabitant s and fend into thefe Countries t make Flag - brooms. Thefe grow in Spain, Portugal, and Italy ; and are much hardier than any of the
cut,

the Leaves of

it can't be expected they fliould advance very fall, efpecially where there is not due Care taken to preferve them warm in Winter but however flow of

thefe Countries,

other Sorts.

Growth
tive

thefe Plants are in their na-

The Palmetto - tree is brought from the Wefi-Indies, where it grows to be a very large Tree ; the Leaves of whicji the Inhabitants thatch their Houfcs withal for which
;

Countries,

yet they

may be

with us greatly forwarded, by p!aceing the Pots into an Hot bed of Tanners Bark ; which mould be renewed as often as is necefiary, and the Plants always prefcrved therein both Winter and Summer, obferving to fliift them into larger Pots as they advance in Growth, as alfo to fupply them with Water in which Management I have had feveral of them come on very fall; for I obferve the Roots of thefe Plants are very apt to root into the Bark, if their Pots remain a considerable time without fhifting, where they meet with a gentle Warmth and the Moifture anfing from the Fermentation of the Bark doth preferve their Fibres plump and vigorous. The Date-palm is of very flow Growth with us but is cafily produced from Seeds taken out of the Fruit, which are brought into Eng:
1

Purpofe they are very ufeful in thofe Countries. The Leaves, before they are expanded, are cut, and brought into England to make Womens plaited Hats, which were, a few Years fmce, greatly in Fafliion ; and the Berries of thefe Trees were formerly much in Ufe in Eng'and for Buttons. Thefe were fome of
the chief Commodities which Bermuda- IJlandi did afford for

the

Ma-

nufactory

but, at prefent, they are

both difus'd in England. The Cabbage-tree is very common in the Canbbes- ljlands, where it

grows

to

a prodigious Height

Li-

gon, in his HtJIory of Barbados, fays, There are fome of thefe Trees above
is

two hundred Feet high, and that it commonly an hundred Years before they arrive at Maturity enough
produce Fruit the Leaves of Tree envelope each other; fo that thofe which are inclos'd, being deprived of the Air, are blanch'ci, which is the Part the Inhabitants cut for Plait for Hats, (Sc. and the Gem*
to
:

this

iand'm great Plenty ; but there are very few of thefe Plants of any confiderable Size at prefent in the
iijb

Eng-

Gardens.

or

young Shoots, are

pickled,

with prickly Footftalks, as alfo that with few Prickles, are of humble Growth in their native Countries, feldom rifing above four or five Feet high; but extend their Roots very far, and increafe thereby in the fame manner as the common Fern doth fo that the
;

The Dwarf Palm,

and fent into England, by the Name of Cabbage : but whenever this Part is cut out, the Trees are deftroyed nor do they rife again from the old Roots fo tha: there are very few Trees left remaining ne?.r Plan; ;

tations,

except for Ornament

for

their

vared,

wafte Ground, which is not cultiis over run with the Plants j

Vol. nr.

Stems being exceeding ftrait, and their Leaves being produced very regularly at Top, afford a moft beautif ul S {i

P
beautiful Profpeft

A
;

P
whence
it

A
from
it

which Reafon thePianters generally fpare two or three of them near their Habitations. The oily Palm grows in great Plenty on the Coaft of Guiney, as alfo on Cupe Verd Ifland, where they grow as high as the Main-matt of a Ship but thefe Trees have been tranfplanted to Jamaica and Barbados, in both which Places they thrive
for
:

fed aNative of the Maldives, and the

defartlllands of the Eajl-lndies:

is

fuppofed

hath been

tranfported to
;

very well. The Inhabitants make an Oil from the Pulp of the Fruit,

and draw a Wine from the Body of and the Trees, which inebriates with the Rind of thefe Trees they make Mats to lie upon. This Sort will eafily rife from Seeds ; and, if kept warm, will grow much falter
;

all the warm Parts of America for it is not found in any of the inland Parts, nor any-where far diiiant from Settlements. It is cne of the mod ufeful Trees to the Inhabitants of America, who have many of the common Neceflaries of Life from it. The Bark of the Nut is made into Cordage, the Shell of the Nut into Drinking-bowls ; the Kernel of the Nut affords them a wholfome Food ; and the Milk

contained in the Shell, a cooling Liquor. The Leaves of the Trees are
are alfo

than the Date-palm.

The Macaw-tree

is

very

common
the

and wrought into Bafkets, and moil other things which are made of
ufed for thatching their Houfes,
Ofiers in Europe.

in the Caribbee-Ijlands,

where

Negroes pierce the tender Fruit, from whence flows out a pleafant Liquor,

This Tree

is

propagated by plant-

of which they are very fond; and the Body of the Tree affords a folid Timber, with which they make Javelins, Arrows, &c and is by fome fuppofed to be a fort of Ebony. This Tree grows very flow, and re.

ing of the Nuts, which in fix Weeks or two Months after planting will come up, provided they are frefli,

quires to be keptvery warm inWinter.

and thoroughly ripe, which is what few of them are, which are brought to England for they always gather them before they are ripe, that they may keep during their Paflage fo
; :

The Dragon-tree
in the Madeira's,
JJIands,

is

very

common

that the belt

Way

to

bring the Nuts

as are fully

and the Canarywhere they grow to be large Trees ; from the Bodies of which it is fuppofed the Dragon's Blood doth This Plant arifes very eaflly flow. from theSeeds and, when it has ac;

to

England for Planting, would be

to take fuch of
ripe,

them

and put them up in dry Sand in a Tub, where the Vermin may
not
will

come

to

them

and

thefe wifl

often fprout in their Paflage, which

quired fomeStrength,is prettyhardy. The Japan Palm-tree if, at present, very rare in England, being
only in two or three curious Gardens : it will come up from Se:ds, if they are frefli but the Plants muft be kept very warm, efpecia'iy while young, otherwife they will not live thro' our Winters.
:

be an Advantage, becaufe then may be immediately planted in Pots of Earth, and plunged into the Bark-bed. Thefe Plants in the hot Iflands oi America make confiderable Progief:
they
in their
in which Place ; fome Trees of very grea Magnitude: but in Europe this Plarj is of much flower Growth, bein

Growth

there are

The Cocoa

nut

is

cultivated in

moil of the inhabited Parts of the Eafi and Wtfi'lntim ; but is fttppo-

many

Years before

it

advances
:

tl
tl
j

any confiderable Height

but as

your'

P
young Leaves of
pretty large, they

A
thefe

PA
Plants are
a

make

good Ap-

of an antient Convent in Martinico, which produe'd a large Quantity of

fair Fruit annually tho' there was not any other Palm-tree which grew within two Leagues of this but he alio affirms, that the Stones of thefe Dates would not grow; for they had planted many of them for feveral Years fucceffively, without ever raifing a fingle Plant ; and were afterwards obliged to procure fome Dates from Barbary, in order to propagate them fo that he conjectured, that all the Female Trees may produce Fruit, which may ap;
:

pearance amongfl other tender Exotic Plants, in one or two Years tim?: This Plant is preferved in Come curious Gardens in England, for Variety, where it mult be placed in the Bark-ftove, and managed as hath been directed for the other Kinds of Palms ; obferving, as often as they
are tranfplanted, not to cut
llrong Roots
;

their

Death to Thefe Plants mutt not be too much

confined in their Roots
are, they will
;

which is generally molt of the Palm kind.

for if they

grefs

make but little Protherefore, when the young

pear very

fair to

the

Eye

but,

upon

Plants have filled the Pots with their

Tubs

Roots, they fhould be fhifted into of a moderate Size, that their Roots may have room to extend but thefe Tubs mufl be kept conftantly plunged into the Bark-bed, otherwife the Plants will not thrive.
:

The Method

of raifing thefe Plants

From the Nuts, when they are planted before they have fprouted, is fully defcribed under the Article of raif-

Examination, they will be found to want the Germ or Bud, which is the Embryo of the future Plant. This may account for the Fruit of the different Sorts of Palms not growing when they are brought to England ; for if they are gathered from a Tree growing fingly, having no Male Tree near it to impregnate the Ovary, it may be the trueCaufe

why

they

do not fucceed

therefore

thofe Perfons

who

collect thefe Fruit

ing Exotic Seeds. All the Sorts of

Palm

trees

are

to propagate them, fhould always obferve to take them from fuch Trees

Male and Female,

and
it

in different

Trees;

as

grow

in the

Neighbourhood of

hath been always fuppofed neceffary, that the two fhould grow

the Male. Ail the Sorts of Palms are worthy of being preferved by thofe who are

near each other, that the Male Tree

might impregnate the Female, in order to render the Female fruitful and where it has fo happened, that a Female Tree grew fingly, it has been afferted, that the Inhabitants have carried Branches of the Male \ Flowers, taken from Trees which grew at a Diftance, and have faftenW d them to the Female Trees, withm out which they have infilled, that the Female Trees would not produce ff m any Fruit but this is refuted by Fa4 ther Labat, who affirms that he i knew a fmgleTree of the date-bearW ing Palm, which grew by the Side
:

curious

maintaining Exotic Plants, of their Parts, and Beauty of their Leaves, which make an agreeable Variety
for the fingular Structure

amongfl other curious

Plants.

PANCRATIUM,
The
It

Sea-daffodil.
;

CharaSiers are

hath a tubulous lily-fhaptd F!o<vj~

of

er, confifiing
deeply cut into

one Leaf, 'which

it

fx

Parts

dle is a Cup, nvhich is fxeorncred, having a Chi'oe proceed-

Midbcll-Jfcaped and
:

in the

ing

from each Corner

and

is

joined

thereto as

a Part of the Cup, being of the fame Colour at Bottom ; but the
S ff 2

Pert,

P
green
:

A
is

P A
The
fkft,
its

Part immediately under the Apex

rwhich
extends

fecond

is

a Variety of the

in the Centre rifcs the Potntal,

differing only in the

Colour of

beyond

the

Chives:

Flower.

the Empaiement ajter-ioard becomes a rcundijb Fruit, which is triangular,

The third Sort grows plentifully on the Sands near Naples, and in
Sicily
;

and divided taining many

1.

tnro

three

Parts, con-

as

alfo in

feveral Iflands of

The Pancratium Mcnfpefulanum, tnultis Scilla aim parva. J. B. Seaby many daffodil of Montpelier, called, The lefier- white Squiil. 2. Pancratium fioribus rjtbris.
Lob.

fiat or roundijb Seeds. Species are

the Archipelago, but particularly in Zant, where all the Ditches are
ftored wi.h
it.

Thefe Plants are very hardy in refpect to Cold, and may be propagated by OrT-fets from the Roots for
;

tho' the third Sort, will produce ripe-

Pan.

Sea

daifodil

with

r^d

Flowers.
3.

Pancratium
called,

Illyricum, fiori-

bus albis.

Sea-daffodil of Illyricum,

Seeds in England, yet, as the Seedling-plants are many Years before they come to flower, they are feldom propagated that way. Thefe Roots
lhoald be tranfplanted in July, after the Leaves and Flower-Hems are de-

commonly
ciflus

The

third

Nar-

of Matthiolus.

4.

Pancratium Americanum, fio-

cayed

they mould be planted in an

ribus niveis, odore baljami Peru"Jiani.

Eaft Border, where they will thrive

American Sea-daffod,!, with fnowy Flowers, fmelling like the Balfam of

Peru.
5.
liis

Pancratium Americanum,foniseis majori-

Ltijfimis, fioribus

bus, odore balfatni Perwviani.

Ame-

rican Sea

with very broad Leaves, and large fhowy Flowers, fmelling like the Balfam of Peru.
-

daffodil,

6.

Pancratium

alter urn

<vemum

Another Indian SeaIndtckm. J. B. daffodil of the Spring.

7.

very well, and continue longer in Flower, than when they are more expofed to the Sun: but in every other refpect they may be treated as hath beendire&ed for the better Sort of NarcilTus. The other four Sorts are very tender, and will not live in England, uniefs they are preferved in the Thefe may be warmeft Stoves. procured from the Countries of their
natural

Growth, from whence

be eafily brought,
if

their

Pancratium

Zeylanicum,

flcre

Bulbs
their

may

they

albo odorato.

Sea-daffodil of Ceylon,

are taken out of the

after crying

Ground when
;

with white fweet-fnelling Flowers. The firit Sort is very common on the Seacoafts of the Mediterranean, wnere it grows in the Sands: it alio grows plentifully on the Sea-fnore at

Leaves begin to decay and them in the Shade, they mould be put up in Nets or Bags,
and hung up, that the Vermin may not come to them. The fourth Sort is very commo: in Jamaica, and molt of the lflanc The fifth Sort w< of America. brought from the Bahama - Ifiana The fixth is very common in tl Spanijb IVefi -Indies : and the feven is a Native of the Iftand of Ceylon. Ail thefe Plants increafe by Cfets from th'jir Roots, and flovr

Minorca

from whence

I
:

have
this

re-

ceived the Roots and Seeds

Sort

England the Beginning of and the green Leaves remain all the Winter; fo that the belt time to tranfplant the Roots is in the Spring, as foon as the Leaves decay : but th;s Sort fhould not be often* removed j for that will prevent their Flowering.

Eowers
AugM.fi

in

;J

P A
extremely well, if they are planted in Pots filled with light rich Earth, and plunged into the Bark - bed in
the
Stove,
as

PA
veral Parts of Europe, in the Field?,

Inhabitants
to afford

Corn, for the Suftenance of the but it is reckoned not

:

and managed

as

hath

fo

good Nourifhment
it

as

been directed for the tender Sorts of

Amaryllis.

Millet;

however,

is

frequently

ufed in fome Parts of Germany, to

Vide Viola Tricolor. PANICUM, Panic.

PAKSIES.

make Puddens, Cakes, and Bread. This is not fo much eiteemed as the
Italian Sort

The
It
is

Characters are

a Plant of the Mill t'-fond differing from that, by the Difpofition of the Flowers and Seeds which,
;

but as it will ripen ; better in cold Countries than that,

is

it

generally cultivated where a

better Sort

of this,
J.

grow

in

clofe thick Spike.

;

The
fown

ofGrain will not fucceed. Seeds of thefe Sorts may be

The Species are Panicum Germanicum,

in the Spring, at the

is

fame time
:

five

as Barley

fown, and

may be ma-

panicula mi nor e fiava. C.B.P. Yellow German Panic, with a fmaller Spike.
2. PANICUM Germanicum, five patiUuIa minore alba. C. B. P. White German Panic, with a fmaller Spike. 3.

naged exactly
this

in the fame Way but lhould not be fown too thick for thefe Seeds are very fmall, and

require

Panicum Germanicum,

five

panicula minore purpurea. C.

er Spike.

B. P.

Purpte German Panic, with a (mailfive panicula ?najore. C. B. P. Italian Panic, with a larger Spike.
4.
5
.

grow ftronger therefore more room. The German Sort doth not grow above three Feet high, unlefs it is fown on very rich Land ; in which Cafe it will rife to
the Plants
;

be four Feet high

It ali cum,

but the Leaves

Panicum

and Stems of
fivelncheo apart

this

Corn are very

large; fo require to ftand four or otherwife they will

;

Panicum

Indicum, fpica obi u fa

cccrulea. C. B. P. Indian Panic, with a blue obtufe Spike.

6.

grow up weak, and come to little. Thefe large - growing Corns mould
be fown in Drills at about eighteen Inches apart, fo that the Ground may be hoed between the Rows of

Panicum

Indie urn, fpica longif

fima. C. B. P. Indum Panic, with a very long Spike.

7.

Panicum Americanum,
Jnfi.

fpica

ebtufii brcvi.

R. H.

American
fpica

Panic, with a fhort obtufe Spike.

8.

Panicum Americanum,

hngiore acuta. Inf. R. H. American Panic, with a longer-pointed Spike.

g.

Panicum

Indicum altifjimum,

keep them clear from and the ftirring of the will greatly improve the Corn. Jn July the Corn will ripen, when it may be cut down and dried; and then mould be houfed. The Italian Panic grows much larger than the German, and proto

Corn,

Weeds Ground

fpicis fimplicibus mollibus, in foliorum

duces

much

larger Spikes

fo

this

a!is Lngijpmis pediculis infidentibus. Inf. R. H. The taileft Indian Panic, with a foft fmgle Spike, which is

mould be allowed more room to grow, otherwife it will come to little.

This
;

is

alio later
is

produced on a long Footilalk from the Wing of the Leaf.

pens

fo

it

before it rinot very proper for

cold Countries.

The
rieties,

three

firil

Sorts are only

Va-

which differ in the Colour of the Grain. Thefe arc fovved in fe-

The other Sorts are Natives of very warm Countries, where they are ufed by the Inhabitatns to make
S
f f

Bread.

P
Thefe grow very large, and require a good Summer, otherBread.
Hort.
4.

A
rt d

Ef. Double

Poppy.
album.

Pap aver fore

pleno,

wife they will not ripen in this Country. The Seeds of thefe Kinds fhould be fown the Latter-end of

C. B. P.
C.

March, or the Beginning of April, on a Bed of light rich Earth, in a

Double white Peppy. 5. Pa paver fiore pleno purpurco. B. P. Double purple Poppy. 6. Pa paver pleno fore, nigrum.
Black double
laciniatis
-

C. B. P.

flower'd

warm
fown

Situation.

in

Drills

be about three Feet

fhould

They

Poppy.
7.

Pa paver

for thus.
laciniato

afunder ; and when the Plants come up, they Draft be kept clear from Weed?, and thinned where they are When the Plants are too clofe. grown pretty tall, they mould be fupported by Stake?, otherwife the Winds will break them down and
:

B. P. Peppy with jagged Flowers.

8.

Pa paver fore

pleno

eleganter firiato. Hort. Ed.

Double

jagged Poppy, with beautiful Uriped Flowers.

9.

Pap aver

Orient ale hirfutijp-

when

the

Corn begins

to ripen, the
it,

mum, fore magno. Tourn. Cor. Very rough oriental Poppy, with a large
Flower.
10.

Birds muft be kept from

other-

wife they will foon deftroy it. Thefe Sorts are prefcrved in fome curious Gardens for the fake of Variety ; but they are not worth cultivating
for Ufe in Er.gland.

Papaver

erraticum

mo] us,
Cornmajus,
R. Par.

po:d( Diofcoridi,
C.

Plinio, Thcophi afo.

B. P.
11.

Red Peppy,

or

rofe.

PAPAVER,
The

Poppy.

foliis

Pa Paver erraticum forum varicgatis. H,

Characters are

Great wild Poppy, whofe Flowerleaves are variegated.

The Flower, for the mofl part, tariffs of four Leaves^ which are -placed orbicularly, and expand in form of a Rofe ; cut of whofe Flower- cup (which confjls of two Leaves J rifes

Pa paver erraticum, fore fleDouble wild Poppy, commonly called, The Dwarf Poppy.
12.
vo.

C. B. P.

3.

Papaver

erraticum, fore ple-

which afterward becomes the Fruit or Pod, which is oval cr oblong, and adorned with a little
the
Pointal,

no miniato. H. R. Par.

Wikl Peppy,

Head
is

opend a

under which, in feme Species, Series of Holes quite round,

into the

Ca vity of the
lengthwife

Fruit,

defended

heaves or Plates ; to Number of very J mall Seeds adhere.

1. bo,

which is with various which a great

with a double vermilion - coloured Flower. P a P a V E R erraticum fore p lev 1 4 igneo. H. R. Par. Wild Poppy, with a double firy Flower.
.

15.

Papaevr

erraticum, fore ple-

no igneo, marginibus

The Species are Papaver hortenfe,

Dio/coridis,

candidis. H. L. with a double firy Flower, edged with Whice.

Wild Poppy,
16.

femine al-

Papaver

erraticum, fore pie.

fativum
C. B. P.

nio.

album PliGarden Poppy, with

hortenfe, femine
r.i-

xc fhaeniceo, unguibus albis.

H. R.

white Seed-.
2.

Papauer.
B. P.

gro,flvefre
nio. C.

Dio/coridis,

nigrum PliGarden Poppy, with

pUno, ruhrum.

Par. Wild Poppy, with parpie Flower, and white 17. Papaver erraticum B. P. Leffer wild Poppy,

a double

Bottom.
minus. C.

or

Dwarf

Poppy.
18.

black Seeds.
3.

Papaver

lutcum perenne, la-

Pap aver fere

ciniato fclio,

Gambro

Britannicum.

Rati

P
The

A
Gar-

p
ways proper

A
this,

Weljb, or Yellow wild Raii Syn. Baftard Popny.

firltSort is cultivated in

ings to the large Borders of the Pleafure-garden ; tho' I think them nofor
fince

their

dens for medicinal Ufe, and is by fome fuppofed to be the Plant from whence the Opium is procured of
:

this there are feveral Varieties,

which

Colour of their Flowers but they are no more than feminal Variations ; and therefore not worth enumerating in this Place.
chiefly differ in the
;

Flowers are but of a fhort Duration; and the Plants, when their Seeds are perfected, immediately decay ; fo that they appear unfightly befides, where they grow very clofe, the Flowers are generally fmall but if
: :

The

black Poppy grows wild in

they are fown in Patches upon the Borders, and, when the Plants come up, are thinned out, fo as to leave

divers Parts of England: the Seeds

of this Kind are fold to feed Birds, by the Name of Maw-feed. Of this
Sort there are a vaft
rieties
;

but three or four in each Place, they will flower very well, and look very
beautifully.

Number of Va-

All the Sorts of Poppies

fome of which produce ex-

be fown in
are

Autumn

for,

mould when they

the Plants

ceeding large double Flowers of various Colours, and beautifully ftrip'd but thefe are apt to vary from Seed therefore you mould' never fave the Seeds of any fuchasare not very double, and well-colour'd ; from which you may always expect to have good Sorts produce. The Oriental Poppy is an abiding Plant, which produces a large fingle Flower in May, which makes a beautiful Appearance this may be propagated from Seeds, or by parting their Roots the beft timetotranfplant them is AtMicbaeimas : this mull have a light Soil, and a warm Situation. The red Poppy, or Corn-rofe, is never propagated in Gardens but is very common upon chalky dry f)ils in almolt every Part of Eng:

fown

in the Spring,

have not time enough to get Strength

before the hot Weather caufes them to run up to flower ; fo that their Flowers are never fo large or double
thofe fown in Autumn. When the Plants come up, they mould be
as

carefully cleared
is all

from Weeds, which

except to pull them up where they are too thick; for they thrive better
they are fuffered to remain where they were fown, than if they were tranfplanted but you fhould obferve to let them have room in
:

the Culture they require,

when

proportion
Plants.

to

the

Growth of
firit-

the

The

Sort

mentioned

grows very large and

:

tall; therefore lhould be not clofer than eight or ten Inches but the black Sort may

where the Plants come up amongft the Corn, and are very
land,

fomeu hat nearer tho' this appears handfomer when the Plants
ftand
;

troublefome

the

Flowers

of this

ltand fingle;
ter

therefore

it is

the bet-

Kind

are brought into the

Markets

for medicinal Ufe.

There are many

Varieties of this Plant with double

Flowers, which are cultivated in the Flower garden but efpscially the Dwarf Sort, of which there are fome wi h very double Flowers, which are beautifully edged with White thefe are by many Perfons fown for Edg;
:

of thofe which havt beautiful Flowers very thin over the Borders of the Flowergarden and, when the Plants come up, they may be pulled out where
to flatter the Seeds
:

way

they are not well fituated, leaving here-and there a Plant, as the other

Flowers in the Borders will admit where, at the Scafonof their FlowerS ff 4 ing,

P
ing, they will make a pretty Variety amongft the Flowers : but they are
ferved,
to Europe,

of mort Duration
Scent, they are

lefs

and having an ill efteemed of late

Years, fmce the Plenty of other more valuable Flowers.

and fent over as a Sweetmeat and are faid to be very cooling and cordial. In England thefe Plants are preferved as Curiofitits, by fuch as delight in Exotics
:

they are eafily raif-

PAPAVER CORNICULATUM. Vide Glaucium. PAPAVER SPINOSUM. Vide

Argemone.

PAPAYA,
The
//

Papaw-tree. Characters are

ers are

hath a fimple Stalk : the FlomMale and Female in different Plants : the Male Flowers f tobich
are barren J are tubulous,
cne
conjijling

Leaf and expand

in the

of Form of

a Star : the Ft male Flowers con ft cf federal Leaves, which expand in form of a Rofe, out of ivho/e Flower- cup
rifes the Fointal9 which afterward becomes a fl'Jhy Fruit, Jhaped like a Cucumber or Melon, containing many

ed from the Seeds (which are generally brought from the Wtjl-lndies in plenty every Year), which fhould be fown upon an Hot-bed in February or March and when the Plants are come up, they mould be planted each in a feparate fmall Pot filPd with rich light Earth, and plunged into a moderate Hot bed of Tanners Bark, obferving to water and made .them until they have taken Root after which, you mould let them have Air in proportion to the Warmth of the Seafon, by raifmg the GhlTes with Bricks, i$c. and you muft often refrefh them with Water.

'

When
as to
fi.i

the Plants have

grown

fo

Jmall obiong furrow d Seeds.

1.

the Pots with their Roots,

gie.

The Species are Papaya frutin meloprponis rjfPlum. The Female Papaw-tree,

they
fible

mud

be fhaken out of them,

prefer ving the Earth as in tire as pof-

bearing a Fruit like the Melopepo. 2. Pa fa y a frudu maxima, peponis effgie.

Plum.

The Female Pa

paw
3
.

tree,

bearing a Fruit like the

Ind.

Pumkin.

and placed in which mould be filled with the fame light Earth, and plunged again into the Hot-bed obferving to give them Air and Water, as was before directed and thus from
to their Roots,
;

larger Pots

P a P a y a mas. Bcerh Male Papaw-tree.

The

time

to time,

as the Plants increafe

their Stature,

Thefe Plants are very common in the Caribbee Jjlands, where they arife from Seeds, and will produce Fruit
in eight or ten

into larger Pots,

you fnouid which

fliift

them
caufe

will

Months
fliced,

after.
it is

them to be very Itrong; and if you keep them in the Hot- bed all rj it Summer, and give them due Attendfix or feven Feet high before Winter. In Goober they mould be placed into a new Hot-bed in the Bark- Hove with other tender Exotic Plants, where, during the Winter - feafon, they mufr be carefully look'd after, to water and cleanfe them well from Vermin and Filth ; and the Stove

The

Fruit

is

cut before

ripe,

ance, they will rife to

and afterwards

and foak'd in

Water until the milky Juice be out, and then boii'd and eaten as Turneps, or baked as Apples and when
;

ripe,

it is

eaten as Melons, with Pep-

per and Sugar, by the Inhabitants of thofe Countries. The Flowers of the Male Sort, as alfo the Fruit of the Fcpale, are j?re-

mould be kept nearly

to

die

A nana 's

P
na's Heat, as

A
their Seeds in
will thrive
Soil,
:

P
much

A
;

nic

mark'd on the BotaThermometers, in which they will thrive, and retain their beautiful large Leaves all the Winter and
the

Autumn, upon a dry

where they
better than in a rich

gravelly or Irony Soil

Male

Sort will continue to pro-

thofe

duce frefh Flowers all that Seafon, provided you do not keep them too dry. The fecond Year the Female
Sort will flower, and, if duly attended, will perfect the Fruit the following Spring.
ful

and are preferable for Ufe to which grow in a moift rich Ground for though in fuch Places
;

they will often be very rank, yet they are not near fo ftrongjy fcented.

PARIS, Kerb
or One-berry.

Paris, True-love,

Thefe Plants make a very beautiAppearance (when grow large) amongft other Exotics in the Stove, and deferve a Place in every Colle-

The

Characters are

ction of rare Plants.

PARIETARIA,
The

Pellitory.

Characters are ; tal, attended by eight Stamina, each It hatb an apetalcus Flower, whofe being crown d with an oblong ereel Flovcer-cup is divided into four Parts ; the Pointal afterward which is fometimes bcll-jhapcd, and Summit : changes to a round'/fl) Berry, having at other times flmped like a Funnel, with four Stamina (or Threads ) fur- four Cells, whitb are filed with rounding the Pointal ; which Pointal Seeds. know but one Species of this becomes, for the mofl part, an oblong Genus; viz. Seed, Jurroundcd by the Flower -cup :

The Empalement of the Flower is compofedcffour Leaves which expand in form of a Crcfs the Flower alfo hath four Leaves, which fprcad open in the fame manner : in ti e Centre of the Flower is Jltuatedthcfquare Poin;

We

which may be added, 7 he Flowers are produced from the Wings of the Leaves.
to

Paris

foliis

quaterms. Lin. Ver.

-

Herb
berry.

Paris,

True

love,

or One-

The
1.

Species are

Pari BT aria offcinarum,

iff

Piofcoridis.

B. P. Pellitory of the
minor, ocy mi foLetter Pellitory, with

This Plant grows wild in moifl: fhady Woods, in divers Parts of England, but efpecially in theNorthern Counties
;

Wall.
2.
lio.

and

it

is

with great

Parietaria

Difficulty preferred

in

Gardens.

C. B. P.

a Bafil-leaf.

The firft of thefe Plants is fuppofed to be the true Sort, which is

recommended by Diofcorides for methis is the molt comdicinal Ufe mon in Germany, and fome other
:

only Method to procure it is, to take up the Plants from the Places where they grow wild, preferving

The

very different from that which grows wild in EngCountries

land,
;

but
is

it

is

good Bails of Earth to their Roots, and plant them in a mady moift Border, where they may remain undifturbed in which Situation they will live fome Years ; but as it is a
:

which
1

more

like the fecor.d

it

Plant of prefer ved

little

in

Beauty, Garden?.

it

is

rarely

Sort, tho

can't pofitively affirm

PARKINSONIAN
Characters are hath a polypetalous anomalous Flower, confifting of fve dijimilar
;

to be the fame.

The

Thefe Plants grow wild upon old Walls and Buildings in great Plenty but may be cultivated by fowing

It

Leaves,

from whofe Cup

arifes the

Pointaly

P
;

Pchfal, which afterward becomes a rough jointed Pod each Knot or "Joint
containing
ofie

We
Plant
tis y
;

kidney -Jb of'd Seed.

know
which

but one Species of

is,

this

Parkinsonia

aculeata^foliis mir.u-

uni cofi<e adnexis.

Plum Hov.Gen.

Prickly Parkinfonia, with very fmall Leaves, fattened to one middle PJb. This Plant was difcover'd by Father Plunder in America
;

plunged into an Hot bed of Tanner 1 Bark, where, in about three Weeks or a Month's time, the Plants will come up ; when they fhould be kept clear from Weeds, and frequently refrefned with Water. In a little time thefe Plants will be fit to tranfplant which mould be done very
;

carefully, fo

as not

to injure their

Roots.

They muft be

each planted

who gave

it this Name, in Honour to the Memory of Mr. John Pariin/ok,who

pubiinYd an univerfal

Hiftory of

Plants in Englijh, in the Year 1640. It is very common in the Spanijh

W4 ft -Indies but of late Years it has been introduced into the EngHJh Settlements in America, for the Beauty and Sweetnefs of its Flowers.
;

Jliis,

in

the

Countries

where

it

grows, naturally riles to be a Tree of twenty Feet high, or more; and bears long llender Bunches of yellow Flowers, which hang down after the fame manner as the Laburnum. Thefe Flowers have a moft
agreeable fweet Scent, fo as to perfume the Air to a confiderable Difiance round about the Trees ; for which Reafon the Inhabitants of the
Weft-Indies plant

Halfpeny Pot filled with frefh light Earth, and then plunged into the Hot-bed again, obferving to ftir up the Tan; and if it hath loft its Heat, there mould be fome frehh Tan added, to renew the Heat again then thePlants fhould be fcreened from theHeat of theSun, until they have a newRoot ; after which time they mould have frem Airadmitted to them every Day,in proportion to the Warmth of the Seafon and they muft be conftantly fupplied with
into a feparate
:

W^ater every other Day,

in

warm

Weather.
the Plants

With this Management will grow fo faft, as to fill

the Pots with their Roots by the Beginning of July : at which time they

fhould

be

fhifted into Pots a little

larger than the former, and plunged

them near

their
this

again into the Bark-bed, provided the Plants are not too tall to remain

And though Habitations. Plant has not been introduced

many

Years into the Englijh Settlements, yet it is now become fo common in all thelfiands, that but few Houfes are without fome of the Trees near and it ; for it produces Flowers Seeds in plenty, in about two Years, from Seed ; fo that it may foon be

under the Frame, without Danger of being fcorched by the GlafTes ; in which Cafe they muft be plunged into the Bark-bed in-the Stove, where they may have room to grow. But
before the Weather becomes cold,
it

will

be the beft

way

to

inure the
the open
are kept

Plant? by degrees

to bear

Air, that they

fore Winter
;

may

be harden'd be-

made common
but in Europe
otherwife
the
it

in all
it

hot Countries

for if they

requires a Stove,

too

warm

in Winter, the Plan's will

will

not live through

inter.

This Plant is propagated bySeeds, which mould be fown in fmall Pots

filled

with light
;

frefti

Earth early in

The decay before the next Spring. only Method by which I have fuccee'ded in keeping thefe Plants thro' theWinter, was by har: er^rg them in July and Augujl to bear the open
Air
;

tiic

Spring

and the Pots mult be

and

in

September

placed them

on

P A
on Shelves
that they
greatefi Diftance

p
tion,

A
:

in the dry Stove, at the from the Fire, fo

Warmth
their

were in a very temperate and there they retained Leaves all the Winter, and
;

where, if they are conftantly watered, they will thrive very well, and flower every Summer but if
the Plants

are planted in the full

continued in Health, when thofe which were placed in a warmer Situation, as alfo thofe in theGreenhoufe, were intirely deltroyed.

it fhould be in a very moift lhady Border, otherwife they will not live ; and thefe mould be as duly watered, as thofe in the Pots in dry Weather, to make them produce

Ground,

PARNASSIA.Grafs ofParnafus. The Characters are

;

ftrong Flowers.

hath a rofe-foaped Flower, conBottom fifiingof'five Leaves, at the

It

They may be propagated by parting of their Roots, which fhould be

done in March, before they put out new Leaves but the Roots Ihould
:

ef which are fmali frir.ged Leaves, of a greenijh Colour, which are placed orbicularly : out of the Flower - cup rifes the Pointal, which afterward turns to a membranaceous Fruit,which
is

cval, having

but

one Cell,

which

is filled

with

Seeds, that,

for the mojl

part, adhere to a fourfold Placenta.

The
1.
ris,

Species are

?ARKASSiApalufiris& vulgaCommon Marilihft. R. H.

of Parnajfus. Parnassia vulgaris, fore ple-

g'rafs

2.

not be divided too fmall ; for that will prevent tneir flowering the following Summer thefe Roots fhould always be planted in pretty ftrong frefti Earth for they will not thrive In the Spring in a light rich Soil. they muft be conftantly watered, if the Seafon mould prove dry, otherwife they will not flower; nor fhould they be parted oftener than every third Year, to have them ftrong. Thefe Plants flower in July, and
:

Common Grafs of Parnajfus, with a double Flower. The former of thefe Sorts grows wild in moift Meadows, in feveral Parts of England, but particularly in the North but it doth not grow in the Neighbourhood of London, any nearer than on the other Side of
na.
;

their Seeds are ripe the latter

End of

Jugufi.
It is called Parnajfus,

Parnajfus, on which
to

it

frcm Mount was fuppofed

a Grafs,

grow; and from

it,

the Cattle feedcalled

ing on

it

w.ns

Watford, in the low

Caffioberry,

Meadows by
is

where

it

in

pretty

great Plenty.

though the Plant has no Refemblance to any of the Grafs-kind ; but is more l;ke to theRanunculus in Flowand the Leaves are pretty broad, er oblong, and fmooth.
;

The other Sort is an accidental Variety of the former; which has been difcovered wild, and tranfplanted into Gardens. This is but rarely to be found, being in very few Gardens at prelent. Thefe Plants may be taken up from the natural Places of their Growth, with Balls of Earth to their Roots, and planted into Pots filled with pretty ftrong frelh undung'd
'

PARONYCHIA, Mountaia
Knot-grafs.

The
It

Characters are

hath an apetalous Flower, coi*fifing of feveral Chives, which rife from the Flower-cup, which is Jhaped
like the Pelvis,

and cut into five Parts,

for the mofi part

Seed,

like a Crown : the Pointal aftervjard becomes a round

wrapt up in a five corneredHuJk, which was before the Flower -cup.

Earth, and placed

in

a fhady Situa-

The

Species are
I.

Paro-

P
1.

A
Hifpanica. Chi/.
grafs.

P
March
;

Paronychia
Spanijb

H'fip.

Mountain Knot

2.

Paronychia

Narbonenfis ere-

a. Infl. R. H. Upright Mountain Knot- grafs of Nar bonne.

Hifpanica fupina Alfinefolia, capitulis minus compaclts. Low Spanijb Mounlift. R. H.
3.

and when the Plants come up, they Ihould be carefully weeded ; and if the Seafon ihould prove dry, they mult be now-and-then watered.

When
to

the Plants are large

Paronychia

enough

tranfplant,

they mould

be carefully taken up, and fome of

tain Knot-grafs, with a

leaf,

Chickwecdcompact.

and the Heads

lefs

them planted in Pots, and the others on a warm Border, where they may be fheltered in Winter otherwiie
;

Hifpanica fruticofa, myrti folio. Inft. R. H. Shrubby Spanijb Mountain Knot-grafs,

4.

Paronychia

they will not live in this Country.

Thofe which are planted in Pots, mould be placed under an Hot-bedframe, where they may be fcreened from hard Frofl: ; but fhould have
as
-

With a Myrtle-leaf.
5.

Paronychia

Lfitanica polyt

gon
H.
6
.

folio, capitulis ecbinatis.

bift.R.

much

free Air as poflible in mild

Portugal Mountain Knot-grafs,

Weather.
the Plants

With

this

with prickly Her.ds.

may

be preferved

Management many

Paronychia Orient a lis

ferpylli
folio.

burnt

Years, and will flower every Seafon;

fu/a,

Tourn.

Cor.

but they rarely produce any Seeds ia

this

Dwarf Ealtcrn Mountain

Knot-grafs,

Country.
Vide Apium. Vide Paftinaca.
Fever-

with a Mother-of-thyme-leaf. The five Sorts firft - mentioned

PARSLEY. PARSNRP.
few.

grow wild in Spain, Portugal, and the South of France, where they generally are found near the Sea, on
the Sides of Banks; but the fixth Sort was difcovered by Dr. Tourm-

PARTHENIUM, Baftard
The
7/

Characters are

They are all fort in the Levant. (except the fecond and fourth Sorti) low Plants, which trail on the
Ground,
in the

hath a radiated difcous Flower, confifing offever al Florets, which occupy the. Difk, but are barren : the Half-florets, which are Jhaped like an Heart, are fucceeded by black Seeds,

fame manner
;

as our

common

Knot-grafs

but continue
preferved

&veral Years.

which are naked, having no Down adhering to them : to which may be added, The Flower-cup is fimple, and
cut into five Parts in the Bottom.

Thefe Plants are

thofe

by

who

are curious in Botany, for

1.

the fake of Variety ; but are feldom admitted into other Gardens; though
*he
rirft

The Species are Parthenium

Lin. Hort.

foliis
Cliff.

compefito

tnultif.dis.

Baftard

Sort

may have room

in eve-

Feverfew, with a Mugwort-leaf.

2. Parthenium foliis ova t is ry good Garden, for the fine x^pBaO.ard pearance it makes in Autumn, when crenatis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. the filvery fcaly Heads, which are Feverfew, with an Elecampaneproduced at every Joint of the leaf. Branches, make a goodly Shew. 3. Parthenium foliis lanceolatis They may all be propagated by fcrratis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. ShrubCowing their Seeds on a Bed of light by Ballard Feverfew, with fpcarfhnp'd Leaves, by fome falfly cali'd, frefh Earth, in an open Situation, about the Middle or Latter- end of The Jcfuits Bark-tree.

Tfa*

P
The
Plenty
in
firft

A
are expofed
Species

P
may be

A
fail,

Sort grows wild in great

mould

whereby the

in

fome

the Ifland of Jamaica, and other of the Englijb Settle-

preferved.

the Weft -Indies, where it is is called wild Wormwood, and ufed by the Inhabitants as a vulne-

ments

in

The fecond Sort is a perennial Plant,which dies to the Ground every

Autumn, and moots up again the

rary Herb.
ly in feveral
;

following Spring. this Sort were fent

Carolina,

The Seeds of me by my good

fecond Sort grows plentifulParts of the Spanijb from whence the Seeds Weft- Indies

The

Friend Dr. Thomas Dale, from South-

have been brought to Europe. The firft is an annual Plant,which may be propagated by fowing the Seeds on an Hot-bed early in the Spring; and when the Plants are

come

up, they fhould be tranfplantat

where the Plants grow This may be propagated by parting of the Roots in Autumn, and may be planted in the full Ground, where it will abide the Cold of our ordinary Winters very weil. ThisSort flowers in July, but feldom produces good Seeds in England.
wild.

ed on another Hot-bed,
five or
fix

about

Inches Diftance, observing to water and (hade them until they have taken new Root ; after which time they mull have a pretty
large Share

The third Sort has been many Years preferved in the Englifi GarThis was brought from Amedens.
rica for the true Jefuits Bark-tree
;

but

it

hath

been fmce difcovered,

of frefh Air in

warm

that the

Weather, by raifing of the Glaffes of the Hot-bed every Day; and they

Tree from whence that Bark is taken, is of a different Genus from this and, by the Seed vef;

"mud be duly watered every other

fels,

appears to be near akin to the

Day

at leaft.

When

the Plants have

Juftiaa.

grown fo as to meet each other, they mould be carefully taken up,

preferving a Ball of Earth to their Roots ; and each planted into a feparate Pot
filled

ed

with

light

rich

This Plant was generally prefervin Pots, and hoofed in the Winbut, of late Y ear. it hath been ter planted in the open Air, where it thrives, and endures the Cold very
c
;

Earth ; and if they are plunged into a moderate Hot-bed, it will greatly facilitate their taking frefn Root but where this Convemency is wanting, the Plants mould be removed
;

well,

provided

it

is

planted in
It

fheltered Situation.

may

be pro-

pagated by Cuttings, which fhouM be planted in March, upon a Border of loamy Earth and if the Spring mould prove dry, they muft be often to a warm-lheltered Situation, where watered, otherwife the Cuttings will they muft be {haded from the Sun fail but if they are properly mauntil they have taken new Root nag'd, they will be well rooted by after which time they may be expothe Autumn, and may then be transfed, with other tender annual Plants, where they planted. It may alio be propagated in a warm Situation by Layers, which will be well roottd will flower in July, and their Seeds But if the in one Year ; or from Suckers, will ripen in September. which are often produced in plenty Seafon ihould prove cold and wet, it from the Roots of the old Plants : will be proper to have a Plant or two in Shelter, either in theStove,or but as there is little Beauty in the Plant, and as the Shoots are very under tall Frames, in order to have
;
:

gocd Seeds, 6

if thole

Plants

which

irregular,

and thinly difpofed

fe v j Per Ions

A
Months,

p A
fo as to

Perfons care to preferve the Plants, unlefs it be for the fake of Variety.

be

fit

to

remove

when

PASQUE-FLOWER.
fatilla.

JaAPuI-

PASSE RINA,

Sparrow- wort.
but

they mould be each tranfplanted into a Imall Pot filled with frefti light Earth, and placed in a fhady Situation until they have taken

This Title was applied by Tragus

to a Plant of another Genus ; Dr. Linnaeus has conftituted a

Root

after

which time, they

may

new

be placed in a fheltered Situation* with other hardy Exotic Plants, till

Genus by

this

Name.
;

The

Characters are

The Flower hath no En:palemeni, and confijis of one Leaf, which is tubulous, and cut into four Parts at the

when they muft be removed into the Green-houfe for the Winter feafon, and may be treated in the fame manner as hath been diOctober
;

rected for Hermannia's.

Brim
is

in the Centre

of the Flower
attended by

PASSION-FLOWER. Vide Gra^

nadilia.

fituated the Pointal,

:

tight Stamina

changes
Cell,

to

the Pointal afterward an oval Fruit, having one

is

PASTINACA, Parfnep.
The
//
is

Characlers are

in

which

lodged one oval-

-pointed Seed.

The
t.

Species are

roje and umbellated Fhwers, conffing of many Petals or Leaves placed orbicularly, and

a Plant with

Passerina
Cliff.

foli is

linearihus.
-

rejling

on the Empalement

which

Lin. Hort.
2.

Sparrow
foli is

wort

turns to a Fruit, conipofed of two Seeds,

with very narrow Leaves.

Passerina
Hort.
Cliff.

lanceolatis.
-

Lin.

Sparrow

wort,

with fpear-fhap'd Leaves. The fir ft Sort hath been mentioned by fome Authors under the Title of Thyme lea tomtntofa, &c. and the fecond Sort under the Title of Erica Jfricana, Sec. and both of them have had feveral Names applied to

which are oval, large, thin, border d, and generally cajiing off their Cover to thefe Marks muji be added, That tht Leaves are winged and large.
;

The
J.

Species are

Pastinaca fativa

latifolia.

C.B. P. Garden Parfnep.

them

which were

fo

confufsd, as

Pastinaca fylveflris latifolia, Wild Parfnep. 5. Pastinaca fylveftris alt iff ma. To urn. The talleft wild Parfnep, or
2.

C. B. P.

render it very difficult to Plants they mentioned.

know

the

Hercules'* All-heal.

The

fecond Sort grows wild in di-

Thefe Plants grow to the Height of four or five Feet, in England, and may be trained up very regular ; and
as they are ever green, there may be a Plant or two of each Sort al-

lowed

to have a Place in the Greenhoufe, where a Collection of rare Plants is maintained. Thefe are both propagated by in the Spring,
;

upon theSides of dry Banks; and is by fome affirmed to be no- ways different from the firft Sort, but by Cultivation which is a very great Miltake; for 1 have fown the Seeds of both Sores in the fame Bed for feveral Years but could not find, that either Sort alter'd in the leaft,the fecond Rill re:

vers Parts of England,

mould be planted upon a moderate Hotbed where, if they are duly watered, and fcreened from the Sun, they will take Root in about three
Cuttings, which

taining the fame Smooth nefs in the Leaf, and the fame pale Colour, and

Largenefs
firft

of

Root

as

did

the

its

ufcai Roughnefs, dark-green

:

Colour, and nender Roots

nor do

P A
I believe

P
find the
latter

A
;

Sort will alter, i/ they were cultivated ever fo long. The Root and Seedi of the fecond
either

Weeds grow

but in ths

Part of

Summer, when the

will
;

Plants are fo itrong as to cover the

fometimes ufed in Medicine; but it is feldom cultivated in Gardens, the Markets being fupplied
Sort
is

Ground,

they

prevent
fo

the
after
far-

Growth of Weeds
ther Care.

that

that Seafon they will require

no

yet the Druggilts commonly fell the Seeds of the Garden- kind for it ; which they may

from the Fields

When
the Roots

the Leaves begin to decay,

may
:

be dug up for Uie

purchafe at an eafy Price, too old to grow.

when

it is

before which time they are feldom

well tafted

nor are they good

after

for

The

firit

Sort

is

cultivated in

Kitchen-gardens
are large, fweer,

; theRoots of which and accounted very

much late in the Spring, are mot out again fo

:

they
thofe

that

who would

prelerve thefe Roots for

nouriming.

They

are, propagated

Spring-ufe, fliould dig them up in

the Beginning of February, and bu-

by Seeds, which mould be iown in February or March, in a rich mellow Soil which muit be well dug, that
;

greateft Excellency being the

Roots may run downward the Length andBignefs of theRoots. Thefcmaybe fownalone,or withCarrots,as is practifed by the Kitchen- gardeners near
their
;

fome of whom alfo mix ; Leeks, Onions, and Lettuce, with their Parfneps but this 1 think verywrong ; for it is not poiiible, that fo many different Sorts can thrive well together, except they are allowed a considerable D.itance and if fo, it will be equally the fame to
London
:

them in Sand, in a dry Place, where they will remain go 3d until the middle of April, or later. If you intend to fave the Seeds of this Plant, you mould make cho ce of feme of the longeft, ilraiteft, and largeft Roots ; which mould be planted about two Feet afunder, in ibme Place where they may be defended frorn the itrong South and Weft Winds for the Stems of thefe
ry
;

Plants

commonly grow

to

a great

low the different Sorts feparate. However, Carrots and Parfneps may be fown very well, efpecially where the Carrots are defigned to be drawn off very young becaufe
;

Height, and are very fubjee! to be broken by itrong Winds, if expofed thereto they mould be conftantly kept clear from Weeds ; and if the Seafon Ihould prove very dry, you muit give them fome Water twice a
:

Week, which

the Parfneps generally fpread meft

toward the Latter-end of Summer, which is afcer the Carrots are gone fo that there may be a double Crop upon the fame Ground.
;

will caufe them to produce a greater Quantity of Seeds ; which will be much fironger than if they were wholly neglected Toward the Latter-end of Augufi, or the Beginning of September, the Seeds will be ripe ; at which time

When

the Plants are

come

up,

you Ihould hoe them out, leaving them about ten Inches or a Foot afunder obferving at the fame time to cut up all the Weeds, which, if permitted to grow, would foon overbear the Plants, and choak them
;

you mould carefully cut off the Heads, and fpread them upon a coarfe Cloth for two or three Days,
to dry

this rouft

be repeated

three or fear

times ia the Spring, according as

you

which, the Seeds ifeould and put up for Ufe : but you muft never truffi to thefe Seeds after they are a Year old j for they will feldom grow beyond that Age. The
;

after

be beaten

off,

'

P A
This Tree is a Native of America, from whence the Seeds were nrft brought into Europe : it grows
in great Plenty in the Woods of South-Carolina, but is very hardy,

The

third Sort isprefervM in Bo-

tanic Gardens, amongft fome other Sorts of thefe Plants, for Variety ; bat is feldom propagated for Ufe.

This

by many fuppofed to be the the Panaces Syriacum of the Antients, from whence the Opopanax is taken, which is fuppofed to be the concrete
is

enduring the fevereft Cold of our Climate in the open Air.

It

may

be propagated by fowing

Juice of this Plant ; as is the Affa fcetida fuppofed to be the concrete Juice of one Species of this Genus. All thefe Sorts may be cultivated

the Seeds in the Spring, upon a

warm
;

Border of light fandy Earth

and
they

when

the

Plants

come

up,

mould be

carefully

clear'd

from

by fowing

their Seeds

early in the

Weeds

Spring, or in Autumn, foon after they are ripe ; and fhould be managed as the Garden - kind, with
the Plants this Difference ; vi$s. fhould not Hand nearer than two Feet and an half Diftance ; but then they need not be reduced to this Thefe until the fucceeding Spring.

but they mull not be tranfplanted until the Year following. Butas thefeSeedling-plants are tender while they are young, fo they fhould
:

be cover'd with Mats the next

ter;

Win-

and

this

moved with

Roots arc perennial, and may be reSafety at any time after they feltheir Leaves are decay'd dom produce Seeds until the third Year after they are fown. PA VI A, The Scarlet Flowering
:

perform'd in early Fro lis begin for as the Top of thefe young Plants will be very tender, fo a fmall Froft will pinch them and when theTops are kill'd, they generally decay to the Ground; and when this happens, they feldom make good Plants after. Therefore this mould be conilantly obferv'd
:

mould be carefully Autumn, when the

Horfe-cheftnut, vulgo.

The Charaders
The Leaves are

are

like thofe

of the

Horfe-c heft nut : the Flower is of an anomalous Figure, and confijls of five

Leaves, vohich are fo dfpofed as

refemble a Lip-fower
:

to

the tvjo upper-

united, and form a fort of Helmet : the three undermoft appear fomenuhat like a Mouth gaping : thefe Flowers are difpofed into a Spike, and are of a beautiful fear let Colour : the

mod are

Ovary, which

rifes in

the Flower-cup,

the Centre of afterward becomes an

into

two Years, or three at moft, by which time the Plants will have gotten Strength enough to refill the Froft when they mould be remov'd juft before they begin to moot, and placed either in a Nurfery to be tram'd up, or elfe where they are to remain cbferving, if the Seafon be dry, to water them until they have taken Root, as alfo to lav fome Mulch upon the Surface of the Ground, to prevent the Sun and Wind from drying it too fall and
for
;

as the Plants advance,

the

lateral

oblong pyramidal Fruit, divided

three Cell:, in each of which one globular Seed.

is

Udgd

Branches mould be pruned off, in order to reduce them to regular Stems.

There is but one Species of this Tree ; viz. Pavia. Beerh. Lid. The Scarlet

You mud
Spring, that

alfo obferve

to dig the

Ground about

their

Roots
be

every

they

may

loofe, ro

Flowering Horfe-cheftnut, vul.

go.

admit the Fibres of the R; ots, which, while young, are too tender

P E
to penetrate the

P E
if
it

Ground*

be ve-

ry hard.

With
five

this

Management

the Plants

will greatly advance,

Years will

and in four or produce Flowers and

Grafs-feed for fowing, they mould be very careful, that none of this Seed As thefe Plants is mixed with it. are never cultivated, I lhall not trouble the Reader with their feveral Varieties.

Fruits,

which

in

warm

Seafons are
;

perfected enough to

grow

fo that

the Plants

maybe

multiplied there-

PELECINUS. The Characlers

//

are

from very fait. This Tree may alfo be propagated by budding or inarching it upon the common Horfe-cheftnut which is the common Method practifed by but the Trees the Nurfery-men
; :

hath a

-papilionaceous

( cr Pea-

bloom J Flower, out ofnvhofe Empalemerit rifes the Pointal, <which after-

thus raifed will never arrive to near the Size of thofe which are produ-

tvard becomes a plain bicapfular and bivalve Pod, indented on each Side like a SaiVf andfilled ivith plain kidney Jhapcd Seeds. We know but one Species of this
Plant
;

ced from Seeds ; nor will they grow near fo fait. Such of thefe Trees as are raifed from Seeds, if planted in a good Soil, will grow to twenty - five or thirty Feet high, and produce great Numbers of beautiful red Flowers, which commonly appear the ttcgitining of "June ; at which Seaion it

vtXi
Infi
.

PelECINUS vulgaris.

R. H.

Common

Pelecinus.

makes a

beautiful

Appearance a-

mongft other hardy Tree*.

PEACH. PEAR.
PEAS.
Lathyrus.

Vide Pcrfica.

T/^Pyrus.
Vide Pifum.

PEAS EVERLASTING. Vlk

PEDICULARIS,
Rattle,

This Plant is preferv'd in Botanic Gardens, for the fake of Variety it is an annual Plant fo the Seeds fhould be fown early in April, on a Bed of frefh light Earth, in Drills about eighteen Inches afunder and when the Plants are come up, they mould be carefully clcar'd from Weeds ; and where they are too clofe, they fhould be thinn'd, leaving them fix or eight Inches Diftance in the Rows, and obferve always to keep them clear from Weeds, which
:
;
:

Cocks-

comb, or Loufewort. There are four different Kinds of this Plant, which grow wild in Paftures in feveral Parts of England in fome low Meadows are very

theCuhure they require. Thefe fpread on the Ground, and from the Wings of the upper Leaves
is all

Plants

^\

the Flowers are produced on (lender Footflalks, which are fmall, and of

troublefome to the Paitures ; efpecially one Sort with yellow Flowers, which rifes to be a Foot high, or more, and is often in fuch Plenty, as tot)e the molt predominant Plant but this is very bad Food for Cattle; and when it is mowed with the Grafs for Hay, renders it of little Value. The Seeds of this Plant are generally ripe by the time the Grafs is mowed fo that whenever Perfons take
:
:

a dirty red Colour thefe are fucceeded by Pods, which are fiat, and indented on both Sides, refembling the Saw of the Saw-fifh.
;

PEL LITORY OF THE

Vide

WALL. Vide Parietaria. PENTAPHYLLOIDES.

Porenrilla.

PENY-ROYAL.
um.

Vide Pulegi-

PEONY. Vide Paconia. PEPO, Pum ion.

Vol.

III.

The

P E
The
which
is

p E
;

Characlers are
confijls

try

people,

who

ufe

much Exer*

The Flower

of one Leaf, bell fhapcd, expanded at the

cife.

Top y and eut imo fever al Segments : of thefe Flowersfome are Male, and fome are Female, as, in the Cucumbers and

as

Seeds of thefe Plants are ufed one of the four cold Seeds Medicine.

The

The

other Sorts are preferved

by

Melons

the Female Flowers

grow

ujon the Top of the

Embryo, which

fome curious Perfons, .for Variety ; but are of little Ufe, being good for
nothing when grown old but while they are very fmall, feme Perfons gather and boil them, likeTurneps, or a^ they do the Squafhes and are very fond of them. Thefe may be propagated in the
;

ajterwardbtccmes an oblong or round fejhy Fruit, having fome times an hard, rugged or uneven Rind, with Knobs
',

and Furrows and is

;

often dividi

In-

to three Parts, inclofngflat Seeds, that

are edged or rimmed about, as it were, with a Ring, and fix'd to a Jpongy
Placenta.

fame manner

Gourds
Reader,

to
to

as was direcled for the which I fhall refer the

1.

The Species are Pepo oblongus. C.S.P. The

Hi jl. The

avoid Repetition.

PERESKIA,
ry, vulgo.

Barbados Goofeber-

greater oblong Pumpion. 2. Pepo vulgaris. Rati

common Pumpion.

C B. P.
Tcurn.

rotundus, aurantii forma. Orange- fhap'd Pumpion. 4. Pepo fruciu parvo pyri/ormi. Pear-fhap'd Pumpion. fount. 5. Pefo fruciu mini mo fphserico.
3.

Pepo

Characters are ; hath a rcfe-Jiaped 1'lower con* filing of feveral Leaves, which are
//

The

placed orbicularly

whofe Cup
:

after*

ward becomes a
Fruit, befet

foft fl'jby globular

in

with Leaves

the

Pumpion with

a very fmall

of the Fruit are many fiat roundifh Seeds, incl".d:d in a Mucimiddle

lage.

fpherieal Fruit.

There
of thefe

are feveral other Varieties

Fruits,

We
Plant
i

know
viz.

but one Species of this

which feem
;

to

be

Pereskia aculeata, fore albo, only feminal Variations fo that it would be needlefs to mention them fruciu fiavefcente. Plum. Nov. Gen. Prickly Perelkia, with a all in this Place, fince the Seeds taken white from any one of the Sorts will not Flower, and a yellowilh Fruit. This Plant grows in fome Parts of continue the fame three Years togethe Spanijh ther, if fown in the fame Garden, as ?Jl-Indies, from whence it was brought to the EngLJl) SettleI have feveral times experienced. The two firft Sorts are by fome ments in America, where it is call'd Perfons cultivated for their Fruit ; a Goofeberry, and by the Dutch it is which, when ripe, they cur. open, call'd Blad-app!c. This Plant hath and take out the Seeds, and then many (lender Branches, which will not fupport themfelves ; fo muft be Jlice fome Apples into the Shells, mixing them with the Pulp of the fupported by Stakes, otherwife they this they bake in will trail on whatever Plants grow Fruit and Sugar an Oven, and afterwards eat itfpread near them. Thefe Branches, as alfo upon Bread and Butter but it is the Stem of the Plant, arc* befet with too flrong for Perfons of weak Sto- long whitifh Spines, which are promachs, and only proper for Coun- due'd in Tufts. The Leaves are roundim,

P E
tbundifh, Very thick and fucculenr; and the Fruit . about the Size of a Walnut, having Tufts of fmall Leaves on it, and hath a whitila mucilaginous Pulp. It may be propagated by planting the Cuttings during any ol the Summer-months: thefeCuttmgs mould be planted in Pots filled with frcftt light Earth, and plunged into a moderate Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, oblerving to fhade them from the Heat of the Day, as alfo to refrefh them every third or fourth Day with Water. In about two Months the Cuttings will have made good Roots, whin they may be carefully taken out of the Pots, and each planted in a feparate Pot fill'd with frefh Earth, and then plunged into the Hot-bed again, where they may remain during the Summer-feafon but ?xMichaelmas, wheri the Nights begin to be cold, they fliould be removed into the Stove, and plunged into the Bark-bed. During the Winter-feafon, the Plants mull be kept warm, and lhauld be waterM twice a Week; but in cold Weather it mould not be given in large Quantities. In Summer they muit have a large Share of Air, and mufl: be more
;

p E
we may
Mower
in

expeft fome of
a inort time.

therri

will

PERICLYMENUM,
honey fuck le,
njulgo.
;

Trumpet-

The
It

Characters are

bath the whole Appearance of the. Honeyfuckle from which it differs ( in the Shape of the Flower); which is tubulofe cr hell Jbaped; and expands
at the Top, where
it is

cut into

Aye*

ral alnmjl t sua! Segments

The Specie* arc Pehjclymenum Virainianum. fmifr n ir ens Cjf flor ens. H. L. Vir1.

ginian Scarlet Honeyfuckle, <vulgo.

flore Jlcvefcente, fraclu

ratemofum, niwo. Plum. Tab. Hort. Elth. Branching Trumpet - honeyfuckle, with a yellow Flower, and a fnowy Fruit, commonly call'd in Barbados, Snowber2.

Periclymenum

ry-bufn.

arbor cfcens, 3. Periclymenum ramulis infiexis, fiore luteo. Plum. Cat. Tree-like Trumpet - honeyfuckle, with a yellow Flower.

P E R c L Y m e N u m a liud arbor e1

fcenSy ramulis infiexis, fiore cor aliino.

Plum. Cat. Tree-like Truriipethoneyfuckle, with a coralline Fiowcr.

The
ers,

firfl

Sort

is

a Siirub greatly
its

plentifully water'd

but they mould conihntly remain in the Stove ; for

:

efteem'd for the Beauty of

which are of a
the
it

fine fcarlet

FlowCothe

though they
in

will bear the

in

open Air

lour,

Leaves continue

all

Summer,

yet they will

warm Situation} make no Progrefsj if

a
;

Year green, and

ing

mod

continues flowerPart of the Summer.

be propagated by laying

they are placed abroad

nor do they

It

may
the

Dry- (love, as when they are plunged in the Tan ; fo that the bell Vyay is to fet them next a Trellace, at the Back of the Tan-bed, to which their Branches
thrive near lb well in the

down

tender Branches in the Spring, obferving in dry Weather to

refreih

will greatly facilitate their

them with Water, which Rooting

;

the Spring following, they will be

may

be fattened, to prevent their on other Plants. ThisFlant has not as yet produced either Plotters or Fruit in England; but as there
trailing

are feveral Plants pretty well

in

grown
fo

the

Gardens of the Curious,

when they ihould be cut off from the old Plants, and carefully taken up, fo as not to injure their Roots.. The Belt time to' remove them is in March, before they moot out ; but you mull obht to tr.mfpUnt

1 i

fei

ve,

P E
ftrve, if the Seafon

P E
der Exotic Plants from the fame Countries ; and in two or three Years the Plants will flower, when they will make an agreeable Varie-

mould prove dry,

to water them, and lay a littleMulch

upon the Surface of the Ground near their Stems, to prevent the Ground from drying too faft. It tymould have a flrongmc irt Soil, and PERIPLOCA, Virginian Silk, be expofed to the >outh-eart Sun ; a but mull have the Afhitanct of a The Characters are Wall or Pale to fupport the tranchThe Flower covjifls of one Leaf, es, otherwile they will trail upon which is more expanded at the Brim the Ground. than thofc of the Apocynum ; the This Plant, although a Native of Point al> which rifes jn the Centre cf Virginia, yet, if planted in a clear the Flower - cup, becomes a Fruit fo Air, will endure the fevereft Cold nearly refmbling that of the Apocyof our Climate very well ; but it num, as rot to be diftinguifh'd therewill not thrive in cloie Places, or too from, hut by <very curious Obfervers : near the City, the Smoke arifing to which Jhould be added, It hath
from the Sea-coal Fires being very
pernicious to
it.
I

climbing Stalks.

The
Pe r
i

Species are
p

fecond Sort is pretty comBarbados and Jamaica, where the Inhabitants give it the Name of Snowberry-bufn, from the extreme

The mon in

to h foliis oblongis. Tourn. Periploca with oblong Leaves.

2.

Plriploca

Monfpeliaca, foliit

rotundioribus.

Tourn.

Periploca of

The third Whitenefs of the Fruit. and fourth Sorts were difcover'd by Father Plurr.it> in fome of the Fr neh Settlements in America \ and fince by the late Dr. Houfloum at La Vera Cruz. Thefe are all of them very tender Plants; fo mull conftantly remain in
the Bark-ftove, otherwife
they will

Monfpelier, with rounder Leaves.

3.

Periploca
.

foliis iblongis

an*

gvjlioribus. lnjl

R H.

Longer and

narrow er-leav'd Virginian Silk, or Climbing Dogs-bane.

4.

Periploca
In ft.

MonfpK'liaca, fcl'is
.

acutioribus.

Climbing R. H. Dogs-bane of MontpeLer, with fharp5.

pointed Leaves.

not thrive in this Country. They may be propagated by Seed?, which fhould be brought over either in

Periploca Americana, fruBu

mo Iliter echinato. heft. R. H. American Climbing Dogs -bane, with a

prickly Fruit.
6.

Sand or Earth, otherewife they

fel-

dom

fucceed

when they

arrive, the

Periploca Americana

latifo-

Earth, in which the Seeds \verefcwn,lh9uld be plunged into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, obferving

Tubs of

frequently to water them and when the Plants are come up, they mould
:

Ha, fllqv.n dura oblovga, tumida glabra. Inf. R. H. Broad - leav'd American Climbing Dogs bane, with a long hard fmooth fweiling Pod.
7.

&

be carefully tranfplanted into feparate fmall Pots filled with frelh rich

Earth, and plunged into the Hot-bed again ; where they may remain till about Michaelmas, when they mould be plunged into the Bark-bed in
the Stove,

and treated

as other ten-

Perii-loca Americana fcanfalicis, angufif ?no folio, fore aibo. Plum. Climbing American Dogs-bane, with a narrow Willowleaf, and a white Flower. 8. Periploca Americana repent umbeUata, foliis citri, fore coccineo. Plan. Creeping American Dogsdens y

bane,

P E
bane, with a Citron -leaf, and fearlet Flowers, growing in an Umbel.
9.

p E
England, if they are planted in a dry SoH, and have a warm SitU3tion their Branches decay in Autumn, and frelh are fent out from their Roots in the Spring,
in
:

Ground

Periploca Americana Jeancitri,

maxims. Plum. American Climbing Dogsbane, with a Citron-leaf, and a large

dens, folio

fruclu

Fruit.
10.

Periploca Americana

fcanalato.

dens, folia convolvuli, fruclu

American Climbing Dogsbane, with a Convolvulus-leaf, and a winged Fruit. The firit Sort hath woodyBranches, which twift themfelves about each other, or whatever Support is near it, and will rife to the Height cf thirty Feet or upwards this produces its ftarry - fhap'd Flowers in Clutters from the Footftalks of the Leaves ; which are of a dark purple Colour, but have no cent. This may be propagated by laying down its Branches in the Spring, which will t:;ke Root in a Year's time when the Layers may be taken off, and tranfplanted where they are to remain which mould be either
Plum.
:
.

fame manner as wha'ever is near them, and grow to the Height of fix or feven Feet the Flowers are of a greenimwhiteColour ; fo there is little Beauty in them.
twift in the

which Hops,
:

to

The other feven Sorts are render, being Natives of the warm Parts of America. The Seeds of all thefe
Sorts

were

fent to

England by the

late Dr.HouJioun,
in

who collected them

Jamaica,

at

Campcchy, and Car-

thagena, where they grow in great Plenty, and twift themfelves round

againft a lofty
cite

Wall or Building, or placed in Wildernefs-q'iarters

whatever Trees grow near them ; and fome of them rife to the Height of forty or fifty Feet, or more. Some of thefe Sorts produce very large warted Pods, which are fall of oblong flit Seeds to which is fattened a very long loft white Down, which helps to convey the Seeds to a great Diftance when ripe. This Down,, as alfo that of the Apocynum, have of
;

amongft other tall-flowering Trees, where they mould be fupported by ftrong Poles, about which thefe Plants will twine, and rife to a great Height. This Sort is hardy, and will endure the Cold of our Wimers very well, provided it is planted in a dry Soil.
It

late

Years been ufed to

is

ftuiT

Pillows,

MattreiTes, and

Quilts,

for

which

Purpofcs there

nothing fo proper ; for it is fo exceedingly light, that a Quilt of great Th cknefs is hardly to be felt, when fpiead over a Bed ; which is of great Advantage to thofe
;

Perfons

who

are troubled with the

producer

its

Flowers

in "June

and July

but rarely perfects its ; Seeds in England. The Flowers are riot very beautiful ; but, for their

Goat, and cannot bear any Weight on the Part affected. It hath alio a
not

Oddnefs, may have a Place amongil other hardy Shrubs in every good

very great Elalticity, fo that it is apt to flick together. This Down is calPd in French, De la

Wadde, and

is

greatly in

Ufe among
be propaga-

Garden.

the Q^alitv in France.

The

fecond,

third,

and fourth

All thefe Plants

ted by Seed^,

may

have annual Stalks, but pertnnial Proofs, wh ch grow to the Size of a Parfnep, and will continue many
Years.

which fhould be fown

1

Thefe

will live in the

full

on an Hot-be enrly in the Spring y and when the Plants are come up fit to tranfplant, they mould each be

planted

P E
planted into a feparate Pot fill'd with tre{h Earth, and plung'd into a moderate Hot-bed, obferving to fhade
Sefd,

P E
having two Lobes, which is included in a Membrane or Pericarpium. We know but one Species of this
Plant
;

them from

the Sun every Day until they have taken new Root ; after which time they mould have a large Share of Air in warm Weather, and mufc have plenty of Water. In about fix Weeks or two Months after planting, the Plants will get up to reach the GhfFes of the Hot- bed ; when they mould be fhifted into

viz.

Perse a. Cluf. Hift. do, or Avogato Pear.

This Tree grows

The Avoca-

in great Plenty

in the Spanijb Weft Indies t as alfo in the Ifland of Jamaica ; and hath

been tranfplanted into molt of the

Englifi Settlements in
die
is
,

the IVcfl- In-

larger Pots, and plunged into the

on account of

its

Fruit

which

$ark-bed in the Srove; where they mutt be lupponed by an Efpalier,

otherwife they will twill thcmieives

not only efteemed by the Inhabitants as a Fruit to be eaten by way

round whatever Plants grow near them Thefe Plants will bear the open Air in Summer ; but they never make any Progrefs when they are f xpos'd, and rarely flower therefore, in order to have thefe Plants in
:

Beauty, they fhoqld conftantly remain in the Stove, and mull have a large Share of free Air in mild Weather. When they are thus

of DefTert, but is very necefiary for the Support of Life. The Fruit of itfelf is very infipid for which Reafon they generally eat it with the Juice of Lemons and Sugar, to give it a Piquancy. It is very nourilhing, and is reckon'd a great Incentive to Venery. Some People eat this Fruit with Vinegar and Pepper. This Tree, in the warm Coun;

managed, they will rife to the Height of thirty Feet, or more, and wil? produce Flowers every Summer. The fourth Sort hath been by

where it is planted, grows to Height of thirty Feet, dr more ; and has a Trunk as large as our common. Apple-trees the Bark is fmcoth, and of an Am-colour ; the
tries,

the

fome Perfons taken

and
is

for

Scammony
titled

pelier

MontRouts and Branches abounding with a milky Juice but the true Turky Scammony is a Species of Convolvulus, under which Article it is before mention-

by fome Authors
;

Scammony

the

Branches are befet with pretty large oblong fmooth Leaves, like thofe of Laurel, which are of a deep green Colour, and continue on the Tree throughout the Year: the Flowers and Fruit are, for the mcft part, prodae'd toward the Extremity of
the Branches.

ed.

In Europe this Plant

f/Vfr

is

preferved

PEPJWINCLE.
gato Pear.

Pervinca.
or

as a Curiofity,

by thofe Perfons

who

PERSEA, The Avocado,

The
it

Ayp-

arefkilful in collecting Exotic Plants:

Characters are
'

bath a rofe-Jhapcd Flower , conCircle', from ivbofe

fining of fc feral Leaves, nvbicb are

and tho' there is little Hope of its producing Fruit, yet, for the Beauty of its mining green Leaves, which continue thro' the Winter, it deferves a Place in every curious Col-

ranged in a

Mid-

dle arifes the Poinial,

ivbicb after-

lection
It
is

ward becomes
fruit, in

a foft fltjby pcar-Jbaped rjjbch is an bard Stone or

of Plants. propagated by Seeds, which

as frelh as pof-

mould be obtained
'

iibk,

P E
fible,

p E
whereby they
will

Growth
over
in

from the Countries of its ; and if they are brought

to

make

a fine Pro-

grefs the following

Summer. Thefe

Sand, they will be more grow, than fuch as are brought over dry. Thefe Nuts or Seeds fhould be planted in Pots filled with light rich Earth, and plunglikely

Piants muft be constantly kept in the

Stove for they are too tender to bear the open Air in this Country at
;

any Seafon.

ed into an Ho:- bed of Tanners Eark, which mould be kept pretty warm. The Pots mould be alio
frequently watered,

PERSIC A, The Peach The Char a c?ers are

;

tree.

when

the Earth

appears dry, which will greatly facilitate the Vegetation of the Seed, provided the Water is not given in

// hath long narrow Leaves : the Flower tcrji/h of fi<veral Leaves, which are piactd in a circular Order, and expand in farm cf a Rcfe :

Pointal, which ri/es from the Centre of the fhwercup, becomes a

the

would rot In about a Month or five Weeks the Plants will come up t when they mult be treated very tenderly ; for the Bed mult be kept in a due Temperature for Heat and
large Quantities, which

roundifb f-fyFruit,

having a

longitu-

them.

dinal Fj
Stone,

r$w4 inclfng a rough rugged

is

whicv
it
is

deeply

fwrvwd,
from

by
the

which

dijlinguiflid

Almond.
thefe Trees,

when

proves warm, the frefh Air fhould be admitted to the

the
Plants, by raifing the GiaiTes a
little.

Day

There are a great Variety of which are cultivated in

When they have grown about four Inches high, they ihould be carefully tram planted and where there are feveral Plants in one Pot, they muft be parted, being careful to preferve a Ball of Earth to the Root of each, and planted into leparate fmall Pots fi.H'd with light rich Earth, and then plunged into an
;

the Gardens of thofe who are curious in collecting the feveral Sorts cf Fruit in the different Parts of Europe:

Hot-bed of Tanners Bark ; obferving to (hade them until they have taken new Root ; after which time they mould have frefh Air admitted
to

beg Leave to Sorti, which are cultivated for the Beauty of their Flowers after which, I mall enumerate the feveral Sorts of good Fruit which have come to my Knowiege. 1. Persica vulgaris, fore pleno. Toum. Peach-tree with double
I (hall

therefore

firit

mention two or three

;

Flowers.
2.

Persica African a nana, fore

incarnato fimplici. T.

Dwarf Al-

proportion to the Warmth of the Seafon toward Mickaihnas

them

in

mond, with fmgle Flowers, vulgo. 3. Persica dfricana nana, fore

incarnato pleno. T.

the Plants muft be

removed

into the

Double-flower -

Stove, and plunged into the Barkbed, where, dunng the Winter- feafon, they fhould be kept very

ing

Dwarf Almond, vulgo. The firit of thefe Trees is a very

Ornament
Spring,
in a

warm,

great
in the

Garden

early

and mull be genii y watered twice a

the flowers being

Week.

In the vSpring the Plants fhouid be fhifted into Pots a Size larger than the former, and the

very large, double, and of a beautiful red or purple Colour. This may

Bark-bed mould be then renewed with trefh Tan, which will fet the
plants
in

a growing State early,

be planned in Standards, and, if intermix^ amongft o her flowering Trees of the fame Growth, makes a very agreeable Variety or it may
f

be

P E
be planted againft the Walls of the fMeafare- garden, where the beautiful Appearance of its Flowers early in the Spring will be more acceptable in fuch Places than the choiccft
Frjits,

p E
alone
is
is

not fufficicnt

befides, there

a vatt Difference in the Size and

Flavour of the fame Peach, when planted on different Soils and Afpects ; fo that it is almoft impoffible
for a Perfon

which mull be expofeJ

to

Servants, and others fo that they

feldom can be preferv'd in large Fauntil they are ripe. This Tree may be propagated by budding

who is very converfant with thefe Fruits to diflinguifri them, when brought from various Gardens.

milies

on the Almond or Plum-Ptocks in the fame manner as the other Sort of Peaches and mould be planted in
it
;

The Names

good

frefti Soil,

that

is

not over-

moilt.

bler

other two Sorts are of humGrowth, feldom rifing above five Feet high thefe may be budded upon Almond-flocks, or propagated by Layers they will alfo take upon
:

The

Confufion of the of Fruits hath been many times owing to the bringing over Trees from France for the Perfons who are generally employed to bring over thofe Trees for Sale, are intirely ignorant of their various Sorts,
prefent
;

and do themfelves take them upon Truft, from Che Perfons who make
it

Plum-floeks but they are very apt to canker, after they have flood four or five Years upon thofe Stocks, efpecially that with double Flowers, which is tenderer than the other, which fends out Suckers from the Root, whereby it may be eafily propagated. Thefe Shrubs make a very agreeable Variety amongft low-flowering Trees, in fmall Wildernefs - quar;

propagate great Markets of France, whither they are brought in Waggons, and fold out in Parcels to
their Bufinefs
to

Quantities, to fupply the

thofe Perfons

who
alfo

bring them into

happens many by right Names, that thefe, in Length of Time, are loft, or the Trees come
England.
It

times, if they are received

into the PofTeiTion of other Perfons,

who, not knowing the true Name of the Fruit, do often give them new Names, whereby there is fuch a
of Fruit, as and hence fome Perfons have fuppofed a much greater Variety of Peaches than
in the
is

ters.

The

lingle Sort flowers in the

Confufion

Names

Beginning of April, and the double

is

impoffible

to rectify

commonly
later.

a Fortnight or

three

Weeks

I mall now proceed to mention the feveral Sorts of good Peaches

there

is

in

reality

tho'

as

the

grea'eft Part

of thefe have been ob-

which have come to my Knowlege and though perhaps a greater Number of Sorts may be found in fome Catalogues of Fruits, yet I doubt whether many of them are not the fame K'nds call'd by difFerenrNames
:

tained from Seeds, fo their Varieties

may

be multiplied annually, until

there be no
ever, I

End of the
content

Sorts.

Hownow

fhall

myfelf with

enumerating the principal Sorts

known

in England,

for, in

Sorts,

order to determine the vai ions it i.i neceiTai v to obferve the

as

ficient for

which are fufany Gentleman to make

to

a Collection

continue thro' the

Fruit.

Shape and Size of the Flowers,

well
as
;

whole Seafon of
i.

Fruit

the d liferent Parts of the for this does fometimes de-

The

white

Nutmeg

(call'd

by

termine the Kind, when the Fruit

Blanche j but This Tree has fawed Leaves genethe Fiencb,

;

V A<vam Pecbe

;'

P E
generally moots veryvvcak,unlefs budded upon an Apricot the Flow:

p E
it is

dom

high-flavoured
:

the Stone

is

very fmall
Augujl.
6.

this

ripens

early in

ers are large

and open
is

the Fruit

is

fmall and white, as

at the Stone,
rates
:

alfo the

Pulp

it is

from which it fepaa little mufky and fugary ;

:

French,

The early Purple (calPd by the La Pourpree bati<ve) : This

: :

only efteemed for its being the it is in eating pretty firil Sort ripe early in July, and foon becomes
but
is

ers are large

Tree has fmooth Leaves the Flowand open the Fruit is Jarge, round, and of a fine red

mealy.
Fr, nch,

red Nutmeg (call'd by the UA<vant Feche de Troyes J : This Tree has fawed Leaves the the Flowers are large and open Fruit is larger and rounder than the white Nutmeg, and is of a bright vermilion Colour the Flefh is white, and very red at the Stone it has a rich mufky Flavour, and parts from the Stone: this Peach is well efteemed : it ripens toward the End of
2.

The

Colour: the Flelh is white, but veryred at the Stone; is very full of Juice, which has a rich vinous Fla-

vour \ and is by all good Judges efteemed an excellent Peach this

:

is

rips

before the Middle of

Aw

7. The large or French Mignon: The Leaves of this Tree are fmooth:

the

the Fruit

7!y.
early or fmall Mignon by the French, La Double de Troyes, or -Mignonette) : This Tree
3.
(.call'd

Flowers are large and open : is a little oblong, and generally fuelling on one Side it is of a line Colour: the Juice is very fugary, and of an high Flavour:
:

The

the Flefh

is

white, but very red at

:

the Stone, which is fmall this ripe in the Middle of Augujl, and
juftly

is is

has fmall contracted Flowers

Fruit
is
:

the

of a middling Size, and

it is

round

very red on the Side next the Sun the Flelh is white,
:

and feparates from the Stone, where the Juice is vinous and it is red it is ripe the End of July, or rich Beginning of Augujl. This 4. The yellow Alberge Tree has fmooth Leaves the Flowers are fmall and contracted the Fruit is of a middling Size, fomewhat long: the Flefh is yellow, and
:
: : : :

efteemed one of the beft Peaches this fepqrates from the Stone. This Sort of Peach is tender, and will not thrive on a common Stock ; fo is generally budded
:

dry feldom well-flavoured, it is but mould be perfectly ripe before

:

it

is

gathered; otherwife
:

it

is

good

for little

it is

ripe early

m Augujl.

upon fome vigorous (hooting Peach, or an Apricot, by the Nurfery-men, which enhances the Price of the Trees. But the beft Method is to bud this Peach into fome old healthyApricot, which is planted to a South or South -eaft Afpecl, and to cut away the'Aprjcot when the Buds have taken, and made Shoots : upon fome Trees which I have feen, thus managed, there has been a much greater Quantity of fairer, and better flavoured Fruit, than I have ever obferved in any other Management

5. The white Magdalen: This Tree has fawed Leaves the Flowers are large and open the Wood is
:

and the Trees have been much more

healthy.
8.

generally black
Fruit
is

at

the Pith

the
:

round, of a middling Size the Flefh is white to the Stone, from

'which
it

The
;

yrtmfi:

feparates

the juice

is fel-

Leaves

Chevreuje or Belle CheTree has fmooth the Flowers are fmall and

This

con-

: :

::

P
cantra&ed

E
the Flefh
parates
is

v E
Size, of a fine

the Fruit is of a mid: dling Size, a little oblong, of a fine red Colour the Flelh is white, but very red at the Stone, from wh'eh it is very full of a rich it feparates
: :

Red next the Sun white and melting, but

it

red at the Stone, from which

:

fe-

the Stone

flat

and point:

ed

the

Tree

is

a good Bearer
Augujl.
:

this

lugary Juice, and ripens toward the End of Augujl : this is a very good Bearer, and may be ranged with the

ripens the

End of
:

good Peaches.
red Magdalen (call'd by tie French about Paris> Madeleine de
9.

The

Ccurfon ) : The Leaves of this Tree the Flowers are are deeply fawed large and open : the Fruit is large
:

13-ThcNobIeft This Tree has fawed Leaves the Flowers are large and open the Fruit is large, of a bright-red next the Sun: the Flefh is white and melting, and feparates from the Stone, where it is of a faint-red Colour: the Juice is very rich in a good Seafon it ripens the
:
:

and round, of a

fine

red Colour

the Flelh is white, but very red at the Stone, from which it feparates the Juice is very fugary, and of an the Fruit is ripe extjuifite Flavour
: :

End of Augujl. The Leaves 1 4. The Chancellor

:

of

Tree are fmooth the Flowers are fmall and contracted the Fruit is lhaped fomewhat like the
this
:
:

the

End of

Augujl

k is

one of

tiie

Belle Cbe'vrcufe, but

beft Sort of Peaches.

1 o.The early Neivington (or Smiths tfewfagton J : This is very like, if not the fame, with what the French call he Pa'vie blanc i this Tree has fewed Leaves : the Flowers are large and open : the Fruit is of a

Flefh

is

is rounder the white and melting, and fe:

parates from the Stone,

where

it

is is

of a very

fine red

Colour

the Skin

middling Size,

is of a fine Red on the Flelh is the Side next the Sun firm and white, but very red at the Stone, to which it clofely adheres
:

it

the

hath a fugary Juice, and End of Augujl.

1 1
.

is

ripe

and the Juice is very rich: it ripens about the End of Augujl, and is efteemed one of the beft Sort of Peaches. This Tree is very tender, and will not fucceed on common Stocks ; fo is budded twice as the Mignon ; and if budded on Apricots, as was directed for that Sort, will thrive much better than in any other Method.
thin,

The Montauhan
:
:

This Tree

has fawed Leaves the Flowers are the Fruit is of a large and open middling Size, of a deep-red, inclining to purple next the Sun ; but

15. The Bellcgarde (or as the French call it, the Gallande ) : This Tree has fmooth Leaves ; the Flowthe ers are fmall and contracted Fruit is very large and round, of a
:

of a pale Colour toward the Wall the Flelh is melting and white to the the Stone, from which it feparates Juice is rich, and the Tree is a good Bearer: it ripens the Middle of Augujl, and is well efteemed. 12. The Malta (which is very
:

deep-purple Colour on the Side to the Sun : the Flelh is white, melting,* and feparates from the Stone, where it is of a deep-red Colour
the Juice
is very rich: this ripens the Beginning of Sfptemher y and is an excellent Peach ; but at prefent

like, if not the fame, with the Ita-

not
Call

common.

lian Peach)
:

This Tree has fawed Leaves the Flowers are lar^e and spen the Fruit is of a- middling
:

16.
it,

The
La

LiJIe

(or as the French

:

petite Violette hat'vve )

:

This Tree has fmooth Leaves the Flowers

J* E
Flowers are fmajl and contracted the Fruit is of a pale-yellow, and
:

P E
fair

melting

bat adheres to the Scone, the Juice, is very red very vinous: this ripens the Beginning of September. has I 7. The Sourdine : This Tree
;

where

it

is

the Flowers are fmooth Leaves the Fruit is fmall and contracted large, round, and of a fine red Cothe Fiem is lour next the Sun white, melting, and feparates from the Stone, where it is of a fine red Colour the Juice is vinous and rich: this ripens the Beginning of September, and is greatly efteemed by the Curious. The Tree bears plentifully, and will produce Fruit in
:

and large, of a beautiful red Colour next the Sun : the Flefh is white, melting, and clofely adheres to the Stone, where it is of a deepred Colour ; the Juice is very rich and vinous. This is efteemed one of the belt Sort of "avies r it ripens about the Middle of September.
2
1
.

The

Rambouillet
:

call'd

the Rumbullion )

(commonly This Tree

has fmooth Leaves : the Flowers are large and open : the Fruit is of a

middling Size, rather round than

long, deeply divided by a Sulcus or
.

Furrow

Standards very well.

1 8. The Rnffiinna : This Tree has the Flowers are fmooth Leaves the Fruit is fmall and contracted
: :

large, a little

more long than

is

the

Alberge
is

the Flcftt

yellow, and

Middle it is of a fine red Colour next the Sun ; but of a light -yellow next the Wall: the Flcfh is melting, of a bright-yellow Colour,and feparates from the Stone, where it is of a deep red Colour the Juice is rich, and of a vinous Flavour this ripens the Middle of September, and is a good Bearer. 22. The Bel/is (which I believe
in the
: :

where it and vinous: this ripens the Beginning of September, and is efteemed a good Peach. This is the fame with what fome call the Purple, and others the red Alberge, it being of a fine purple Colour on the Side next the Sun. This Tree 19. The Admirable has fmooth Leaves : the Flowers
feparates from

the Stone,
is

tf>

be what the French call

La

Belle

red

the Juice

rich

de Vitry):

The
:

are fawed

Leaves of this Tree the Flowers are fmall

:

and contracted

the Fruit is of a middle Size, round, and of a pale-

red next the Sun

the Flem.

is

white,

and adheres
is

to the Stone,
is

red

the Juice

where it vinous and rich :

this ripens in the

middle of Septem-

ber.

are fmall and contracted : the Fruit is large, round, and red on the Side

next the Sun melting, and

S'.one,

the Fleih
feparates

is

white,

23. The Portugal: This Tree has fmooth Leaves : the Flowers arc large and open the Fruit is large,
:

where

it is is

lour
this

the Juice ripens the

from the of a deep-red Cofugary and rich

:

and of a beautiful red Colour toward the Sun the Skin is generally
:

fpotted

the

Flefli

is

firm, white,

tember.
early

This is Admirable

Beginning of Sepby fome calTd the

:

but

is

certainly

what the French call V Admirable and they have no other of this Name which ripens later. 20. The old Newington: This Tree has awed Leaves tfce Ffowthe Fruit is gro ?re large and open
:
:

and clofely adheres to the Stone, where it is of a faint-red Colour : the Stone is fmall, but full of deep Furrows the Juice is rich and vinous this ripens the Middle of Sep:
:

tember.
24.

Le

Tetorr

Venus

(or Venus 's

its

Breaft), fo call'd

from

having a
:

Riling like a

Dug, or Bubby

This

Tree

P E
Tree has fmooth Leaves theFlowers the Fruit are fmall and contracted
:

p E
is

of a deep-red Colour

the Stalk
this

has a fmall

Knot upon

it

makes
:

of a middling Size refembling the .Admirable, of a pale-red Colour next the Sun the Flefli is melting, white, and feparates from the Stone, where it is red the Juice is fugary and rich this ripens late mScpte/nbtr. 25. La Pourpree for as the French
is
:

call

it

Pourpree tardive,
:

i.

e.

the late

This Tree has very large Leaves, which are fawed the Shoots are very ftrong: the Flowers are. the Fruit is fmall and contracted large, round, and of a fine purple Colour the Flefli is white, melting, and feparates from the Stone, where it is red the Juice is fugary and rich:
Purple)
:

this ripens late in September.

and is a good Bearer it ripens the End of September. Many Gardeners call this the Ninette. 29. The monftrous Pavy of Pomponne (cail'd by the French Le Pahtit rouge de Pomponne ) : the Leaves of this Tree are fmooth : the Flowers are large and open the Fruit is very large and round, many times fourteen Inches in Circumference the Flefli is white, melting, and clofely adheres to the Stone, where it is of a deep-red Colour the Outfide is a beautiful red next the Sun, and of a pale Flefli colour on the other Side this ripens the End of OJlober, and, when the Autumn is warm, is an exa fine Tree,
:

26. The Nivette : This Tree has fawed Leaves: the Flowers are fmall and contracted the Fruit is large, fomewhat longer than round, of a bright-red Colour next the Sun, and
:

cellent Peach.

30. The Catharine: This Tree has fmooth Leaves : the Flowers are fmall and contracted : the Fruit is

of a pale-yellow on the other Side

the Flefli
is

and of a dark-red Colour next the Sun: the Flefli is white,

large, round,

melting, and
is

rich Juice; and

full of a very red at the

:

melting, and
it is

full

of a rich Juice
:

it

clofely adheres to the Stone,

where
ripens

Stone, from which it feparates this efteemed one of the beft Peaches it ripens in the middle of September.
is
:

of a deep-red Colour

it
;

the Beginning of October

and in

Roy ale ) : This Tree has fmooth Leaves the Flowthe ers are fmall and contracted Fruit is large, round, and of a deepred on the Side next the Sun, and of a paler Colour on the other Side
27.
:

The Royal (La

very good Seafons is an excellent Peach but being fo very late ripe, there are not many Situations where
:

it

ripens well.

31. The Bloody Peach (cail'd by the French La Sangainolle J : This

white, melting, and full of a rich Juice : it parts from the

the Flefli
Stone,

is

where
:

it

is

Colour
is fine,

this ripens the

of a deep-red middle of
the

Peach is of a middling Size, of a deep-red next the Sun the Flelh is of a deep- red quite to the Stone; and from thence is, by fome Gardeners, This cail'd the Mulberry - peach.
:

September', and,
is

when

Autumn

an excellent Peach. 28. The Perfique: This Tree the Flowers are has fawed Leaves
:

fmall and contracted : the Fruit is large, oblong, and of a fine red Cothe Flefli is lour next the Sun melting, and full of a rich Juice; it
:

feparates from the Stone, where

it

Fruit rarely ripens in England ; fo is not often planted : but this Fruit bakes and preferves excellently ; for which, as alfo the Curiofity, one or two Trees may be planted, where there is Extent of Walling. There are fome other Sorts of Peaches which are kept in fome of the Nurferies; but thofe which are

here

P E
here enumerated, are the Sorts moft worth planting ; and in the Lift the choicer* only mould be planted but I (hall juft mention the Names of thofe Sorts omitted, for the Satiffaclion of the Curious
:

P E
call

Peaches into two Sorts ; *v!x. Pavies and Pi aches ; thofe are cali'd Peaches which quit the Stone; and
thofe

whofe Flem

clofely

adheres
:

to the Stone, are call'd Pavies

are

much more

thefe efteem'd in France

;

The
;

Sion

the Bourdeaux
;

;
;

the

than the Peaches

tho' in

England

Swatch or Dutch the Carlijle the Eton thePecbt dt P;YeJl0w Admirable

;

the latter are preferr'd to the former by the generality of Perfons.

the Double-flower. This

laft

Sort

is

generally planted

more

for the

Goodnefsof the
great Plenty
;

Beauty of the Flowers, than for the Fruit; of which fome Years the Standard -trees produce
but they are late ripe,
infipid Juice.

French alfo diftinguifh them the Pavies ; they make to be the Male, and the Peaches the Female: but this Diftin&ion is without Foundation, fince
into

The

Male and Female

and have a cold watry

The dwarf Peach

isalfo preferved in

fome Places as a Curiofiry. This is a very tender Tree, making very weak Shoots, which are very full of Flower - buds. The Fruit is not fo large as a Nutmeg, and not good, nor will the Tree laft any time ; fo it is not worth cultivating.
"And indeed, from thefe thirty-one above-named, there are not above ten of them which I would advife to be planted becaufe when a Perfon can be furnifhed with thofe which
;

the Kernels of both Sorts will pn duce Trees equally for the Flowen of Peach trees are generally Hermaphrodite, and have all the Parts of Generation in them ; fo that there is no Neceffity of fuppofing any of them to be intircly Ma'e or Female
:

but it is likely, that this Dillinclion is of long (landing, before Perfons

had a perfecl Notion of Male and Female in Plants, or at lead they did
not
al

know how

to diftinguilh

them

under.

are good, or has the bell of the Seafon,

it is not worth while to plant any which are middling or indiffer-

The Nectarines (as I have in another Place faid) are by the French calFd Brugnonsy which differ from
the other two Sorts, in having a firm hard Flelh, and the Skins quite, fmooth, without any Down upon them. The Sorts of thefe I have already mention'd under the Article Neclarinrs to which the Reader may
y

ent, for the fake of Variety

there-

fore the Sorts

which

mould prefer

are thefe after-mentioned The early Purple ; the Grofe Mignon ; Belle Cht<vreufe ; Red Magdalen
;

readily turn

therefore I (hall not

fet

Chancellor
RoJJ'anna

Bellegarde

Bour-

repeat

them

in this Place.

din

Ninette.

Rambouillet ; and ; Thefe are the Sorts bell worth planting and as they fucceed
;

each other, fo they will furnifh the Table thro' the Seafon of Peaches and where there is room, and the Situation very warm, one or two Trees of the Catharine Peach mould have Place ; for in very warm Seafons it is an excellent Fruit. The French diftinguiih thofe we

the good by which any Perfon may judge of their Worth. A good Peach ought to have a firm Flem the Skin mould be thin,
Qualities of Peaches,
:

I fhall

now

down

of a deep or bright-red Colour nexc the Sun, and of a yellowilh Caft next the Wall the Flem mould be of a yellowifh Colour, full of Juice,
:

which mould be high-flavour'd the Stone fmall, and the Pulp or Flem
:

very

P E
Very thick.

P E
all

When
it

a Peach hafch

tr-:fe Qualities,

may

be efteem'd

a valuable Fruit. All the different Sorts of Peaches have been originally obtain'd from the Stones ; which, being planted,

when the Plants come mould be carefully clear'd from the Weeds, which mould alf6 be obferv'd throughout the Summer; and if the Spiing mould prove very dry, if you re/refh them now-andin the Springi

up, they

produce new Varieties,

,

as
;

do

the

then with a
this

little

Water,

it

will
:

Seeds of

all

other Fruits

fo that

greatly promote their

Growth

in

have Garden enough to allow room for propagating thefe Fruits from Seeds, there is no doubt but many good Sorts may be obtain*d, which will be better adapted to our Climate than fuch as are brought from warmer Countries thy it is true, that there will be pf ihem good for nothing;, as is the Cafe of moll Fruits and Flowers which are produe'd from Seeds, amongit which there may be fome valuable Kinds, fuperior to thofe from whence the Seeds were taken ; yet there is always a great Number which are little worth but if we can obtain only two or three valuPeri'ons

where

Bed they mould remain

following
Spring,
carefully taken up,

until

the

when they
fo
a?

mould be

not to break their tender Roots, and

tranfplanted into aNurlery,
three'

inRows

mmy

and e-'ghteen Inches diftaat Plant from Plant in the Rows obfervmg to lay a little Mulch upon the Surface of the
Feet
alund-.r,
;

their Roots, to predrying too fafl and if the Spring fhoild prove very dry, you mould give them a little Water once a Week, until they have taken

Ground about
its

vent

Root

after

which, they mould be

conlrantly kept clear from Weeds, and the Grourd between the Rows
carefully
it,

able Sorts,

it

is

fufricient

to

make

dug everySpring,

to loofen

amends for the Trouble of raifing them but where Perfona are fo
:

fo as that the tender Fibres

may

cUfious as to plant the Stones of thefe Fruits, great Regard mould be had

on every Side. In this Nurfery they may continue two cr three Years after
ftrike out
;

and if the Fruit were permitted to remain upon the Trees

to the Sorts
;

which, they mould be tranfplanted where they are to remain, to pro-

until they dropped

oft",

the Kernels

duce

Fruit.

would be fitter for planting, and more

likely to grow.

In removing

thefe Trees,

you

The

belt Sorts for

mould obferve
right

to

lowing are thofe whofe Flelh is firm, and cleaves to the Stone ; and from amongtt thefe you mould choofe fuch as ripen pretty early, and have a rich vinous Juice from which Sorts fome
;

Roots

(if

prune their downthey have any) pret-

all bruifed Parts of the Roots, as alfo all the fmall Fibres, which do generally

ty fhort, and to cut eft

dry, and,

when
;

left

good Fruit may be expected. Thefe Stones mould be planted in Autumn, on a Bed of light dry Earth, about three Inches deep* and and in the four Inches afunder Winter the Beds mould be cover'd, to protect them from the Froft,
;

after planting again,

upon the Roots grow mouldy,

fo that they aro injurious to the new Fibres which are ihot out from the Roots, and very often prevent the Growth of the Trees but you mould by no means prune
:

and decay

their

Heads

for the Plants

which

permitted to enter deep into the Ground, will deftroythem

which,

if

are produced from Stones, are generally

of a mere fpongy Texture, and

fo

V E
fo

p E
mond
and Apricot-ftock% for fome
:

more liable to decay when cat, than thofe which are budded upon other Stocks. Befides, as thefeTrees are defigned for Standards (for it is
not proper to plant them againft Walls, until you fee the Produce of their Fruit, to fhew which of them deferves to be cultivated), fo they will never require any other Pruneing, but oniy to cut out decayed Branches, or fuch as (hoot out very
irregular from the Sides
;

tender Sorts of Peaches, which will not grow upon Plum iiocks thefe

fhould
in

be all produced from the S:one (as hath been already directed
the Article of a Nurferj), and not from Suckers, for the R'-afons
there laid

down.

in the

for

more

than this, is generally very injurious to them. In planting thefe Tree?, it will be the better way to difpofe them fingly in the Quarters of the Kitchengarden, where they will thrive, and produce Fruit, much better than if they are planted pretty near each
other in

thefe Stocks have grown Nurfery two Years, they will be lirong enough to bud ; the Seafon for which is commonly about Midfummer, or any time in Juiy^

When

when

the

Rind

will eafily
;

feparate

from the

Wood

when you lhould

make

choice of fame good Cuttings" of the Sorts of Fruit you intend to propagate, always obferving to take

them from healthy Trees, and fuch as generally produce a good Quantity

Rows ; and as they are thus fwgly difpofed, they will not do much Injury to the Crops which grow under them. When they have produced Fruit, you will fcon be a Judge of their
Goodnefs therefore fuch of them as you diflike, may be dcftroy'd but thofe which are goo*d, may be propagated by inoculating them upon other Stocks, which is the
:

of well-tailed Fruit
that
far

for

it is

ve-

ry certain,

any Sort of Fruit

may be
this

fo

degenerated, where

Care is' wanting, as not to be like the fame Kind. Befides, when* ever a Tree is unhealthy, the Buds taken from that Tree will always
retain the Diftemper, in a greater or

common Method now

pra&ifed to therefore I propagate thefe Fruits lhall now proceed to treat of that more particularly ; in doing which, I mall fet down the Metnod now commonly prattifed by the Nurierygardeners and then propofe fome few Things of my own, as an Improvement thereon, for fuch Perfons who are very curious to have good
: ;

Degree, according as it hath imbibed a greater or lefs Quantity of the diiiemper'd Juice. Thus, for Inlhnce, where a Peach or Nectarine-tree hath been greatly blighted,
left

fo as

that the Shoots have

grown

bulled,

and the Leaves curled up to

a great degree, that Diikmper is recover'd again by the feldom

greatell Art,

or at lead not under

feveral Years

Management
will

for let

the Seafons prove ever fo favourable,

yet

thefe

Trees

continually
;

Fruit.

But,

firft,

mew
many

the

fame Diftemper
fo

which
as to

You mould be provided with

Stocks of the Mufcle and White Pear - plums, which are generally
efleem'd the two beft Sorts of Plums
for Stocks to inoculate Peaches

Perfons are

weak

fuppofe a frefh Blight; whereas in reality it is no other but the Re-

mains
with
all

of

the

former

Sicknefs,

and

which are fpread and

the juices of the

intennix'd

Nectarines upon

i.

as aifo

fome Al-

Tree

fo

that

P E
that whatever Buds are taken from fuch Trees, will always retain a Part of the Diftemper. Upon the Care which is taken in the Choice of the Buds, the whole Succefs depends ; therefore a Perfon who is curious to have good Fruit, cannot be too careful in this Parti-

p E
The Cuttings with which you &t thus to be provided, mould always b2 taken from the Trees either in a
Morning or Evening, or
cloudy
elfe in

Day

for if they are cut oft

the Sun is very hot, the Shoots will perfpire fo freely, as to leave the Buds deftitute of Moift-

when

cular

for,

in general,

regarded by

thofe

no more is Nurfery - men

ure

their mifcarrying

who are the moft careful in propagating the feveral Sorts of Fruittrees, than the taking their Buds or Grafts from the true Kinds of Fruittrees but there is iliil more Care required to have found healthyTrees, ffpecially in this ofPeach andNecla* rines for if the Buds are taken from young Plants in the Nurfery, which have not produced Fruit, the Shoots of which are generally very ftrong and vigorous, thefeBuds will have fo vicious an Habit, as rarely to be corrected, and brought into good
: :

the Caufe of and the fooner they are ufed when cut from the
;

which

is

often
:

manner of

Trees, the better they will take. The this Operation being fully explain'd under the Article of
Inoculation, I
(hall

not repeat

it

in

this Place.

The Management of
Nurfery,
is

thefe Trees, during their remaining

time

in the

likewife fulI

ly fet

down under

that Article.

mail therefore proceed to the Planting of thefe Trees, either again ft Walls, Efpaliers, or for Standards.

Order
Joints

for

they will

moot more
;

But as the future Succefs of thefe Trees in a great meafure depends upon the Soil in which they are
planted,
I

like the

Willow than

the Peach

the

fhall briefly fet

down

the

being extended to a great Diftance from each other, the Shoots very grofs, and the Wood pithy therefore where the Practice of takeing the Buds from Nurfery -trees is long continued, there can be little
:

Method of preparing
the Borders
to grow.
,

the Earth for

where they are defigned

Hopes of the Trees fo raifed. would therefore recommend it

all curious Perfons, to

to

procure their

Buds from fuch Trees as have been long growing, whofe Fruit are wellflavoured, and the Trees perfectly
found as alfo never to make choice of the ftrongeft or moft luxuriant Shoots of thefe Trees, but fuch Shoots as are weli-condition'd, and
;

The'beft Earth for Peach-trees is fuch as is taken from a Paftureground, that is neither too ft iff and moift, nor over-dry ; but of a middling Nature. This fhould be dug from the Surface of the Ground about t?n Inches deep, taking the Turf with it ; and fhould be laid in

Heaps
is ftilt

eight or ten
is

Months

at leaft

but that which

prepared oneYear, better before it be ufed ; uuit

ring which time

the Clods

fhould be often
f

turn'd, to rot the Turf,

;

and break
be ren-

whofe Buds grow pretty clofe together. And altho' thefe do not make
following Year, as thofe which are taken from luxuriant Branches, yet they will be better difpofed to bear Fruit, and
fo
ftrong

whereby

it

will

der'd very light, and eafy to

ber

work

Shoots

the

and about the Beginning of Septem-

you fhould carry

ic

into

the

Garden, and make the Borders, which muft be raifed in Height proportionable to the Moift u re of the

will

make

ijiuch better Trees.

Garden

P E
Garden
wet,
it
;

P
be very
to lay as the

E
as foon

for if the

Ground

which fhould be performed

will

be advifeable

fome Rubbifh in the Eottom of the Border to drain off the Moifture, and to prevent the Roots of the Trees from running downward ; then raife the Border of Earth at leaft a Foot, or in very wet Land two Feet, above the Level of the Ground, fo that the Roots of the Trees may always remain dry but if the Ground be pretty dry, the Borders mould not be raifed abovefix oreightlnches higher than the Surface ; which will be fufficient to allow for their
:

Leaves begin to decay, that the Trees may take Root before the Froft comes on to prevent them. In the Choice of the Trees, if they are to be procured from a Nurfery, never take fuch as have large luxuriant Shoots, or that ftand in the
dle of the Nurfery
;

Mid-

but rather thofe

which grow near the Outfide, whofe

Shoots are generally of a redCoIour, and the Joints clofe together for thofe which have produced very large Shoots, when they are cut down, very often die after the Knife; or if they do moot, they commonly produce luxuriantBranches, winch are not difpofed forBearing. Then you fhould carefully take up the Trees out of the Nurfery, fo as net to break or bruife their*Roots and with a fharp Knife you muft prune the extreme Parts of them, and cut off fmooth any brok'.n or
:

finking.

As

to the

Breadth

of

thefe Bor;

ders, that

can't be

too great

but

they mould never be lefs than fix or eight Feet broad where Fruittrees are planted : for when the Borders are made very narrow, the Roots of the Trees will be fo confin'd in four or five Years time, that
they will feldom thrive wel! af:er. of thefe Borders fhould not be greater than two Feet ; for where they are prepared to a great

bruifed Roots

as alfo all the ftnall

off,

The Depth

Fibres Ihould be taken

for the

Depthj it only entices the Roots of the Trees downward, which may be the Caufe of their future Barren nefsj
for their Roots, being got

down

be-

Reafons before given. And having thus prepared your Trees, you fhould meafure out their Diftance, which ought never to be lefs than twelve Feet ; but where the Ground is very good, they
fhould be planted fourteenFeet afun-

low the

Influences of the

Sun and

Showers, imbibe a great Quantity which only add to of crude Juices the luxuriant Growth of the Trees, beand deftroy their Fruitfulnefs fides, whatever Fruit are produced from fuch Trees, are not near fo well-tufted, as are thofe which grow upon thofe Trees whofe Roots lie near the Surface, and enjoy the kindly Benefit of the Sun's Heat, to correct and digeft whatever Crudities there may be in the Earth. Your Borders, being thus prepared, fhould lie about three Weeks or a Month to fettle by which time the Seafon forPlanting will be ccme,
;
:

This, I doubt not, will be thought too great a Diftance by ma*

der.

ny Perfons,
time
it
:

efpec'ally fince

it is

con-

trary to the general Practice at this

but

am

fatisfied,

whoever

fhall try

the Experiment, will find

no more than is fufficient for thefe Trees, where they are rightly managed ; for if they take kindly to
the Soil,
their Branches
as

may be

fo

train'd,

to furni(h all

the lower

which

in a few Years ; what fnould be principally regirded, and not, as is too oft n the Pradice, run up the Shoots in Height, and leave all the lower
is

Part of the Wall

Vol.

III.

il

Part

P
;

E
as well as

E
:

Part of the Tree deftitute of bearfo that, in a few Years, ing Wood there will not be any Fruit but upon the upper Part of die Trees ; which alfo mull be the Cafe where they are planted too dole ; becaufe there being no room to extend the Branches on either Side, they are obliged to lead them upright ; which produces
Effeft.

can't r.ouriin twenty Trees equal!/

fo that whatit could ten ever Strength the Standard - trees

may

have, the Dwarfs will be proand it is a portionably weaker common Obfcrvation, that molt Trees extend toheir Roots as far under-ground, as their Branches fpread
:

above ground

fo that there

mould

the

before
alfo

mentioned

ill

There may

be fome Perfons,
this

who may

think

Diftance too

fmall for thefe Trees ; becaufe Plums, Cherries, and moft other Sort of Fruit-trees, require much

always be the fame Allowancegiven to the all-trees, if we would have them ftrong and vigorous therefore the building very high Walls for Fruit is to no Purpoie ; for a ten or twelve FeetWall will be fufficient for moil Sons of Fruit, except

more rcom

but

when

it

is

confi-

Pears.

der'd, that Peach

produce their former Year's Wood, fo that the Shoots of thefe Trees mull be annually (horter.cd in every Part of them,
to obtain

andNe&arine- trees Fruit only upon the

But

to return

to Planting:

After

the Trees

bearing Wcod, therefore may be kept in much lefs

you have mark'd out the Places where each Tree is to Hand, you mult with your Spade makeanHole wide enough to receive the Roots of the Tree then you mould place it down, obferving to turn the Bud
;

Compafs than thole of any other Sort of Fruit, and thereby every Part of the Wail may be conltantly fupplied with bearing Branches: for when the Trees are planted at a
great Diftance, the Branches are often extended to fuch Lengths, as to
leave the

Middle of

the Trees na-

ked.
tice

here I can't help taking noof ar.other very great "Error in planting Wall-fruit ; which is, the placing Standard or Half-ftandardtrees between the others, to cover the upper- Part of the Wall, and to

And

produce Fruit,

until

the Trees un-

outward, that the wounded Part of the Stock may be hid and let the Stem of the Tree be placed about four or five Inches from the Wall, with its Head inclining thereto; then fill in the Earth with your Hands, obferving to break the Clods, that the Earth may fall in between the Roots, fo as no void Spaces may be You mould alfo left about them. gently make the Tree with your Hands, to fettle the Earth down the better then with your Foot gently prefs down the Earth about the Stem but do not tread it down too hard, which is many times a very
; ;
;

derneath are grown up fufficient to furnifti the Walls, when the StanThis dards are to be taken away. is done without cor,fidermg, that the greater Number of Trees which are
planted in a fmall Compafs, the lefs Nourimment they can receive, and fo, confequently, mult be the weaker
;

great Fault
is

for

when

the

Ground

inclinable to bind, the treading of

ciofe doth often render

it

theGround

fo hard, as that the tender Fibres of

the Roots can't ftrike into

it; whereby the Tree remains at a Stand foi fome time and if the Earth be no
;

locfcn'd in time,
fo that,

it

frequently dies
th|

-for

the fame Space of

Ground

whenever )ou obftrve

Eartl

P E
Earth of your Border to be bound, either by great Rains, or from any other Caufe, you lhould fcrk and loofen it again ; obferving always to do it in dry Weather, if in Winter or Spring but in Summer it fhould be done in a moilt Seafon. Although I have here given Directions for the Choice of Trees from the Nurfery, after the ufual Method of planting thefe Trees which is, that of taking fuch as have made one Year's Shoot yet I would prefer thofe which were budded the preceding Summer, and have made no Shoot ; for if the Bud is found and plump, and the Bark of the Stock well clofed, where the Bud is inferted, there will be no Danger of its growing and wh^n the Bud has
;
;

p
would
Fibres.

injure, if notdeilroy, the fmall

ed, they will require

till

Thefe Things being duly obfervno farther Care

ihzFtbruary following
;

toward

of which Month, or the Beginning of March, according as the Seafon is earlier or later, you muit cut off the Heads of the newplanted Trees, leaving only four or five Eyes above the Bud ; in doing of which, you mult be very careful
the Latter-end
to pre-, not to diiturb their Roots vent which, you fhould place your
:

Foot down clcfe to the Stem of the Tree, and take fait hold of that Part of the Stock below the Bud with one Hand, to hold it fteady, while with
the other

the

Hand you gently Hope off Head of the Tree vvitli a fharp

(hoc to the
es, if
it is it

Length of five or fix Inchput out lateral Branches,

;

ftopp'd by p nching off the

Top,

will

which may be trained to the Wall and this will prevent any cutting off the Head for thefe Trees do not care for thofe large Amputations, efpecially fome of the more tender
:

Knife at the intended Place, which mould always be j aft above an Eye: this mouid always be done in dry for if there mould be Weather
;

much Rain foon after it is done, the Wet will enter the wounded Fart,and
nor mould it be carnage the Tree done in frolty Weather, for the fame Reafon ; for that would enter the wounded Part, and prevent its healing over. After you have headed
:

Sorts.

And
i

by

this

Method

of

planting thefe Trees in Bud, no time

will be loll

when

it is

confidcred,

which have (hot, mult be cut down, and there is an Hazard of their mooting again therefore I am convinced from Experience, that it is the belt Method. After you have thus planted your Trees, you (hq lid fatten their Heads
that the Trees
:

the Trees,

you fhould gently loofen

:

the Earth of the Borders, to admit

the Fibres of the Roots mult be very careful, in

this,

but

you
of

doing

to the Wall, to prevent their being

fhaken by the
diiturb

Wind

their Roots,

which would and break off

the

tender Fibres foon after they

were produced, to the no fmall Prejudice of the Trees you mould alfo lay fome Mulch upon the Sur:

Ground about theirRoots, before the Frolt fets in, to prevent it

face of the

from penetrating the Ground

which

not to cut or bruife their new Roots, which would alio damage them and if the Mulch which was laid about their Roots in Autumn be rotten, you may dig it into the Border at fome Diitance from the Roots of the Trees ; and when the dry Weather comes on, you fhould pare off fome Turf from a Failure - ground, which mould be laid upon the Surface of the Border about the Roots of the Trees, turning the Grafs downward which
:
:

Unit

will

P
the Earth,
better

E
if ftrong,

?
other will not

E
left

will preferve a gentle Moifture In

may be
if weak,

eight Inches

than any

long; but

Sort of Mulch: and this harbour Infels, as mod Sorts of Dung and Litter do, to the no fmall Detriment ot the Trees. Inwateri g of thefe Trees, you mould obferve to do it with aNoflel upon the Watering-pot, fo as to let
it

mould be fhorten'd to four or five then you mould train them horizontally to the Wall (as was before directed), fo that the Middle of the Trees may be void of Branches for that Part of the Tree
:
;

will be eafily furnimed

with

Wood
to

afterwards; whereas,
are train'd

if

the Shoots

out in Drops for when it is nattipour'd down, itcaufes the Ground to bind ; and if you water over the Head of the Tree, it will be of great Service to it. Your Waterings
:

perpendicularly

the

ly

mould not be repeated too

often,

nor Ihould they be given in great Quantity ; both which are very injurious to new-planted Trees. In the middle of May, ".hen thefe Trees will have feveral Shoots fix or eight Inches in Length, you mould nail them to the Wall; obferving to train

Wall, thofe which are the ftrongeft will draw the greateft Share of the Sap from the Roots, and mount upward fothat the Side-branches will be deprived of their Nourishment, and grow weaker, until they, many times, decay ; and this is the Rea:

fon, that

we

fee fo

many

Peach-trees

them horizontally,

rubbing off
fuch as

all

fore-right Shoots, or

are weak, whereby thofe which are preferved will be much ftronger but if there are not more than two Shoots produced, and thofe very ftrong, you Ihould at the fame time nip off their Tops which will caufe each of them to pufh out two or more Shoots, whereby the Wall
:

with one upright Stem in the Middle, and the two Sides wholly unfurniihed with Branches whereby the Middle of each Tree cannot produce any Fruit, that being fill'd with large Wood, which never produces any bearing Shoots nor can the two Sides of the Trees be regularly fill'd w;th fiuitful Branches, when this Defect happens to them ; therefore this Method mould be
;
:

carefully obferv'd in

the training

up

young Trees
permitted to
firft,

they are run into Diforder at

for

when

will be better fupplied with Branch-

it

will be

impoffible to reduce

you muft alio continue to refrefh them with Water in dry. Weather, during the whole Seafon, otheres
:

them into a regular healthful State

afterward,
the

Wood

of thefeTrees
to

wife they will be apt to fuffer for their Roots having but little hold of the Ground the firft Year after
;

being too being cut

pradiis'd

foft

and pithy

admit of

down again (as may be on many other hardy

which
;

Fruit-trees,

will

moot out
thefe

tranfplanting, if the Seafon fhould

vigorouily again)
will

whereas

prove very dry,

tard their

it

will
if

greatly re-

gum

at the Places

where they

Growth,

due care be

are wounded, and in a few Years intirely^lecay.

follcrwing, when the begin to ihoot, you ihould carefully look over them, to rub off ail fore right Buds, or fuch as are

OBoher, when you obferve the Trees have r*one (hooting, you Ihould prune them ; in doing of which, you mull
fhorten the Branches in proportion to
liit

not taken to water them. In the Beginning of

The Summer

Trees

ill-placed,

and train thofe which are

horizontally to]

Strength of the Tree

which,

defigifdto remain

; ;

P E
the Wall, in their due Order as they
are produced
pal Seafon
;

p E
Thus having
fet

down the Method

1

for this

is

the princi-

of training up young Trees,

(hall

when you can bdl order

you would have them
;

now

the Trees as

they are neglected until Midfummer, as is the common Practice, a great Part of the Nourith-

whereas,

if

proceed to their Pruning, and which, being future Management the fame as with full-grown Trees,
.

will ferve for general Directions

how

to

manage
In

thefe Sorts of Fruit.

ment

will be exiiaulled by fore-right

the Pruning

Shoo's, and other ufelefs Branches, which mull afterward be cut ofF

Nectarine-trees

of Peach and (which require the

ftrictly

fame Management), the two following Rules mould be

obferv-

and hereby the remaining Shoots will be render'd very weak, and perhaps fome Part of the Wall be intirely

ed

<vix.

Firft,

That every Part of

unfurnihYd with Branches which might have been eafily fupplied in the Beginning of May, by flopping fome of the llronger Shoots where in fuch Parts of the Tree there is a Neceffity for more Branches ; which would caufe each of them to (hoot out two or more Sidebranches below the Ends of the Shoot?, which may be guided into the vacant Parts of the Tree, as they axe produced, fo as that every Part may be regularly furnifiVd with proper Wood which is the greateft Beauty and Excellency of Walltrees but you fliould always forbear flopping the Shoots in Summer, where there is not a Necemty for for there Branches to fill the Wall cannot be a greaterFault committed, than that of multiplying the Number of Shoots, fo as to caufe a Confufion, whereby the Branches will be too weak to \ roduce good Fruit
;
:

the Tree be equally furnifti'd with bearing Wood ; and, Secondly, That the Branches are not laid in too clofe to each other, for the Reafons before laid down (with fome others

which

will

be

hereafter inferted).
it

As to That

the
all

firft,

mull be obferv'd,
either

thefe Trees produce their

Fruit upon the

young Wood,

of the preceding Year, or, at moll, the two Years Shoots, after which Age they do not bear therefore the Branches fliould be pruned fo
:

as

to

caufe them to
in

produce new

every Part of the Tree ; which cannot be done in the ordinary Method of Pruning, where
Perfons
neglect their Trees at the

Shoots annually

when they are moil capable of Management, which is in Jpri/,

Seafon

May, and June

luxuriant

at

which time the

Growth

of Branches

may

befides,

when

they are too clofe laid

in

upon the Wall, the Air is excluded from the Shoots by the great

be check'd by pinching, and new Shoots produc'd where they are wanting, by Hopping the neighbouring Branches; which Shoots, being produc'd at that Seafon, will have time enough to ripen, and gain
Strength, before the

Number
quently,
thereon,
thofe

of Leaves,

fo
;

that they

Autumn comes

are never duly ripen'd

and confeis

what Fruit

produc'd

can't be fo well-tailed as

which are produc'd upon fuch

Trees where the Shoots receive all the Advantages of Sun and Air to maturate them.

on; whereas all thofe Shoots wh>ch 2re produc'd after the middle of June, will be crude and pithy ; and though th^y may fometimes produce a few BlofTcrns, yet thofe rarely bring Fruit ; nor are the future Branches good which are produced

u u

from

P E
from fuch Wood, the Veffels being
too large to itrain the Juices, fo that they eaiily admit of great Quantities
the' Fault

p
Management of

E
who have
It

of thofe

the
is

the Trees.

therefore of the greatelKJonfequence

to the Wall- trees, efpecialiy

of crudeNourifhment to pafs through them. Therefore thofe Perlbns who only regard their Wa!l-trcts at two
different Seafons,

of thefe

Sorts, to go over

times in

them two or three the Months of May and

viz. the Winter

and i'viidfummer Pruning, cannot poiiibiy have them in good Order; for when all the Branches which were produced in the Spring, are permitted to remain until tbe Middle or Latter-end of June (as is the common Practice), fome of the mofl vigorous will draw the greaceft Part of the Nouriftiment from the weaker
Branches ; which, when the ftrong ones are taken off, will be too weak to produce fair Fruit ; and hereby the Strength of theTreesis exhauii:ed, to nourifh the ufelefs Branches, which are annually cut off again and thus are too many Trees managVl, and at the fame time Complaints made of their Luxuriancy ; becaufe two or three Shoots, by drawing in the g*eate# Share of the Nourifnment, grow very llrong and woody (whereas, if the Nouriftiment had been equally, diltributed to a regular Quantity of Branches, there would be no Sign of their too great Strength); until, by often cutting off thefe vigorous Branches, theTrees
:

June to rub off all irregular Shoot?, and to train in the Branches that are left in due Order to the Wall, that each Shoot may have an equal Adboth of vantage of Sun and Air which are abfolutely necclTary to ripen and prepare the Wood for the
;

next Year's Bearing. And by duly observing the Trees at this Seafon, there will not be Occafion for fo much Cutting, as is often practiced on Peach-trees, to their great Injury for their Woodbranches are generally loft, tender, and pithy, which, when greatly wounded, are not healed over again
;

fo foon as

are either intirely deilroy'd,

leaft,

or, at

render'd fo

weak
:

as not to

be

many other Sorts ofTrees; and the Wet, infinuat:ng into the wounded Parts, doth often caufc the Branches to canker and die ; which may be intirely avoided by the gentle, eafy Method of pinching and rubbing off the B-uds in the Spring-feafon, which never makes and any Wounds on the Tree hereby a vail deal of Labour is faved for onePerfon, who is ready at this Bufinefs, will go over a great Quantity of Walling in a Day ; whereas if the Trees are permitted
:

for although able to produce Fruit by thus weakening the Branches, it

is

to

grow rude

all

the Spring, they

will require fix times the

:

Labour

to

often the means to produce a

gocd

Number

of BloiToms

(as

may many

times be obferv'd alfo upon autumnal Shoots) ;yet the utmolt of their Strength is fpent in expanding the Flowers, fo that they rarely produce Fruit ; and very often the greateft
'

Part of the Branches die foon after ; which is fuppofed to be occafion'd by a Blight as I have elfewhcre faid)

befides, it reduce them into Order is a^great Difadvantage to the Fruit, in permitting the Branches of the Trees to extend from the Wall, and and when they have fhade them grown under the Shelter of thefe Branches and Leaves all the Spring, until Midfnmner, then by pruning off and fliorter.ing moil of thefe
:

Shoots, and nailing the ethers clofe

to the

when

in

tality

it is

no:hing

left

than

Wall, the Fruits are fuddenly expofed

P E
expofed to the Sun and Air, whereby they receive a very great Check, and their are not only retarded in Growth, but often rendered illtailed ; and have tough Skins. The Diltance which the Branches of thefe Trees lhould be allow'd againft the Wall, muft be proportion'd to theSizeof theFruit, or the for if we Length of the Leaves obierve how the Branches of Trees are naturally difpofed to grow, we fhall always find them placed at a
:

p
ry,

Sap in the Branches being then in Motion, as may be obferved by the fwelling of the Buds, the greateil Part of it will be drawn up to the extreme Parts of the Branches, to nourifh fuch Bloflbms as muft be afterwards cut off and this may be eafily known by obferving the
the
:

ftrongelt Shoots at that Seafon, when

you

will find the extreme Buds to fwell falter than molt of the lower

ones ; for there being no Leaves then upon theBranches, to detain the

greater or

!efs

Diftance,

as

their

Leaves are larger or fmaller, as f have already obferved under the Article of Leaves: and there is no furer Guide to a curiousArtift chanNature, from whence a Gardener mould always be directed in every Part of his Profeffion.; fmce his Bufinefs is to aid and afiilt Nature, where file is not capable of bringing her Productions to Maturity or where there is room, to make confiderable Improvements by Art j which cannot be any otherwise effected, than by
;

Sap to nourifh the lower Butis, the upper ones will always draw from
thofe below.

But it is a conflant Practice amongft Gardeners, founded upon long Experience, to prune weak Trees early in the Winter, and luxuriant Trees late in the Spring, in order to check their Luxuriancy.

Now

it

is

evident, that

this

Check does not proceed from any

confiderable

Lofs

of Sap

a:

the

the pruned Tree (excepting a few of the bleeding Trees,

cut at that Seafon) but muft from fome other Caufe ; for by feveral Experiments made by the Rev. Dr. Hates % in fixing Mercurial Gauges to the Stems of frefh cut Trees, he found thofe Wounds were
;

Wounds of

gently

afiilling

her in her

ownWay.

when

But to return to Pruning of thefe Trees The Branches being care:

arife

fully trained in, as before

directed,

in the Spring and Summer-feafons,

ivecome now to treat of the Winterpruning, which is commonly performed in F:bruary or March : but the beil Seafon for this Work is in p&ober, when their Leaves begin to fall, which will be early enough for their Wounds to heal, before the
;

contiantly in an imbibing State, except theVine in the Bleeding-feafon.

When

weak Tree

early in the Beginning

is pruned of Winter,

the Orifices of the

clofed

Sap-veffels

are

Frofi: comes on fo that there will be no Danger of their being hurt thereby: and the Branches of the Trees being proportion'd to the Strength of the Roots at that Seafon, all the afcending Sap in the Spring will be employed to nourifh only thofe ufeful Parts of the Branches which are left whereas, if they are left unpruned till Februa;

up long before the Spring ; and confequendy, when, in the Spring and Summer, the warm Weather advances,
the

attra&ing Force
is

or the perfpiring Leaves

weakened by many

Inlets

not then from frefh

ounds ; b'ut is wholly exerted in drawing Sap from the Root whereas, on the other rund, when a luxuriant Tree is pruned Late in the Spring, the Force of its Leaves to
:

u u +

attract

P E
attract

P E
Le produced above that, will come to nothing, there being always a NeceHity of a leading Bud to attract the Nourifhment ; for it is not fu indent that they have a Leaf-bud, as fome have imagined, f nee that will attract but a fmall Quantity of Noiirifhment the great Ufeof the Leaves being to perfpire away fuch crude Juices as are unfit to enter
;

much

Sap from the Root w'.ll b? fpent and loft, at the feveral
it

frefh cut Inlets.

Befides, if

were no Advantage

to the Trees to prune

them

at this

Seafon (which

have Reafon
the Trial)
;

to

think no one will doubt, after making

it

but that

as well as the Spring-pruning

only fucceeds yet

;

there
of
it

is

a great

Advantage
;

in

doing

at

Michaelmas

for

that being

the Fruit

the

Length you mould

a much more leifure Seafon with Gardeners than the Spring, they will have more time to perform it careand then they will not have fully
;

leave thefe Branches, mould be pro-

too

many Things come together, which may require to be immediately executed

:

for the Spring be-

ing the principal Seafon for cropping their Kitchen-gardens, and attending their Hot-beds, if tr.ey are difengaged from the Bufmefs of Pruneing at that time, it will be of great Advantage, efpecially where there is a great Quantity of Walling. And there is alfo another benefit in Prunethe ing at this Seafon ; which having the Borders at Liberty to dig and make clean before the Spring fo that the Garden may not appear
;

portion^ to the Strength of theTree, which, in an healthy ftrongTree, may be left ten Inches or more ; but, in a weak one, they mould not however, be more than fix Inches in this you muft be guided by the Portion of a leading Bud for it is better to leave a Shoot three cr four Inches longer, or to cut it two or
:

three Inches fhorter, than we would choofe to do, provided there be one of thefe Buds; it being abfoluteiy

neceffarv for

the future Welfare of

alfo cut out in-

the! ree
tirely all

you mould

weak Shoots, tho' they may have many Bloffum buds upon
-

them ;" for thefe have not Strength enough to nourifh the Fruit, fo as
to

in Litter at that Seafon.

give

it

a kindly Flavour

but

Having
proceed

faid thus

the time of
to

much concerning Pruning, I mail now

give
it is

they will
the Tree.

weaken the other

Parts of

fome
to

ceneral

be performed on Peach and Nelarine-trees,which require a very different Management from moft other Sorts of
Directions
Fruits.

how

you muft be

In nailing the Shoots to the Wall, careful to place them at as equal Diftances as poffible, that
their Leaves,

when come
;

out,

may

have room to grow, without fhading

the
I

ranches too
nail

In Pruning of thefe Tree?, you mould always obferve to cut them behind a Wood-bud, which may be
eafily diftinguifhed

mould never

much and you them upright, if it

can be prevented ; for when they are thus trained, they are very fubject to

from the B!ofthe

fhoot from

the uppermoft

fom-buds, that are morter, rounder,

Eyes^

and

the lower Part of the I

f

and more
buds
:

turgid, than

Wood-

for if the Shoot have not a

leading Bnd where it is cut, it is very apt to die down to the next leadfo that what jfruit may ing Bud
j

Shoots will thereby become naked, There is not any thing in th< Bufmefs of Gardening, which hamore exercifed the Thoughts of thi Cuhou.s, than how to preierve thei tend el

P E
tender Sorts

P E
ed a great Blight : whereas at the fame time it may be often obferv'd, that fome Trees of a different Sort, nay, even fome of the fame Sort,

of

Fruit from being

blighted in the Spring of the Year ; and yet there has been little written

upon

this Subject,

which

is

worth

Notice. SomePerfons have p:opofed MattrefTes of Straw or Reeds to be

placed before the Fruit-trees againft Walls, to prevent their being blaftothers have directed the fixing ed
:

horizontal

Shelters in

their Walls,

which were ftronger, tho' placed in the fame Soil, expofed to the fame Afpect, and fubject to the fame Inclemency of Air, have efcaped very well, when the weak Trees have apwhich is a peared to be almoft dead
;

to prevent the perpendicular Dew or Rain from falling upon the Bloffoms

plain

Indication,

that

it

proceeds

of the

Fruit-trees, which they fuppofed to be the chief Caufe of their Blighting but both thefe Contrivances have been far from answering the Expectations of thofe Perfons who have put them in Practice, as I have elftwhere (hewn ; therefore it may not be improper to repeat fome Things in this Place, which I have
:

from fome Caufe within the Tree, and not from any external Blight :
a'l

this will therefore

be remedied,

by obferving

the foregoing Directi-

before mentioned, in relation to this And, Matter. Firit, I have already faid, that the Blights, which are fo often com.

ons in the Pruning and Management of the Trees, fo as never to overburden them with Branches, nor to fuffer any Part of the Trees to exhauft the wholeNourifhment from the Root, fo as to caufe the other Parts to be very weak ; but to distribute the Nourishment equally to every Shoot, that there may be none too vigorous, at the fame time that
others are too
right Shoots,

plained of, do not fo much proceed from any external Caufe, or Incle-

weak

and by contiproduced,

nually rubbing off ufelefs or foreas they are

mency
if

in the Seafon, as

from a Dif:

t^mper orWeaknefs

in theTrees

for

the Strength of the Trees will not

we

obferve theTrees at that-eafon,

where they are the moll fubject to what is called a Blight, we mall find the Branches very fmall, weak, and
not half ripen'd, as alfo
trained in

be fpent, to nourifh fuch Branches as muft be afterwards cut out, which is

too often feen in the
thefe Trees.

Management of

And,
It

Secondly,
that

very dole to each other ; thefe Branches are, for the moft part, full of Blofibm-buds (which is chiefly occafion'd by ^heirwant ofStrength). Thefe Buds do indeed open ; and, to Perfons not fkilTd in Fruit trees, (hew
a great Profpedt of a plentiful Crop whereas the whole of Fruits ;

the Roots

buried

too

fometimes happens, of thefe Trees are deep in the Ground,

Strength of the Branches is fpenc in nourishing the Flowers ; and, being

unable to do any more, the Bloffoms fall off, and the fmall Efforts of the Leaf- buds are check'd fo that, many times, the greateft Part of the Branches die away ; and this is call;

which, in a cold or moid Soil, is one of the greateft Difadvantages that can attend thefe tender Fruits ; for the Sap which is contained in the Branches, being by the Warmth of the Sun put ftrongly into Motion early in the Spring, is exhaufted in nourishing the BlofToms ; and a Part of it is perfpired thro* the Woodbranches, fo that its Strength is loft before theWarmth can reach to their Roots, to put them into an equal

Motion

P E
Motion
in Search

p
if planted in a

of

frefh Nourifti-

ment, to fupply the Expence of the Branches; for want of which, the Bloflbms fail olfand decay, and the Shoots feem to be at a Stand, until
the farther

Advance of
;

the

Warmth
and
fets

Pot ; and for want of proper Nourifhment, the Branches continually decay every Year. This cannot be helped, where tne 'i rees fiave been growing fome Yeais, without taking them intireiy up,

penetrates to

the Roots,

Motion when fuddenly after, the Trees, which before look'd weak and decaying, do make prodiin

them

or by digging away the Gravel from their Roots, and adding a large
afford

gious Progrcfs in their Shoots ; and. before the Summer is fpent, are furni(hed with much llronger Branches

Quantity of frefh Earth, that may them a Supply of Nourishment but where a Perfon intends
:

to plant Fruit-trees
I

than thofe Trees which have the full Advantage of Sun and Showers, and
that
re more fruitful and healthy; which mull certainly be owing to

uponfucha Soil, would advrfe him never to dig into the Gravel but, on the contrary, to raife the Borders at leait two Feet above ir, with good frefh Earth;
;

which,

if

made of

a coniiderable

the former Oblervation, as alio to

drawing in a great Quantity of crude Moilture which, tho productive of Wood, is yet unkindly for
their
1 ;

Fruit
there

:if,
is

therefore, this be theCafe,

Width, fo that their Roots may have room to extend themftlves upon the Gravel, they will enjoy the kindly Influences of the Sun and Showers, and produce delicate wellhavour'd Fruit in plenty. But if the Unfruitfulnefs of the Trees do not proceed from any of the before-mentioned Cauies,and is the Effeft of unkindly Seafons, then
the belt
frofty
falls,

no way of helping this, but by raifmg up the Trees, if they are

young

or,
it is

if

they are too old to

remove,

the better

way

to root

and make new Borders of frefn Earth, and plant down young for it is a great Vexation to Trees be at the Trouble and Expence of pruning and managing tnefe Trees, without having the Pleafure of reaping any Advantage from them which will always be the Cafe where the Trees are thus injudicioufly planted. Or, Thirdly, This may proceed from the Trees wanting Nourishment, which is many times the Cafe, where they are planted in an hard gravel-

them

oat,

Method

yet

dry Weather,

known is, in when little Dew

ly Soil, in'which

it

is

the

common

to fprinkle the Branches of the Trees gently with Water in the bloffoming Seafon, and while the young-fet Fruit is tender; which mould always be done beforeNoon, that the Moifture may evaporate before the Night comes on ; and if in the Night you carefully cover theTrees with Mats, Canvas, or fome fuch light Covering, it will be of however, great Service to them where theTrees are ilrong and vigo:

Practice to dig Borders three or four

rous, they are not fo liable to furFer

Feet wide, and three Feet deep into the Rock of Gravel, which is
filled

with good frefh Earth, into

which the Trees are planted, where

they wili thrive pretty well for two Years, until their Roots reach the Gravel, Where they are cenfin'd, as

by a fmall Inclemency, as are thofe which are weak fo that there will be few Seafons in which there may not be Hopes of a moderate Quantity from them tho there mould for where be no Covering ufed
;
1 ;

thefe Coverings are ufed, if

it is not performed

P E
performed with great Care and Diligence, k is much better to have no

P E
When
grown
your
Fruit
is

fet,

and

Covering but trull to the Clemency for if the Coverings of the Seafon are kept too clofc, or continued too long, the Trees will receive more Jnjury hereby, than from being con,
:

of a Smallnut, you mould go over the Trees, and thin them, leaving them at leaft five or fix Inches afunder ; for when, they are permitted to remain in Bunches, as they are often produced,
to the Bignefs

ftantly

expo'icd

or

if

after they

have been covered for fome time,

as to expofe the

Nourishment which mould be employed wholly to the Fruits dethe

fign'd to ftand, will be equally fpent

theyare then incautiouflyremoved, fo Trees too fuddenly

to the

open Air, they

if
:

will

fuffer

amongft the whole Number^ a great Part of which muft be afterward

fo that the fooner this ; done, the better it will be for the remaining Fruit and if k fhould fometimes happen, that a Part of
is
:

they had not been covered however, I muft repeat in this Place what has been before mentioned, under another Arti-

more thereby than

pulled off

cle,

of aManagement which has been attended with Succefs ; which is, The putting up two Feather-edge Deal-boards, joined together, over the Top of L 9e Trees, fo
generally
as to

thofe left, by any Accident, mould be deftroyed, yet the remaining ones will be much the larger and bettertafted for it J and the Trees will

gain more Strength

rate

for a
is

modealways

form a Penthcufe, to

call off

Quantity of Fruit

perpendicular
fixed

Wet

thefe fhould be

preferable to
Fruit,

up when the Trees begin to bloffom, and fhould remain till the
Fruit
is

a great Crop ; the when but few, will be much larger, better tafted, and the Trees

well

fet,

when they ihould

be taken do-.vn, to admit the Dew and Rain to the Leaves and Branches of the Trees, which muft not be and where the longer kept off Wall is long, and is expofed to Draughts or Currents of Wind, if at the Difhr.ce of forty Feet from each ether are fixed fome crofs Reed-Sedges, to prcjecl about ten Feet from the Wall, thefe will break the Force of th e Wind, and prevent and its decoying of the Eloflbms; thefe may be removed away, as foon as the Danger is over where thefe Things have been pra&ifed, they were generally attended with Succefs and as there will be no Trouble of covering and uncovering in this Method, after they are fixed up, there can be no Danger of Neglect,
:
:

in a Condition to bear well the fuccccuing Years whereas when they are overcharged with Fruit, it is al:

ways

fmall, ill-tafted

and theTrees

are generally fo much weakened thereby, as not to be in a Condition to bear well for two Years after fo
:

upon the Whole, it is much better to have a leffer Number of

that,

as very often

is

the Cafe

when the

Trouble
peated.

is

great, or to be often re-

Fruit than is commonly efteemed a Crop, than to have too many ; fince the Fruit, and alfo theTrees, are benefited thereby. The Quantity of Fruit to be left on large full-grown Tr< c mould never be greater than five or fix dozen upon each ; but on middling Trees, three or four dozen will be enough. If the Seafon Ihould prove hot and dry, it will be proper to draw up the Earth round the Stem of each Tree, to form an hollow Bafin, of about fix Feet Diameter ; and cover
,

the Surface, of the

Ground

in

this

Bafin

P E
Mulch and once or twice a Week, according to the Heat and Drought of the Seafon, pour down
Bafin with
;

P E
deprived from ; and confequently do not receive the Benefit from thefe equal to thofe which are properly

fixteen or eighteen Gallons of

ter to

Wa;

managed

Root of each Tree or where there is an Engine, which will difperfe the Water in gentle eafy
the

off ufelefs

Drops, like Rain,

all

if

the fame, or a
is

larger Quantity of Water,

fprinkled

over the Branches of the Trees, foaking down to the Roots, tikis,

will

ing

keep the Fruit conllantly growwhich will prevent their falling off the Trees, as they generally do
;

and by the timely rubbing and luxuriant Shoots, it will fave much Trouble, and prevent the Ufe of the Knife in Summer, which is very hurtful to thefe Trees; for there will be no need to fhorten any of the Shoots in Summer. When thefe Rules are duly executed, there will be no Occaiion to pull off the Leaves of the Trees, to admit the Sun to the Fruit, which
:

where

this

Method
will

is

not praclifed

is

often pradtifed

for

if

we

confi-

and the Fruit, being thus conllantly

nouriftied,

der,

that the Leaves are absolutely

be

much

better tail-

neceffary to cherifh the Bloffom-buds,

ed ; and hereby the Trees will be maintained in Vigour ; fo that it is what I can, from long Experience, recommend as one of the mod neceffar> Things to be pra&ifed by all

which are always form'd

flalkb

at the Footof the Leaves, the pulling them off before they have perform'd the

Lovers of good Fruit.

Office affign'd them by Nature, is doing great Injury to the Trees ; therefore I caution every one againfl; that Practice.
It is

When the Peach-trees are carefully

managed
down,
in che Spring of the Year,

common Opinion which has

prevailed,

according to the Rules before laid

all

for

fome Years

even

the Nourifhment which

among
ing,
liv'd
;

Perfons of good Underftandtrees are not long-

the Roots can fupply will be ufefully employed in nourishing fuch Shoots

That Peach

therefore fhould be
:

renewed

only as are to be continued, as alfo the Quantity of Fruit which is proper for each Tree ; therefore both muft of Confequence be rendered better ; for where there is not this Care, the Trees foon grow ragged, and are not furnifhed properly with Branches and thofe Shoots which are produced, are fome very weak, and others very luxuriant whereby the Trees are rendered very unfightand never ly, as alfo unhealthy continue many Years fruitful and by thus training of the Branches to the Wall, as they are produced, the Fruit will be always equally expofed which in the to the Sun and Air common Method of managing thefe Trees, by letting their Branches grow rude all the Spring, they are
;

every

twenty Years but this is a great Miftake for I have eaten fome of the fmeft Peaches of various Kinds, which grew on Trees which had been planted above fifty Years and I am convinced, by Experience, that when the Trees are budded upon proper Stocks, and carefully planted and managed, they may be continued fruitful and healthy fixty Years and upward ; and the Fruit produced on thefe old Trees will be much better flavour'd than any of thofe upon young Trees : but 1 fuppofe the Foundation of the above Opinion was taken from the French^ who generally bud their Peaches upon Almond Hocks, which are of thefe feldom lafting Ihort Duration good more' than twenty Years but
; ;
:

P E
being feldom pradlifed in England, the Cafe is widely different ; nor indeed lhould we fetch our Examples from that Nation, where the Profeflbrs of the Art of Gardening are at leaft a Century behind the Englijb ; and, from their prefent Difpofuion, feem unlikely to overtake
this

P E
ded by one of
his

own Countrymen*

who

them

for they depart

from Nature

in almoft every Part of Gardening,

and are more pleafed with introduceing their little Inventions of pruning and managing their Fruit-trees, according to their ownFancy, than they
are careful to draw their lnftruclions from Nature, from whence the true

Art

is to be obtained fo that in very few Inftances Gardeners mould deviate from Nature, unLfs it be in thofe Particulars, where Art may be
;

prattifed to the greatest

Advantage which is in the procuring many Sorts of efculent Plants and Fruits earlier and better flavoured than can be obtained without; in which they are
;

from upward of twenty Years Experience, thofe Trees where the Borders had been conflantly dung'd, always produced the moft delicious Fruit and the Trees were in the greater! Vigour and the fame Gentleman mentions the Practice of the Gardeners at Montreuil, near Paris, who have for fome Generations been famous for the Culture of Peaches ; and are as careful to dung the Borders where their Peach trees grow every other Year, as the Kitchen gardeners are for their Legumes. And from a long Experience it is, that I can jbferibe to the Truth of this for in fome particular Gardens, where the beit Fruit grew that I have yet tailed, the Ground was conftantly
affirms
that,
;
:

dunged every other Year; therefore it is what I mut recommend to the

Practice of every curious

extremely deficient ; and herein they truft too much to Nature, and ufe too
little

with fuch

this

Caution,
for their
;

Perfon ; always to ufe

Borders, as
is

Dung

well rotted

Art.

Borders in

and to dig it into the November, that the Rain

;

In one of the moft celebrated of their Authors, who treats very particularly of Fruit-trees, there are Directions for planting of Peachtrees twelve Feet afunder and at the fame time he advifes the planting of Pear-trees but nine or ten Feet Dillance and yet he fays, That a Pear tree in Health will Ihoot three Fee" on each Side every Year therefore he does not allow room for thefe Trees to grow more than two Years before they meet. There is alfo another thing pofitive:

may

wafli down the Salts before the Spring comes on and where the Ground is very loofe or fandy, it will be the bell way to make ufe of Neats-dung, which is cooler than that of Horfes ; but for cold ftrong Lard the latter is to be preferred. If the Ground is well trenched every Year, about the Roots of the Trees, it will be of great Service to them ; and where the Soil is fubjedt to bind very clofe, if it is forked two or three times in a Year, to loofen the

Surface.it will greatlyhelp theTrees:

ly laid

fame Author; when, is, never to lay any Dung upon the Borders where Fruit-trees are growing which he fays will lender the Fruit ill-tailed and this Opinion has too generally prevailed in England ; but this has been explothe
;
:

down by

mould not be crouded with any large-growing Plants, which will draw away the Nourifhment from the Trees; therefore when any Sort of Kitchen-herbs are planted on thefe Borders, they mould be only fuch as are of fmali Growth,
the Borders

and

P
and
vvjiich

E
off early in

p E
ed are fometimes ufed in Medicine} the latter of which is a very fharp acrid Plant, from whence it had its Name of Water-pepper and Arfefmart this is a perennial Plant, which grows in great Plenty on the Sides of Ditches, and in moiit Piaces, almofl in every Part of England; and is a very bad Weed, if once it gets Poffefiion in a Garden for the Roots extend themfclves greatly underground, and arife from every Joint, as doth Cot:ch-grafs ; fo that it is with great Difficulty extirpated. The firft is an annual Plant, that
:

may be taken

the Spring: and if this i a carefully obferved, the cultivating fmallThings

on thefe Borders can do no Harm becaufe the Ground will be flirr'd the oftener, on account of thefe ftnali Crops, than perhaps it would have been, when no Ufe was to be made of the Borders. Thefe Rules which are here laid down, if properly obferved, will direct any curious Perfon how to have plenty of good Fruit as alfo to preferve the Trees in Vigour a great Number of
;

PERSICARIA, Arfe-fmart. The Characters are

;

propagates
Seeds;

itfelf in

great Plenty from

which

falling
rile

upon

the

a Plant <voith an apctalous Flower, having federal Stamina, or

It
is

Ground, the Plants

the fucceed-

fid Chives , which arife from thi -multi Calyx the Point a I'afterward becomes moo to Seed, inclofd an oval-pointed f
:

ing Spring, and fpread over the Ground, where-ever they are permitted to gro w fo that they fhould not be fuifered to remain in Gar;

in the Capfule,
Flovjer-cup
It
:

which was before the which may be added, hath jointed Stalks, and the Flowto

dens

thefe are both gathered in the

Fields in

Autumn

for medicinal Ufe,

when

they are in Perfection.

cultivated in
it

ers are produced in Spikes.

The thirdSort is

The

Species are

curious Gardens forVariety,

fome make-

1. Persic aria mitis maculofa. C. B. P. Dead or Spotted Arfe-fmart. 2. Persicaria vulgaris acris,feu Water- pepper, Hydro piper. J. ti. Lake- weed, or Arfe-fmart. 3. Persicaria major, lapathi foliis,

ingan handiome Appearance during the S^afonc/f its Flowering this may be propagated by fowing the Seeds upon a Bed of rich moill Earth inAutumn.foon after they are ripe ; and the Plants will come up the Spring
:

calyce

forts

purpurea.

Tourn.

following,

Greater Arfe - fman, with Dockleaves, and a purple Flower-cup.

4.

when they may be traniplanted into the Borders where they arc to remain this is alfo an annual
:

Persicaria
folio,

Oriental's, Nico-

tians

calyce

forum

purpurea.

to be fown every Year, or the Seeds permitted

Plant,

which requires

T. Cor.

Eaftern Arfe-fmart, with a Tobacco-ieaf, and a purple Flower-

cup.
this Plant,

There are feveral other Species of which grow wild upon

and Dunghils, in divers
being

in 01 ft Soils

Parts of'England: but as they are rarely cultivated in Gardens, and

grow better than fown by Art. The fourth Sort was brought from the Eafcern Country by Monf. Tourto the Royal Garden at nefort, Paris, from whence it hath been fince communicated to feveral Parts
to fhed, which will

thofe which are

no Ufe at prefent, I omit enumerating them in this Place.

Plants of

The

'two

fir ft

Sorts here mention-

This Plant, tho' but an of Europe. Annual, doth grow to be ten or twelve Feet high, and divides into feveral Branches, each of which

P E
produces a beautiful Spike of purple Flowers at their Extremities in the Autumn which, together with its large green Leaves, and jointed Stalks, make a very grand Figure in the Borders of large Gardens, late in the Seafon, when few other Plants
;

P E
this dethe Beauty of the Plant lights in a rich moiit Soil, upon
:

which it Height
:

will
it

grow

to a prodigious
its

produces

Flowers in

Augvft and September, which continue inBeauty until theFroft defiroys them. PERViNCA, Periwinkle.

are in Beauty. The Seeds therefore mould be fown in Autumn, as foon as they are ripe ; or. if they are permitted to
fall

The

Characters are

The Flower-cup cenffs of one Leaf,

Huhicb is divided into fve long na/ rcw Segments : the Flower al/o conjifis

on the Ground, the Plants

will

come up the Spring following better than when they are fown by Art, as
was before observed for ir the Seeds are fown in the Spring, it is very and rare, that any of them lucceed if fome few Plants come up from
;

the

of cne Leaf, which expands Form of a Salver, and is cut

bro.id Segments
arifes
:

intf

inta

fve

the

Pointal^

which

thofe Seeds

fown at that Seafon, they feldom grow near fo lirong as thole which are produced from the Seeds
which fell in Autumn lb that there is no other Culture required to this Plant, but to tranfplant them out in the Spring,' where they are defign'd to ftand, which mould be in large Gardens, giving them great Space;
;

from the Centre of the Flower- cup, b: comes a Fruit, ccmpofd of two Hvfis ( or Pods ), which contain ollctig cylindrical furrowed St\ds to which m:y be added, That this Plant foots out many long creeping Branches, which frike oat Roots at
their Joi
<ts.

The
1.

Species are

Per vi nc a vulgaris angvfifgcceruleo.

lia,

fore

Tcurn.

Comnio:i

or narrow leav'd Periwinkle, With a blue Flower.

2.

for if they are placed near other Planes, they will lhade them iatireljf from the Sun ; and, by continur.jly

Pervinca

vulgaris angufi;fo-

lia,

fore

albo. Tourn.

Common

Peri-

jure

dripping upon them, will greatly inthem ; and if they liand too
clofe, their

winkle, with a white Flower. 3. Pervinca vulgaris luiifolia,

fore

Beauty

is

greatly ditnito afpire

nilhed.

casrulco. Tcurn. Greater Periwinkle, with a blue Flower. 4. Pervinca vulgaris angififlia,

When
upward,

the Plants begin

commonly in June, their Side- moots mould be pruned off, to make them advance
which
is

fore ruhente. Tcurn. Common Periwinkle, with a redim Flower.

5.

Pervinca
fore
pltno,

lia,

vulgaris angufifofat urate purpurea.

Periwinkle, with

in Height, and prefer ve

in

them withon every

in

Town.
Colour.
6.
ris

Common

Compafs

otherwise they are very

a double Flower, of a deep purple

fubject to branch out widely

Side, fo as to
;

become troublefome

Pervinca

anguftifolia

vulgaviridi*

a Garden but when they are pruned up regularly five or fix Feet high, they may afterwards be permitted to lhoot out Side- branches; hnce
thofe

v>riegata> ex

aureo

iff

which are produced

above

Boerh Ind. Common Periwinkle, with yellow ftriped Leaves. 7 Pervinca angufifolia vulgar it variegata ex argent eo iff viridi.
.

that Height, will never be very long or troublefome, but will add to

Bo-rh. Ind.

Common

with

filver-ftriped

Periwinkle, Leaves,

P E
The
much
firft

p E
is

Sort grows wild in di-

vers Parts of England, and

cultivated in
it

not fo

Gardens at prewas formerly, when it was planted for Edging of Borders but
fent as
;

the Shoots being very apt to root at their Joints, render'd it very d-fficult to preferve in any tolerable Order ;

Thefe Plants propagate themfeltfei by Roots fo plentifully, that they feldom produce Frilit. Monf. Tournefort fays, He could never obferve any Fruit upon them either in the Country adjoining to
Paris, or in Provence or Languedoc t

and the Plants, rooting deep in the Ground, greatly exhauft the Goodnefs of the Soil
;

where they are very common, or the Neighbourhood of Lifbon.

in

Of

all

the Botanical Writers beGrfalpi?:us

is

fo

that

it

is

now

fore Tournefort,

the

almoft wholly call: out of Gardens. The fecond and fourth Sorts are
Varieties

only Perfon
this Fruit
:

who found and

defcribed

only
as

in

from the the Colour of

in

firft,

differing
j

which, he fays, is oblong, being two fork'd Hufks, arch'd and

conjoin'd at their Extremities, containing, for the moil part,

their Flowers

are alfo the fixth and fevenrh,

differ

which
in the

their

variegated

Leaves, for which they are preferv'd Gardens of thofe who admire

ftriped Plants.

The

fifth

Sort produces fine dou-

ble Flowers, which

makes a very

handfome Appearance during its Seafon of Flowering which renders it worthy of a Place in every Garden. The third Sort grows much larger
;

two ob* long Seeds in each. To have this Plant produce Fruit, Monf. Tournefort advifes its being planted in a Pot that contains but a fmall Quantity of Earth fo that the Sap, being prevented from diffipating and fpending itfelf upon
;

nourifhing

new

Shoots, will
fwell

mount

the Stems, and

the Pointal,
;

than the former, and produces large blue Flowers this is found in Woods, and fhady Places, in divers Parts of England. All thefe Plants multiply exceedingly by their Shoots from the old Roots, which, trailing upon the Ground, ftrike out Roots in a fhort time, and may be taken off, and
:

which becomes the Fruit and this, he fays, was the Method whereby he
obtain'd .the Fruit of this Plant,

of

which he has given a Figure

in his

Elements of Botany. .* But notwithstanding what Monf. Tcumrfort has related concerning this Matter, yet I have often obferv'd the Fruit

upon fuch Plants

as
:

tranfplanted where they are to re-

have grown fingly on a good Soil though where their Shoots are permitted to entangle with each other, and grow very clofe, there is feldom

and though they are not fo proper for a Flower-garden, yet a few Roots of each Sort may be planted in fhady Borders under Trees, where few other Plants will thrive, or in fmall Wildernefles ; in which Places, if they are kept within Com:

main

any Fruit produe'd.

PETASITIS, Butter-bur. The Characters are

// is a Plant with a fiofculous Flower, conffing of many Florets t divided into many Parts fitting on the Embryo, and contained in a cylindrical Empalement, divided alfo into many Parts : the Embryo cfterward
.

pafs, they

The
it

large Sort

make a pretty Variety. may be planted un-

der Hedges, in Woods, sV. where will grow four or five Feet high, and continue a long time in flower.

becomes

a Seed furnijh d with Down:

P E
to

P
The

which may

he added, The Flowers

appear before the Leaves.

The
1.

Species are

Characlers are It hath a Flower conftfting offour Leaves, which are placed almoji in
the

Petasites major

iff

vulgaris.

Form of a

Crofs,

C.B.P.
2.

Common

Butter bur, or
Jlorihus pe-

ri/es

the Point al,

Peftilent-wort.

becomes the Fruit,

from whofe Cup which afterward which is bordered

an in-

Petasites m.yor,
infidentibus.

and

cut at the Top, reftmbling

Raii Sytt. Greater Butter- bur, with long Footftalks to the Flowers. 3. Petasites a thus, angulofo folio. White Butter-bur, with J. B. angular Leaves. 4. Petasites minor alter, tujfilaginis folio. R. Par. Letter Butter bur, with a Colt's -foot leaf. The firft Sort here mention'd is us'd in Medicine this grows wild in great Plenty by the Sides of Ditches, and in moilt Soils, in clivers Parts of England. The Flowers of this Plant appear in the Beginning of March and after they are pait, the green
diculis longis

verfed Shield containing oblong Seeds. We know but one Species of this
Plant
;
i

vise.

Pet ve ri a fclanifoliis, loculis fpiPlum. Nov. Gen. Petivena vofis. with Nightfiiade-leaves, and prickly Seed-veiVels, commonly cali'd Guilty

Hcnweed.
This
cover'd

Name
it

was given
;

to this

Plant, by Father Plumier,

in

who

dif-

America

in

Honour

to

Mr. James Petiver an Apothecary, who was a curious Botanilt. It is a very common Plant in Jamaica, Barbados, and raoft of the other Iflands in the Weft Indies y

Leaves come up, and grow to be very large. The fecond Sort was found by Mr. Jacob Bobart in Oxford/hire, and fent
to the Phyjic-garden at Chelfea
differs greatly
:

this

from the former in its Manner of Flowering for the Flower-Hems of this Sort rife near two Feet high, and the Flowers grow upon long Footftalks whereas the Stems of the common Sort feldom rife above eight or ten Inches high, and the Flowers cloiely furround
;

where it grows in lhady Woods, and all the Savannas, in fuch Plenty, as to become a very troublefome Weed ; and as this Plant will endure a great deal of Drought, fo it remains green, when other Plants are burnt up, which occafions the Cattle to brouze on it; and having a moll unfavoury ftrong Scent, fomewhat
like wild Garlick,
it

gives the

Cows

Milk

the fame Flavour;

and the

Cattle which are kill'd foon after

feeding on this Plant, have a moll

intolerable Scent, fo that their Flefh
is

the Stalks.

other two Sorts are preferv'd in Botanic Gardens for Variety; but as they have little Beauty, fo they
are feldom propagated in other Gar-

The

good

for little.
this

In Europe

Plant

is

preferv'd in

the Gardens of thofe Perfons

are curious in Botany
:

who

dens

they

all

of them increafe

greatly by their creeping Roots, and,

if placed in

a moift Soil, will in a

fhort time over-run a large

Compafs

of Ground.

PETIVERIA,
*vulgo.

Guiney Henweed,

but there is little Beauty in it ; and having fo ftrong rank a Scent upon being handled, renders it lefs valuable Ic is propagated by Seeds, which muhV be fown on an Hot-bed early in the Spring ; and when the Plants are come up, they fhould be each tranf-

Vol.

Iir.

Xxx

planted

planted into a feparate Pot, and plunged into a moderate Hot- bed to When the bring them forward.
Plants have obtain'd a good Share of Strength, they fhould be inured to
into bear the open Air by degrees which they may be remov'd toward the Latter -end of June, placing them in a warm Situation, where
;

they may remain till Autumn, when they mould be remov'd into the Stove, and in Winter mult have a

only to be found in fome curious Gardens: but the fecond Sort (which is diredted to be ufed in Medicine) is found wild in watry Places, in feveral Parts of England. Thefe Plants may be cultivated by fowing their Seeds on a moift Soil in the Autumn, foon after they are ripe, in which Place the Plants will come up ftrong the fucceeding Spring, when they mould be carefully weed-

moderate Degree of Warmth, otherwife they will not live in thisCountry. Thefe Plants will grow woody, and fhoot out many Side-branches, but feldom rife above two Feet high.

and drawn out, where they are too clofe, otherwife they will draw each other up very weak ; and the
ed,

Autumn

They

will

produce Flowers

and

continue feveral Years, remaining contfantly green throughout the Year.

Seeds every
will

Summer, and

PETROSELINUM.r/VMpium.

PEUCEDANUM,
The
It is

Hogs-fenel.
;

Characters are

a Plant nhith a Rofe and urnhe Hated Flower, confifting of many Petals placed orbicularly,

following they may be taken up, and tranfplanted where they are to remain, in which Place they mould be planted at leaft two Feet afunder ; for their Roots will grow very large, and branch out greatly when they have acquired Strength. The fecond Year after fowing, they will produce Flowers and Seeds ; but the Roots will abide many Years.

PHACA,

Baftard Milk-vetch, or

and rejling on the Empalement, which becomes a fruit compofed of two Seeds, which

Aftragaloides.

are almoji plain, oval, gently freaked, and border d: to thefe Marks muft be added, That the Leave: are winged,

narrow, graffy, three Segments.

1.

and divided
;

into

The Chara&ers are The Empalement of the Flower is tubulous, and cut into fi<ve Parts at the Brim : the Flower is of the papilionaceous Kind, eon fifing of an oval Standard, two Jhort Wings, and an
obtufe Jhort Keel

The Species are Peucedakum

ward becomes a
Cell containing
Seeds.

: the Pointal after* fwelling Pod, with

C. B. P.
2.

msjus Italicum. Greater Hogs-fenel. P E u C E d a N l m minus Germani-

the upper Suture deprefs d, having one

many

kidney

fhaped

Lcffer German Hogscum. J. S. fenel, or Sulphurwort. There are feveral other Species of

1.

The Species are Phaca leguminibus reclis.Flor.

Leyd. Ballard Milk-vetch with ftrait

which are preferv'd in fome curious Botanic Gardens; but

this-

Plant,

Pods.
2.

Phaca

leguminibus

arcuatis,

as they are Plants

(Jfe,
it

of little Beauty or would be needlefs to enuin this

Flor. Leyd. Ballard Milk-vetch,

merate their feveral Varieties

Place.

The
lot

firft

Sort here mention'd

is

with arched Pods. This Plant being near of-kin to the Aftragahr-;. or Milk-vetch, Dr. Tourncfort gave it tlieTitle of Aftrago.kide\
\

very

common

in England, being

but

Pr l .>.na"us
;

has alter'd

H
A
fiingui/h
it

H
Ornithogalum.

of Pbaca ; rejecting the it to this other on account of its being a com-

pound Name. Thefe Plants are Natives of Portugal and Spain, from whence the Seeds have been procured by fome
Perfons

vided into three Cells, andfull of angular Seeds : to thefe Marks tnuft be added\ fibrofe Root, in order to di-

from

the

who

are curious in collect:

ing rare Plants the firft Sort has been long preferv'd in fome curious Gardens in England ; but the other
is

more

rare at prefent.
will
very-

The Roots of thefe Plants abide many Years, and run

deep into the Ground ; but the Branches decay every Autumn, and the Roots produce frem everySpring, which will rife near Four Feet high, and grow ligneous. The Flowers are produced in fhort Spikes from the Wings of the Leaves but, unlefs the Seafon proves very warm, they rarely flower in England ; for which Reafon the Plants are not much efteem'd for it is not once in feven Years, that the Flowers arrive to Perfection, nor do the Plants ever produce Seeds in England: fo that the Seeds mutt be procur'd from abroad, by thofe who are defirous to have the Plants. The Seeds mould be fown in the Place where the Plants are to remain ; for as they moot their Roots very deep into the Earth, fo it is very difficult to tranfplant them with any Safety, efpecially after they have remain d any confiderable time in the Seed - bed. The Plants mould be left about fix Feet afunder, that there may be room to iig the Ground between them every Spring, which is all the Culture
: :
.

1. ramofum. C. B. P. Branch'd Spiderwort, with a fmall Flower. 2. Phalangium par<vo fiore y non ra?nofum. C. B. P. Unbranch'd Spiderwort, with a fmall Flower. fricanum, fa3. Phalangium rib us luteis par<vis. Raii Hi ft. African Spiderwort, with fmall yellow Flowers.

The Species are Phalangium par<vo fore,

4-

Phalangium
fioribus in

acaulon, foliis
thyrfo
luteis.

fubulaiis,

African Spiderwort, with flat Onion-leaves, and yellow Floweri difpos'd in a loofe Spike.
5.

Low

Phalangium

Africanum, fofpicatis aureis.

liis cepaceis, fioribus

Boerh. Ind. African Spiderwort, with Onion-leaves, and goldenFlowers

growing
6.

in Spikes, falfly call'd

an Aloe.

Phalancium

AEthiopicum rarefitxis.

mofum, fioribus
Hort.

albis, petalis

Branchy Ethiopian Amft. Spiderwort, with white Flowers, whofe Petals are turned backward.

The firft and fecond Sorts are abiding Plants, which are propagated in curious Gardens, for the fake of
their Flowers ; and though they are not very beautiful, yet, for their long Continuance in Flower, they de-

Place in the open Borders of every curious Flower-garden. Thefe may be propagated either
ferve a

:hey require.

from Seeds, or by parting their Roots. The belt time to fow the Seeds is in Autumn, foon after they
are ripe, in the

PHALANGIUM, Spiderwort.
The
(

manner

directed for

Characters are

.,

It is a Plant with a Li ly -flower t cmpofed of fix Petals , from whofe Centre rifes the Point a I, which aferward becomes a roundifh Fruity di-

bulbous-rooted Flowers, with which thefe Plants 2gree in their Culture, and the fecond Year after fowing The Seawill produce Flowers. fon for parting their Roots is ia

Xxx

Sef

P
September
;

H
doing
which, you
:

in

mull

Head

obferve to preferve a good to each Off-fet, and not to

divide them too fmal), which will

lowing Summer
tion.

caufe them to flower weak the folthey delight in a

:

Exotic Plants, in the Green-houfe : this is multiplied by parting the Roots the belt Seafon for doing this is in AuguJ}, when moft of the Leaves are decay 'd they fhould be
:

frefh light Earth,

and an open Situais

planted in Pots filPd with light fandy Earth, and houfed in Winter with the laft this produces large:

an annual Plant, which mould be fown on a Bed of

third Sort
light Earth, in March ; and when the Plants are come up, they mull be tranfplanted where they are to

The

branching Stems, which are thinly befet with Flowers, that have their Petals reflex'd, and are of a whitifh. Colour i but continue a long time in. Beauty.

remain in which Place they muft be kept clear from Weeds, which
;

is all

the Culture they require: they

their

PHASEOLOIDES.^Glycine. PHASEOI.US, Kidney bean. The Characters are

It is a Plant ivith a papilionaceous

produce

Flowers in July, and

their Seeds are perfected in AuguJ}.

Flozver,
rifes

out

of whofe Empalement

The
other

fourth
in

preferv'd

and Green

fifth
-

Sorts

are

the Pointal,

which afterward

houfes,

with

becomes a

long Pod, pregnant

fucculent

Plants,

amongft

Seeds, for the moft part Jkaped like

with a

which they make a pretty Variety,

there being fcarcely a Month in the Year when there are not fome of the
in Beauty.

to thefe Notes are ; Leaves growing by Threes on each Pedicle, and the Plant for the

Kidney, or o<val
to he added,

Spikes of Flowers of the fifth Sort This was formerly calTd

moft part climbing.

It would be to little Purpofe to enumerate all the Varieties of this Plant which have come to Know-

an Aloe, which Name is II ill retain'd by unlkiiful Perfons, though it is

vaftly
different

therefrom

in

its

lege,

whole Appearance. This Plant multiplies

in this Place ; fince America annually furnifhes us with new

is no knowing what Varieties there may be produe'd in England : befides, as they

very

fall

by OfF-fets, which,

Sorts, fo that there

tho' produe'd at

fome Diftance from

the Earth, yet emit Roots of a considerable Length; ar.d,when planted,

immediately fallen in the Earth : they mould be planted in Pots of light fandy Earth, and houfed in V/inter, with Ficoides's, and other hardy fucculent Plant?, where they may have free open Air ; for they are hardy, and require only to be
protected from Froft.

are not likely to be much cultivated here, fince the old Sorts are preferable to

any of the new ones,

;

for the

Kitchen
fet

down

therefore I fhall only firft a few Sorts which are cultheir

tivated

for

Flowers, or as

and then mention thofe which are moft efteem'd for theTable
Curiofities,
1.

The

fourth

Phaseolus

Indicusiflore coc-

Sort grows very low, theLeaves retting upon the Surface of the Ground:
this

cineo,

feu puniceo. Mor. Hi/I. Scarlet Bean.

2.

Th<

flowers in April and

its

May, and
;

Phaseolus Am eric an us peren\\

odorato, ftminibun
'i

perfects

by

may The fixth

it

Seeds every Year wherebe propagated in plenty.

Sort
is

nis, flare cochleato

alio preferv'd in

fufcis erbiculatis, Caracalla diclu. H. L. Perennial American Kidnej

'

fbme carious Gardens, with other

bean, with Aveet-fmelling cochlear

Flower

P
Flowers,
la.

H
call'd Caracal-

p
The
ted
in a

H
is

commonly

fecond Sort

Plant, which

may

alio be

an abiding propaga-

3. Phaseolus Americanus, firunofa radice, jlire purpureo, Jiliqua American Kidanguftijjima. Plum. ney -bean,with a ftrumofeRoot,a purple Flower, and a very narrow Pod. 4. Phaseolus Canadenfis purpu-

by Seeds, which mould be fown moderateHot-bed in theSpring;

and when the Plants come up, they muft be carefully tranfplanted into
Pots filPd with frefh light Earth, and

muft be plunged into an Hot-bed,

to facilitate their taking
ter

reus minor, rudice wi'voci. Scbol.Bot.

Root

af-

Small purple Kidney -bean, with a

perennial Root.

The firft of common in the

thefe Plants

is

very

Englijb Gardens, be-

ing planted for the Beauty of its fcarlet Flowers: this Plant fpreads itfelf very far, fo that it mould be allowed room, otherwife it will overrun whatever Plants grow near it,

which, they mould be inured to bear the open Air by degrees, into which chey fhouL be remov'd when the Seafon is warm, placing them in a fhelier'd Situation and as they advance, theyfhould be remov'd into larger Pots, which muft be fill'd up with frefh light Earth.
;

During the Summer feafon the

Plants muft be frequently refrefh'd

The

Seafon for planting the Seeds of this Plant is in the Beginning of May, obferving always to do it in dry Weather, other\v:fe the Seeds
will burft and rot
:

they will pro-

duce

their Flowers

by the Beginning

of July, and will continue flowering until the Froft prevents them ; 2d their Seeds will ripen in September, when they fhould be gathered,

with Water ; but in Winter they muft be remov'd into the Greenhoufe, and fhould have but little Water during that Seafon. Thefe require only to be fcreenM from Froft but muft have open free Air
;

whenever the Weather

otherwife the

will permit,

and preferved
be fown.

in

a dry Place until

the fucceeding Spring, in order to

perifhes with the

This Plant, being annual, firft Approach of

will thrive very well in

Winter:
being
lefs

it

the City, the

Smoke of
fo that it

the Sea-coal
often culti-

injurious to this Plant than

;

moft oihers

is

Leaves will grow mouldy, and decay the tender Shoots thefe Plants produce their fcarlet Flowers in July and Augujt, but feldom perfect theirSeeds in this Country. This Plant is very common in Portugal, where it is planted to cover Arbours and Seats in Gardens, for which it is greatly efteem'd by the Inhabitants of that Country,
:

vated in Balconies, t?c. and, being fupported either with Sticks or Strings, grows up to a good Height,
it is

as alfo for

its

beautiful fweet-fmell-

and produces Flowers as it advances: alio planted in fome Gardens,

to coverArbours,and other Seats, in

Summer-feafon, to afford Shade; which Purpofe it will do very but the Seeds muft be planted .well where they are to remain ; for the Plants don't bear to be tranfplanted; efpecially after they have been any time out of the Ground,
the

for

ing Flowers; and in that Country it thrives very well in the open Air. The third Sort is preferv'd in fome curious Gardens for Variety ; but is a Plant of no great Beauty : this may be propagated by fowing the Seeds in the Spring upon an Hotbed ; and when they come up, they muft be planted in Pots, and treated as the former Sort it produces its
:

Flowers in July t and the Seeds ripen

in September.

x x 3

The

P
The

H
The

fourth Sort was brought from America, and is preferv'd in curious

Gardens, for the fake of its long Flowering this is an abiding Plant, and mould be managed as was di:

rected for

the

third Sort

and

if

guarded from Frolt, will continue to produce Flowers all the Winterfeafon
:

fecond and fourth Sorts arc mol commonlycultivated in theGardens near London, and the belt Sorts we yet know to fupply the Markets : for the Plants never ramble too far, but are always of moderate Growth, fo that the Air can eafily

it

ripens Seeds very well,

the Plants

between the Rows, and keep them from rotting they are alfo
pafs
:

from which
propagated.

may

be

eafily

plentiful Bearers,

and the
is

Deft

Beans,

except the

nrir, for

Eating.
alfo a plentiful

There are at prefent but few Sorts of Kidney-beans, which are

cultivated for
the

The

third Sort

Bearer, and never rambles, growing

Table in

Eng-

upright in form
the Beans are

of a Shrub

but

land : thefe are,

1
.

much

larger than the

The Common White

The
Letter

or Dutch

kit, and

Kidney bean.
2.

Garden Kidneycall'd,

bean, commonly tea Bean.

3.

The

Batter-

The Upright

or Tree Kidney-

bean.
4.

The Dwarf White Kidney-

are not lb well colour'd, nor do they eat near fo firm and crifp for which Reafons they are not lb generally efteem d. The fifth Sort hath been efteem'd by fome Perlbns, for its continuing long in Bearing; but the nrft is much preferable to it on that Ac;

This Sort is generally us'd bean. for Hot-beds. The Canterbury Kidney 5.
bean.
6.

count.

The
er,

fixth Sort

is

a plentiful Bear-

The
firfl

Spotted Tree Kidney-

bean.

more

of thefe was formerly England than at but is the chief Sort now prefent cultivated in Holland, from whence, probably, it had the Name of Dutch this Sort rifes to a Kidney-bean very great Height, and requires to be fupported by tall Stakes, otherwill lpread upon the v.ife they Ground, and rot fo that where this Care is wanting, the Fruit feldom comes tn good: which Trouble renders it difficult to cultivate this Sort in Plenty ; and the Beans being \nuch broader than the fmall Sort,
cultivated in
; : ,

The

and (lands upright, for which it fome Gardenis much efteemVi by ers ; but is a very bad-tafted Bean, being extremely rank, and rarely boih green. Thefe Sorts are propagated from Seeds, which muft be fown in the Place where they are to remain for
;

they will not bear tranfplanting, except it be done while they are very

yom g
lefs

and

this,

being pretty trou-

blelbme,is very feldom praclifed, unfor

warm Hedges

a few early Plants under or Walls ; but it if

for

not worth while Crops.

in the

the general

render them
don

lefs
;

valuable in the Lon-

TheSeafon for putting thefe Seed Ground is theMiddle April for an early Crop but thefe moul;j have a warm Situation, and a dr|i
j

which, I fuppofe, occaficn'd their being negle&ed in ngUnd: but this is by far the bell Sort Ibr Eating yet known.

Markets

Soil, otherwife they will

not fucceec
f<
r.

you fhould
into the

alfo obferve to put thei

at a

Ground

drySeafon

Wet

fo early in the Seafon

will

P
the

H
the

P
Ground
will

H
from
This

Seeds in the Ground. The Manner of planting them is, to draw fhailow Furrows with an Hoe, at

Feet, and bear Plenty of Fruit

about two Feet and an half Diftance from each other, into which you mould drop the Seeds about two Inches afunder ; then with the Head of a Rake draw the Earth over them, fo as to cover them about an Inch deep.
If the Seafon be favourable, the
Plants will begin to appear in about

Sort continue good much longer than either of the other ; for the

upward.

a Week's time after fowing, and foon after will raife their Heads upright ; therefore, when the Stems are advanced pretty tall aboveground, you mould gently draw a little Earth up to them, obferving to

do

it

when

the

Ground

is

dry,

Pods of this Sort are never ftrir.gy, nor are the Beans mealy when old. The Dutch and Fie?:ch preferve great Quantities of the dry Beans for Winter-ufe, which they Hew, and make good with Gravy, and other Sawces. If two Crops of this Sort of Bean are fown at a proper Diftance, it will be fufficient to continue a Succeflion during the Seafon of Kidneybeans, efpecially if a few of an early Kind are fown, to come before them for this large Sort mould not be fown earlier than the Latter-end
:

injur'd

which will preferve them from being byfharpWinds: butyou Ihould be careful not to draw any of the Earth over their Leaves, which would rot them, or at leaft greatly

of April, or the Beginning ofMay, ac-

retard their
will require

Growth. After

this,they

no farther Care but to keep them clear from Weeds, until they produce Fruit, when they mould be carefully gather'd two or
three times a

cording as the Seafon may prove. The firft Crop oiBatterfeaKi&ntybeans will continue aMonth in good Order, during wnich time they will produce great Plenty of Beans ; therefore, in order to have a Succeffion of them throughout the Seafon,

you fhould fow

times
;

at three differ-

ent

viz. in Jpn'I, in

May,

Week

for if they are

permitted to remain upon the Plants little too long, the Beans will be too large for eating, and the Plants
greatly weaken'd there-

and toward the Latter-end of June ; which laft Crop will continue until the Froft comes on, and deftroys
them.

would be
by.

There are fome

raife

Perfcns

who
order

thefe

in Hot-beds, in

The Dutch Kidney-bean

from

muft be

planted at a g. eater Diftance,

Row

Row

for as thefe

grow very

tall, fo if

the R.ows are not at a far-

Sun and Air will be excluded from the middle Rows; therefore thefe mould not be lefs than four Feet Diftance Row from
ther Diftance, the

have them early. The only Care to be taken in the Management of thefe Plants, when thus rais'd, is to allow them room, and g.ve them as much Air as can be
to

conveniently,
,

when
;

the

Weather

is

Row

and when the Plants

are

about four Inches high, the Poles thruft into the Ground by the Side of the Plants, to which they will fallen themfelves, and climb to the Height of eight or ten

mould be

mild as alfo to let them have but a moderate Heat for if the Bed be over-hot, they will either burn, or be drawn up fo weatt as never to come to good. The Manner of making the Hotbed being the fame as for Cucumbers, iSc. need not be repeated in \ xx 4 this

H
may tVelh
ferve
it

V
in a

when this Place : the Dang is equally lcvcird, to lay the Earth about four or five Inches
but only obferve,
thick the

and let the great Steam of ; Bed pafs oft* before you fow
to

the Seeds. The time for doing this muft be proportion'd to the Seafon

out the Seed, and pre* dry Place for Ufe. PHILLYREA, Mock-privet. The Char a tiers are ; The Leaves grow by Fairs oppojite each other, and are ever-green :

when you would have

the Table
;

Crop
It

is

the Beans for but the fureft time for a about a Week in February.
alfo a

the Flower covfijis of one Leaf, is bellJhaped, and divided into four Farts at the Top : the Point al, which rifts

from the Centre of the Flower -cup , afterward becomes a fpherical Fruit
containing one round Seed.

is

good Method which

fome
Ifer

have French Beans earthan they can be obtain'd in the

ufe, to

The
1.

Species are

common Ground, to make a gentle Hot - bed about the middle of March, which may be arch'd over
with Hoops, and cover'dwith Mats; in this they fow their Kidney-beans
in

Phillyrea latifolia lavis. C B. P. The broad-leav'd true

Phillyrea.
2.

Phillyrea

latifolia fpinofa.

C.

B. P.
3.

Ilex-leav'd Phillyrea,
alaterni.

vulgo.

Rows

pretty cjofe

together, fo

Phillyrea folio

J.

that a

ftna.ll

Fed

will contain a great

B.
leaf.

Phillyrea with an

Alaternus-

Number
up

cf Plants: thefe they bring

hardily, inuring
;

them

Air by degrees
of April,
tled, they

and in

open the Middle

to the
is

4.

Phillyrea
Phillyrea

folio ligufri.

C.

B. P.
5.

Privet-leav'd Phillyrea.

when

the

Weather

fet-

angufiiflia prima.
angujiifclia

under they take them up from the Hotbed, preferving as much Earth as poflibJe to their Roots, and plant
Borders at the Diilance they are to remain : thefe, if they take Root kindly, will produce Beans at leaft a Fortnight or three
in the

prepare fome warmBorders then Walls or Hedges ;

C. B. P.
6.

Narrow-leav\i Phillyrea.
fe-

Phillyrea
P.

cunda. C. B.

Roimary-leafM
olea

Phillyrea, vulgo.
7.
folio.

Phillyrea
Hort.

them

Chelf

Pluk.

Ephe/iaca Phyt.
lavis,
.

Olive-leav'd Phillyrea.
8.

Phillyrea

latifolia

foliis

Weeks before thofe fown in the common Ground. The Manner of faving the Seeds of thefe Plants is to let a few Rows
of them remain ungather'd in the for if you Height of the Seafon gather from the Plants for fome
;

ex luteo variegatis. Cat Plant. Hort. The true Phillyrea, with ftrip'd Leaves.
9.

Phillyrea

longiore folio pro-

funde crenato. H. R. Par.

rea

Philly-

with a longer Leaf, deeply crenated.

10.

which
buxi.

is

Phillyrea

folio

H.

afterwards leave the remaining for Seed, their Pods will not be near fo long and hand fome, nor
will the Seed be fo good.

time, and

R. Far.
11.

Box-leav'd Phillyrea.
I

Ph

li.

yr e a

Hifpanica, lauri

folio ferrato iff aculeato. Infi.

In the Autumn, when you find they are ripe, you mould in a dry Seafon pull up the Plants, and fpread them br(jad to dry ; after which, you

Spanifo Phillyrea,

with

R. H. a prickly

and faw'd Bay -leaf.

T3.
folio.

Phillyrea
Inf.
R. H.

Hifpanica, nerit
Spanijh Philly-

rea, with

an Oleander-leaf.
15, Fan-

P
13.
celajlri.

H
folio

p
Wall;
gorous,

H
to

Phillyrea Capenfs,

for their Branches, being vi-

Phillyrea of Hort. Elth. the Cape cf Good Hope, with a StafFtree-leaf, commonly calFd by the

commonly grow

fome

Diilance

from the Wall, and harSorts of Infects and Filth:

their

bour

all

Dutch, Lipplehout.
14.

Phillyrea Americana

hu-

milis, radice crajfa lutea, foliis acu-

Leaves being large, and growing pretty far afunder upon the Branches, they appear nabefides,

Dwarf Ameminatis. Plum. Cat. rican Phillyrea, with a thick yellow

Root, and pointed Leaves. 15. Phillyrea Americana humilis,

ked,efpecially

when

they are clofely

dipt.

But all thefe Sorts of Trees are very proper to intermix with other
phitheatres, or to

radice crajfa rofea, foliis rotun-

Dwarf AmePlum. Cat. rican Phillyrea, with a thick rofecolour'd Root, and rounder Leaves. The twelve firit-mention'd Sorts are all of them Natives of the Southern Parts of France, Spain and Italy; but are hardy enough to endure the Cold of our Climate in the open Air they have been formerly in great Requeft forHedges, and to cover Walls: for both which Purpofes they are very improper ; becaufe they moot fo fail in the Spring and
dioribus.
:

Ever greens, to form Clumps, Amplant round the Sides of Wildernefles of ever-greea

Trees, where, being placed among other Trees of the fame Growth, they will afford a pleafing Variety.

The three firft Sorts will grow to the Height of twentyFeet, or more,
and may be train'd up to regular Heads but the narrow-leav'd Sorts
:

feldom

rife

above fourteen or fixteen

Summer Months,
:

that

is

very trou-

Feet high with us ; fo that they will be of a proper Size to place in a Line before the broad-leav'd Sorts, where being intermix'd with Hollies,
Alaternus's,

blefome to keep fuch Hedges in Order befides, all thefe Sorts with broad Leaves naturally produce their Branches fo far afunder, that they can never be redue'd to a thick handfome Hedge for although by frequently clipping the extreme Parts of the Shoots you force out fome Side-branches, which render it thick on the Outfide, yet the inner Branches arc very far afunder, and, being of a pliable Nature, are
;

Arbutus's,

and

fome

other Sorts, they wiil

ful

make a beautialfo

Profpea.

The
grow

olive-leav'd Sort will

Height of twelve or fourteen Feet, and the Branches are

to the

well furniuYd with Leaves

it

fo that

makes an exceeding good Figure,

when

by itrong Winds ; or if there happen to fall much Snow in Winter, fo as to lie upon thefe Hedges, it often difplaces them
often difplac'd
fo
in

intermix'd with other evergreen Trees: for the Leaves of this Sort are of a beautiful fhiningGreen, and the Shoots grow ere c~t and, being ftrong, are not fo liable to be difplac'd as thofe of fome of the other Kinds. Tne Sort with prickly Leaves grows much in the fame
;

much

as not to berecover'd again

;

manner

fo that thefe are to be pre-

fome Years for which Reafors theyare notfomuch inUfe forHedges as they were fome Years pail nor
;

ferr'd to all the other

Kinds on

this

Account.
in

are they fo often planted

to cover

Talk

Walls; for it is a very difficult to keep them clofe to the

box-leav'd Sort is very fcarca England. This is of humbler Growth than either of the former, feldom rifing above feven or eight

The

Fee:

P
Feet high Sort grow
:

H
Branches of
this

P
and
the

H
their

the

amongft them, will prevent

taking Root.

pretty clofe,

Leaves are very imall.

The Autumn

following,

many

As

all

thefe Sorts are very hardy,

more valuable, being by the Froft whereas the Alaternusis frequently damaged by fevere Cold, and many times the
fo they are the
rarely injured
:

Branches are kilPd

to the

Stem,

when
dure

Verand by confounding the two Sorts together, as is commonly done fey the Gardeners, they have both been brought into Difrepute unjuftly for I think all the Sorts of PhilthePhillyrea's remain in
:

lyrea

may

tions of ever-green Trees, as

:

be fo placed in Plantato be

fore

thereTendered very ornamental all the Sorts deferve propagateing much better than many other
ei-

of thefe Plants will be rooted ; at which time they may be taken off, and carefully planted in a Nurfery, where they may be train'd up three or four Years in the manner you intend them to grow ; during which time you fhould dig the Ground between the Rows, and cut about the Roots of the Plants every Year; which will caufe them to ftrike out flrong Fibres, fo as to fupport a good Ball of Earth when they are remov'd you fhould alfo fupport their Stems with Stakes, in order to make them flrait,otherwife they are very apt to grow crooked and un:

fightly.

which are more cultivated. Thefe Plants are propagated

ther from Seeds or Layers ; but the latter, being the molt expeditious

When the Plants have been thus manag'd three or four Years, you may tranfplant them into the Places where they are defign'd to remain.
The
beft

Method
ferred.

in England,

is

chiefly pre-

time for

this

Work

is

the

The
is

down

in

time to lay them x^utumn, when you

bell

Latter-end of September, or the Be-

fhould dig the Ground round the Plants intended to lay, making it very loofe then making choice of a fmooth Part of the Shoot, you fhould make a Slit upward (in the manner
;

ginning of October : but in removing them, you fhould dig round their Roots, and cut off all downright or ftrong Roots, which have (hot out
to a great Diflance, that

you may

the

better preferve a Ball of Earth

which
gently

is
;

pra&isM

nations)

in laying of Carand then bend the Branch to the

to each Plant, othervvife they are

Ground, making an hollow Place with your Hand to receive it ; and having plac'd the Part which was flit in the Ground,

down

fo as that the Slit

fhould
Stick,

may be open, you fallen it down with a forked that it may remain fteady,

and when you new Quarters, you fhould lay fome Mulch upon the Surface of the Ground, to prevent its drying and give them fome Water twice a Week in very dry Weather, but not too often ;
fubjedr. to

mifcarry

have plac'd them

in their

covering that Part of the Branch with Earth about three Inches thick, obierving to keep the upper Part In dry Weather thefe Layerect. ers fhould be water'd, which will
greatly facilitate their Rooting
j

and this only when the Sealbn is favourable ; nor in too great Quantities,

which will rot the new Fibres, and prevent their Growth. You
fliould alfo fupport the Plants

with

Stakes

you

muft alio keep them clear from Weeds, which, if furFer'd to grow up

they have taken faft Hold of the Earth, to prevent their being turn'd out of the Ground, or
until

difplac'd

by tke Winds, which will

deftroy

H
make a

deftroy the Fibres that were newly put out, and greatly injure the
Plants. Thefe Trees delight in a middling Soil, which is neither too tho' the wet and itiff, nor too dry
;

where they may remain until Autumn, when they mull be remov'd into the Green -houfe. Thefe Plants
are ever-green, fo that. they
pretty Variety in the Green-houfe,

latter is to

be preferr'd to the former,

is

during the Winter- feafon.

provided

The

be frefh. Sort with ftrip'd Leaves

it

The
at

tifully in feveral Parts

IVtJl- Indies.

fourteenth Sort grows plenof the Spanijh

prefent pretty rare, and

fomewhat

The
fent to

tenderer than the others, as aiemoft Sorts of variegated Plants lefs capable to endure

Kind were

Seeds of this England by Mr.

the Cold, than thofe

Robert Millar, who gathered thera near Carthagena in America. The

of tbe fame Kinds which are plain ; fifteenth Sort was difcovefd by Father Plutnier in America, and fince the Striping of Plants always proceeding from their Weaknefs. This by Mr. Millar in the Ifland of Tabago, from whence he fent fome is preferv'd in fome Gardens as a Seeds ; but they did not fucceed in Curiofity ; but may be propagated England. in the fame manner with the forThefe two Sorts are tenderPIants, mer. Thofe Sorts with fmall Leaves which mult be kept in a warm Stove arecommonly two Years before they in Winter, otherwife they will not take Root, when laid live in this Country. therefore They may be propagated bySeeds, they mould not be difturb'd ; for which mould be obtain'd as frefh as the raifingthem out of the Ground poilible from the Countries of their greatly retards their Rooting. The thirteenth Sort is very com- Growth, and muft be fown in Pots mon in feveral Gardens in Holland ; of frefh light Earth, and plunged but at prefent prettyrare mEngland. into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark ; This Sort will not live abroad thro' where they fhould remain until the the Winter in this Climate; therePlants come up, which is many fore it is always preferv'd in Pots times a Year from the time of fowor Tubs, and remov'd into the ing therefore whenever the Seeds Green-houfe in Winter, where if it remain fo long in the Ground, the is treated after the manner directed Pots muft be frequently water'd in for the Clutia, it will thrive very Summer, and in Winter the GlaiTes well. This Sort is alfo propagated of the Hot- bed mould be cover'd by laying down the tender Branches with Mats, when the Weather is in the Spring of the Year, which cold, to prevent the Froft from enmult be duly water'd in dry Wea- tering the Bed, which would deftroy ther ; and by the following Spring the Seeds. they will have takenRoot; when they When the Plants are come up, mould be feparated from the old they fhould be each tranfplanted inPlant, and planted in Pots fill'd with to a fmall Pot fill'd with freih. frefh Earth, and plac'd in the Shade Earth, and then plunged into the until they have taken new Root Hot bed again, obferving to fhade after which time they may be exthem from the Sun in the Heat of pos'd, during the Summer-feafon, the Day, until they have taken newwith other pretty hardy Exotic Root j after which time they muft Plants, in a meltek'd Situation, have freeAir admitted to them every
: :

Day,

P
Day,

H
Warmth
4.
folio,

H
.

in proportion to the

Phlomis Narbonenfs, hormi*i

of the Seafon. In this Bed the Plants may remain tillAutumn,when they mould be remov'd into the
Stove,and plung'd into theBark-bed, where, during the Winter - feafon,

fore purpur af cent e Tourn. Nar~ bonne Jerufalem Sage, with a Claryleaf,

and purplim Flower.

5.

Phlomis
Sage,

Hifpanica candidifSpanijh Je-

fima herbacea. Tourn.

rufalem Leaves.
6.

they mould be kept pretty warm. Thefe Plants may remain in the Bark-ftove for two Years or lefs, according as they acquire Strength ;
for when they are pretty ftrong, they may be treated lefs tenderly, expofing them in the Middle of the Summer to the open Air, in a
fhelter'd Situation
:

with

very

hoary
Hijl.

Phlomis

lychnitis.

CUf

Narrow-leav'd Jerufalem Sage. 7. Phlomis Samia herbacea, lunariee folio. T. Cor. Herbaceous S ami anJerufalem Sage,with a Moonwort-leaf.
8
.

and in Winter

Phlomis

be plac'd in a dry Stove, where they mould have a moderate Degree of Warmth, in which they will thrive very well. Thefe Plants retain their Verdure throughout the Year, for which they are chiefly
they
efteem'd.

may

ciniatis. T. Cor.

Orient a lis, foliis laEajiern Jerufalem

Sage, with jagged Leaves.

9 Phlomis Orient alis lute a herbacea latifolia <verticillata.A5l .Phil. Broad-leav'd herbaceous Jerufalem
.

Sage from the Levant, with yellow Flowers growing in Whorles.

10.

PHLOMIS, The

Sage- tree,

or

Phlomis fruticofa, fore pur-

Jerufalem Sage. The CharaSfers are It hath a labiated Flower confif-

pureo, foliis

H.

Leaf whofe upper Lip, or Helmet, which is crejled, does wholly

ivg of one

a Leaves.
11.

rotundioribus. Inf. R. Shrubby Jerufalem Sage, with purple Flower, and rounder

P H"LO m

fruticofa Luftanica t

ref upen the under Lip, or Beard,

which is divided into three Parts, and extends a little beyond the upper
Lip : the Pcintal rifes out of the Flower -cup accompany d with four Embryoes, which afterward become fo many vblong Seeds, Jhut up in an Eufli, or pentagonal Tube, which was
y

fore purpurafcente, foliis acutioribus. Shrubby Jerufalem Inf. R. H. Sage of Portugal, with a purplilh Flower, and /harp-pointed Leaves.
12. Phlomis Hifpanica fruticofa candidiJfma,floreferrugiveo. Inf. R. H. The wnitelt Spanijh Shrub Je-

before the Flower-cup.

rufalemSage, with an iron-colour'd Flower.

13.

The
1.

Species are

Phlomis

Orient alis lutea an-

Phlomis jruticofa, falw& folatiore

iff

guf-ifolia,

cymis ful-vefcentibus,

D.

lio

rotundiore.

Town.

Broad-leav'd Sage-tree, <vulgo.

2.

Phlomis fruticofa, falvi^e fo-

lio longiore iff

angufiof e. Town. Narrow-leav'd Sage-tree, <vulgo.

3.

376. Yellow Eaftern Jerufalem Sage, with a narrow Leaf, and yellow Tops. a The three firll - mention'd Sorts grow to be Shrubs of a middling

Sherard.

M.

Phil.

N.

Phlomis fruticofa
Phil.

humilis laluteis.

tifolia

candidijpma, floribus

A3.
s/ith

Low (hrubby Sage-tree, broad hoary Leaves, and yel-

low Flowers.

and are proper to intermix with other Sorts of Plants, which are of the fame Growth, in fmall Wildernefs-.quarters, where, by the Diverfity of their hoary Leaves, their
Size,

large

H
;

large Spikes of yellow Flowers, and their long Continuance in Flower, they make an agreeable Variety. Thefe Plants have been preferv'd in Pots, and placed in the Green-

The Soil in which they are plac'i mould not be dung'd for that cauies them to grow too faft, whereby their
Shoots are too replete with Moifture, and lefs capable to endure the Cold whereas if they are planted upon a dry, barren, rocky Soil, they are

houfe in Winter among other tender Exotics but they are hardy enough to endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters in the open Air, provided they are planted in a dry Soil, and have a warm Situation ; and are rarely injured by Cold, unlefs in a
:

feldom injur'dby Cold, which is the Cafe of raoft of the fame Clafs of Plants with Lip- flowers.

The

tenth, eleventh, twelfth,

and
-

thirteenth Sorts are Ihrubby Plants,

very fevere Froft. They are propagated by Cuttings in this Country ; for their Seeds feldom ripen well in England, except very warm dry Seafons. The beft time to plant thefe Cuttings is in May, that they may have good Roots They mould be before Winter. planted in a Bed of freih light Earth, and lhaded from the Sun until they have taken Root after which, they will require no farther Care, but only to keep them clear from Weeds until the following Spring, when they may be remov'd to the Places where they are defign'd to be conin
;

which grow three or four Feet high ; and are very proper to intermix with other Shrubs of the fame Growth. Thefe are fometimes injur'd by hard Frofts but will endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters in the open
;

Air, if they ar planted in a

Situation.

warm

Thefe maybe propagated by Cuttings in the fame manner as

hath been directed for the former
Sorts.

tin u'd.

The
them

befl

Seafon for tranfplanting

obierving
to

is

in April, before they begin

to moot,

preierve a

Ball of Earth to the

Root of each Plant, as alfo to water them until they have taken Root and in order to form them into a regular Shape, they mould be ftak'd, and their
:

The other Sorts, being low herbaceous Plants, are all of them propagated by parting of their Roots, which mould be done in the Spring of the Year, obferving to preferve a leading Bud to each Off-fet. Thefe mould alfo be plac'd in a dry, rocky, or gravelly Soil, in which they will thrive much better than if planted in a richer Ground, and will endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters extremely well in the open Air.
Thefe Plants
ferv'd
in the
laft
-

mentioned are
;

of no great Beauty
are fond of Variety.

but are pre-

Stems kept conftantly

faften'd there-

Gardens of thofe

who

to, until they arrive at

the Height

A Tea made

you defign them

iuffer their

Branches

then you may to moot out on

with the Leaves of thefe Plants is accounted very good for fore Throats.

every Side, to make an handfome Head ; in order to which, you mould prune off fuch Branches as grow irregular on either Side, which muft

PHLOX,
Lychnis.

Lychnidea or Baftard
;

The

Characters are

always be perform'd in
for if they are

Summer
in Winter,

The Empalement conjijls of one Leaf is tubulous, and cut at the Brim
into f<ve acute Segments
is
:

wounded

the Floivcr

the Cold often injures the Plants,

of one

Leaf Jhafd

like

a Salver %
is

by entering the Wounds.

having a long Tube, and

fp^e/rd
spert

H
it
is

P
divided
:

H
:

open at the Top, tvhere

into five equal blunt Segments

in the

Bottom of the Flouuer

Pointal,

which

is fituated the attended by five Stamina, are Jhort : the Point al after-

than the former the Leaves are narrow, and ftiarp-pointed the Flowers are of a pale-purple Colour, and grow in form of an
little taller
:

Umbel.

ward becomes
three Cells,

a conical Veffel, having each containing one oval

The fecond Sort fucceeds this in the time of Flowering. The Stalks
of
this are ftronger

Seed.

and

taller

than

1.

The Species are Phlox foliis lineari-lanccolatis,

Baftard Lychnis, with

either of the former: the Leaves are

caule ereclo, corymbo terminated. Lin,

Tlort. Cliff.

and of a fhining-green Colour : the Flowers are of a bright-purple

ftiff,

narrow fpear-fhap'd Leaves, and an upright Stalk terminated with a

Corymbus of Flowers.
2.
tis,

Phlox foliis

crajjis lucidis

acu-

Colour, and are difpos'd almoft in form of an Umbel, and continue in Flower much longer than either of the former. This flowers the Latter-end of June, and continues mod
Part of July in Beauty. The fourth Sort grows upward of three Feet high, with ftrong fpotted
Stalks
:

caule ereclo, fioribus quafi umbellatim difpofitis. Baftard Lychnis, with

thick mining pointed Leaves, an upright Stalk,

and Flowers

difpos'd in

the

Leaves are

ftifF

an Umbel.
3.

pointed, growing
foliis lanceolatis obtufis,

by

Pairs,

and which

Phlox
Baftard
-

crofs each other at the Joints alter-

fioribus majoribus umbellatim difpofitis.

fpear
4.

Lychnis, lhap'd Leaves,

in

with blunt

the Flowers are difpos'd in : a long thick Spike, forming a kind

nately

Flowers growing

and large an Umbel.

-

Phlox

foliis lineari

lanceola-

tis, caule elatior, fioribus in longam fpicam denfe ftipatis. Baftard Lychnis, with narrow fpear-fhap'd Leaves, a tall Stalk, and Flowers growing in a long clofe Spike. Thefe are all of them American Plants fome of them were brought from Virginia, and others from Carolina ; but they thrive very well in the open Air in England: and as they are beautiful flowering Plants, they merit a Place in every good Garden. The third Sort is the firft which This begins flowers in the Spring.
:

of Pyramid, and are of a brightpurple Colour this begins to flower towarithe End oijuly, and continues thro' Augufi, and a great Part of September efpecially if it is planted in a moiftSoil, and not too much expos'd to the Sun and is one of the moft ornamental Plants of the Sea: ; ;

fon.

Thefe Plants are ufually propagated by parting of their Roots

beft
:

the

Seafon for this

firft

is

in October.

The

and third Sorts increafe

pretty

faft this

way

but the fecond

flowering in

May

the Stalks are

:

feldom more than a Foot high the Leaves are much broader than thofe of the other Sorts the Flowers are large, and of a Iky -blue Colour. The next which follows in flowThis grows ering, is the firft Sort,
:

and fourth Sorts do not propagate fo much by OfF-fets: therefore thefe may be propagated in plenty by Cuttings, which fiiould be taken off", when the Shoots are about four or five Inches high, and planted in a
fhady Border, where, duly water'd, they will
if

they are

make Roots

in three Weeks or a Month's time, and molt of them will flower the fame Year, a little after the old Roots

fo

P
fo they

H
are fringed*
; :
:

P
and
and thefe
Tube
is

H
the Bottom
is

may be
this

continu'd longer in

of tht

Flower by
will be

Method

ftrong Plants fit to plant in the Borders of the Pleafure - garden

in Oclcber.

fituated at the Bottom of the Tube, attended by fve Jhort Stamina, which are infcaly

the Point al

All the Sorts may be propagated by Cuttings in the fame manner as thefe ; but as the two other Sorts
.

fertcd in the Scales of the Tube : the Point al afterward changes to a round*
ijb Vejffel,

having three having one Seed,

Cells, each

increafe pretty
this

fall

by

OfF-fets,

fo
is

The
"l.

Species are
foliis

Method of propagating
unlefs

thofe

Phylica

ovato-lineari-

rarely pra&is'd,

where the

hus. Lin. Hort. Cliff.

Ballard Alanear i-fibula-

Plants are not in plenty. It is very rare that either of thefe

ternus,
2.
tis,

with Heath-leaves.
foliis
li

Phylica

produce Seeds in England but in their native Country they feed pretty well every Year and from the Seeds molt, of them were obtain'd in Eu; ;

fummis

hirfutis.

Flor.

L yu. Ba-

ftard

Alaternus, with

Yew

leaves,

which are crown'd with Hairs on their Top.

rope.

They

delight in rich

Ground, and

The firft mon in the

it is

Sort

is

now
in

pretty
the

Englijh Gardens,

Ihould be duly water'd in very dry Weather, otherwife their Stalks will be (hort, the Flowers fmall, and of
fliort

ufually plac'd
;

comwhere Green-

Duration if fome of each Sort of thefe Plants are planted in Pots,

:

and conftantly water'd, they will flower very ftrong, and make a fine Appearance fo will be very proper
;

to adorn Court-yards or Halls, during their Continuance in Flower,

houfe in Winter but this will live in the open Air in moderate Winters, if it is planted on a dry Soil, and in a warm Situation but as fevere Froft will deitroy them, fome Plants mould be preferv'd in Pots, and fhelterM in the Winter to preferve the Kind and as thefe Plants con:

tinue in Flower from the Beginning

where they will be very ornamental. This Genus of Plants was titled Lychnidea, from the Refemblance which the Flowers have to fome
Species of Lychnis
is
;

but as

this

Name

compounded, Dr. Linnaus has alter'd the Title to thisof Phlox, which is a Name of The phrajius, applied by him to fome Plant which had great
Affinity to the Lychnis.

PHYLICA,
ftard

Alaternoides, or Ba-

Alatemus.

of October, to the End of March, they merit a Place in the Greenhoufe among other hardy Exotic Plants, where being intermix'd, they make an agreeable Variety ; for the Extremity of each Branch is generally terminated by Bunches of fmall fnowy Flowers ; and the Shoots being clofely garnifh'd with ever -green Leaves, fhap'd fomewhat like thofe of Heath, have a very agreeable Appearance during the whole Winter-feafon.

The

Characters are

The Flowers are collected together in an Head, and fit upon a fort of Dijk, each having an Empalement conffling of three narrow Leaves : the Flowers are tubulous^ and extend beyond the Empalement, and are cut at
the

Brim

into Jive Parts,

where

they

This Sort is apt to produce its Branches irregular, and to fpread near the Ground, unlefs they are trained to Stakes while young but they may, with Care, be train'd up with Stems but their Shoots fhould not be fhorten'd to reduce them to
;
:

regular

P
regular

H
is

p
the Cafe

Heads;

for that will prevent

to plant the Cuttings

their Flowerinc;,

which

of moft of thefe Plants in the Dutch Gardens, where they are reduc'd to
regular Heads
to
:

in Pots fiflM with rich Earth, and to plunge the Pots into an old Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, where the Heat is almoft over,

but the beft

Way

is

fpread the Branches, and form them into a fort of Fan, whereby
their Branches

may be
;

extended to

and they may be train'd fo cloie as to form a thick well-fpread Fan, which will be co verM wth white Flowers from the Ground upward to the Height of
their full

Length

and to made the GlafTes in the Heat of the Day, to fcreen off the Sun, and keep the Cuttings duly moiftened. With this Management 1 have feldom loft any of the Cuttings, whereas fcarce any of thofe which have been planted much earlier in the Seafon have fucceeded. The Cutting? may remain in the fame
Pots
till

three Fee:.

the

following

Summer,

The

feco"d Sort

is

now
;

out, and eac in the Enghjh Gardens planted into feparate Pots, that they may be hous'd in t grows Years paft more common about the fame Height with the Winter until fome of them have obformer Sort, and produces its Flow- taia'd SLrength, when they may be but thefe are not fo plnnted in warm Borders, where they ers in Winter will live thro' the Winter, withoat beautiful as thofe of the other, nor are they of fo long Duration ; but Covering, if the Froft is not fevere ; but theylhould be two Years old from as the Leaves continue green throughout the Year, it may merit a Place the Cueing, before they are planted out in the full Ground. in every good Green-houfe. PHYLLANTHUS,Sea-fide LauThefe Plants were brought from the Cape of Good Hope, where they rel. The Charafters are ; naturally grow, into the curious GarIt hath Male and Female Flowers dens in Holland, where they are prein the fame Plant : the Empalement ferv'd with great Care ; but we find them fo hardy as to live abroad in of both Sexes is of one Leaf,bell-Jhapedt moderate Winters, and only require and cut at the Brim into fix Farts : there are no Petals to the Flower ; fo to be fcreen'd from fevere Froft they may be plac'd, in the Winter, hut the Male have each three Jhort Stamina, joining at the Bafe, but are in a common Green home, together with Myrtles, Oleanders, and fuch fpread open at their Top : the Female other hardy Exotic Plants, as require Flowers have a roundifh Pointal9 no artifical Warmth, but only Pro- which becomes a roundijh Seed-veffel, having three Cells, which have a tection from fevere Froft. They may both be propagated by fengle Seed in each. The Species are Cuttings, which mould be planted 1. Phyllanthus foliis lanceolaabout the Middle or Latter-end of Lin, Auguft, which is the time thefe tis ferratis, crenis floriferis. Plants are preparing to (hoot ; for Hort. Cliff. Phyllanthus with faw'd they keep their natural Seafon of fpear -fhap'd Leaves, bearing FlowFlowering and Growth, altho' they ers on their Edges, call'd Sea-fide are remov'd to a Country differing Laurel. 2. Phyllanthus foliis alternis in Seafons from that of their origi\
:

very rare but wa; fome

:

when

they

mould be

carefully taken

nal Growth.

The

heft

Method

is,

alternating

pinnatis, Jloribus

depen-

dentibut

P
tritihus

H
out

ex a lisfoliolor urn. Hart. Cliff. Annual Phyllanthus, with fmall Leaves growing alternate, and the

the Flowers are produe'd, butefper

cialiy toward the Upper-part, where they are plac'd very clofely, fo as almoft to form a fort of Border to

Flowers
3.

coming

from

the

Wings of the Leaves hanging down.

Phyllanthus

caule arboreo,

foliis lanceolatis acutis, frutlu

fejjili.

parvo Shrubby Phyllanthus, with pointed fpear - fhap'd Leaves, and fmall Fruit growing clofe to the
Leaves.
4.

Leaves; which, together with Colour of the Leaves, makes a very beautiful Appearance: the Leaves continue green all the Year, which renders the Plant
the the mining- green

more valuable. There is no other Method of obtaining this Plant but

to procure
it

Phyllanthus

caule

arboreo t

foliis latis fubrotundis, ftuSlu majore

tendulo, petiolo longo.

Tree Phyl-

lanthus, with broad roundilh Leaves,

and larger Fruit growing on long

Footilalks.
5.

from fome of the Iflands in America where they grow in plenty. It is known in Barbados by the Name of Sea-fide Laurel, which Name it
y

is

probable

may

have been given to

Phyllanthus
fitis,

caule arbor eo,

foliis cvatis obtufis y fubtusincams y al-

ternatim

fruttn maximo.

Tree

from fome Refemblance which the Inhabitants of thofe Iflands fuppos'd the Leaves to have of thofe of
it,

Phyllanthus, with oval blunt Leaves, which are white on their Under-fide,

the

common

Laurel

but they are

the

much narrower and

nefs,

longer, and have

and a very large

Fruit.
is

no other Refemblance but

Thick -

The

firft

Sort

very

dmmon

in

and mining-green Colour.

the Weft- Indiesy where it grows out of the Rocks on the Sea- more, in

molt of the Iflands brut is feldom found growing on the Land, nor is
;

It requires to be plac'd in a moderate Stove in the Winter, otherwife it will not live in England: but

in

Summer

it

it

eafily tranfplanted

for the Fibres

open Air, in a
tuation.

may be warm
this

plac'd in the
-

Ihelter'd Si-

of the Roots infinuate themfelves fo

With

Management I
Vigour

deeply into theCrevic.es of the Rocks, that unlefs the Rock is broken, there is no Poffibility of getting the Roots out and it is as difficult to propagate by Seeds ; for unlefs they are
:

have feen

this Plant in great

fown foon
will not

after they are ripe, they

grow, and the greateft Part of the Seed proves abortive ; fo that
this

Sort

is

very

rare

in Europe.

There was formerly a Plant of this Sort in the Gardens at Hamptonwith many other fine Plants, has been deflroy'd by :he Ignorance of the Gardeners. Th.s Tree grows about fifteen or iixteen Feet high the Leaves come out without any Order, which, are ive or fix Inches long, fmooth and
Court
;

Amfterdam. The fecond Sort is an annual Plant, which grows with an ere& Stalk near two Feet high, and branches out on every Side the Leaves are pennated, having feverai fmall oval Leaves placM alternately along the Mid-rib the Flowers are produe'd from the Wings of thefe
:
:

in the Phyfic-garden at

little

Leaves, the whole Length cf

rib,
fliort Footftalks,

but

this,

on the Under-ude, on which are of an herbaceous Colour, and hang downward: the whole Plant perifhes in Winter* being an Annual for
the

Mid

very

altho

hick
'

upon

the

Edges of the Leaves

been plac'd in the warmeft Stoves, yet it never has furviv'd a Winter. The Seeds of
it

has

Vol.

Ill,

%y

thii

f
*his

H
pies
j

V
grow twelve
firfT;

H
Thefi
:

Plant ripen gradually, accord-

of both to England.

ing as the Flowers were produc'd

thofe neareft the

or fourteen Feet high

Stem ripening

and

if

they are not watclfd,

to ga-

ther them as they ripen, they will {hon drop, and be loft but thofe
:

Seeds which happen to fcatter upon other Pots of Earth will come up the following Spring fothat from feme
;

having ftrong woody Stems, whicr branch out wide on every Side th< Branches of the foarth Sort are gar nifli'd with broad roundilh Leaves which grow alternately along the Mid- rib the Fruit grow* on lon
:

Footftalks plac'd on the Under-fid<

:

Plants, which were plac'd hi a Stove, the Seeds were cart over moft of the Pots of Plants then in the Stove, a-nd it the Plants came up like Weeds was by this Accident the Plant was
:

of the Leaves hanging down the Fruit of this Sort is about the Size ol an Hazel-nut, fwelling out in three
:

brought to England for the Seeds had been Icatter'd in feme Tubs of Earth which came from JBarbadcSf in which the Plants came up in great Plenty and having the Advantage of a Stove, the Seeds rij5en'd perfectly, and were maintain'd by the fcatter'd Seed it is too tender to live in the open Air of England; fo mould be rais'd on an Hotbed in the Spring, and afterward plac'd in the Bark-ftove, where the Plants will perfect their Seeds annually, and in Autumn decay. The third Sort was difcoverd by the late Dr. William Houjioun at La Vera Cruz, who fent the Seeds to This hath a woody Stem, Europe. which rifes to the Height of eight or Thefe are alfo very tender Plants; ten Feet, and divides into itveral fo muft be placed in a warm Stove,, Branches, which are garnim'd with pennated Leaves, composed of feve- otherwife they cannot be preferv'd
rft
; ;
: :
:

.Divifions, like the Seed-veffel of the Spurge the Covering is ligneous and of a brown Colour when ripe. The fifth Sort has very broad Leaves, whofe Surface is rough ar.d the Under-fide of a whitiftigrey Colour. Thefe are placed alternately upon the Branches. The Fruit of this Sort is as large as a Walnut, of a dark-brown Colou? when ripe the Cover is woody, and fwells ouHn three Divifions, in each of which fhould be lodg'd a fingle Seed; but it rarely happens that more than one of them eomes to Maturity rror in many of them is there one good Seed, tho* they appeaF large and fair ; yet, upon Examina* tion, fcarce one in forty, of either the fourth or fifth Sorts, had any Germ, but were hollow.
:

pointed Leaves, plac'd alalong the Mid-rib : the Flowers are produc'd as thofe of the former, on the Under-fide of the Leaves, hanging downward, and the grow clofe to the Mid-rib Leaves of this Sort decay in Autumn, and frefti ones come out in Spring. This is full as tender as the former Sort ; fo wiil not live in Engral fmall

in England.

All thefe four laft-men-

ternately

eafily propagated from good Seeds, which mult be fown on an Hot bed in the Spring 31 and afterward planted in Pots, and

tion'd

Sorts are

placed

in

the Bark-ftove, treating!

them

in the

fame manner

as hath]

been directed for other Exotic Plant; I from the fame Country. Thefe Plants many of them grov
j

land, unlefs

it is

preferv'd in Stoves.
fifth

in the Eafl- Indies,

were The difcovcr'd by the fame Gentleman, wh# fent the Seeds and dried Samfourth and
Sorts

feveral other Species

where there ar f this Genu?

figur'd

I
I

fome of which are well

an

defcrib'd in the Hortus Malabaricu\M

unde

P
tanifts

H
pla Nobla
:

P
many Years by

H
the

under the Title of Nirouri ; which Name has been applied by fome Boto the
laft

Genus, under which

being a barbarous

the four

Species have been ran-

ged

buc that,

Name, is

rejected by Dr.

who

has remov'd thefe to the firft Sort, and taken that Title to the Genus; and as they pretty well agree in their Characters with the firft Species, fo I think it better to join them, than to divide them into two Genera, efpecially as there have been Doubts where to fix them ; for, by fome, thefe Species of Nirouri were joined

Name of Sim* and having had no Englijh Name applied to it, I have coritinu'd that Title for want of an Eng lijh one nor could the Botanifts agree under what Genus to range this Plant Dr. Boerhaave was the
:

firft

who

eftablifh'd

Genus

for

it

Genus of Telephioides ; think their Characters correfpond much better with thofe of the
to Tournefort\

but

Phyllanthus.

under the Title of Bufleuroides, as this Plant hath fome Affinity to the Bupleurum : but others have plac'd ic under that oiFalerianella, as fuppofing its Characters agreed better with thofe of that Genus but Dr. Linnaus has rejected both thofe' Titles,, and applied this of Phyllis to this Plant, on the Account of the Beauty of its Leaves for the Flowers have no more Beauty than thofe of Hem:

PHYLLIS, Simpla Nobla The Characters are

j

dkla.

lock, or other umbelliferous Plants.

The Empalement of the Flower is very fmall, and compofed of two Leaves : the Flower hath five obtufe Petals , which fern joined at their Baj'e : in the Bottom of the Flower is
l

fituated the Point al, attended by five the Pointal Ihort fender Stamina
:

afterward becomes an oblong

turbi-

nated Fruit, compofed of two Seeds \which join together, where they are
plain,

Side

and are convex on the other to which may be added) The Flowers growing in an Umbel. I have not obferv'd more than one Species of this Genus in the Engijh Gardens ; which is*
:
r

Phyllis
-

ftipulis

dentatis.

Flor.

Leyd.

Simpla Ncbla.
Species

There is another 3y Dr. Van Royen,

ienfis,

mentionM

in the Flora Ley-

This rarely grows above two Feet a fofc woody Stem, which branches out very low on every Side thefe Branches will extend pretty wide, fo as to form a fpreading Shrub the Leaves are large, and deeply vein'd, and remain green thro' the Year, in which the. greateft Beauty of the Plant confifts : the Flowers are produced in Umbels at the Extremity of the Branches, which are of a yellowifh-green Colour, and are fucceeded by Seeds growing in a loofe Umbel. It is propagated by Seeds which muft be fown on a Bed of frefh light Earth in March and when the Plants are fit to tranfplant, they mould be put into feparate Pots, and placed in a fhady Situation until they have taken Root ; after which time
high, having
:

which he
:

titles Phyllis ftipulis

ntegerrimis

but

this

Difference I

they mould be placed in a Situation where they may have the morning

lave not

obferv'd in any of the Mants, which are growing in our

Sun; and

in

Summer

will require to

gardens.
j ^

|
.

This Plant was brought from the Canary Iflands, and has been long n Inhabitant of many curious Garens in England\

and was

known

for

have plenty of Water. In Winter they muft be fheltered from the Froit but require to have as much free Air as poffible, in mild Weather ; and if in the Spring fome of the Plants are fhaken out of the Pots,
;

y y a

and

P
a*id

H
full

P
Ground, they
to

put into the

will perfect their Seeds

much

better

than thofe which remain in the Pots. As thefe Plants feldom continue in Health above four or five Years, it will be proper to raife a Supply of young ones to fucceed them. American

they mull not be planted too near other Plants, left they overbear and deftroy them ; for they grow to be very large, es;

grow

for

pecially

it the Soil be good. When they have taken Root, they will require no farther Care but only to

PHYTOLACCA,
The
Characters are

Nightmade.
;

them from Weeds, and in Autumn they will produce their Flowers and Fruit: but when the Froft
clear

The
Lea-ves,

Flower

which lar Order, and expand

Rofe
;

conffs of fevera I are placed in a circuin

form of a
.

out of whofe Centre rifes the Pointal, which afterward Incomes a

comes on, it will cut down the Stems of thefe Plants, which conftantly decay in Winter; but their Roots will abide in the Ground, and come up
again the fucceeding Spring. There is no great Beauty in this Plant ; but,
for Variety, a few of them may be placed in the Borders of large Gardens, fince they require but little

foft Fruit, or almojl globular Berry full of Seeds, placed orbicularly : to

whichJhould be added, That the Flowers and Fruit are produced on a Bunch
like

Currant.

1.

The Species are Phytolacca Americana ma; ,

Culture ; and as they grow very tall, they will make a Figure in the Borders of large Gardens, efpecially in
the Autumn, when the Spikes cf purple Fruit are ripe. I have'feen Plants of this Kind upward of fix Feet high, when they have been in

jori fruclu. Tourn. American Night-

fhade, with large Fruit,

2.

commonly
bac-

call\l^/rg-wtf//Poke, orPorke Pbyfic.

Phytolacca Mexicana,
Hart. Elth.

cis feffilihus.

Mexican

good Ground.

As

thefe Plants fel-

Phytolacca, whofe Berries grow clofe

to the Stalk.

dom

The firft of thefe Plants is very common m Virginia, New-England,

ants take a Spoonful or

continue longer than three or four Years, young ones mould be raifed to fucceed them. The fecond Sort is a Native of
the

and Maryland, where the Inhabittwo of the

Juice of the Root, as a familiar Purge. The Berries thereof are full of a purple Juice, which gives a fine Tincture to Paper, from whence it hath the Name this will not abide long, but fades in a mort time: therefore, if there could be a Method found to fix this Colour, it
:

will

Parts of America-, {<y not live in the open Air inEngland. This has been lately introdue'd into fome of the Britijb
Iflands in America,

warmer

Wcf -Indies, where

from the Spanifb grows fponit

taneoufly ; and the Inhabitants cut the green Herb, and boil it fori

might be of confiderable Ufe ; for it is one of the moft beautiful purple Dyes yet known. It may be propagated by fowing Seeds in the Spring upon a Bed of light rich Earth; and when the Plants come up, they mould be
tranfplanted
into

Spinach, which they eat without any Effect, tho' it has been by fomc Perfons thought to have the Quality
ill

the Borders

large Gardens, allowing

of them Space

of Nightmade. The Seeds of this Sort mould b fown upon an Hot-bed early in th Spring ; and when the Plants are j to tranfplant, they mould be pi' into Pots; and after they have a< quir'd Strength, may be enured
i

bear the open Air, where they mi

rema

P
Remain
till

I
Pluk.

P
;

the

Autumn, when they

and

Ihould be remov'd into Shelter

if they are placed where they

may

Pine ; land Pine.

6.

Amalth. Lord TFcymcutb\ or, by fome, the New- Engtertia.

have a moderate Share of Warmth, they will flower all the Winter, and ripen their Fruit in the Spring. Dr.
Linnaeus fuppofes thefe

Pinus Jyl<vefris montana

C. B. P.

The

third wild

mountain

Pine, of Cafpar Bauhin.

7. Pi N u s fylvejlris montana altera. C.B.P. Another wild mountain Pine. 8. Pinus fylveflris maritima, conis firmiter ramis adharentibus. J. B. Wild maritime Pine, whofe Cones adhere firmly to the Branches.

two Species
is

are the fame, in which he miftaken.

greatly

PILOSELLA. ^Hieracium. PIMP] N EL LA. Vide Sanguiforba and Poterium. PINASTER. Fide Pinus Sylveftris. PINGUICULA, Buttenvort. This Plant is found growing up-

9.

Pinus tnaritima
C. B. P.

altera

Mat-

thioli.

Another maritime

Pine of Matthiolus.
1

on Bogs

in

many

Parts of

but is never cultivated in fo I (hall pafs it over with barely .mentioning it.

England Gardens

o.

Pinus maritima minor. C.B.P.

LefTer maritime Pine.

1

1.

Pinus

humilis, iulis <virefcenInjl. R. H. a green or pale

tibus aut pallefcentibus.

PINUS, The Pine-tnee. The Characters are

;

Dwarf Pine, with

Katkin.
12.
fcente.

hath amentaceous Flowers, or Katkins, which are produced at reMote Dijlanccs from the Fruit on the
It

Pinus
Injl.

humilis, iulo purpura-

R. H. a purplifti Katkin.
13.

Dwarf Pine, with

fame

Tree

the Seeds are produced in

fquamous Cones : to ivhich fjovld be added, Thai the Leases are longer than
of the Fir-trees, and are produced by Two's or more out of each Sheath.
thofe

H.

Pi;

14.

Pinus conis creclis. Inf. R. e whofe Cones grow erect. Pinus Orient a lis, foliis duriparvo peracuto.
Eaitern Pine, with har-

oribus amaris, fru5lu

Toum. Cor.

The
1.

Species are

Pinus fativa. C. B. P. The manured Pine. 2. Pinus fyhejiris. C.B.P. The Pinafter, or Wild Pine. 3. Pinus Jyfaeflris, foliis brevibus
glaucis, conis partis albentibus. Rati
Hijl.

der bitter Leaves, and a fmall Iharppointed Cone.

15.
longis

Pinus
iff

Hierofblymitana, pra-

tenuijfimis <viridibus fetis.

Pluk. Almag. Eaftern Pine, with long narrow green Leaves ; com-

monly
16.

called the Aleppo Pine.

The

Scotch Pine,

commonly
foliis

Pinus Virginiana, pra longis

caird the Scotch Fir. 4. Pinus Americana,

longis,

foliis tenuioribus, cono echinata. Pluk.

pr&-

fubinde tcrnis, conis plurimis

Almag. Virginian Pine, with long narrower Leaves, and a rough Cone

confertim nafcentibus. Rand.

Ameri-

commonly called Baftard three- leav'd

Pine.
xrginiana, terms feu 17. Pinus tripilisplerumque ex uno folliculo fetis,

can Pine, with longer Leaves coming out by Threes, and many Cones

growing

in

a Clatter

commonly

called the Clufter Pine.

frobilis

majoribus.

Pluk.

Almag,

Pinus Americana, ex uno folliculo, fetis longis tenuibus triquetris, ad Mnum unguium, per totam longiiuditurn,

Virginian Pine, having, for the mod part, three Leaves, coming out of

one Sheath

commonly

called the
18. Pi-

minutijfimis

crenis

a/peratis.
,

Frankincenfe-tree.

Yyy

p
1

I
binis Ireis

p
mincre
Virgicapitibus

I
;

8.

Pin us Virginiana,
Jingulis

njieribui Cff crajjioribus fetis,

(ono,

fquamarum
Aim.

aculeo

donatis. Pluk.

nian Pine, with fhorter thicker Leaves, and fmaller Cones, with a Prickle on the Top of each Scale j

not eafy to determine for it is not a Native of Europe, there being none of them found now growing, but in fuch Places where they have been planted fo that there are not any of them found in Woods, or
;

uncultivated Places
tainly
is

this Sort

cer-

commonly
19.
longijjimis

called the Jer/ey Pine.

in plenty in China,

from

Pin us

Americana
with

palujiris,

whence

&

<viridibus fetis.

Mar fa
longell

the Seeds

American Pine,
green Leaves.

the

The firft Sort is much cultivated in Italy, and the South of France where the Trees grow to a large Size ; and are the great Ornament
of the Italian Villa's : this Sort is alfo in Spain, Portugal, and molt of the warm Parts of Europe ; where the
the Seeds are frequently ferved up to the Table,

Nuts which contain

and

have fcveral times received and in a Collection of the Materia Medica, which was brought me from thence, were a Parcel of thefe Nuts in many of the China Paintings there are fome of thefe Trees exhibited ; but whether it grows naturally in that Country I cannot learn. This Sort thrives very well in England, when it is planted in a warm Situation ; but it is too tenI
; :
,

are eaten in the fame

:

manner

as

der to thrive in cold expofedPlaces, where in fevere Froft the Leaves are
generally killed
all
;

and thefe the Pijiachia Nut formerly ufed in Medicine in land; but of late Years they been neglected, and Pijlacbia
fubftituted in their Place.

were Enghave Nuts

very

and many

times

the tender Shoots are deftroyed,

whereby the Trees are rendered very unfightly

tions,
;

but in

warm

Situa-

The Cones

of

this Sort are

large, and the Scales are b road and flat: the Nuts or Seeds are as largeas

Where theieTrees thrive well, they make a very handfomeAppearance ; but in order to get them up
with Stems, they mould be planted pretty clofe, that they may be drawn upright, otherwife they will fend forth many lateral Branches near the

thofe of the Hazel, but are of an oval Figure the Shell is very hard, and when frelh taken out of the Cone, is covered with a purple Fa:

Ground
as

to

a great Diftance, which

rina,
will

which

will colour the

Hands

will prevent their

thefe refinous

each of the Cones,

contain
:

if well

grown,

growing tall and Trees are apt tQ

:

upward of fourfcore
:

bleed greatly

when they

are pruned,

Nuts

the Leaves of this Tree are

Jong, and of a glaucous Colour thefe are, for the moft part, produced by Pairs out of each Sheath ;
tho' fometimes, in
liave obferyed three.

never be encouraged ; becaufe they cannot be pruned off with Safety, when
their lateral Branches fnould

they are

grown

large.

young

Plants, I

If thefe Trees

have room

to fpread, they will ex-

tend their Branches to a great Dinear the ftance on every Side, Ground and feldom make much Progrefs upward ; but rather form their Heads into a conical Figure.
;

This Tree is propagated bySeeds, which mould be fown in March, on a Border of light Earth expofed to the morning Sun the beft Way will be to draw Drills about two Inches deep, into which the Seeds may be fcattered about an Inch afun:

der

the Drills

may

be

drawn
about

Where

this

Tree naturally grows^

atout three Inches Diftance from each other. If the Spring mould prove very dry, it will be proper to fupply the Border with Water twice & Week for as the Covers of the Seed are very hard unlefs they have
:

foon after they made their Appearance above-ground. As many of the Sorts of Pines are with fome Difficulty preferved thro* the firft Winter, but particularly the

manured
treating

Pine, the beft

Method of

a pretty good Share ofivloifture,they

will not

them

is

to tranfplant then*

vegetate

bat

when

the

Coverings burlt,and the yoangPIants begin to come out, the Watering fliuft be but fparingly performed
for too

about AuiJ/hmmer, out of the Seedbed, choofing, if poffible, a cloudy

Day
this

for this
is

Work

but whenever

much Wet

will rot the len:

done, the Plants mould be kept as little time out of the Ground
as poffible, left their tender

der Stems of the Plants they mull alfo be carefully defended from
Birds,
all

Fibres
to pre-

mould be dried by

the Air

otherwife

they

may

be

deftroyed in a few Hours,

by

thefe rapacious Creatures, which are fond of pecking the Heads off thefe Plants before they are well out of the Ground and if the Ped is (haded in the Heat of the Day from the Sun, it will prevent the Earih from drying too- faft and preferve the .Plants from being injured by the Violence of the Sun's Heat, which they cannot well bear the firft- Season. Sometimes in dry Seafons I have known the Seeds remain a Year in the Ground, and often three or four Months therefore the Border or Bed in wnich they are fovvn fhould not be difturbed, if the Plants ihould not come up fo icon as they are expected.
:

vent which, it will be proper to have /hallow Pans of Water, into which the Plants may belaid, as they are

taken up, and

fo carried to

thePlace

All the other Sorts of Pines may then be planted in Beds, at about four Inch-

where they are to be planted.

every Way ; and the Beds fhould be arched over with Hoops, that they may be covered every Day with Mats, to fcreen the Plants from the Sun, until they have taken good Root but as this Sort of Pine is with Difficulty tranfplanted, it will be the fureft Method to
es Diftance
:

plant
firft

them

into fnull Pots, at their

if

removing out of the Seed-bed : the Pots are plunged clofe toge-

ther, either in a commonBorder, or an old Bed of Tan, which has no

If the Seeds fucceed

well,

the

Heat,

Plants will appear in

about

five
;

or

it will prevent the Earth in the Pocs from drying too faft : and

fix "Weeks after they are fown and then theDirections before given mull

then thefe

may

alfo be

arched over,
in

and covered with Mats

the

fame

be obferved, as alfo to keep the Bed clean from Weeds; and if in dry Weather they are gently watered

two

or three

times a

Week,

it

will
:

promote the Growth of the Plants but this muft be performed with great Care for if it is poured too
;

and if thefe are continued in the fame Bed all the following Winter, they may be covered in fevere Froft, which often deftroys the Plants while they are young, when they are expofed'to k.
as

manner

the other

haftily, or

given in too great Plenty,

>t will caufe the Stems to rot juft at the Surface of the Ground ; and for want of chis Care great Numbers of

thefe Plants have

been deftroyed

The Plants fhould be mifted out of the Pots when their Roots have filled them, and planted into larger Pots being careful in the doing of this, not to maketheEarth from their Roots and if the Pots are plunged
; ;

Yy

y 4

into

p
into the Earth,
it

I
will prevent the

I
is

ly called the Scotch Fir,

the moft
to
culti-

Earth in the Pots from- drying too and alfo keep faft in Summer, out the Froft in Winter which, if the Pots flood on the Surface of the
:

profitable of all the Sorts,

vate in large Plantations

and

will

grow
tion
;

in

almoit any Soil or Situathe moil barren Sand,

for in

Ground, would penetrate thro' the Sides to the Roots of the Plants, and injure them greatly ; thefe Plants
remain three or four Years in Pots by which time they will have acquired fufhcient Sirength to be planted where they are dehgned to remain, which may be performed at almolt any time of the Year ; becaufe they mult be fhaken out of the Pots with the whole Bali of Earth ; but fo will not feel their Removal if it can be done in April* juft before the Plants begin to flioot, they will then have the whole Summer to get rooting in their new Quarters fo will be in lefs Danger of fuffer;
:

where little elfe but Fern and Pleath would grow, I have feen Planta-*
tions of thefeTrees thrive
;

much

be-

may

yond Expectation and upon chalky Hills, where there have been fcarce
three Inches

of Earth,

there are

many noble

Plantations of this Sort.

I have alfo obferved, where they have been planted in a ftrong Clay, and alio in a moid peaty Soil, that they have grown to Admiration ; fo that there is no Part of Eglandx in which thefe Trees mignt not be propagated to confiderable Advan-

tage.

But where thefe Trees are defign'dto be planted in large Quantities,

it

ing the

following Winter by the

is

will

be

much

the better

Cold

altho' there

Trouble

in the in this
is

way

Management of
Method, yet
other
fore
I

the Plants

a Nurfery on the Spot where the Seeds fhould be fown,

to

make

am

certain there

no

and the Plants

are

raifed

until

they

way of propagating
is

or trans;

planting them with Safety

it

there-

that I

would recommend

which is a proper Age to plant them out for good for the younger they are
three
old,
;

Years

this to every Perfon,

who

is

defirous

planted, the better they will thrive,

to have thefe Trees in their Gardens or Plantations.

provided they are kept clear from

Weeds

ThePinafterhath been long cultivated vriEngland but of lateYears hath been in lefs Eiieem than formerly becaufe as they grow large, their Branches are ragged, and bare of Leaves ; fo that they have but an indifferent Appearance ; tho' while they are young, the Plants make great Progrefs, and have an hand: ;

and if the Situation where they are intended to Hand is much expofed to Winds, the Plants fhould be planted clofer together, that they
:

may

draw themlelves upward

be a Shelter to each other, and and as the Trees advance, they may be thinned by degrees ; and the Thinnings of thefe Plantations have, in
:

many
able

Places,
;

paid the Expence of

thefe are very fervice-

fome

Appearance j which has tempted many Perfons to propagate

thefe Trees
;

planting for
for

Scaffolding,

and

many

but as they have ad-

other ufeful BufmeiTes.

It is the
is

vanced in Stature, they have declined in Beauty; and theirWood being of little Value, has in a great meafure brought them into Difrepute. The Scotch Pine, which isgeneraj-

Wood

of thisTree which

the red

more

or yellow Deals, and is valuable than that of any

:

other Sort of Pine or Fir

this

is

Native of Denmark, Sweden, and ma.ny

p
many
and
in

I
Longhet,

p
Hon.
the

i
of the

other Northern Countries : the Highlands of Scotland there are feveral large Woods of and the this Tree now growing
;

the Seat

Right

Lord Vifcount Weymouth,

Seeds being brought from thence into England, has occafioned the

Name
it
is

of Scotch Fir being generally applied

to
it

here

but in
is

Norway

called Grana.

The
fons

Clutter Pine

by moft Per-

which have produced Cones many Years pail; and from thencetheTrees were called Lord Weymouth''s Pine. The Cones of this Sort are long, the the Seeds are Scales loofe and flat pretty large, and frequently drop from the Cones, if they are not gathis Tree thered early in Autumn
: :

little

known

for thePinafter,

delights in a moift loofe Soil

for in

as alfo the

two other

Sorts of

moun-

the natural Places of

tain Pines, are in

many

Places culti-

Ground
ture.

is

wet,

Growth the and of a loofe Texits

-

vated by this Name ; and, in fhort, every Sort, whofe Cones are produced in large Bunches but the
:

In

New

England,

Vir-

ginia^

Carolina, and

feveral other

Sort here mentioned was brought from America, and is very different
either of thefe: there were two or three of thefeTrees growing fome Years fince in the Gardens of the

from

Parts of North-America, thefe Trees abound, where they are called the white Pine ; but the Wood is little efteemed there, being foft, and very white however,for fuchPlantations
:

as are defign'd for Pleafure,

is

there

Bifiiop o{London,atFulbam, which pro-

not

duced plentyof Cones feveralYears. The fifth Sort, which is commonly called Lord Weymouth's Pine, or the New - England Pine, is by much the talleft-growing Tree of all the Kinds j and the Leaves being very long, and clofely placed on the
Branches, renders it more beautiful than any other ; and the Bark of the Stems and Branches is alfo ex-

this

any of the Species equal to for Beauty, where the Trees

fixth, feventh, eighth, ninth, eleventh, twelfth, and thir-

thrive well.

The
tenth,

teenth Sorts

grow

in Spain, Portu-

gal, Italy, Aujiria, and

ceeding fmooth, which is an Addition to the Beauty of the Tree: the Leaves of this Sort are produced five out of each Sheath ; and are of a glaucous Colour the Trees generally form themfelves into conical pleads, and have ftrait Stems, which rife to more than one hundred Feet high, in the Countries where it nathere are fome very turally grows
:

other Parts of Europe , where there are fome other Varieties than are here enumerated but as very few of thefe have been introduced into England, they cannot be well diftinguilhed
:

from the
:

others,

Defcriptions which

by the imperfect we have of them

in Books moft of thefe Sorts arelnhabitants of the mountainous Parts of Europe ; fo they are very hardy

in refpecl to

may

Cold ; therefore they be eafily propagated mEngland, were their Seeds brought hither in the Cones fome of thefe are of ve:

Kind, at Sir Wyndha?nKnatchbull\ Seat near AJhjor d in Kent ; which have been many Years there unnoticed,till, about twenty-fix Years ago, the Seeds were brought
tall

Trees of

this

ry

particularly the eleventh and twelfth,which in many Places do not exceed four Feet high,

humble Growth,

toLondon forSale: there are alfo fome large Trees of this Kind growing at

and produce plenty of Cones : the other Sort grows after the fame manner as the fecond Sort ; fo are not
very beautiful Trees
5

but a few of

p
each Sort

I
interfperfed with

may be

the other more valuable Kinds, in large Plantations of ever -green

Trees, by way of Variety. The fourteenth and fifteenth Sorts grow in the Levant, from whence their Seeds have been brought to England, where there are feveral Plants of the fifteenth Sort now
in fome curious Gardens ; but the fourteenth is more rare at prefent thefe are not quite Co hardy
:

Maryland, Virginia, and Carolina t the fixteenth Sort grows to be a large Tree, and makes an handfome Appearance; and when planted in a moift light Soil, is very quick of

Growth

but the feventeenth

Sort, tho' at
in

is

by

far the finer

prefent

growing

as the

others

for

in

the

fevere

of 1739. I had feveral Plants of both Kinds which were entirely deftroyed ; fome of which were upward of ten Feet high; but they will endure the Cold of our common Winters very well. There are two Plants of the fifteenth Sort in the Gardens of his Grace the Duke of Richmond at Goodwood in SuJ/ex, which have produced Cones for fome Years paft ; but they have not perfected theirSeeds as yet. The Branches of thefe Trees are flender, and extend to a great Diftanee from the Trunk they are produced in Circles at Diflances above each other ; but grow very irregular and loofe the Leaves are long, (lender, and of a deep-green Colour the Cones are ihaped fomewhat like thofe of the manured Pine ; but are much fmaller the Seeds of this Kind will keep good fome Years, when taken out of the Cones. I have fown of thefe Seeds when three Years old, which grew as well as any new Seeds of the fame Year; and the Plants came up in a Bed of common Earth without Trouble.
;
:

Winter

England: the Leaves of of a great Length, and are three or four produced from each Sheath the Cones are large, and almoft in Shape of thofe of the manured Pine there was a great Number of thefe Trees growing in the Gardens of Mr. Ball, near Exeter, which were all deftroyed by tranfplanting them at an improper
this Sort are
:

very rare

Seafon.

The

eighteenth

Sort

is

fcarce

worthy of a Place, on account of its irregular Growth. This Sort never grows to any great Size in its native Country, and foon becomes ragged and unfightly there have been great
:

Numbers of Trees of this

in England,

Sort raifed

fmce the Tafte for introducing of Foreign Trees and Shrubs has prevail'd here ; but in

many
come

Places they are already befo unfightly, that they are at

prefent deftroying by their Owners.

There are very few Plants of the

nineteenth
land,

Sort at prefent in E?ig-

which are grown to any Height but fome Years ago there were many of them growing at Mr. BalP<, near Exeter, which were upward of ten Feet high ; but thefe were deftroyed by their Owner, who this Sort grows did not like them on Swamps in America, and is with Difficulty preferved upon dry Land; nor do the Plants make much Pro;
:

The fixteenth, feventeenth , eighteenth, and nineteenth Sorts are Natives of Atiurica

grefs
tions
:

when placed

in fuch Situa-

the Leaves of this Sort are

from whence their Cones have been fent to England ; and many of the Plants have been
;
:

raifed

thefe

grow

in

NtiV'Englandt

and of a dark-green the Stems of the Plants Colour are of a loofe Texture, covered with a rugged Bark ; fo are not ^very
very long,
beautiful

p
beautiful
e

p
March

this
j

Sort

b the others

is not fo nardy therefore requires to

have a warm Situation, and mould be defended from fevere Froih while the Plants are young. There are fome other Species of thefe Trees, which are Natives of America but thofe here mentioned are what I have met with in the E nglijh Gardens ; nor can I learn how the other Sorts differ from thefe, altho' fome of the Inhabitants diltinguiih them by Names of their own adopting there are aifo fome Sorts which grow in RuJJia and Siberia, which are different from thofe here enumerated but the few Plants which have been raifed in England, from the Seeds which have been procured from thence, make fo little Progrefs here, as to give no Hopes of their growing to any Size in this Country; fo I have omitted their Names in this
;
:

Lift.

All the Sorts of Pines are propagated by Seeds, which are produced the way to in hard woody Cones get out their Seeds is, to lay the Cones before a Fire, which will caufe the Cells to open ; and then the Seeds may be eaiily taken out if the Cones are kept intire, the Seeds will remain good fome Years ; fo
: :

and when the Seeds are ; fown, the Place fhould be covered with Nets, to keep off Birds ; otherwife, when the Plants begin to appear with the Hufk of the Seed on their Tops, the Birds will pkk off the Heads of the Plants, and deftroy them. What is before mentioned of tranfplanting the young Plants about MiJfummcr, I beg leave to repeat again here, becaule I have feen this pra&ifed with great Succefs and it frequently happens, that the Plants which remain in the Place where they were fown, die away in Patches nor do the Plants which remain grow near fo ftrong as thofe which are pricked out young but when this is done, the Plants muft be water'd and {haded until they have taken frefh Root ; after which time the only Culture they require is, to keep them clean from Weeds. In thefe Beds the Plants may remain till the next Spring twelve Months sfter by which time the Plants will be fit to tranfplant where they are to remain for good for the younger the Plants are, when plant* ed out, the better they will fucceed;
: : :
:

for altho'

fome Sorts

will bear tranf-

planting at a

much

greater Age, yet

young Plants planted

that the fureft

is,

way

to preferve

to let

until the time for

but if Place in Summer, they will open, and emit the Seeds ; but if they are riot expofed to much Heat, they will remain intire fome Years ; and the

them remain in fowing the Seeds the Cones are kept in a warm

them the Cones

at the fame time will in a few Years overtake the large Plants, and foon outftrip them in their Growth: and there is an Advantage in planting young, by faving the Expence of Staking, and

much Watering, which

require.
I

large Plants

Seeds which have been taken out of Cones of feven Years old, have grown very well; fo that thefe may be tranfported from any Diftance, provided the Cones are well ripened, and properly put up. The ben time for fowing the Seeds f Pines is, about the Middle of

have feveral times feen Plantations of feveral Sorts of Pines, which were made of Plants fix or feven Feet high ; and at the fame time others of one Foot high planted between them ; which in ten Years were better Trees than the old ones, and much more vigorous in their

Growth

but if the Ground where? they are deiign'd to remain, cannot

:

p
fee prepare'd

I
the Plants
no Petals
:

by the time

fhould be planted out, they may be removed out of the Beds into a Nurfery, where they may remain two Years, but not longer ; for it will be very hazardous removing thefe Trees at a greater Age.

Flower tvnjifli of one Leaf which is bell-Jhaped, and divided at the Top into five Farts ; from whofe Cup artfes the Point al, which afterward becomes an oblong angular chanelled Fruit, containing
the Female

oblong Seeds,
Species are Pi son i a aculeata mas. Houjl. The Male Fingrigo. 2. Pi SON! a aculeata, fruclu glutinofo racemofo. Plum. Nov. Gen. Prickly Pifonia, with a glutinous and branching Fruit.
1.

Seafon to tranfplant all the Sorts of Pines is about the Latter-end of March, or the Beginning of April, juft before they begin to ihoot: for altho' the Scotch Pine, and fome of the mod hardy Sorts, may be tranfplanted in Winter, efpecially when they are growing in ftrong Land, where they may be taken up with Balls of Earth to their Roots ; yet this is what I would not advife for common Pra&ice, having frequently feen it attended with bad but thofe which are Confequences removed in the Spring rarely fail. Where thefe Trees are planted in cxpofed Situations, they fhould be put pretty clofe together, that they may ihelter each other and when they are too clofe, Part of the Plants
beft
; ;

The

The

&

Tnefe Plants are feminal Variawhich arife from the Seeds of the fame Plant ; but as they were not diftinguiftVd by any of the Botanifts, till the late Dr. Houfl oun odtions,

ferved their Difference, therefore I

thought proper to mention the different Sexes as feparate Plants.

The Name of this Plant was given

by Father Plumier
William
Pifo,
in

Honour

to

Dr.

who

publiftTd a

Na-

tural Hiftory

of Brafil.

The Name

be cut down, to give room for the others to grow but this muft be gradually performed, left by too
:

may

much opening

the Plantation, the

of Fingrigo is what the Inhabitants of Jamaica know it by. Thefe Plants are very common in the Savannah, and other low Places, in the Ifland of Jamaica, as alfo in
feveral other Places in the Weft-In-

Air fhould be let in among the remaining Trees with too great Violence, which will flop the Growth
of the Trees. 1 Altho thefe ever-green Trees are by many Perfons defpifed on account

where it is very troublefome whoever palTes through the Places of their Growth, by faftening themfelves, by their ftrong crooked
dies
;

to

of

Dark-green in Summer ; yet a proper Mixture of thefe in large Clumps makes a fine Appearance about a Seat in Winter j and in Summer, by their Contrail with other Trees, has no bad Effett in divertheir

Thorns, to the Cloaths of the Perfons ; and their Seeds, being glutinous, alio fallen themfelves to whatever touches them : fo that the Wings of the Ground-doves, and other Birds, are often fo loaded with
the Seeds, as to prevent their flying

fifying the Scene.

by which means they become an eafy

vulgo.

PISONIA, Fingrigo, The Characters are

// is

Prey.
It rifes

about ten or twelve Feet

Male and Female in different plants : the Male Flowers confift of a great Number ^/"Stamina, and have

high, with- a pretty ftrong

Trunk

but the Branches are long and (lender, which, being unable to fuppoyt

them-

p
In Europe
in the
this

P
is

themfelves, generally twift about whatever Plants are near them.

Plant

preferved

Gardens of fome curious Perfons for Variety it is propagated by Seeds, which mould be fown in Pots and filled with light rich Earth, plunged into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark ; and when the Plants come
:

caule firms* 3. Pi sum humile, Tourn. The Dwarf Pea. 4. Pi sum humile Gall: cum. Boerh, French Dwarf Pea. Ind. Pi sum cortice eduli. Tourn. Pea

with an efculent Hufk. 6. Pi sum filiqua carnofa incurva, feu falcata eduli. Raii Hifi. The
Sickle Pea.
7. Pi sum

up, they mould be tranfplanted into ieparate Pots, and plunged into the

arvenfe,

fruclu

albo,

C. B. P.

Common White

Pea.

8. Pi sum arvcnfe, fruclu I'iridi. Hot-bed again ; where they may remain till Michaelmas, when they C. B. P. Green Rouncival Pea. mould be removed into the Stove, 9. Pi sum arnjenfe, fruclu cinereo, and plunged into the Bark-bed, and C.B.P. The Grey Pea. 10". Pi sum ari-crfe, fore rofeo, treated in the fame manner as hath been directed for feveral tender fruclu wariegato. Raii Hif. Marble Rouncival Pea. Plants of the fame Country ; observ11. Pi sum umbcllatum. C.B.P, ing in hot Weather to give them plenty of Water; but in Winter they The Rofe Pea, or Crown Pea. 12. Pi sum maximum, fruclu nimould have it more fpairingly. They are too tender to thrive in the gra linea maculato. H. R. Par. The open Air of this Country at any Sea- Spanijh Morotto Pen. fon of the Year ; wherefore they 13. PlSUM hortenfe, fliqua maxiThe Marrow-fat fhould be conftantly kept in the ma. H. R. Par. or Dutch Admiral Pea. Stove. PISTACHIA. Tide Terebin14. Pi sum fruclu maximo ex viridi obfoleto. Boerh. Ind. The Union th us.

PISUM, Pea. The Characters

It is

Pea.
are
15. Pi sum fpontaneum maritlmum Anglicum. Park. Thcar. Englijh Sea

a Plant with a papilionaceous Flower, out of <whofe Empalement rifes the Pointal, which afterward becomes a long Pod, full of rcundijh Seeds : to which muji he added, Fifiulous Stalks, fc:- the mojl part weak, which the Leaves embrace in fuch a
manner, that they feem to he perforated by them ; but the other Leaves

Pea.
16. Pi

sum

ar<venfc 9 fruclu e lutto

'

mreftenti. C. B.P.

Pig Peas.

There are feveral other Varieties of the Garden Peas, which differ in the Colour of their Flowers and Fruit, and are by fome Perfons diftinguim'd
Sorts
;

by Names

as

diftinct

grow

by Pairs along the Mid-rib, end-

ing in a Tendril.

1.

The Species are Pi sum hortenfe

fruclu que albo. C. B. P.

majus, flore The greater

but as they are very fubjecl: to vary when fown two or three Years in the fame Place, there can be no Doubt of their being feminaj;
Variations, which are not worth enumerating in this Place. The Englif j Sea Pea is found wild upon the Shore in Sujfex, and feveral other Counties in England. This
was-

Garden Pea, with white Flowers and

Fruit.
2.

Pisum pro? cox Anglicum. Boerh.

Hotipur Pea, vulgo.

Ind.

p
was
firft

p
at the

I
to prefervc
:

taken notice of in the Year 1555. between Orford and Aldbo-

other light Covering,

them from being

deflroy'd

then,

where it grew upon the Heath, where nothing, no not Graf?, was ever feen to grow and the poor People, being in Diftrefs, by reafon of the Dearth of that Year, gathered large Quantities of thefe Peas, and fb preferv'd themfelves and FamiThis is mentionM by Stow in lies. his Chronicle y and Camden in his Britannia : but they were both mifrough,
;

make an Hot-bed

time before-mention'd, they (in proportion to the Quantity of Peas intended), which mud be well work'd in laying the Dung, that the Heat may not

laid

be too great. The Dung mould be about two Feet thick, or fomewhat more, according as the Beds
are

taken, in imagining that they were Peas call on Shore by a Shipwreck, feeing they grow in divers otlnj r Farts of England, and are undoubtedly

a different Species from the

Sort
is

common Pea. The fixtecnth

where they
are

greatly cul-

tivated in the Fields in Dorfetjhire,

known by

the

Name

of Pig Peas, the Inhabitants making great Ufe of them to feed their Hogs. Thefe are often brought up to London, and fold for the fame Purpofe.
I (hall

now

proceed to

fet

down

equally Earth (which mould be light and frem, but not over-rich) muft be laid on about fix or eight Inches thick, laying it equally all over the Bed. T his being done, the Frames (which mould be two Feet on the Back-fide, and about fourteen Inches in Front) muft be put on, and cover M with GlafTes ; after which it (hould remain three or four Days, to let the Steam of the Bed pafs otF, before you put the Plants therein obferving every Day to' raife the G lanes either with Bricks
:

fon

made earlier or later when the Dung

in the Seais

levell'd, then the

Method of cultivating the feveof Garden Peas, fo as to continue them throughout the Seathe
ral Sorts

or Stones,- to gjve

Vent

for the rifing.

ion.
It is a common Practice with the Gardeners near London, to raife Peas upon Hot-beds, to have them very early in the Spring; in order to which, they fow their Peas upon warm Borders under Walls or Hedges, about the Middle of Oclobrr ; and when the Plants come up, they draw the Earth up gently to their Stems with an Hoe, the better to protect them from Froft in thefe Places they let them remain until the Latter-end of January, or the Beginning of February obferving to earth them up from time to time, as the Plants advance in Height (for the Reafons before laid down) ; as al fo to cover them in very hard Froft with Peas -haulm, Straw, or fome
:

when yoa Bed of a fine moderate Temperature for Heat, you fnould, with a Trowel, or fome other Inftrument,
Steam
to pafs off ;

then,

find the

take up the Plants as carefully as pomble, to preferve fome Earth to the Roots, and plant them into the Hot-bed in Rows, about a Foot afundey ; and the Plants mould be fet about an Inch and an half, or two Inches, diftant from each other in the Rows ; obferving to water and fhade them until they have taken Root after which you muft be careful to give them Air, at all times when the Seafon is favourable otherwife they will draw up very
:

weak, and be fubject to grow mouldy, and decay. You mould alfo draw the Earth up to the Shanks of the Plants, as they advance in Height; and keep them always clear from

: ; ; :

p
:

P
for

I
1
1

from Weeds the Water they mould have, mull be given them fparingly;
for if they are too
will caufe

three or four Years, they arc apt tode* generate, and be later in Fruiting

|
I

them

to

much watered, it grow too rank,

off the Plants at

and fometimes rot

their

which Reafon, mod curious Perfons procure their Seeds annually from fome diftant Place ; and in the
Choice of thefe Seeds, if they could be obtained from a colder Situation, and a poorer Soil, than that in which they are to be fown, it will be much better than on the contrary, and they
will

above - ground. very hot, you fhould cover the Glaffes with Mats in the Heat of the Day, to fcreen them from the Violence of the Sun, which is then too great for them, caufing their Leaves to flag, and their Bloffoms to fall off without producing Pods ; as will alfo the keeping of the Glaffes too clofe at But when the Plants that Seafon. begin to fruit, they mould be water'd oftener, and in greater Plenty, than before ; for by that time the Plants will have nearly done growing, and the often refrelhing them will occafion their producing a greater Plenty of Fruit. The Sort of Pea which is always
Shanks,
the
juft

When

Weather

is

come

earlier in the Spring.

Thefe muff alfo be fown on warm Borders, toward the Latter-end of Oflober and when the Plants are come up, you mould draw the Earth up to their Shanks in the manner before directed ; which mould be repeated as the Plants advance in Height (always obferving to do it when the Ground is dry), which will greatly protect the Stems of the Plants againft Froft and if the Win; ;

ter

mould prove very

fevere,

it

will

ufed for this Purpofe,

is

the

Dwarf

for all the other Sorts ramble too

much to

be kept in Frames the Reafon for fowing them in the common Ground, and afterward tranfplanting
:

them on an Hot-bed, is alfo to check their Growth, and caufe them to bear in lefs Compafs ; for if the Seeds were fown upon an Hot- bed, and
the Plants continued thereon, they would produce fuch luxuriant Plants as not to be contained in the Frames,

be of great Service to the Plants to cover them with Peas-haulm, or fome other light Covering ; which mould be conftantly taken off in mild Weather, and only fuffer'd to remain on during the Continuance of the Froft for if they are kept too clofe, they will be drawn very weak and tender, and thereby be liable to be deftroy'd with the leaff Inclemency of
the Seafon,

In the Spring you muff carefully

and would bear but little Fruit. The next Sort of Pea, which

fome
is

them from Weeds, and draw Earth up to their Stems but do not raife it too high to the
clear
frefh

fown
bed,

to fucceed thofe
is

on the Hotthe Hotfpur, of which there

;

Plants,

left,

by burying

their

Leaves,
;

you mould
Seafons.

rot their Stems

as

is

are reckon'd three or four Sorts

as

fometimes the Cafe, efpecially in wet

the Charlton Hotfpur, the Mafter's

You
if

fnould alfo obferve to

Hotfpur, the Reading Hotfpur, and fome others ; which are very little differing from each other, except in their early Bearing, for which the Charlton Hotfpur is chiefly preferred ; though, if either of thefe Sorts
are cultivated in the fame Place for

keep
which,

them

clear

permitted

from Vermin to remain

amongft the Plants, will increafe fo plentifully, as to devour the greateft Part of them. The chief of the.

Vermin which
Slugs, which

infeft Peas,

are the

lie ail

theDayin the fmall Hollows

Hollows of the Earth, near the Stems of the Plants, and in the Night-time come out, and make terrible Deftruc"lion of the Peas ; and thefe chiefly abound in wet Soils, or where a Garden is neglecled, and over-run with Weeds therefore you
:

be dropp'd in the Drills about ari Inch and an half Diflance, covering them about two Inches deep with Earth ; being very careful that none of them lie uncover'd, which will

fhould

make

the

Ground

clear every

round the Pea% to deftroy their Harbours; and afterward-, in a fine mild Morning, very early, when thefe Vermin are got abroad from their Holes, you mould flake a
Quantity of Lime, which fhould be fown hot over the Ground, pretty thick which will deftroy the Vermin, where-ever it happens to fall upon them ; but will do very little Injury to the Peas, provided it be not fcatter'd too thick upon them this is the beft Method I could ever find to deitroy thefe troublefome
;
:

Way

Rooks, whole Spot and it often happens by this Negleft, that a whole Plantation is devour'd by thefe
to attack the
;

draw

the Mice, Pigeons, or

Creatures

whereas,

when

there are

none of the Peas left in Sight, they do not fo cafily fir.d them out.

About a Fortnight after mould fow another Spot,

this,

either

you of

this Sort, or any other large Sort of Pea, to fucceed thofe ; and then continue to repeat lowing once a Fort-

night, till the middle or Latter-end of May, fome of thefe Kinds ; only obferving to allow the Marrow-fats,
at leaft 3 Feet

Vermin.
If this Crop of Peas improves, it will immediacely fucceed thofe on the Hot-bed but for fear this mould inifcarry, it will be proper to fow two more Crops, at about a Fortnight's time from each other ; fo
;

and other very large Sorts of Peas, and an half or 4 Feet between Row and Row and the Rofe-pea fhould be allowed at Ieaft
;

8 or 10 Inches Diitance Plant

Plant, in the

from

Rows

for thefe

grow

be the more Chances will be fufficient until the Spring of the Year, when you may fow three more Crops of thefe Peas ; one toward the Beginning of January, the other a Fortthat there

may
:

very large, and if they have not room allowed them, they will fpoil each other by drawing up very tall, and will produce no Fruit.

to fucceed

this

When
Shanks
the
;

thefe Plants

come

up,

the

Earth lhould be drawn up to their

(as

was before

direcled),

and

night after, and the third at the

of January.

Thefe two

late

End Sow-

Ground kept intirely clear from Weeds and when the Plants are grown eight or ten Inches high, you
fhould ftick fome rough Boughs, or

ings will be fufficient to continue the early Sort of Peas through the firft Seafon, and after this it will be pro-

Brum- wood,

into the

Ground clofe

to

the Peas, for them to ramp upon; which will fupport them from trail-

per to have fome of the large Sort of Peas to fucceed them in order to which, you fhould fow fome of the Spanijb Morotto, which is a great Bearer, and an hardy Sort or Pea, about the middle of February, upon thefe a clear open Spot of Ground mull be fown in Rows, about three
: :

ing upon the Ground, which

is

very

apt to rot the large-growing Sorts of Peas, efpecially in wet Seafons ; befides, by thus fupporting them, the

Feet afunderj and the Peas lhould

Air can freely pafs between them, which will preferve the BlofToms from failing off before their time, and occafion them to bear much better, than if permitted to lie upon the

Ground j

;;

p
Ground
pafs

and there will be room to ; between the Rows to gather the

have a ftrong moift Soil ; for in hot light Land they will burn up, and

when they arc ripe. The Dwarf Sorts of Peas may be fown much clofer together, than
feas
- mention'd ; for thefe above a Foot high, and rarely fpread above half a Foot in Width ; fo that thefe need not have more room than two Feet Row from Row, and not above an Inch afunder Thefe will produce a in the Rows. good Quantity of Peas, provided the Seafon be not over-dry ; but they feldom continue long in bearing fo that they are not fo proper to fow for the main Crop, when a Quantity of Peas is expe&ed for the Table; their chief Excellency being for Hotbeds, where they will produce a greater Quantity of Peas (provided they are well manag'd) than if expos'd to the' open Air, where the Heat of the Sun foon dries them up. The Sickle - pea is much more common in Holland than in England,

come to nothing. The large-growing

cultivated for the

Sorts may be common Ufe of the

will

thofe before
rife

Family; becaufe thefe

produce

feldom

in greater Quantities than the other,

and will endure the Drought better ; but the early Kinds are by far the fweeter tailed Peas.

The

beft of all the large

;

Kinds

is

gathered young, is a well-tafted Pea ; and this will continue good through the Month of Auguji i if planted on a
if

the Marrow*fat

which,

ftrongSoil.

The Grey, and

ter-peas,

other large

Win*

are

feldom cultivated in

Gardens, becaufe they require a great deal of room ; but are ufually fown in Fields, in moft Parts of England. The bell time for fowing of thefe is about the Beginning of March, when the Weather is pretty dry; for if they are put into the Ground fn a very wet Seafon, they are apt to rot,
efpecially thefe
if

it

being the Sort moftly cultivated in but in England they ; by curious are only propagated
that Country

the

Ground be

cold

mould be allowed

at lead three

Gentlemen

for their

own Table, and

are rarely brought into the Markets. This Sort the Birds are very fond of

and if they are not prevented, many times deftroy the whole Crop. This
fhould be planted in Rows, about two Feet and an half afunder ; and be managed as hath been directed
for the other Sorts.

Feet Diftance Row from Row, and mull be fown very thin in the Rows; for if they are fown too thick, the Haulm will fpread fo as to fill the Ground, and ramble over each other;

which will caufe the Plants to rot, and prevent their Bearing. The common White Pea will do beft on light fandy Land, or on a
rich loofe Soil,

The
is

ufual

Method

have directed the fowing of the large Sorts of Peas for the great Crop, yet thefe are not fo fweet as the early Hotfpur Peas ; therefore it will alfo be proper to continue a Succeflion of thofe Sorts through the Seafon, in fmall Quantities, to fupply the beft Table which may be done, by fowing fome every Week but all thofe which
I
:

Although

of lowing thefe Peas

it is

with a broad Caft, and fo harrow them in : but

a

much

better

in Drills, about

way to fow them two Feet and an

;

half afunder

for half the Quantity of Seed will do for an Acre and being fet regularly, the Ground may be llirr'd with an Hoe-plough to de;

ftroy the

Peas,

are

fown late Vol. III.

in the Seafon,

fhould

Weeds, and earth up the which will greatly improve them and thefe Peas may be much
;

Zzz

eafier

p
cafier cat in

p
when
they

Autumn,

ufuai time for fowing of theie Peas is about the Latterend of March, or the Beginning of April, on warm Land ; but on cold
are ripe.

The

Ground

they mould be fown a FortIn the night or three Weeks later. common way of fowing, they allow
three Bufhels or more to an Acre but if they are drilled, one Bulhel and an half will be full enough. The Green and Maple Rouncivals require a ftronger Soil than the White, and fhould be fown a little
later in the Spring
;

which, with a Rake you may draw the Earth over them, whereby they will be equally cover'd and this is a very quick Method for Gardens ; but where they are fown in Fields, they commonly make a lhallow Furrow with the Plough, and fcatter the Seeds therein, and then with an Harrow they cover them over again. After this, the gre<K Trouble is, to
;

alfo

the Drills

fhould be made at a greater Difrance from each other ; for as thefe are apt to grow rank, efpecially in a wet Seafon, they fhould be fet in Rows
three Feet afunder ; and the Ground between the Rows mould be itirr'd two or three t'mes with an Hoe-plough ; which will not only deftroy

keep them clear from Weeds, and draw the Earth up to the Plants this, in fuch Countries where Labour is dear, is a great Expence to do it by the Hand with an Hoe but this may be eaiiiy effected with an Hoeing:

plough, which

may be drawn
;

thro*

between the Rows

which will in> tirely eradicate the Weeds, and, by ftrrring the Soil, render it mellow, and greatly promote the Growth of
the Plants.

the Weeds, but, by earthing up the

Peas,
will greatly

improve them

and

alfo render

the

Ground
is

better,

to receive whatever Crop it*the following Seafon.

put on

The Grey
ilrong clayey

Peas thrive belt on a

:

When any of thefe Sorts are intended for Seed, there Ihould be as many Rows of them left ungather'd, as may be thought neceffary to furnilh a fufKcient Quantity of Seed ; and when the Peas are in Flower, they fhould be carefully look'd over,
to

Land thefe are commonly fown under Furrows; but by this Method they are always coo thick, and do not come up regular
:

draw out all thofe Plants which are not of the right Sort ; for there will
always be fome roguim Plants (as the Gardeners term them) in every Sort, which, if left to mix, will degenerate the Kind. Thefe mull remain until their Pods are changed brown, and begin tofplit, when yoij fhould immediately gather them up, together with the Haulm and, if you have not room to ftack them up' till Winter, you may threfh them cut as foon as they are dry, and put them up in Sacks for Ufe but you muft be very careful not to let them remain too long abroad after the/ are ripe; for if Wet fhould happen, it would rot them; and Heat, after a Shower of Rain, would caufe their Pods to burft, and caft forth their
;
:

therefore

all

thefe

rank- growing

Plants

mould be fown in Drills, where the Seeds will be more equally

fcatter'd,

and lodged

at the
;

fame

Depth
the
lie

in the

common

whereas, in way, fome of the Seeds

Ground

twice as deep as others, and are not fcatter'd at equal Diltances.

Thefe may be fown toward the End of February, as they are much hardier than either of the former Sorts;

but the Culture mould be the fame. The beft Method tofow thefe Peas is, to draw a Drill with an Hoe by

a Line, about two Inches deep, and

then fcatter the Seeds therein
;

afttr

Setds,

p
them would be

P
;

Seeds, fo that the greateft Part of

loll

but, as I faid

before, it is not advifeable to continue (owing of the lame Seed longer

titan

two Years,

for

theReafons there

All thefe Plants are Natives of the* warmeft Parts of America, where the nrft Sort grows to the Height of twelve or fourteen Feet, and divides into many Branches, fo as to form a
fmall Tree.

but rather to exchange their Seeds every Year, or two Years at leaft, whereby you may always expect to have them prove right. PISUM Vide
laid
;

down

The

feventh Sorts
eight
as to

grow

or nme many Branches

fifth, and Height cf Feet, and produce

fecond,

to the

near their Roots,

fo

CORDATUM.

Corindum.

PITTONIA.
The
//

form thick Bufhes. They may all be propagated by Seeds, which fliould be fown early in
the Spring, in Pots
rilled

Characters are

with frefh

hath a globular hell - fhaped Flower, confijling of one Leaf which y

federal Segments at the Brim ;from whofe Cup arifes the Poinis cut

Earth,

and plunged into an Hotbed of Tanners Bark and when the

;

into

Plants are

come

up, they

may
as
:

treated after the

fame manner

tal,

which afterward becomes a

[oft

fpherical Berry full of Juice, inclofing t<wo Seeds , which are for the mojl

part oblong.

been directed for the Perfea which Management thefe Plants will thrive very well, and in a few Years will produce their Flowers. Thefe
are preferved

be hath with

The
1.

Species are

by
is
;

thofe Perfons

who

Pitto"NIa arborefcens cham<edrifolia major. Plum. Nov. Gen. Greater tree -like Pittonia, with a Germander- leaf.
cbamtedrifolia minor Plum. Nov. Gen. Smaller tree -like Pittonia, with a Germander-leaf.
2.

are curious in collecting rare Plants,

their

though there Flowers

no great Beauty in however, as they are

ever-green, they

make

a Diverfity
in the

Pittonia
.

arborefcens

amongft other Exotic Plants Stove in the Winter- feafon.

PLANT AGO,

The Plantain.

liis.

Pittonia humilis, anchufa foPlum. Nov. Gen. Dwarf Pittonia, with Alkanet-leaves.
3.

4.
r;eis,

Pittonia
nigris

f: andens,

haccis ai-

tnaculis

votatis.

Plum.

There are feveral Species of this, which are diftinguifli'd by Botanifts, fome of which are very troublefome Weeds, in every Part of England, and the others are fo in the Countries where they grow fo they are
;

Cliiabing Pittonia, with white Berries fpotted with Black.

5.
tiofo,

Nov. Gen.

Pittonia frutefcens, folio xar-

Plum. Nov. hirfuto vff obtufo Gen. Shrubby Pittonia, w;th an hairy fleihy obtufe Leaf.
6.

not cultivated in Gardens therefore 1 mall not trouble the Reader with an Enumeration of them ; but fhall' only obferve, that the broad-leav'd
:

Pittonia

hirfutijjima cjf ra-

Ribwort Plantain, which are both ufed inMedicine,grovv wild in almoft every Part of England;
Plantain, and the
fo

albis. Plum. Nov. moft hairy and branching Pittonia, with white Berries. 7. Pittonia raccmofa, Nicotian* foliis faitidifiimis. Plum. Nov. Gen. The moft (linking branching Pittonia, with Tobacco-leaves.

mojijfima, baccis

may

be eafily procur'd for Ufe.

Gen.

The

PLANTAIN-TREE. VideMah. PLATANUS, ThePiane-tree.

The
It

Charterers are;

hath an amentaceous Tlower, confifting cf feveral Jlertder Stamina,

v/bicb are colleBed into fphcrical tih 2 fU

Zzz

P L
tie

P
;

Balls,

and are barren

but the

produced

Embryoes of the Fruit, 'which are on Jiparate Parts of the

Tree, are turgid,

fame

and

after-

ward

bscome large fpherical Balls,

containing

many

cklong Seeds, inter-

mixed with Down.

The Species are Platanus Orientalts <verus. Park. Theat. The true Oriental
1.

Plane-tree.
2.

PlatanusO cciden talis ant Vir~

The Weftern
a certs

ginienfis. Pari:. Theat.

or Virginian Plane-tree. 3. Platanus Orient alts,

folio.

T. Cor.

The Maple -leav'd

thefe

Plane-tree.

The

firft

of

Trees (though
is lefs

fon afford a glorious Shade ; their Leaves being of a prodigious Size, efpecially on a good Soil, fo that there r fcarcely any Tree at prefent in England, which does afford fo good a Shade. But the Backwardnefs of their coming out in Spring, together with their Leaves fading early in Autumn, has occafion'd their not being fo generally etleem^d, as otherwife they would be. The firft Sort was brought out of the Levant to Rome, where it was cultivated with much Coft and Induftry the greateft Orators and Statefmen among the Romans took great Pleafure in their Villa's, which were furrounded with Platanus : and
i > :

the firft-known Sort in Europe )

their Fondnefs for this

Tree became

common

than the fecond ; which has been introduc'd fince the Englijb fettled in Virginia ; which may be, in a great meafure, owing to the latter Sort being much eafier to propagate

fo great, that

we

frequently read of

their irrigating
ftead

than the former

of

this, if

: for every Cutting planted in a moift Soil,

in the Autumn, or early in the Spring, will take Root, and in a few Years make very large Trees whereas the firft is only propagated from Seeds, or by Layers. The third Sort, although by fome fuppcfed to be a diftincl Species from either of the former, yet is ro more but a feminal Variety of the firft for I have had many Plants, which came up from the Seeds of the jirft Sort, which ripen'd in the Phyfu-garden, which do moft of them degenerate to this third Sort, which, in the manner of its Leaves, feems to be very different from either, and imight reafonably be fuppos'd a diiiinct Sort, by thofe who have not
:

them with Wine inof Water. Pliny affirms, that there is no Tree whatfoever which fo well defends us from the Heat of the Sun in Summer, nor that admits it more kindly inWinter, the Branches being produe'd at a proportionable Diftance to the Largenefs of their Leaves (which is what holds through all the different Sorts of. Trees yet known) ; fo that when the Leaves
are fallen in

W inter,
T

the Branches,

growing

at a great Diftance, eafily

admit the Rays of the Sun. This Tree was afterwards brought
to France,

where

it

was cultivated
firft

only by Perfons of the

Rank

and

fo

much was

the Shade of

it

priz'd, as that if

any of the Natives

did but put his

traced

its

Original.

Thefe Trees delight to grow on a moift rich Soil, on which they will arrive to a prodigious Size in a few Years,, and during the Summer-fea6

it, they exacted a Tribute from him. It is generally fuppos'd, that the Introduction of this Tree into England is owing to the great Lord Chancellor Bacon, who planted a noble Parcel of them at Verulam,

Head under

which were there, very flourifhing, a few Years fince. Bur notwithftanding its having been fo long in England,

L
for

P L
fome Days*, neither the Concern of his grand Expedition, nor Intereft, nor Honour, nor the necefTary Motion of his prodigious Army, could difluade him from it he filled it, His Mijirefs, Hit Minion, His Goddefs and when he was obliged to part with it, he caused a Figure of it to be rtamp'd on a Gold Medal, which he continually wore about him. And fuch was the Efteem which the People of Afia had for this Tree,
:

England, yet there are but very few large Trees to be feen of it at prefers which may, perhaps, be owing to the great Efteem the Perfons of the lait Age had for the Lime, which being much eafier to propagate, and of quicker Growth during the three or four firft Years, than the Plane-tree, thereby it became the moll common Tree for Planting of Avenues, and (hady Walks near Habitations, in England. But fince the Defects of that Tree have been more generally difcover'd, the Elm has had the Preference, and is the moil commonly planted for fuch Purpofes. However, notwithstanding what has been faid of the Plane-tree, of
;

that where ever they erected any fumptuous Buildings, the Porticoes, which open'd to the Air 4 terminated in Groves of thefe Trees.

its

Backwardnefs in coming out

in

the Spring, and the fudden

its

Decay of

Leaves in Autumn ; yet, for the goodly Appearance, and great Magnitude to which it will grow, it dcferves a Place in large Plantations,

or Ihady Receffes near Habitations,

efpecially if the Plantation be defign-

ed on a moiltSoil, or near Rivulets of Water ; in which Places this Tree

will arrive to a prodigious Size.

We

read of one of thefe Trees,

The Eaftern Plane-tree is propagated either from Seeds, or by Layers, the latter of which is generally praclifed in England-, though the Plants thus raisd feldom make fo large ftrait Trees, as thofe which are produc'd from Seeds but it has been generally thought, that the Seeds of this Tree were not productive, becaufe they have not been fown at a proper Seafon, nor managed in a right Manner; fori have had thoufands of the young Plants fpring up from the Seeds of a large Tree,
:

which was growing at a Villa of the Emperor Caligula, whofe Trunk was
fo large, as,

which
that
after
if

fcatter'd

in a mciit Place;

when

hollow'd, to

make
to

upon the Ground and I fince find, thefe Seeds are fown, foon

Room

therein, capacious

enough

entertain ten or twelve Perfons at a

Repaft, and for their Servitors to wait upon them. And there is mention made of one of thefe Trees,

they are ripe, in a moift lhady Situation, they will rife extremely well ; and the Plants, thus obtain'd, will make a confiderable Progrefs after the fecond Y ear, being

which was growing in the Eajlern Country, which was of fo great a Magnitude, that Xerxes made his Army (which confilled of leventeen hundred thoufand Men) halt, for fome Days, to admire the Beauty and Procerity of this Tree and be;

much
their

hardier,

and

lefs liable to lofe

Winter, than thofe which are propagated by Layers. And fince the Seeds of this Tree ripen well in England, they may be propagated in as great Plenty as any
in

Tops

came own,

fo fond of
his

it,

as to take his

other Forelt-tree. The Virginian

Plane-tree

will

Concubines, and all the great Perfons Jewels to cover it; and was fo much enamour'd with it, that

grow extemely
Qttoher,

well from Cuttings, if they are planted the Beginning of

upon a moift

Soil

z z 3

and,*f they

P L
they are water'd in dry Weather, will make a prodigious Progrefs
!&oot, there
of
it.
:

p
The
bell

L
Reafon
to

is s little

douct

fo that in a few Years from the Planting, they will afford nobie Tree? for

planting of Avenues, and other fliady Walks ; and their Trunks are perfectly ftrait, growing nearly of the

time to tranfplant thefe Trees is in March ; for if they are removed in Winter, and the Seafon mould prove very fevere, the tender Shoots are often kill'd by the
Froft.

fame Size to a confiderable Height,

there being the
the
leaft

Difference in

PLINIA. The Characters

are

// hath a hell Jhafed Flower confinGirt of this Tree, for feveral Yards upwards, of any other Sort of ing of one Le af, which is divided into Tree whatfoever. The Honourable five Segments at the Brim ; from Paul Dudley, Efq; in a Letter to the whofe Cup rifes the Pointal, which Royal Society, mentions one of thefe afterward becomes a globular foft Trees, which he obferv'd in New- chanelfd fruit, in which is included England, whofe Girt was nine Yard?, one Seed of the fame Form. We know but one Species of this and held its Bignefs-a great Way up ; which Tree, when cut down, made Plant which is, Pli n a fruQu croceoodorato. Plum, twenty two Cords of Wood. He alAW. Gen. Plinia with a fweet-fcentfo fays, in the fame Letter, That he had propagated many of thefe ed faffron-colour'd Fruit. This Plant was difcover'd by FaTrees by cutting off Sticks of five or ther Plumier in the Wtfi-Indies, who fix Feet long, and fetting them a Foot deep into the Ground in the gave it this Name, in Honour to Spring of the Year, when the Sea- Pliny the famous Natural Hifiorifon was wet ; and that they always an. It grows in feveral Places in the thrive befl in a moift Soil. The Leaves of this Sort are lar- warmer Parts of America, from ger, and lefs divided, than thofe of whence the Seeds have been fent to the Oriental Plane-tree; and the Tree Europe. Thefe Seeds muft be fown grows much fafter, and is hardier ; in Pots filled with light rich Earth, and being thus eafily propagated, is and plunged into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark ; obferving to moifren the jiow the moft common in England. The Maple-leav'd Plane-tree hath Earth with Water whenever it appears dry, as alfo to prefer ve a moits Leaves lefs divided than the firft, but more than the fecond Sort; fo derate Temperature of Heat in the that it is a middle Kind between both: Bed ; fo that if the Nights mould though, as I before faid, it comes prove cold, the G lanes of the Hotbed fnould be every Night cover'd Originally from the Eaftern Sort. This is propagated very eafily by with Mats and in the middle of the Layers, every Twig of which will Day the Glafies may be raifed to take Root, if they are but cover'd admit frefh Air, when the Weather with Earth ; and when tranfplanted is warm. Thefe Seeds will fomeout in a moift Soil, will grow equally times remain long in the Ground befait with the Virginian Kind. But fore the Plants appear ; and whenwhether this will take from Cuttings ever it fo happens, the Pots mure be or not, I cannot fay, having never connantly kept clear from Weeds, made Trial of it ; though from the and duiy watered and when the Readinefs pf the Branches taking Plants come up, they mould be
;
i

tranf-

PL
tranfplanted
into Pots, and
is

p
may
be

managed
nia.

as

directed for the Pitto-

PLUMBAGO,
The
The Flower which is Jhafd
c onft

Lead wort.
;

rife about three Feet high ; but, unlefs the Autumn be very favourable, they feldom flower in this Country. The Flow-

They commonly

Cbaraclers are
ft
s

ers

of

this Sort are blue,

it is

of one Leaf,
;

Root of
dicine.

and the fometimes us'd in Melittle

like

a Funnel, and cut

out
rifes the

into federal Segments at the Top

The
the

fecond Sort differs

from

of wbofe ftftulous Flower-cup

Pointed,

wbicb afterward becomes one

except in the Colour of the Floweps, thofe of this being white ;

firft,

vblovg Seed, for the moft part Jharppointed,

and the Plants grow

as the
firlt,

taller,

which

ripens

in the

Flower-

er later in the Year. This

is

and flowas hardy

cup.

and may be

treated in the

The Species are Plumbago quorundam.

fame way.
Cluft

The

third Sort

was difcover'd by

Hift.
2.

H.
er.

Leadwort, or Toothwort. Plumbago fore albo. Inft. R. Leadwort with a white Flowlapathi

j.Plumbaco Or ten talis,

folio,

fore ?ninori albido. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Leadwort, with a Dockleaf, and a fmaller vvhitifh Flower. 4. Plumbago Americana fcandens aculeata r bet re folio minor7. Plum. Prickly climbing American Cat. Leadwort, with a letter Beet-leaf. be tee 5. Plumbago Americana, folio ampliori. Plum. American Leadwort, with a broad Beet-leaf. The firft of thefe Sorts grows about Naples, in Sicily, and the Southern Parts of France ; but is hardy enough to endure the Cold of our Climate in the open Ground, provided it be planted in a warm dry Soil. This is propagated by parting of the Roo s in the Spring before they lhoot in doing of which, you
r :

Dr. Tournefort in the Levant, from whence he fent the Seeds into Europe. This Sort hath much broader Leaves than either of the former, and the Plant is of humbler Growth. It may be treated in the fame manner as the two former Sorts, and will live in the full Ground, provided it is planted in a dry Soil, and a IhelterM
Situation.

The fourth and

der
;

fifth

Sorts are ten-

therefore will not live in Eng-

land in the open Air.

in plenty in

Thefe grow

the Britijh Iflands of

America,

from whence the Seeds me by the late Dr. William Houftoun. The fifth Sort was brought from Ceylon to fome curious Gardens in Holland, fo that it is probably an Inhabitant of mcii of
were
fent

the hot Countries.

Ihould be very careful to preferve an Head to each Slip, otherwife they

will

not grow.

They

fiiould

be

planted in a

warm

Situation, and a

dry Soil, about two Feet afunder, and water' d until they lake Root after which they will require no farther Care, but to clear them from Weeds, and fupport their Branches from being broken by the Wind.

Thefe Plants may be propagated by Seeds, which mould be fovvn on an Hot- bed in the Spring and when the Plants are fit to remove, they mould be each planted into a feparate Pot, and plunged into a frefh Hot-bed, to bring them forward ; and afterward ihould be treated in the fame manner as other tender Exotic Plants. For although thefe Plants will- live in the open Air in the Summer-feafon yet they will not thrive well, nor produce their Z 7, z 4 Flowers 1
; ;

PL
Flowers ; whereas, if they arc kept in the Stove in a moderate Warmth, they will flower, and produce good Seeds every Year. Thcfe two Sorts may alfo be propagated by parting of their Roots in April ; bat as they produce good Seeds, they are commonly propagated by thofe ; for the
feedling Plants flower better than the
OfF-fets.
er.

P L
Plumeria with very long and lets, fucculent Leaves, and a pale Flow6.

Plumeria

folio latiore obtufo,

flore luteo minore.

They

flower moft Part of

Winter

in the Stove,

and the Seeds

are ripe in the Spring.

PLUM-TREE. Vide Prunus. PLUMERIA, The Jafmine-tree,

<vulgo.

The
It

Characters are

Plumeria with a broad ootufe Leaf, and a fmaller yellow Flower. This Name was given to this beautiful Genus of Plants, by Dr. Tournefort, in Honour to Father Plumier, who was Botanift to the late King of France, and a long time fearching after new in America, Plants ; and who has publiihed a Catalogue of the Plants he discovered, with the new Genus's he conftituted
;

hath a funnel -Jhap^d Flonver,

and two Volumes in

ot the Plants.

Folio,

fling cf one Leaf njohich is cut inconf to federal Segments at the Brim, out
cj uohofe Cup arifes the Point al, ivhich fifter<ward becomes the Fruit or Pod ; which, for the moft party grow dou'

with Figures and Descriptions

of

many

Spanijb

ble,

the Seeds,

and open lengthwoife ; difco<vering which are oblong, and have

a Border round them ; thefe are ranged aver each other; like Slates on an Houfe ; and are fajlened to the Placenta.

1.

The Species are Plumeria fore

Inft.

rofeo odor at if-

fimo.

Plumeria with a rofe- coloured fweet-fcented Flower,

R. H.

commonly call'd, in the Weft -Indies, Red Jafmine. 2. Plumeria ftore majore odorato
Iff

Thefe Plants grow wild in the Weft - Indies, from whence fome of the moll beautiful Kinds were brought into the Englijb Settlements in America, and are cultivated in their Gardens for Ornament, The firft Sort here mentioned is the moft common Kind, which is preferv'd in the Gardens of the Inhabitants of Jamaica and Barbados. The Flowers of this Kind nearly refemble thofe of the red Oleander but are larger, and have an agreeable Odour. Thefe are produced in fmall Bunches, at the Extremity of the Shoots, and generally appear in July and Auguft >
;

incarnate Plumeria with a larger fweet - fcented and incarnate Flower, called, in the Weft-Indies,

in

this

Indies they flower a great Part

Climate ; but in the Weftof

The
foliis

the Year.

Japan-tree.
3.

Plumeria fore niveo,

anguftis

The fecond Sort I receiv'd from, the Ifland of St. Chriftophers, by the

longis

&

acuminatis. Inft.

Name

R. H. Plumeria with a fnowy Flower, and long narrow-pointed Leaves.

4.

Plumeria

flare niveo, foliis

brevioribus

&f ob tufts. Inft. R. H. Plumeria with a fnowy Flower, and

fhorter blunt Leaves.
r.

Plumeria foliis longiftimis,

mi-

nus fuccuhntibus, fore pallido. HoujK

of Japan-tree : this Sort is very rare in the Fnglijh Settlements at prefenr, having been but lately introdue'd from the Spanijk WeftIndies. It is in Leaf and Stem very like the firft; but the Flowers of this are of a paler Colour, and are produced in much larger Bunches. It is very common to have upward

P L
of twenty of thefe Flowers open in one Bunch, and a Number to fueceed thefe as' they decay, fo that the Bunches have continued in Beauty upward of two Months ; during which time they make a moft beautiful Appearance in the Stove, and have a very agreeable Flavour.

P h
Tanners Bark ; and when the Plants are come up about two Inches high^
they fhould be tranfplanted into feparate fmall Pots filled with light

The

third Sort

at Campecby,

grows plentifully from whence the late

Dr. Hou/louu fent the Seeds. He alfo obferved fome Plants of this Kind The fixth Sort is alfo at Jamaica. pretty common in both thofe Places.

Thefe are not near fo beautiful as the two former Sorts, their Flowers being fmaller, and produc'd in lefier
Bunches, and are moreover of fhorter Duration. But for the Beauty of their Stems and Leaves, and for the fake of Variety, they deferve room in every curious Collection of Plants. The fourth and fifth Sorts were
difcover'd

fandy Earth, and plunged into the Hot-bed again ; obferving to fhade them from the Heat of the Sun in the Middle of the Day, until they have taken Root but they muft not have much Water ; for as all the Sorts are very fucculent, being full of a milky Juice, fomewhat like the Euphorbiums, Moifture will caufe them to rot. In hot Weather the Plants fhould have a pretty large Share of frefh Air admitted to them,
:

by

raifing the Glafles of the

Hot-bed
to

every Day,

in proportion

the

Warmth

by Dr. Houjloun, growing

in great Plenty near Carthagena in

the Spanijh Weft-Indies, from whence he fent their Seeds to England. The

fourth Sort produces fmall white Flowers, refembling thofe of the

third
;

of the Seafon. Toward Michaelmas, when the Nights begia to be cold, the Plants fhould be removed into the Stove, and plunged into the Bark-bed ; where they mult remain during the Winter. As thefe Plants all caft their Leaves in the Middle of Winter, and continue deflitute of them till about the Begin-, ning of May, fo, during that time, they fhould be watered very fparingbecaufe they are in more Dan; ger of rotting, while they are in a lefs active State, by too much Moifture, than when they are furniftYd with Leaves, through which the Moifture is more freely perfpired.
ly

fo

is

lefs

two

firft.

The

fifth

valuable than the Sort produces as

large Flowers as the firft ; but they are of a pale red Colour, and fmell very fweet. The Leaves of this Sort are fometimes ten Inches, or a Foot, in Length, and about three Inches

over in their broadeft Part. Thefe are not near fo thick, or full of Juice, as thofe of the other Sorts nor are they io deeply veined ; but being of a bright mining-green Colour, they make an agreeable Variety amongft other tender Exotic Plants in the
:

All thefe Sorts are too tender to thrive in the open Air of this Country, in the

Summer-feafon ; therefore fhould be conftantly preferved iu the Stove, where, in warm Weather, they muft have a large Share of free

Stove.

All thefe Plants

ted

may by propagahy Seeds, which mould be fown

in Pots filled with light rich Earth,

Air ; but in cold Weather they mull be kept very warm. While they are young, it will be proper to continue them in the Bark-bed ; but when they have obtained Strength, they may be placed in the dry Stove,

and plunged into an Hot -bed of

where they

will

thrive very well,

provided

p o
which are divided
tion.

provided they are kept in a moderate Temperature of Heat, and have not too much Water. Thefe Plants may alfo be propagated by Cutting?, which mould be taken from the old Plants a Month before they are planted ; during which time, they mould be laid on <he Flues in the Stove, that the Part

by a thin Parti"

The
1.

Species are

Poikc-tana flore pulcherrimo. Toum. Barbados Flower-fence, with

a fair Flower.
2. Po INC an a fore luteo. Uoufi. Barbados Flower-fence, with a yellow Flower.
i

which joined to the old Plant may be thoroughly healed, otherwise they will rot. Thefe Cuttings mould be planted in fmall Pots filled with light fandy Earth, and plunged into a moderate Hot -bed of Tanners

3 Po s c a N A flore rubente. Houfi. Flower-fence with a redifti Flow.

er.

4. P01NCI ana ffinofa,i]ulgo

Feuil.

Tara,

Prickly Flower-fence,
called Tara.
firft

comin

monly

Bark ; obferving to lhade them in the Heat of the Day from the Sun, and refrefh them every third or fourth Day with Water ; but it mull
be given
time.
to

The

Sort

is

very

common
it is
;

the Caribbee Iflands, where

plant-

them fparingly each

If the Cuttings fucceed, they

will have taken

Root

in

about two

Months

when they mould have a

to bear the

ed for a Fence to divide Fields and is greatly eileem'd for the Beauty of its Flo were, which are produced on long Spikes in vaft Quantities. The Leaves of this Plant are alfo us'd inHead of Sena, to purge withal.

larger Share of Air, to harden

by degrees
eld Plants.

them Sun and Air;

This was carry 'd from Cape Verd

Iflands to Barbados, as
is

related

by

and afterward may be treated as the

of thefe Plants is reckon'd very poifcmous. In cutting off any of the Branches of the Plants, if the Knife be not immediately cleaned, thejuice will corrode it, and turn the Blade almoit black in a very little time, fo as not to be cleaned off again ; and if dropped on Linen, will caufe it to
cauftic,

The milky Juice

and

Ligon, and hath fince been difperfed thro' the other Iflands. It grows in thofe Countries to be ten or twelve

very

Feet high, and the Stem, is often as large as the Small of a Man's Leg, and the Wood is very hard ; from whence it hath obtain'd the Name of

Ebony

in

fome

Places.

waih

in Holes, equal to

Aqua fortis.

Seeds of this Plant 2re annually brought over in plenty from the Wefi-lndies, which, if fown upon an Hot bed, will rife ealily and
:

The

POINCIAN A, Barbados Flower- when

fence, or Spanijh Carnations.

the Plants are

come

up, they
fmall

mould be
Pots,

tranfplanted

into

The

Characlers are
conjifts

which are placed

of five Leaves, a circular Order ten in the Centre of which arife erooked Stamina the Pointal, which ari/es from a quinquefid Flower-cup, becotnes a long, broad, flat Pod, opening into two Parts, and filVd with broad, flat, roundijh Seeds, each of <zubich is lodged in a feparate Cell,
in
:

^he Flower

and plung'd into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, obferving to {hade them until they have taken Root ; after which you muft give them Air
in proportion to the

Warmth

of the
the

Seafon, and they muft be frequently

refrefh'd

with Water.
fill'd

When

Plants have

the Pots with their

Roots, they mould be taken out, and

plac'd into larger ones, that they

may
have

P
ten as
is

o
grow
to

have room to grow. If Care be taken to water and fhifc them as ofneceffary, they will
firft

Thefe Sorts are propagated by Seeds, in the fame manner as the firft ; and the Plants muft be treated
in the

be three Feet high the

Seafon.

mould be plung'd into a frefh Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, in the Stove; which mould be kept to the Anana's Heat, mark'd on the Botanical Thermometers, and frequently refrenYd with Water; but you muft never give them large Quan-

At Michaelmas

the Pots

tities,

which

is

very injurious to thefe

fame way, being all of them very tender Plants and although they are fome Years before they produce their Flowers, yet the regular Beauty of their branching winged Leaves renders them worthy of a Place in every good Stove and when they flower, they are the greateft Ornaments in a Collection of rare
:

The Earth Plants at that Seafon. which thefe Plants fnould be planted
mail be frelh, light, and fandy (but not over-rich); in which they will ftand the Winter better than if
in,

Plants.

POKE VIRGINIAN.
tolacca.

Phy-

POLEMONIUM,
rian, or Jacob's

Greek Vale-

planted in a ftronger Soil.

With

this

Management
fome of which
or
fix

have

rais'd feveral Plants

to be eighteen
I

Ladder. The Characters are ; The Flower conffs of one Leaf, which is deeply divided into Jive
Parts, and
is

Feet high

have

wheel-Jkap'd : the Poin-

preferv'd five

which rifes from the Flower-cup, have produe'd Flowers in the Depth afterward becomes a roundifh Fruit, of Winter, when they made a fine divided into three Cells, which are flfd with oblong Seeds: to which Appearance in the Stove. The fecond and third Sorts were Jhould be addedy [he Leaves are pinYears, which
tal,

William Houjloun where he found them growing in plenty. Thefe do not differ from the firft in the outward Face of the Plants, but only in the Colour of their Flowers ; one of thefe having yellow, and the other red Flowers ; whereas thofe of the
difcover'd by Dr.
at Campechy,
firft

nated.

vulgare cceruhum. Toum. Greek Valerian, with, a blue Flower.

1.

The Species are Polemonium

Polemonium

Toum.
3.

Greek Valerian,

vulgare album. with a

white Flower.

are red and yellow variegated.

Polemonium
Toum.
ftrip'd

vulgar e, fore

The

fourth Sort was difcover'd by

variegato.

Greek Valerian,

Pere Feuillee, growing plentifully in the Vallics of Idma The Flowers of this Kind are fmaller than thofe of the other Sorts, and are of a greenifhyellow Colour, fo that they are not near fo beautiful. The Seed-pods of this Sort are ufed by the Dyers
in the Spanijk Weji-Indies y for dyeing

with a

Flower.

4. Polemonium vulgar e, foliis eleganter variegatis. Boerh. Ind.

Greek

Valerian,

with

beautiful

ftriped Leaves.

The two firft: Species are very common in many Englifb Gardens,
where they are cultivated for the
Beauty of their Flowers. They have alfo been found wild in Carleton Peek, and about Malham Cove near Craven. The Sort with variegated flowers,

of Black and they are alfo ufed for making of Ink the Infufion of thefe Pods with Galls affords the moft
;
:

beautiful black

Ink

in

the.

World.

P o

p o

Flowers, as alfo that with ftrip'd !. Polyanthes fiorihus alternis. Leaves, are Varieties which have Lin. Hort. Cliff. TheTuberofe. been obtain'd from the former. 2. Polyanthes ft^ribus alterms, Thefe Plants are eafily propaga- flore plena. The double Tuberofe. ted by fowing their Seeds in the 3. Polyanthes fori bus umbellaSpring upon a Bed of light Earth ; tis. Lin. Vir. The African blue and when they are come up pretty umbellated Hyacinth. llrong, they mould be prick'd out The firft Sore has been long cultiinto another Bed of the fame light vated in the tvglijh Gardens for the Earth, about three Inches afunder ; exceeding Beauty and Fragrancy of obferving to made and water them its Flowers the Roots of this Sort are annually brought from Genoa, until they have taken Root, after which they will require no farther by the Perfons who import OrangeCare but to keep them clear from trees for as thefe Roots are too
:
;

Weeds, until Michaelmas

at

which

tender* to thrive in the full

in England,

Ground

time they mud be tranfplanted into the Borders of the Flower-garden, where, being intermix'd with different Sorts of Flowers, they will make a beautiful Appearance. Thefe produce their Flowers mMay and June,

there are

who care to nurfing up their Off-fets,

few Perfons take the Trouble of

till

they

become blowing Roots ; becaufe it will be two or three Years before

they arrive to a proper Size for producing Flowers and as they muft be protected from the Froft in Win:

and

their Seeds ripen in Augujl.

The variegated Kinds are preserved by parting of their Roots ; becaufe the Plants raifed from Seeds would be fubject to degenerate, and

become plain. The beft time to part them is about Michaelmas, that they may take good Root before the cold Weather prevents them. Thefe
fhould have a frem light Soil ; but if it be too rich, their Roots will rot in Winter, and the Stripes will

ter, the Trouble and Expence of Covers is greater than the Roots are worth ; for they are generally fold pretty reafonable, by thofe who import them from Italy. The fecond Sort is a Variety of the firft, which was obtained from the Seed by Monfieur Le Cour, of

Leyden

in Holland,

who

for

many

go

off.

POLYANTHES, TheTuberofe.
The Charafters
and
ing
it funnelftajted,

are

*The Flovoer hath no Empalement,

, hawof one Leaf
'

long curved Tube,

and fpread
it is

open at the Top,

into fix

where

divided

Parts
is

in the Bottom

of the

Years was fo tenacious of parting with any of the Roots, even after he had propagated them in fuch Plenty, as to have more than he could plant, as to caufe them to be cut in Pieces, that he might have the Vanity to boaft of being the only Perfon who was poffeiTed of this Flower but of late Years the Roots have been
:

Flower

fituated the roundijh Poin-

fpread into
is

tal, attended by

fix thick Stamina, which are ohtufe : the Point al afternvard becomes a roundijh triangular
Seed-vejel, having three Cells, vuhich

arg full of roundijh Seeds. The Species are;

many Parts ; and as there no other Method to propagate this, but by the Off-fets, moft People who have had of this Sort are careful to multiply and increafe it which is done by planting the Off-fets upon
;

a moderate "Hot- bed, early tttMartk;

P
Summer
Water
in

o
As
thefe
:

p o
Roots commonly arrive in England in the Month of February, thofe who are defirous to have thefe early in Flower, fhould make a moderate Hot-bed the Beginning of March, which fhould have good, rich Earth laid upon the Dung,about eight or nine Inches deep ; this Bed
fhould be covered with a Frame ; and: when the Bed is in a proper Temperature for

and covering the Bed in cold Weather with Mats or Straw ; and in
they mud have plenty of in this Bed dry Weather

theRoots decay in

may remain Autumn

;

till

the Leaves
if

but

there

mould happen any Froft before that time, the Bed mould be covered to
guard the Roots from the Froft, becaufe it will deftroy them if the Froft enters fo low as to reach the Roots : and where there is due Care taken to fcreen them from Froft, and too

much Wet,

it

will be the beft

Way

to let the Roots remain in the Bed till the End of November, or the Be-

ginning of December, provided hard

Frofts
lefs

do not fet in fooner ; for the time the Roots are out of the Ground, the ftronger they will be,

and the fooner they

will flower

when the Roots are taken up, they mould "be cleaned from the Earth,
and
where they from Froft and Wet ; where they fhould remain until the Seafon for planting them again this fame Method mould be pra&ifed by
laid

up

in dry Sand,

may be

fafe

thofe

who

are defirous to cultivate

the fingle Sort. I (hall next give Direftions for the Management of thofe Roots,

which are annually brought from Italy : and firft, in the Choice of the
Roots, thofe which are the largeft and plumpeft, if they are perfectly firm and found, are the belt ; and
the fewer Off-fets they have, the but the ftronger they will flower Under-part of the Roots mould be particularly examined, becaufe it is there that they firft decay: after the
:

Roots are chofen, before they are

planted, the OfF-fets mould be taken off ; for if thefe are left upon the

Warmth, the Roots mould be planted at about fix Inches Diftance from each other every Way. The upper-Part of the Root fhould not be buried more than one Inch in the Ground : when the Roots are planted, there fhould be but little Water given them, until they fhoot above-ground ; for too much Wee will rot them, when they are in an unaclive State but afterward they will require plenty of Water, efpecially when the Seafon is warm : when the Flower-ftems begin to appear, the Bed fhould have a large Share of Air given to it ; otherwife the Stalks will draw up weak, and produce but few Flowers for the more Air thefe Plants enjoy in good Weather, the llronger they will grovr, and produce a greater Number of Flowers therefore, toward the Beginning of May, the Frame may be quite taken off the Bed, and Hoops faftened over ir, to fupport a Covering of Mats, which need not be laid over, but in the Night, or in very cold Weather ; fo that by enjoying the free open Air, their Stems will be large and if they are well watered in dry Weather, their Flowers will be large, and a great Number on each Stem.
: :
:

This

firft

Planting will
thofe

require

Roots, they will draw away part of the Nourilhment from the old Root,

more Care than fign'd to come

whereby the Flower-ftems

greatly weakened.

will

be

which are dcafter them ; for in order to have aSucceffionof thefe Flowers, the Roots mould be plantfirft

ed at three different times ; vhs, the

p o
than in that before directed ; for if the Roots are not planted in very
fmall Pots, there will be a Neceffity of making the Beds much larger, in

the nrft the Beginning of March ; fecond the Beginning of April ; and the third at the End of that Month, or the Beginning of May : but thefe Beds will require a much lefs Quantity of Dung than the fir it, efpeciai-

ly that Bed which is the laft made ; for if there is but Warmth enough to put the Roots in Motion, it is as much as will be required and this
:

order to contain a Quantity of the Roots and if they are firft planted in fmall Pots, they mould be (haken, out of thefe into Pots of a largerSize,
:

laft

Bed

will need

no Covering

for

many

times thofe Roots which are

full

they begin to moot out their Flower-Items ; otherwife the Stalks will be weak, and produce but few Flowers therefore 1 prefer the other
:

when

planting in the

Ground

at this

Method,

as there

is

Seafon, will produce ftrong Flowers but in order to fecure in Autumn

:

moving
Care.

the Roots, if

no Danger in reit is done with

always the beft way to plant them on a gentle HotAs to the fecond Bed, that bed. mould be arched over with Hoops, and covered with Mats every Night,
their Flowering,
it is

When the Roots are ftrong, and properly managed, the Stems will
or four Feet high ; and each Stem will produce twentyFlowers or more and in this the great
rife three
:

bad Weather ; otherwife the late Froits, which frequently happen in May, will pinch them. Thefe Plants may remain in the Beds until the Flowers are near expanded ; at which time they may be

and

in

carefully taken

up, preferving the

Earth to their Roots, and planted in Pots, and then placed in the Shade for four or live Days: after which time the Pots may be removed into Halls, or other Apartments, where they will continue in Beauty a long time ; and their fragrant Odour will perfume the Air of the Rooms where they are placed ; and by having a Succemon of them, they may be continued from Midfummer to the End of Oclober : but as the Stems of thefe Plants advance, there ihould be fome Sticks put down by each Root ; to which the Stems fhould be faftened, to prevent their being broken by the Wind.
It is a common Practice with many People, to plant thefe Roots in Pots,

Beauty of thefe Flowers confifts ; for when there are but a few Flowers upon the Stalks, they will foon fade away, and muft be frequently renewed ; for the Flowers are produced in Spikes coming out alternately upon the Stalk, the lower Flowers opening fir ft and as thefe decay, thofe above them open fo that in proportion to the Number of Flow; ;

ers

in

upon each Stalk, they continue Beauty a longer or fhorter time. The Sort with double Flowers
require a
little

will

more Care,

in

order to have the Flowers fair ; but this Care is chiefly at the time of

Blowing

for the Flowers of this ; Sort will not open, if they are expofed to the open Air ; therefore

and plunge the Pots into an Hotbed but there is much more Trouble in raifing them in this Method,
:

the Flowers are completely formed, and near opening, the Pots mould be placed in an airy Glafscafe, or a Shelter of Glafles fhould be prepared for them, that theDews and Rains may not fall upon them; for that will cauls the Flowers to rot away before they open ; and the' Heat of the Sun drawn thro' the Glaffes will caufe their Flowers to

when

expand

P o
expand very
fair.

P o
this

With

Ma-

nagement, I have had this Sort with very double Flowers extremely fair, and upward of twenty upon one Stem; fo that they have made a but where beautiful Appearance this has not been pradlifed, I have rarely feen one of them in any Beau:

Quantity ; fo that they will continue in Beauty near two Months and this being at a Seafon when there is a Scarcity of Flowers, renders this Indeed, there the more valuable. are few Plants which are preferved in the Green- ho uie, that merit a Place more than this Plant ; for
:

ty-

a Native of the Cope of Good Hype, from whence the Seeds were brought to fome curious

The

third Sort

is

where they are in plenty, they may be fo managed, as to have a Succeff;on of them in Flower upward of three Months and this in the Win;

Gardens in Holland, where the Plants were raifed and multiplied, and have
fince been difperfed into moft of the

ter-feafon,

when

they are placed i&

the Green- houfe.

feldom perfected in England: the bell time for parting the Roots is about the End of May ; at which, fielodamenfis, time the Leaves are not in a growing cinthus Africanus tuberofus 3 fore cccState: but in the parting of the ruleo umbellato : but Dr. Linnaus has removed this from the Genus of Roots, they muft not be divided too Hyacintbus, becaufe the Flowers of fmall, efpecially if there is regard paid to their Flowering ; for the thefe Plants have an incurvedTube, and the Apices are inferted in the fmaller the Roots are, the weaker upper Part ; whereas the Flower of will be the Flowers ; fo that by iathe Hyacinth is bell-lhaped, and has creafmg the Number of Roots too faft, they will not produce fo man/ three Neftariums, which are joined Flowers as they otherwife would do in the Centre. TheRoots of this Plant are com- thefe Roots muft be planted in Pars pofed of many thick fleihy Tubers, filled with rich frefhEarth,and mould fomewhat in Shape like thofe of the be placed in the Summer-feafon in the openAir, in alheltered Situation,, Ranunculus, but are much larger the Leaves are long and flat, retem- and not too much watered during bling thofe of Daffodil ; but are of a that time ; for as they are then in 1 ark-green Colour. Thefe remain the moft unactive State, much Wet green all the Year ; but in Summer often rots their Roots. In Autumn, when the Nights begin to be cold, they are not fo ftrong and vigorous as in Winter, which is the Seafon of the Pots mould be removed into the Green-houfe, and placed near the their Growth the Flowers are produced in an Umbel, upon the Top Windows, where they may have a of a naked Stalk, which is about a large Share df Air ; for if they are Foot and an half high thefe Flow- much crouded by otherPlants,w hereers are maped fomewhat like thofe by the Air is excluded from them, of the Hyacinth, being large, and of the Flowers are fubject to Mouldia fine blue Colour the Seafon of nefs, which will foon fpoil their this Plant's flowering, is about MiBeauty. During the Winter-feafon chaelmas : but when the Plants are the Plants muft be frequently reftrong, the Flowers will be in greater frefhed with Water, efpecially while

curious Gardens in Europe : this Plant is well figured and defcribed

This Plant is propagated by parting of the Roots ; for the Seeds are

by Dr. Commelin,

HortusAmby the Tittle of Hyain the

they

P o
xnuft not have

p o
5.

they continue in Flower ; but they it in too great Quantities ; for as the Roots are thick and

Polium

Pyrenaicum fupinun^

hederts terrejiris folio. Tourn. Creep-

flefliy,muchMoifture will caufe them to rot: thefePlants do not require any

ing Pyrencan Poley-mountain, with a Ground-ivy-leaf.

6.

Polium maritimum

ereclum

Winter ; fo may be preferved in a good Green houfe; or if they are placed in a dry airy Glafs-cafe with Ficoides, and other hardy fucculent Plants of the fame Country, they will thrive and flower extremely well and with this Management I have had the Seed-vefiels formed, which have grown to a
artificial

Heat

in

C. B. P. Upright Poley-mountain of Montpelier.

Monfpeliacum.
7. Polium montanum lutcum, ferrat is angujiioribus incanisfoliis. Barrel.

Yellow Poley-mountain, with narrow hoary ferrated Leaves. 8. Polium montanum alterum,
C. B.

foliis angujiioribus, capitulis longiori-

bus.

P.

Another Moun-

R. H. Creephoary Portugal Mountainpoley, with purplifh Stalks, and a white Flower. which afterward become fo many 13. Polium Hifpanicum latifoliSeeds,Jkut in the Flower- cup : to theje um, capitulo bnviori, purpurafcente Broad-leav'd Marks muft be added, That the Flow- fore. Inft. R. H. Spanijh Mountain - poley, with a ers are collecled into an Head upon the fhorter Head, and a purplifh Flower. Tops of the Stalks and Branches. 14. Polium Hifpanicum maximum The Species are ; album. Inf. R. H. The largeit 1. Polium montanum luteum. C. white Spanijh Mountain-poley. B. P. Yellow Mountain-poley. 15. Po l I u m Hifpanicum maximum 2. Polium montanum album, C. luteum. Inf. R. H. The greateft White Poley-mountain. B. P. yellow Spanijh Mountain-poley. lawendulte folio. C. 3. Polium 16. Polium Hifpanicum mariB. P. Poley-mountain with a nartibus,flore albo. Injl.
leis

but the long cold Nights, which then came on, caufed the Air to be very damp, which occafioned a Mouldinefs, that deftroyed the Seeds but I believe by removing the Plants into a moderate Stove, as foon as the Flowers are over, this might be prevented, and good Seeds may be obtained. POLIUM, Poley-mountain. The Charadlers are ; It hath a labiated Flower, cotijiji ing of one Leaf, whofe Stamina Jupply the Place of the Cref : the Beard, or Under- lip, is divided into fi<ve Segconfiderable Size
;
:

tain-poley, with narrower Leaves,

and longer Heads. 9. Polium montanum repens. C. B. P. Creeping Mountain-poley. 10. Polium maritimum fupinum, Venetum. C.B.P. Creeping maritime Venetian Mountain-poley.
11.

Pol u m Hifpanicum, chamtv1

dryas folio, flare purpurafcente. Inf. R. H. Spanijh Mountain - poley,

with a Germander-leaf, and a purplifh Flower. 12. Polium Lufitanicum fupinum

tninus incanum, caulibus purpurafcen-

as the Germander : out of the Flower-cup rifes the Pointal, attended, as it were, by four Embryoes,
ments,

ing

timum frutefcens, rorifmarini folio s rower Lavender-leaf. 4 Polium la<vendular folio angu- fore rubra. Jnf. R.H. Shrubby maritime Spanijh Mountain-poley, with Jliori. C. B.P. Poley-mountain with a Rofmary-leaf, and a red Flower. a narrower Lavender-leaf. 17. PoLi.

P o
17.

P
H.

Polium Hifpanicum fupinum^

Jiore fiavejcente. Inji. R.

Creeping Spanljh Poley-mountain, with a yellowifh Flower.

18.

Polium

Hifpanicum,

linari*

foliis brevioribus,

fore albo. Inji. R. H. Spanijb Poley - mountain, with fhorter Toadflax-leaves, and a white Slower. 19. Polium montanum gnaphafupinum. Creeping Poley-mountain, refembling Cudweed, with a red Flower.

loides incifum, Jiore rubro,

&

Barr.

Icon.

upon the Ground, and have woody Branches: the chief Beauty of thefe Plants confifts in their hoary Leaves for the Flowers are fmall, and have very little Beauty in them ; fo the Plants are feldom preferved in Gardens for their Beauty however, fome of the fhrubby Kinds may be admitted into the Pleafure-garden ; where, if they are planted on a dry lean Soil, they will abide many Years, and add to the Variety. Thefe Plants may be difpofed in a
:

20.

Polium Hifpanicum

luteum,

majorance folio. Inf. R. H. Spanijb Poley - mountain,

Yellow
with a

Marjoram-leaf.
21.

Polium

folio, purpurafcente Jiore. Inji.

Hifpanicum, ferpylli R. H.

Garden, fo as to afford Pieafure, by mixing them with Alarum, Maftich, and feveral other aromatic Plants, upon the Hoping Sides of Banks, which are expofed to the Sun ; or upon little Hillocks raifed in a meltered Situation where, by the Di;

Spanif? Ppley-mountain, with

ther-of- thyme-leaf,

aMo-

verfity of their

and a purplilh

Flower.
Hifpanicum, thymi fotio, purpurafcente coma. Inji. R. H. Spanifh Poley - mountain, with a
22.

hoary Branches, being of various Shapes, they will make a pretty Appearance and in fuch Pla:

Polium

ces

they will
a

refill

the

Cold much
are planted

better than
in

when they
Soil
;

good

for

it

they

grow

Thyme- leaf, and purplifh Top. 23. Polium Creticum maritimum

humijujum.

freely in

Summer,

their Shoots will

Toum. Cor.

Trailing

maritime Poley-mountain of Crete. 24. Polium Smym.<eum, Jcordii folio. Toum. Cor. Smyrna Poley mountain, with a Water-germanderleaf.

Thcfe are
Sorts
:

all

of them perennial

Plants, exeept the third and fourth

thefe two feldom continue longer than two or three Years, fo are propagated by Seeds ; but the others, which are abiding Plant?, are

be replete with Moifture, and the Froft will be much more likely to deftroy thefe than it will thofe whole, Shoots are fhort, dry, and hard and this holds thro' moft of the aromatic Plants ; for Sage, Rofmary, Lavender, &c* which have been growing out of dry Walls, tho' greatly expofed to all Wmds, have refilled the Cold of the fevereft Winters, when moll of the Plants which were growing in Gardens were der.

ftroy ed.

propagated
Plants
in

by

Cuttings.
in

Thefe

They

are propagated in England,

grow wild
;

the South of

trance, in Spain, Portugal, and

the Levant

fome

where they feldom produce Seeds, by Cuttings or Slips, which mould be

planted the Beginning of April,
before they are about to moot,
j

from whence their Seeds have been obtained by thofe Penons who delight in Botanical
Studies

a it

upon
:

a Border expofed to
if

the Eaft

and

fome of thefe Sorts grow upright to the Height of two Feet bat the greatefl Part of them trail Vol. ill
:

the Seafon proves dry, they mufl

be watered and faaded until they have taken Root ; and afterward

,they

; ;

P
they will require no other Care but

o
Orient a lis limfolia, Cor. Eaftern

them clean from Weeds ; and at Michaelmas the Plants mould be removed where they are defign'd
to keep

folia, fore carruleo. 7ourn. Cor. myrti Low Ealtern Milkwort, with a Myrtle-leaf,
8.

and a blue Flower.

Polygala

to remain

but

it

will be proper to

fore magno aibo.

9.

Toum.

put a Plant of each Sort in Pots, that they may be fneltered in Winter, to preferve the Kinds. The fecond and fixth Sorts are fometimes ufed in Medicine. POLYANTHUS. Vide Primula.

Milkwort, with a Flax-leaf, and 3

large white Flower.

Polygala

Orient alis liniflia,

fore magno purpureo. Tcum.Cor. Eaftern Milkwort, with a Flax-leafr and a large purple Flower.
10.

Polygala

Luftaniea frute-

POLYGALA,
//

Milkwort.
are

fcens,

The Char after s

hath a Flower confifing of we Leaf, of an anomalous Figure, perforated behind, but divided into two
L'ps before
:

magna fore, foliis minimis. Injt. R. H. Shrubby Portugal Milkwort, with a large Flower, and very fmall
Leaves.
It,

Polygala

Africana fute*

the

upper mojl L'p

is

di-

vided
one
is

into tivo

Parts

but the under

folia major. 01denl. Greatfcens angufii er flirubby African Milkwort, with

eurioufy fringed: out of the lower Part cf the Floxver rifes the
tvhich

a narrow Leaf.
12.
lio,

Polygala

Africana, lini fo-

Pointer/,

afterward becomes a
into

broad Fruit , divided

two
:

Cells,

magno fore, Oldenl. African Milkwort, with a Flax-leaf, and a

large Flower.
13.

which
is

contain oblong Speeds

the Fruit

generally inch.rV hi the Flower-

Polygala
floribus

Virginiana, folii*
in

cup,

composed offive Leaves', viz. three fmall ones, and tivo larger,
is

which

oblongis,

thvrfo candidis,

radice alexipharmica.

itvhieh
like

afterward embrace the Fruit

Species are

Wings.

The
1
.

hern.

caerulea. 7aGreater blue Milkwort. 2. Polygala m:jor alba. Tabern. Greater white Milkwort. 3. Poly gala vulgaris. C. B. P Common Milkwort, with a blue

Poly gala major

Milkwort of and white Flowers, growing in a loofe Spike, whofe Root is alexipharmac commonly called the Senegaw RatVirginia, with obiong Leaves,
tle

-fnake-root.
14.

Polygala
iff

caerulea America-

na, angufis

denfioribus foliis, vul-

go Clin-clin. Feuillee. Blue American Milk wort, with narrow Leaves

Flower.

commonly
clin.

called by the Indians Clin-

Polygala alba. Tabern. White common Milkwort. minima 5. Polygala montana mv 'tifolia. hji. R H. The hail
4.

15.

Polygala

rubra

Virginiana,

Red fpica parva compacla. Baniji. Virginian Milkwort, with a fmall

compact Spike.
16.

mountain Milkwort, with a Myrtleleaf.

Polygala
iff

fpicat a

rubra ma-

vulgari fitnJlis, fl.'re albido lonpiore. Tourn. Cor. Milkwort of Crete, like the common Sort, with a longer whitifli Flower.
6.

Poltgala C ret tea

jor, foliis

caulibus caerulefcentibus.

Greater red fpiked Milkwort, with bluifii Leaves and Stalks.

BamJL
1.7.

7.

Polygala

Orient'a lis

fujiua

Virginiana, flvi ibus

Polygala f

Flos amharvalis-

lutcis in

caput ob-

longum

P o
longum congefth. Banift.
Virginian
col-

P o
The fixth, feventh, eighth, and ninth Sorts were difcovered by Dr.
Tournefort, in the Levant
alfo
:

Milkwort, with yellow Flowers lected in an oblong Head.

I

thefe are

8.

Polycala

quadrifolia

f tru-

ciata, foribus cxnjirirfi rubentibus, in globum compaelis. Sanift. Four-reav'd Milkwort, with redilh-green Flowers, growing in a compact Globe. folia minor 19. Polycala q uadri

low Plants, which grow in the fame manner as the former therefore are not eafily cultivated in Gar;

dens
to

the only
in a

Method
is,

to get thefe to

grow

Garden,

fow

their

Seeds in

Autumn, foon
;

after

they

Virginiana, fpica parnja rubenti. BaSmaller four leav'd Virginian ;ii(i.

are ripe, in a fhady Situation,

and
will

a moift Soil

where the Plants

;

Milkwort,
Spike.
20.

with

fmall

redifh

come up

angufiiore folio, fore purpureo. Pluk.ManNarrow- leav'd Milkwort of tif. Maryland, with a purple Flower.
zi.

Polycala Mariana,

Polygala Mariana
minor, fpica par-va

quadri-

folia

albicante.

Pluk. Mantif.
whitifh Spike.
22.

Smaller

four-leav'd

Milkwort of Maryland, with a fmall

and produce Flowers but they feldom continue long after. The tenth, eleventh, and twelfth Sorts are Ihrubby Plants, which are preferved in fome curious Gardens for Variety. Thefe may be alfo propagated by Seeds, which m*ou!d be fown on a moderate Hot-bed in the Spring ; and when the Plants
the following Spring,

are
frute-

come

up, they

mould be

tranf-

Polycala Africana

feens, folio buxi,

denl.

fore maxim*. 01Shrubby African Milkwort, with a Box- leaf, and a very large
Flower.

planted into feparate Pots filed with frefh light Earth, and then plunged
into the
to

Hot bed again, obferving made them from the Sun until

The
wild in

four

firft

Species are found

in

moift

Meadows

divers

.Parts of England, and are never pre-

ferved in Gardens, except for the

fake of Variety however, I thought proper to infert them in this Place, to introduce .the other Sorts ; fome
:

of which are beautiful Plants, and are worthy to be prefcrved in all curious Collections of rare Plants.

The

fifth,

fixth,

feventh,

and

eighth Sorts are alfo very humble Plants, which grow wild in Spain^
are feldom
for
it is

h:dy, and the South of Frcr.cr, and introduced in Gardens ;

thefe Plants to

to get any of grow, when they are tranfplanted from Fields to Gardens; for they delight to grow amongft the
difficult

Very

they have taken P^oot ; after which time they mould have a large Share of frefh Air in warm Weather, and muft be frequently watered. About the middle of May thefe Plants mould be inured to bear the open Air by degrees; and in June they may be placed abroad in a meltered Situation, where they may remain during the Summer-feafon ; and in Autumn they muft be removed into the Grcen-houfe, and managed as hath, been directed for Myrtles and Oleanders. Thefe Plants continue a long time in Flower io are worthy of a Place in every curious Garden, for the fake of Variety.
;

The
Chily,

fourteenth Sort
in
it

is

a Native of

the Mountains in the the

is

Kingdom of
Weft -Indies,

Spanifh

Grafs

io

that

when

it

is

clear'd

where

ufed by the Indians to

all

from
thrive.

about

them,

they

feldom

cure Pleurifiei, and

Complaints
is

of the Side.

This Sort

of low

Growth,

P o
Growth, feldom
the
rifing higher than
;

o
Sort,

Root of the thirteenth

which

but is too tender to live in the open Air in England ; fo the Plants fhould be planted in Pots, and preferred in the GreenThis may be houie in Winter.
Sort

common

propagated by Seeds,

as the

two

for-

they powder, and generally carry about them, when they travel in the Woods, left they mould be bit by the Rattle-fnake ; and whenever this, happens, they take a Quantity of the Powder inwardly, and apply
is

mer

Sorts.

The next

feven Sorts, as alfo the

fome of it to the Part a fure Remedy.

bitten

which,

them Natives of Virginia, Maryland, Ne<w - England, and fcveral other Places in the fo are hardy North of America enough to live in the open Air in
thirteenth, are all of
;

The twenty. fecond Sort is propagated by Seeds, which mould be

fown
ter
it

in Pots
is

of light Earth, foon af-

England, provided they are planted

in a

warm

Situation,

and on a

light

Soil.

Thefe

are very pretty Plants,

and require very little Trouble to them for after they are come up from Seeds, the only Care they require, is, to keep them clear from Weeds, and in very dry Weather to water them while they are young for when thej have obtained Strength, they will not be in muchDanger of fufFering by Drought
cultivate
;

for the Roots run pretty deep into the Ground, fo will find Nouri foment

to fupport them.

The Root of the thirteenth Sort hath been long ufed by the Senegas Indians to cure the Bite of the Rattle-make which, if taken in time, is an infallible Remedy. And of late Years it hath been ufed by the Inha;

and Iheltered in Winand in the Spring the Pots mould be placed upon a moderate Hot-bed and when the Plants are come up, they mould be prick'd into fmall Pots fill'd with light rich Earth, and plunged into another Hot-bed r where they mould be maded until they have taken Roov and often refrefhed with Water ; after which they muft have Air given them in proportion to the Warmth of the Seafon r and in July they* may be removed into the open Air, placing them in a warm Situation,, where'they may be iheltered from itrong Winds;, and in dry Weather they mull be often refrefhed with
ripe,
ter
;
:

Water: in main until

this Place

they

may

re-

Oclober,
;

when

the Nights

bitants cf Virginia in
<iers,

many

Difor-

which are occafioned by a fo that the Root thick fizy Blood

;

begin to be frolty then you mould remove them into the Green-houfe, placing them where they may have the Advantage of the free Air r when the Weather is favourable enough to.

admit of the Glafles being open'd

of

this Plant,

when

its

Virtues are

for they only require to be protected

fully

known, may become one of

from

the moil ufeful Medicines yet difcoyered. The fourteenth Sort, by the

Froft. During the Wiriterfeafon they fhould olten be refrefhed

Account which Pere

it r

Feuillce gives

of

partakes of the fame Qualities

this, tho'
;

with

ferently

for he

the Indians ufe it diffays they make a

with Water; but it mould not be given to them in large Quantities,, which will injure their Roots. In Summer they may be expofed with Myrtles, Geraniums, in a Situation

Deco&ion of the Plant, which they drink to cure the Pain of the Side ; whereas the Senegaiu Indians, ufe the

from Roots

ftr.ong

where they are defended Winds and as their increafe, the Size of theur
;

Pocs.

P o
Pots mould be inlarg'd , but you muft be very cautious not to overpot them, which is injurious to all Sorts of Exotic Plants. The Earth in which thefe Plants are fet, mould be rich, frefti, and
light, in which they will thrive exceedingly, and continue in Flower molt Part of the Year, which ren-

p
6.
lebori albi foliis.

o
latifolium, hel~

Polygonatum

BroadC. B. P. leav'd Solomon's Seal, with Leaves like the white Hellebore. 7. Polygonatum latifolium, fore majore odoro. C. B. P. Broad-leav'd Solomon's Seal, with a large fweet Flower.
8.

Polygonatum

Orient ale lati-

very valuable ; and if the folium, fore par vo. Tourn. Cor. EaftSeafon proves favourable, the Seeds ern broad - leav'd Solomon's Seal, will ripen very well but you muft with a fmall Flower. be careful to gather them when ripe, 9. Polygonatum anguflifolium Narrowotherwife they will drop off, and be non ramofum. C. B. P. loll. The Seeds of this Plant will leav'd unbranched Solomon's Seal. fometimes remain above a Year in 10. Polygonatum anguflifolium the Ground, fo that the karth in the ramofum. C. B, P. Narrow-leav'd Pots mould not be difturbed when branching Solomons Seal. the Plants do not come up the firft 11. Polygonatum Americanum Seafon. fcandens altijjimam, foliis tamni. Plum. The talleft climbing American SoloSolomon's
ders
it
:

POLYGONATUM,
The

Seal.

mon's Seal.

Characlers are ; The Flovjer conjljis of one Leaf is tubulate, and expands at the Top in

Thefe Plants are eafily propagated by parting of their Roots in the

Spring, before they begin to moot, obferving always to preferve a Bud to each Off- fet they mould be planted in a frelh light Earth, where they will thrive exceedingly ; but if
:

Shape of a
is

Bell,

and

is

divided into

fever al Segments

: the Ovary, which ftuated in the Centre of the Flower, becomes a foft globular Fruit, con-

taining roundijh Seeds

1.

The Species are PolygonaTum

C. B. P.

folium <vullati
broad-

gare.

Common

leav'd Solomons Seal.

2.

be over-rich, it will deftroy their Roots. The firft Sort is the moft common in England, and is what the College has directed for medicinal Ufe.
it

Polygon atum
cculibus

latifolium vul-

gar e,

rubentiius.

H.
%

L.

Common broaO-leav'd Solomon

with red Stalks.
3.

Seal,

Polygon atum

latifolium mi-

nus,

fore majre. C. B. P.

Lefler

broad-leav'd Solomons Seal, with a

larger Flower.
4.

Polygonatum

latifolium,

fiore duplici odore. H.

R. Par. Broad leav'd Solomon's Seal, with a double fweet-fmelling Flower.

maximum.

Polygonatum latifolium C. B. P. The greateft

broad-leav'd Solomons Seal.

and fixth Sorts grow provided they are planted in a pretty good Soil. In a moiit Seafon it is common for thefe to be upward of three Feet high whereas the ordinary Sort feldom rifes above half that Height. The Leaves of thefe Sorts are alio very large, fo thai they make an handfome Appearance in the Borders of large Gardens. The feyenth Sort hath broader Leaves than the common Sort; but doth not grow much higher. The Flowers of this Sort beinu i;ger, str><< having an agreeable bCent, rendei
fifth

The

very

tall,

it

P
it
.

o
in large

P o
Gar-

worthy of a Place

The

Characters are

dens.

The eighth Sort was difcovered by

Dr. Tourhefirt
is

in the Levant ; but not common in Europe : this hath a broader Leaf than the common

It is a capillary Plant, with oblong jagged Leaves, having a middle Rib f which joins them to the Stalks running

thro' each Divijion.

Sort, and the

cr.
It
is

Flower

is

much

fmall-

The Species are Polypodium vulgare. C.3.P.

;

preferved in feme curious

Common
2.

Polypody.
majus,

Botanic Gardens, for the fake of Variety. The ninth and tenth Sorts are very different from either of the former thefe have four or five Leaves, produced at each Joint, which are much longer and narrower than thofe of the common Sort; fo that they make a very different Appearance ; therefore mould be allowed a Place in large Gardens, for the fake of
:

Polypodium

j errata

folio.

Barr. Icon. Greater Polypody, with a ferrated Leaf. 3. Polytodium Cumbro-Britan-

ma
tis.

m, pinnulis ad margines laciniaRaii Syn. Weljh Polypody, with

laciniated Leaves.
feveral other Species of which- are Natives of America fome of which are preferved in fome curious BcisniC Gardens for Variety but as they are rarely cultivated in other Cardens, it is not worth while to enumerate

There are
Plant,
;

this

Variety. All thefe Sorts are as hardy as the common Solomon's Seal, and may be propagated by parting of their Roots,
in the

them

in this Place.
firft

fame manner

as

is

directed for

the

common Sort. The eleventh Sort

in Medicine,
is

a Native of

the warmeft Parts of America, where it grows in the Woods, and climbs

on whatever Trees grow near it by the Help of which it riles to a great This produces its Flowers Height. in long Bunches, femewhat like the
;

black Brlovy. The Seeds of this Plant were fent from Campechy by Mr. Robert Millar, Surgeon. This Plant mutt be preferved in Stoves, otherwife it will

not live thro' the Winter in this Country it may be propagated by Seeds, which mould be fown on an Hot-bed early in the Spring: and
:

is that which is ufed and is found growing upon old Walls, and fhady Banks, in divers'" Parts of England. The fecond feems to be only a Variety of the firft, which differs therefrom in being larger, and having ferrated Leaves. The third Sort was brought from Wales, where it grows in great Plenty, and is the moll beautiful of all the Sorts. Thefe Plants may be propagated by parting of their Roots in the Spring before they fhcot, and mould be planted in a very poor moid Soil, under the Shade of a Wall for if they are

The

Sort

when the

Plants are

come

up, they

fhonld be treated in the fame manner as hath been directed for Diofcoria : with which Management this thrive, Plane will and produce flowers in this Country. PQLYPODiUM, Polypody,

expos'd to the Sun, they will not they chiefly delight to grow thrive put of the Joints of Walls, and old Buildings ; but are commonly found expofed to the North.
:

>

FOMGRANATE.
ca.

Vide Puni-:
Vide

FOMUM AD AMI.
rami urn.

Au

FOPU

P
POPULAGO,
Toe

Marfh-marigold. Characters are

The Flower conffls of federal Leaves, which are placd circularly and expand in form of a Rofe ; in the middle of which rifes the Pointal,

but are barren : the Female Trees pro* duce membraneous Pods, which open into two Parts, containing many Seeds,

adhering
Spikes,

which have a large Quantity of Down to them, and are collecled into

which afterward becomes a membranaceous Fruit in which there are federal Cells, which are, for the mcfi part, bent downward, collecled into little Heads, and are full of oblong
;

1.
is.

The Species are Populus alba, minor ibus foli'

White Poplar, with
alba, majorilus fali-

C. B. P.

fmaller Leaves
2.
is.

Populus

Seeds.

C. B. P.
tree.

I.

The Species are Populaco fore

large
majore. Tourn.

White Poplar, with Leaves, commonly call'd the

tremula.
C.

Abele
3.

Marfii-marigold with a large Flower. r.

Populus

B. P.

Populaco
-

fiore

Marfti

mangold

minore.Tourn. with a fmaller

pleno.

The trembling Poplar, or#fpen-tree. 4. Populus nigra. C. B. P. The

black Poplar -tree, by fome
called the Cotton-tiee.
5.

falfly

Flower.
3.

Populaco fore
-

Toum.
double

Marfh

marigold

with

variegato.
6.

Populus The
Populus

alba, folio

minore whrte Poplar, with

Caroliniana,
odo-

Flower.

itriped Leaves.

The two nrft Sorts are very common on boggy and watry Places in
divers Partb of England, and are
fel-

nigra

folio

maximo, gemmis balfamum

dom

cultivated in

Gardens
is

but the

ratiffunum fundentibus. Catefb. Carolina black Poplar, with

largelt

The
the

third. Sort,

which

a Variety from

Leaf ; from whofeBuds

ilfcies

is preferved in Gardens double Flowers. This Plant is propagated by parting of the Rcots in Autumn, and mull be planted on a moill Soil, otherwife the Flowers will not be near lb fair, nor will the Plants thrive. Thefe are very proper to place in very wet Parts of the Garden, where

the fecond,
its

a very fweet Balfam.

either

for

fine

Thefe Trees may be propagated from Layers or Cuttings, which will readily take Root ; as alfo from Suckers, which the white Poplars fend up from their Roots in
Plenty.

and few other Plants will thrive will afford an agreeable Variety during their Seafon of Flowering, which is from the Middle ofJp il until the
;

belt time for Suckers is in Oclober, when their Leaves begin to decay. Thefe may be placed in a Nurfery for two or three Years, to

great

The

traniplanting

thefe

Latter-end of May: fo that they are worthy of a Place in every curious Flower-garden.

get Strength, before they are planted out where they are defign'd to remain but if you intend to propagate
:

them from Cuttings,

it

is

better to

POPULUS, The
The

Poplar-tree.

defer the doing 01 that until Ftbruary ; at which time you may plant

Characters are ; The Leaves are brood, and, for the

nt-'fi

Truncheons of four or five Feet long, thrufting them about a Foot into the

part, angular: the

Male

Treei

Ground
j

thefe
if

will

readily

take
in

produce amentaceous Flowers, which

kwue many

little

Leaves and Apices,

Root and which they 4

the Soil be moift

are planted, will arrive

tc

to a confiderable Bulk

in

a few

dp
if

not, at prefent, bring in

much

Years.

Money

to their

Owners; whereas s

The black Poplar is not fo apt to take Root from large Truncheons ;
therefore
'tis

they were planted with thefe Trees, they would, in a very few Years,

the better

Method

to

plant Cuttings about a Foot and an

all

them a Foot thefe will deep into the Ground take Root i*ery freely, and may be afterward tranfplanted where they This Sort will grow are to remain. upon almoft any Soil ; but will
half in Length, thrufting
:

over-purchafe the Ground, clear of Expence: but there are many Perfons in England, who think nothing, except Corn, worth cultivate-

thrive beft in moift Places.

I have planted Cuttings of this Tree, which in fourYears have been bigger in the Trunk than a Man's Thigh, and near twenty Feet in Height, and this upon a very indifferent Soil ; but in a moift Soil, it is common for thefe Trees to Ihoot ten or twelve Feet in a Seafon fo that where a Perfon hath a mind to make a Shelter in a few Years, there is fcarce any Tree fo proper for that but they mould Purpofe as this
:

ing: or, if they plant Timber, it muft be Oak, Alii, or Elm and if their Land be not proper for either of thefe, it is deem'd little worth whereas if the Nature of the Soil was examined, and proper Sorts of Plants adapted to it, there might be very great Advantage made of feveral large Tracts of Land, which at this time lie neglected. The Wood of thefe Trees, efpecially of the Abele, is very good to lay for Floors, where it will laft many Years ; and, for its exceeding Whitenefs, is, by many Perfons, preferr'd to Oak ; but, being of a
;

foft

not be planted too near the Pleafuregarden.becaufe theDown which falls from thefe Trees will make a prodigious Litter in the Spring.

The

white Sorts, as alfo the Af-

pen-tree, likewife caufe a great Litter in the Spring,

falls off

when

their

Down

Contexture, is very fubjeft to take the Impreffion of Nails, &c* which renders it lefs proper for thi Purpofe it is alfo very proper for Wainfcotmg of Rooms, being lefs fubjedr to fwell or fhrink, than moffc other Sorts of Wood but for Turnery-ware, there is no Wood equal
: :

and their Roots being ve; ry apt to produce a large Quantity of Suckers, efpecially thofe Trees that came from Suckers, this renders them unfit to be planted near an Houfe or Garden but when they are interfpers'd with other Trees in large Plantations, they afford an agreeable Variety ; their Leaves be;

fo

in

very white on their Under fides, which, when blown with the Wind,
<?

its exceeding Whitenefs, Trays, Bowls, and many other Utenfils, are made of it ; and the Bellows - makers prefer it for their Ufe ; as do alfo the Shoemakers, not only forHeels, but alfo for the Soles of Shoes it is alfo very good to make light Carts ; and the Poles are very proper to fupport Vines, Hops, &c. and the Lopping

to this for that

will afford

good Fuel, which

is

in

many

are turn'd ro Sight-

Countries

much wanted.
Sort
of

A confiderable Advantage may be obtam'd by planting tjiefe Trees epon rno'il koggy Soils, where few many fuch fit her Trees Will thrive Places thpc are in En?lana\ which
:

The

fixth

Poplar-tree

grows by the Sides of Rivers, and

in other moift Places, in South-Carolina,

Tree.

where it riles to a very large The young ^ranches of this Tree

P
Tree
are

o
angular, fomeCapillaments
one
is
;

P
and
at other

commonly

times having three,

of which the middlefurnifipd with a Chive : the

The Leaves are times four Angles. much broader, and are not fo pointed as thofe of the common black The Buds of the Leaves Poplar.
are very large
;

Flowers are alfo gathered into, almtfjl globular Bunches : the Roots are long^
cylindrical,

and coated ;
;

the

Coats

ending in plain Leaves.

and

in the Spring,

juft before they pulh, there iflues

out
C.

of them a very fweet Balfam. Although this Tree is a Native of a much warmer Country than England, yet it is hardy enough to endure the Cold of our Winters in the open Air ; and may be propagated by Cuttings, in the fame manner as the common black Poplar. The belt time to plant thefe Cuttings is in the Beginning of November : they mould be about a Foot or fourteen Inches long, and mould be planted fix or eight Inches in the Ground. If the Spring following fhould prove dry, they muft be frequently watered until they have made Roots ; after which time they will require no farther Care, but to

The Species are Porrum commune capitatum, B. P. The common Leek. 2. Porrum feclivum latifolium.
1.

C. B. P. Broad-leav'd Leek, commonly caird the London Leek. There are fome other Species of this Plant, which grow wild in the

South of France, and Spain j but as they are feldom cultivated in Gardens, I mall forbear to mention

them here. The two Sorts here mention'd are by many Perfons affirm'd to be the fame, both of them
rifing
is

from the fame Seed but this what theGardeners nearLondonwill

:

keep them clear from Weeds. Thefe Cuttings will be rooted enough to bear tranfplanting in one Year and
;

not believe ; for they never fow Seeds of the latter, if they can procure thofe of the firft Sort, there being a great Difference in the Size of the Head, or principal Part of the Leek; but whether by long cultivating they may not alter, I cannot
pofitively affirm, having never

the Oclober following they Ihould be

fown

removed

and planted either in a Nurfery, where they may be train'd up to Stems, or in the Places where they are delign'd to remain, which muft be in a moift Soil, where they will grow to be large Trees ; and being intermix'd with other Trees of the fame Growth, will make an
;

the Seeds of the latter Sort above one Year.

agreeable Diverfity.

PORRUM,
The
and
is

Leek.
;

Characters are
confijis,

The Flower

Jhap'd, as

it

of fix Petals, were, like a Bell :

which afterward becomes a roundijh Fruit, divided into three Cells, which conin the Centre arifes the Pointal,

Thefe Plants are cultivated by fowing their Seeds in the Spring, in the fame manner as was directed for Onions, with which thefe are commonly fown, the two Sorts of Seeds being mix'd according to the Proportion which is dehYd of either Sore ; though the moft common Method is, to mix an equal Quantity of both ; for the Onions will greatly out-grow the Leeks in the Spring ; but thefe being drawn off in July, the Leeks will have time to

grow

large afterwards, fo that there

tain roundi/h Seeds

rnuj? be

to

thefe

Notes

may

rally

added, The Stamina are genebroad and fiat, ending in three

be a moderate Crop of both Sorts. The Management of Leeks being exaftly the fame with Onion?,

P o
I mall not repeat
it

in this Place

threfh out the Seeds for Ufe.

The
get

but

fhall

only add, that

their

many

Per-

Hulk of

thefe Seeds
it
;

is

very tough,

fons fow

Leeks very

thick

in Beds in the Spring ; and in June, after lome of their early Crops arc

which renders out the Seeds

fons,

very

difficult to

therefore

fome Per-

they dig up the Ground, and plant their Leeks out thereon, in Rows a Foot apart, and fix Inches

taken

off,

rub

but a fmall Quantity, hard againft a rough Tile, which will break the Hulks, and get the Seeds out better than molt other
it

who have

The Flower conftjls of many Leaves, Ground from Weeds the Leeks, which expand in form of a Rofe ; out thus planted, will grow to a great of whofe Tlower-cup ( which conjtjls Size, provided the Ground be good; of one Leaf) arifes the Pointal which, and this Method is very proper for together with the Flower - cup, becomes a Fruit for the mojl part oval, fuch Perfons whc have little room. If you wculd lave the Seeds of full of fmall Seeds, andfurniffd with
:
y

afunder in the Rows, obferving to water them until they have taken Root af:er which they will require no further Culture, but to clear the
;

Methods

have known ufed.

Purflane.
are
;

PORTULACA,
The Chambers

this Plant,

you mould make choice

of fome of the largeft and belt you have, which muft remain in the Piace where they grew, until February ; when they mould be tranfp'anted in a Row againft a warm Hedge, Pale, or Wall, at about eight Inches afunder ; and when their Stems advance, they mould be fupported by a String, to prevent their being broken down, to which they
are very liable, efpecially when in Head ; and the clofer they are drawn
to the Fence in

of which Part of the Flower-cup that was fplit in two,

o hells

two

or Hujks at top

the outer one,

which

--was the

opens prjl
is

and

the inner one,

which
dou-

the Pointal inlargd, opens

,

lajl,

and tranPverfly while the lower Part of the Flower-cup adheres to the
bly

Footjlalk.

The
1
.

Species are

PO rt u L a c A

latifolia feu fati-

<va.

C. B. P. Broad-leav'd or Gar-

den Purflane.
2.

Portulac a fativa
fat-is.

latifolia,

Autumn,

the better

foliis

the Seeds will ripen ; for it fometimes happens, in cold Summers or

Hif. Broadleav'd Garden Purflane, with yellow

Leaves.
3.

Mor.

Autumns, that thole which grow in the open Garden, do not perfect
Country, efpecial'v if there mould be lharp Frolts tarly in Autumn, which will intiretheir Seeds in
this

Portulac a
jlris.

folia f<v& angufti

C. B. P.

Narrow-leav'd

or Wild Purflane.
foPar. Bat. Purflane from Curaffo, with a Caper-leaf. The nril'Sort here mentioned is what the Gardeners near London do
lio

4.

Portulaca Curaffawca,

capparidis.

Jy fpoil the Seed. When it is ripe {which

may be bftown by the Heads changing brown), you mould cut oil* their Heads w ieh about a Foot or more of
the Stalk to each, and tie them in Bundles, three or four Heads in each, and hang them up in a dry
Place,

chiefly cultivate

though the fecond

Sore does very often come up mix'd wuh the firft ; but whether it is only

an accidental Variety arifmg from the fame Seeds, or that the Seeds are
promifcupufly faved,
I
is

Cbrijlm&ss or af;er,

where they may remain till" when you isay

mine

indeed, there

cannot deterno other Difference

o
Purpofe
to

p
fow

o
it

fcrence between them, but only the Colour of their Leaves, fo that they are both equally -good forUfe ; but the green Sort, having a better

for which Reafcn,

it is not to any upon an Hot-bed, fince it will come early enough for Ufe in the open Air.

POTENTILLA, Cinquefoil. Appearance, is generally preferr'd in The Char afters are ; the Markets. The Empalement of the Flower is The wild Sort is not a Native of England, but grows plentifully in of one Leaf which is /lightly cut into many warm Countries ; where when f<ve Parts, and alternately cut deep into fve Parts : the Flower is compoit has once obtain'd fo as to fried its Seeds, 'tis very difficult to extirpate fed office Leaves, which are infer ted though into the Etnpalement , andfpread open: again. This is feldom us'd in the Centre of the Flower there an 'tis not different from the Garden Kind, except in the Smalnefs of its federal Pointals collecled into one Head, and are attended hv a Number Leaves. The fourth Sort is very common of Stamina, which rife out of theEmpalement : after the Flower is pajl9 in moft of the warm Parts of Amerithe Pointals become an Head of rcundijh ca, where it grows in great Plenty upon the Shores and Rocks near the Seeds included in the Empalement. The Species are ; This is preferv'd in fome cuSea. 1. Potenti lla foliis pinnatis, rious Gardens for Variety, but is a caule repente. Lin. Flor. Silver-weed, Plant of no great Beauty. or wild Tan fey. Purilane is propagated from Seeds, 2. Potent i lla foliis which may be fown upon Beds of pinnatis quinatis, foliolis cvatis crenatis, caule light ricn Earth during any of the
;

Summer-months
to have
it

but

if

you intend
Seafon,
it

ereclo.

Lin. Hort. Cliff.

Upright
-

early in the

Cinquefoil,
leaves.
5.

with

Meadow

fweet-

mould be fown upon an Hot bed; for it is too tender to be fown in the
open Air before April, and then it mull be in a warm Situation. This Seed is very fmall, fo that a little of
it

Potenti lla

caule fruticofo,

Lin. Hort. Cliff.

foil.

Shrubby Cinquedigit at is in*

4.

P0TENTILLA foliis
cattle

will be fufficient

mily.

There

is

Fano other Culture

to fupply a

cifoferratis,

redo. Lin.

Hort.

Cliff
foil.

Greater

upright

Cinque-

which this Plant requires, but to keep it clear fromWeeds, and in dry Weather 10 water it three or four times a Week In warm Weather this Plant will be fit forUfe in fix

5. Potent ill a foUit digit atis longitudinaliter patenli-ferratis, caule

repente.

Lin. Hort.

Cliff.

Common
ternat*s

creeping Cinquefoil.
6.
incifis,

Weeks after fowing

you mould fow
it

fo that,in

order

Potentilla
barren

foliis

to continue a SucceiTion of thisPlant,

at three or four allowing a Fortnight between each Sowing, which will be fufficient to Jail the whole Seafon, while it is proper to be eaten for, being of a very cold Nature, it is unfafe to be eaten, except in the Heat of Summer, in EngLnd;
;

caule diffufo. Li?i. Hort. Cliffi

The

Strawberry, with up-

different Seafons,

right Stalks.

There
this

are fome other Species of Genus, which grow wild in fe;

veral Parts of Europe but are rarely admitted into Gardens therefore I (hall not enumerate them here and of thofe above-mention'd, it is only
;
:

the

P
the third Species
in Gardens
;

o
is

which

cultivated

yellow, and in Shape like thofe of

the

ing wild in The firft Sort Counties of England, here mention'd ftands in the Catalogue of Medicinal Plants in theD:fpenfatory
tion'd
inoft
it
:

and this is found growTome of the Northern

common

Cinquefoil

thefe are

produced at the Extremity of the Branches, and by their Succeflion continue to flower upward of two

therefore I have
it is

men-

here, though

one of the
England,

common Weeds

in

growing plentifully on Commons and wafte Land every-where, but efpecially on all cold Ground j where by its creeping Stalks, which put out Roots at every Joint, it fpreads over the Surface of the Ground, and becomes a very troublefome Weed. The fifth Sort is alfo a bad Weed, having the fame fort of creeping fo that where Stalks as the firft
;

Months, efpecially when they grow upon a moift Soil. This Plant is commonly propagated by Suckers, or laying down the tender Branches, which will take Root in one Year, and may then be taken ofF from the old Plants, and planted in a Nurfery for a Year or
two, to get Strength, before they are planted where they are defignd to it may alfo be propagated remain by Cuttings, which may be planted
:

ever

it

Ground,
Sorts

once gets PofleiTion of the it multiplies and fpreads to

;

a great Diftance

therefore thefe two

during any of the Summer-month*, amoiftfhady Border, where they will foon takeRcot, and ^Michaelmas following, may be tranfplanted into the Nurfery.
in

mould be

extirpated

from eveand
fixth

ry good Garden, The fecond, fourth,

Sorts are fometimes preferv'd in Gar-

The beft Seafon for tranfplanting of thefe Plants is in October, that they may get new R.oots before the hard Froft fets in for as this Plant
:

but as dens for the fake of Variety they are Plants of no Beauty, few Perfons care to allow them room in thefe will propagate rheir Gardens
; :

grows naturally upon moift boggy Land, fo when it is remov'd in the Spring, if due Care is not taken to water it in dry Weather, it is apt to
nor will this Plant live mifcarry in an hot dry Soil ; but in a fhady
:

very

by Seeds, which if permitted to fall on the Ground, the Plants will come up and thrive without any Culture. Thefe Plants, which come up from felf-fown Seeds, will flower and produce Seeds the next Seafon, and the Roots of the fecond and
fad:

Situation,
it

and on a cool moift

Soil,

will thrive exceedingly.

fourth will continue feveral Years ; but the fixth U biennial, and generally periflies (con after the Seeds are
ripe.
is propagated in Nurfery- Gardens near London for Sale. This is a lew Shrub, feldom rifirig above four Feet high, branching out on every Side from the Leaves are divided the Stem into feveral narrow Segments, which join kit the Footflalk: the Flowers are

The third many of the

Sore

The Title of this Genus has been long applied to the firft Species by feveral Writers on Botany and Medicine but Dr. Tournefort has feparated all thofe Species which have wing'd Leaves, and conftituted a Genus of them, by the Title of Fen~ tapbyiloides which, being a compound Name. Dr. Linn<eus has rethe other Species with handjected ed Leaves has been ranged under the Genus of ^uinqttefolium but now they are both join'd umJer the Title
; ;
:

>

of Psttntiila.

PR A*

; ;

'

P
PRASIUM,
nettle.

R
Hedge;

p
tion,
is

Shrubby

England, provided they are planted on a dry Soil, and in a warm Situa-

The

Characters are
of the

The Empalement

Flower

of

one Leafy divided into t?xo Lips, the upper being cut into three acute Seg-

ments

the Flower

is

of the Lip -kind,

the upper Lip being oval

and

ere ft

hut the Beard

er

is

divided into three

and produce Flowers from the Beginning of June to the End of Auguji but there is little Beauty in their Flowers fo they are only prefer vM by thofe who are curious in collecting of rare Plants. Thefe Plants are Natives of Spain,
;

Parts, the middleSegment being broad-

than the other two ; after the Flower is paft, the four Germens in the Flower turn to fo many pulpy Brr vies, each inclofing a fingle Seed.

Portugal, and Sicily, fo that they arc impatient cf fevere Cold : therefore a Plant or two of each Sort mould be fhelter\J in Winter; becaufe when the Fro II is very fevere, they are often deftroy'd

The
1.

Species are
foliis

when

they are planted

Prasium

ci'atc-oblongis

ferratis.
fa wed
2.

Lin. Hort. Qfiff.

Shrubby
,

{linking Hedge-nettle, with oblong

Ground, though they will abide the Cold of our common Winters verv well in the open
in

the fill

Leaves.
foliis cvatis, duplic.:

Air.

Prasium
crena

They may be propagated either by

if they propagated by Cuttings, they mould be planted on a fhady Border, toward the End of April, but the Cuttings mould not be taken from thofe Plants which had been drawn weak, but rather from thofe which hid been expos'd to the open Air, whofe Shoots are fhort and ftrong; and if a Joint of the former Year's Wood is cut to each of them, they will more certainly fucceed thefe Cuttings may remain in the fame Border until the following Autumn, when they may be tranfplanted iiuo the Places where they are to remain, or into Pots, that they may be meker'd in Winter under a common Frame, where they may haye as much free Air as poifib'c in mild Weather, but only require to be fcreen'd from hard Froft. If they are propagated by Seeds (which the Plants produce in Plenty every Year), they mould be fown on a Bed of light Larth in April; and
:

utrinque
Clijf.
tle,

notatis.

Lin.

Hort.

Cuttings, or from the Seeds

Shrubby linking Hedge netwith' oval Leaves indented cn

are

every Side.
full Sort hath by forae Bobeen rang'd with the Lamium, by others under the Genus of Melifla, and by Dr. Toumtfort under that of Galeopfis, to which laft it agrees very well in all its Characters, excepting that of the Seed being inclofed in a pulpy Cover, like a Berry, which is fufficient Reafon

The

tanies

for

feparating

it

from Galeopfis

though, by the eftablinYd Rules of Dr: Linntcus s Method, it cannot be juftified: yet he has feparated it from that Genus, and applied this old Name of Diofcorides, which he bad
applied to a Plant of this Clais, to
this.

The fecond Sort is ranged under the fame Genus by Dr. tioerhaa<ve but in the Hort us Catholicus it is
ranged with the Lamium. Thefe are both low fhrubby Plants, which feldom rife above two Feet high, and retain their Leaves thro' the Year they will live abroad in
:

in

May

the Plants will

come

up,

when

they

but that

no other Care, of keeping them dean from Weed*.

require

T R
ing they

P R
hris
incifts,

Weeds ; and in the Autumn followmay be tranfplanted in the

caule

fingulari.

Flor.

Virg. Dr. Witt's Rattle-fnake Root.

5.

fame manner as before directed for thoferaifed from Cuttings, and may be afterward treated more hardily,
as they acquire Strength. Plant or two of each of thefe Species may be allow'd to have a

Prenanthes
-

foliis

integris

ferratis fcabris t rad/ce repente, fiore

purpuro

American wild with whole faw'd rough Leaves, a creeping Root, and purple Flower.
caeruleo.

Lettuce,

Place where there are Collections of the different Sorts of ever - green Shrubs, for the fake of Variety, efpecially where the different Sorts of
Ciftus, Phlomis,

The firft Sort grows wild upon the Sides of dry ftony Banks, and on the Tops of Walls, in feveral Parts
of England.

The

fecond grows wild

Tree - wormwood,

and Medicago,
fevere

are admitted, becaufe

in feveral Parts of Europe : but the others are Natives of America. The

thefe are equally hardy,

and when a Winter happens, which c)e-

fourth Sort has been efteem'd a fure Antidote to expel the Poifon of the Rattle-fnake, and therefore I have

ftroys the one, the others are fure of

the fame Fate.

PRENANTHES,
The
//

Wild Lettuce.

hath

Characlers are ; fiofculous Flowers, which

mention'd thefe Plants ; for they are never preferv'd in Garden-, except for the fake of Variety, being
troublefome Weeds, where they are permitted to fcatter their Seeds; fo
that

are included in one common Empalequa ment, which is cylindrical and f mous : the Florets are hermaphrodite-, each being monopetalous, having one
Side jlretched out like a Tongue, and divided into four Segments, each of
thefe

whoever

is

defirous to cultivate
at

them, need be

no Trouble but to

fow

their Seeds in a

moid fhady

Si-

tuation,

where the Plants will come up and thrive without any farther
Care.

having a Point al in their Centre

;

attended by five fender Stamina

and

PRIMULA,
The

Primrofe.
;

afterward the Point al becomes an oblong Seed crowned with a Down.

y

Charaiers are

1.

The Species are Prenanthes fiofculis

;

quints,

foliis

pinnato

kaftatis.

Lin.

Hort.

Cliff.

Wild Lettuce, or

Sowthiftle,

with fpear - fhap'd wing'd Leaves, and a yellow Flower.

2.

Prenanthes
lanceolatis

fiofculis

quinis,

The Flower confifis of one Leaf the lower Part of which is tubulofe, but the upper Part expands iff If fiat in form of a Salver, and is cut into federal Segments : from the Flower -cup ( which is fjlulous ) arifes the Pointal which , when the Flower is decayed, becomes an oblong Fruit or
;
',

foliis

denticulatis.

Lin.

FLufk,

lying almoji

conceal'd in

the

Hort. Cliff. Lettuce.

3
.

Purpie mountain wild

plurimts,

and opens at the Top; in which are contain d many round'tjh

Flowcr-cupy
Seeds fafiend to the Placenta.

P r e n a n t h e s fiofculis
hajiaiis. angulatis.

foliis
Cliff.

Lin.

Hort.
I

American VVild Lettuce, with

Tne Species are Primula vnlgaris

;

Park.

Cam>

ftngular Leaves.
4.

mon
cutumnalis. fiore
2.

Primrofe.

Prenanthes

Primula

CanfiantitioffStAltai

diiu'c purpurea deorfum nutante, fpi-

fiore albo.

eaHUn ad cftulem

diffefifo, foliis

[ca-

Jtantinofle,

Toum. Primrofe of Conwilk a white Flower,

com-

P
commonly
Primrofe.
3.

R
the Paper-white

p R
upon a
Stalk, fo that they equal the

call'd

Auricula's in
Confiantinopolitana,

Primula

Flowers
little

fiore dilute

Primrofe cameo. Tourn. of Conjlantinoflc, with a pale flehV colour'd Flower.

4.

the Beauty of their as they require but Culture, they have, in many
;

and

Primula

Confiantinopolitana,

fiore dilute purpurea, fount.

Primrofe of Conjianfittople, with a pale-purple Flower.

5.

Primula
with

Conjlantircpolitana,

fiore alba ditplici.

fiantinople,

Primrofe of Condouble white

Flower, commonly call'd the doable Paper-white Primrofe.

6.

Garden?, obtain'd the Preference to moil other Spring Flowers. The firft Sort of Primrofe grow* wild in Woods, and other fhady Places, in molt Parts of England, from whence their Roots may be eafily tranfplanted into the Garden; where, if they are placed under Hedges, and in fhady Walks, they make a beautiful Appearance early in the Spring, when few other Plants are in Flower.

Primula

purpureo.

Common

vulgaris, fijrc hte Primrofe, with

The
19

belt

Time

to tranfplant

them

a pale-purple Flower. 7. Primula vulgaris* fioij flei Common Primrofe, with a very double Flower.
'

Mie&aeTmaSj that their Roots may have Strength to produce their

at

Mowers
grow
tion.

early in the Spring.

Thefe

delight in a ltrcng rich Soil, but will

vulgaris* fiore pleno,

8.

Primula

dilute rubente.

Common

Primroie,

in almoft any Sort of Earth* provided they have a fhady Situa-

with a double paie-red Flower.

9.
Cluf.

Primula

pallida fiore, elatior.

The

fixth,

feventh, and eighth

firft,

Common

Pagik or Cowflips.
vmbcllata
odor at a

Sorts are Varieties of the

which

10.

Primula

pratenfis.
lipS 1

Great Cowflips, or Oxfiore.

1.

Primula gemmato

n.
in

have been accidentally from Seeds : thefe may be ted by parting of their Michaelmas, and mull be
the

produced propagaRoots at
treated as

Eyfi.

Double Cowflips, cr Hofe

Hole.
1

z.

Primula

caulifera, fiore luteo

common Sort. The ninth and tenth Sorts alfo grow wild in the Meadows in diver*
Parts

plenoodorato J. B. Cowflip or Pagil; with a very double Flower. 13. Primula bortenfis umbellata,
caule
fiore foliofo coccinec majore.

of England, the Roots of which are often tranfplanted into Gardens; where, if they are intermix'd with other early - flowering Plants, they afford an agreeable Variety.

H. L

Garden Primrofe or Polyan-

thus, with a large red Flower. 14. Primulte umbellatcs odor at

hortenfis fimplicis varietal

&

uberrima pro <vuriitate jucundijjima, colons multiplies. Bocrh. Ind.

The eleventh and twelfth Sorts are Varieties which were produced from Seeds of the former ; but the
lail is,

There are a great Variety of the Garden Primroies, or Polyanthus's, which are annually produced from the Flowers of which are Seeds beautifully ftrip'd, and fome of them
;

land.

at prefent, very rare in EngThefe may be propagated by

parting their Roots at Michaelmas, and mould be planted on a ftrong

Soil,

and expos'd

to

the

morning

Sun.

have a great

Number

of Flowers

The

feveral Varieties of

rVvan-

; : ;

P
thus's are

R
;

produced by fowing of Seeds, which mould be fav'd from fuch Flowers as have large upright Stems, producing many Flowers upon a Stalk, the Flowers large, beautifully ftrip'd, and that open flat from the Seeds of fuch Flowers there is room to hope for a great Variety

er the fucceeding Spring

at

which

time you muft obferve to mark fuch of them as are fine, to prcferve ; and the reft may be tranfplan ted intd WildernefTes, and other fhady Places in the Garden ; where, although they are not very valuable Flowers, they will afford an agreeable Varieto prebe remov'd foon after they have done flowering (provided you do not intend to fave Seeds from them), and may be then parted and

of good Sorts. Thefe Seeds mould be foon in Boxes fillM with light rich Earth, in
December, being very careful not to

Thofe which you intend

ferve,

may

bury the Seed too deep ; for, if it be only cover'd with light Earth, it will be fufficient thefe Boxes mould be plac'd where they may receive the Benefit of the morning Sun until Ten of the Clock but muft by no means be expos'd to the Heat of the
:

tranfplanted into a frefh Border of the like rich Earth, allowing them
the fame Diftance as before ; obferving alfo to water them until they have taken Root, after which they will require no farther Care, but only to

Day,

efpecially

when

the Plants be-

gin to appear ; for at that time one whole Day's Sun will intirely dein the Spring, if the ftroy them Seafon mould prove dry, you muil often refrefh them with Water and
: ;

keep them clean from Weeds

and

the following Spring they will pro-

as the

Heat

increafes,

you mould
in the

remove the Boxes more for the Heat it very

Shade

injurious to

duce ftrong Flowers ; and if the Kinds are good, will be little inferior to a Shew of Auricula's. Thefe Roots mould be conftantly remov'd and parted every Year, and the Earth or the Border chang'd,
otherwife they will degenerate, and
lofe the greateft Part
ty-

them. In May thefe Plants will be ftrong enough to plant out at which time
;

of their Beau-

you mould prepare fome fhady Borders, which mould be made ricii upon which you muft fet the Plants
about four Inches afunder, obferving to water them until they have taken Root ; after which they will require no farther Care but to keep them clear from Weeds, until the Latter - end of Auguft following ;
fnould prepare fome Borders, which are expos'd to the Eaft, with good light rich Earth, into

If you intend to fave Seeds,

is

which

the

Method

to obtain a great

Va-

riety,

you muft mark fuch of them, which, as I faid before, have good Properties thefe mould be, if poffible, feparated from all ordinary
:

Flowers ; for if they ftana furrounded with plain-colour'd Flowers, they

when you

which you muft tranfpiant

Polyanthus's, placing them
fix

your
Inches

afunder equally in Rows, obfervlng, if the Seafon prove dry, to water them until they have taken Root. Jn
thefe Border? your Plants will flow-

impregnate e^ch other whereby the Seeds of the valuable Flowers will not be near fo good, as if the Plants had been in a feparate Border where no ordinary Flowers grew therefore the beft Way is to take our the Roots of fuch as you do not efleem, as foon as the Flowers open, and plant them in anowill
;
:

ther Place, that there

may

be nor*e
left

P R
left in

P
you

the Border, but fuch as

for Seeds.

would choofe

The Flowers of thefe fhould not be gacher'J, except fuch as are produced fingly upon Pedicles, leaving all iuch as grow in large Bunches ; and if the Seafon fhould prove dry, you muft now-and-chen refrefh them with Water, which will caufe their Seeds to be larger, and in greater Quantity, than if they were intirely negle&ed. Towards the Latter-end of May the Seed will be ripe, which may be eafily known by the Pods change ing brown, and opening ; fo that you fhould at that time look over it three times a Week, gathering each time fuch of it as is ripe, which fnould be laid upon a Paper to dry, and may then be put up until the Seafon of fowing.

the Flowers are produced, which are white, and not very beautiful ; but thefe are fucceeded by round Ber-

which are fhap'd like thofe of the Holly, and are of a bright red
ries,

Colour thefe remain upon the Shrubs after the Leaves are fallen, and make a pretty Appearance, and from thertce had the Title of Winter-berry applied to it, by the Innabitants of tnofe Countries. It is propagated by Seeds, which fhould be fown foon after thev are ripe, upon a Bed of light Earth, covering them about one Inch with the fame Sort of Earth the Seeds which are fo foon put into the Ground will many of them come up the following Spring, wheieas thofe which are kept lor.ger out of the Ground, will remain a whole
:
:

PRIMROSE-TREE.
gra.

Vide

Ona-

Year
the

in the

Ground

before the Plants

will appear, in the

PRINOS, Winter-berry. The Chara furs are

;

Holly,

fame manner as Hawthorn, and fume

Ike Empalemenl cf the Floiver

one
1
i

is

of

Leaf

cut

at the

Brim

into fix

i therefore the Ground ihould not be difturbed, if the Plants do not come up the firfl Year, The

others

Parts : the Floiver is cf the WheelJbap'd Kind, cut into fix Parts at the Top, but is of one Leaf : in the Centre of the Flo*wer arifes the Pointal, attended by fix Stamina, fupporting bbtufe Summits : the Pointal afterward becomes a roundifij Berry having fix Cells containing one bird angular Seed. have but one Species of this
,

young Plants may be treated in the fame manner as hath been directed for the American Haw thorns, and
are full as hardy
in

but they delight a moiit Soil, and a fhady Situation for in hot dry Land they make but little Progreis, and rarely produce any Fruit.
;
:

PRIVET.
g-

/'/V*

Liguftrum.
Silver-tree,

We

PROTEA, The
The

W-

Genus;
Prinos. Flor. Virg.
berry.

The Winter-

Characters are

This is but a low Shrub with us in England, rarely growing above four Feet high j but in North America,

The Floiver is of one Leaf and are many of them collected in an Head,
like ihofe

of the Artichoke
is

in each of

thefe

the Pointal

fituated at the

which is the native Place of its Growth, it rifes much higher, and branches out on every Side the
:

Bottom, attended by four Stamina,

ivhich extend beyond the Petal of the Floiver: the Point al afteri'.ard becomes a fingle roundijh Seed: the Seeds

Branches are flender and pliant, and are garnifh'd with oblong blunt Leaves, which are intire. In June

aie

colli

8ed together

in fuch

a manner

as to form a Jort cf Cone.

Vol.

III.

4 B

Th

P R
The
1.
tis

Species are
foliis lineari-lanecola-

Protea

integcrrimis, fupcrioribus hirfutis

Flor. Leyd.

The Height of ten or twelve Feet, and may be train'd up with a regular ftrait Stein, and the Branches
will naturally

nitidis.

The narrow

or

form a regular large

willow-leav'd Silver-tree.
2.

Head

the Leaves are long and nar-

Protea

foliis lanceolatis inte-

gerrimis acutis hirfutis nitidis. Lin.

Hort. Cliff.
ver-tree.
3.

The

broad - leavM

Sil-

Protea

foliis

lanceolatis acu-

row, and of a mining filver Colour ; and as they remain the whole Year, lb the Plants make a fine Appearance, when they are intermix'd with In the others in the Green-houfe.

minatis fexuofs, capitulis corona foliacea fuccinfiis, Flor. Ltyd.

Summer
if

thefe

may be

plac'd in the
;

Silver-

open Air,

in a fhady Situation

for

tree

pointed fpearIhap'd Seeds, and the Heads crown" with Leaves.

flexible

with

they are expos'd to Winds, the Plants will be torn, and render'd unsightly, nor will they make any Progrefs
in
their

Thefe Plants are Natives of the Country near the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, where there are a great

Growth

in

warm

Number of Species in the Catalogue of the Lyden Garden there are upward of twenty Sorts enumerated not that they have them growing there, but they have gcod Drawings of them, which were made in the
: :

Weather "they mull be frequently water'd ; but in cold Weather this mull not be done in large Quantinor too often repeated, left it fhould rot their Fibres. The other Sorts are not fo hardy as this; therefore they muft be plac'd
ties,

Country where they are Natives.

The
what

three Sorts here mention'd are

I
;

moderate Stove in the Winter, otherwife they cannot be preferv'd here. Thefe do not form fo large
in a

have feen growing but at but two of them in the Englijb Gardens, which are the firft and fecond Species, and thefe are but in few Gardens here.
piefent

Heads

as thefirlr.; but,

however, for

we have

the fme'filver Leaves with

which

their Branches are clofely garnihYd,

they merit a Place in every good Collection of Exotic Plants.

yet feen either of Flower; though as the Plants grow older, we may hope to have them produce their Flowers in England: but if they Ihould not produce any, yet the fine Appearance which the Leaves of thefe Plants make, renders ^them worthy
I

Thefe Plants are many of them

Index of the Plants of the Ley den Garden, which was publiuVd by Dr. Boerbaawe in the Year 171 9. by the Titles of Lewell
figured
in

have not
Sorts

as

the

thefe

in

pidocarpodcndrcn,

Conocnrpodenaron,
;

and H)pcphyllocarpodcndron and by fome former Writers on Botany, this Genus was intituled Scolymo-ccphalus, from the Refembiance which the Cones of thefe Trees have to the

of being preferv'd.

The

firft

Sort

may be propagated
plant-

by Cuttings, which fhould be

Head of
As

an Artichoke. thef? Plants are Natives of the

Cape of -Gout Hope, they are too tender to live abroad through the Winter in England; but the lirft Sort is hardy .enough to live in a good Green-houle this Sort will grow to
:

ed in JpriL in Pots of rich Earth, arid plunged into a moderate Hotbed, and mult be (haded from the Sun in the Heat of the Day, and duly water'd. Thefe Cuttings wiil have good Roots by the Month of Amupy when they Ihould be carefully

P
Fully

R
made
;

P R
to have a
fuiftcient

tranfplanted, each> into a fe-

Quantity

parate fmall Pot filPd with light rich Earth, and plac'd in a lhady Situation until they have taken new Root;

of bearing Wood in every Part of the Trees and at the fame time there
Superfluity of ufelefs Branches, which would exhauil the Strength of the Trees, and caufe them to decay in a few Years.

mould not be a

which they may be placed in a fheltered Situation, where they may remain till October, when they muft be remov'd into the Greenafter

houfe.

The Reafous which have been laid down for Pruning of Fruit-trees, are
as follow
:

The

other Sorts are not fo eafily

;

Firil,

to

preierve Trees

propagated
tings

for I have not been

able to get one Plant from the Cut-

longer in a vigorous bearing State ; the fecond is, to render the Trees

nor do the Branches which down take Root, fo that they are propagated from Seeds only ; and as it is very difficult to procure their Seeds from the Country where thefe Trees are Natives, fo th.-y are very rare in Europe.
;

more
larger,

beautiful
to

to

the

E\e; and,
to

are laid

thirdly,

caufe the Fruit

tailed.

be

and better

1. It preferves a Tree longer in an healthy bearing State; far by pruning off all fuperiluous Branches, lo that there are no more left upon,

PRUNING OF TREES:
is

There

not any Part of Gardening, which is of more general Ufe than that of Pruning ; and yet it is very rare to
fee Fruit-trees fkilfully

Tree than are neceflary, or than the Roots can nourifh prope^, the
the

Root

is

ufeiefs

not exhaulled in Supplying Branches, which mull after;

manag'd

al-

wards be cut out

2.
is

whereby much of
a

moft every Gardener will pretend to be a Mailer of this Bufmefs, though there are but few who rightly understand it ; nor is it to be learn'd by Rote, but requires a Uriel Gbfervation of the different Manners of Growth of thefeveral Sorts of Fruittrees ; fome requiring to be manag'd one way, and others muft be treated in a quite different Method, which is only to be known from careful \y obfervinghow each Kind is naturally difpofed to produce its Fruit: for fome Sorts produce their Fruit on the fame Year's Wood, as Vines ;

the Sap will be ufelefly expended.

By
:

fkilful

Pruning of

Tree,

it

render'd

much more pleafmg

to

the Eye but here I would not be underllood fo be an Advocate for a fort of Pruning, which I have fecn too much praclis'd of late ; ^viz.

the drawing a regular Line againll the Wall, according to the Shape or
to,

Figure they would reduce the Tree and cutting all the Branches,
the

flrong or weak, exactly to the chalked.

others produce their Fruit, for the

moll part, upon the former Year's

Wood,

as Peaches, Nectarines, cjfr

and others upon Curfons or Spurs, which are produe'd upon Wood of
three, four, or
five,

to

fifteen

or

twenty Years old, as Pears, Plums,

Cherries,
the right
there

&c. therefore, in erder to Management of Fruit-trees, mould always be Provifion

Abfurdky of which. Prafoon appear to every one who will be at the Pains of obferving the Difference of thofe Branches (hooting the fucceeding Spring. All therefore that I mean by rendering a Tree beautiful, is, that the Branches are all prun'd according to their feveral Strengths, and are nail'd at equal Diitances, in proportion to the different Sizes of their Leaves and
Line
;

ctice will

Fruit

(fc far as the

and that no Part of the Wall Trees are advanced) be

felt

4B2'

P R
left unfurnifrTd with bearing

P
Wood.
it

Toum.

Tree well manag'd, though

does not reprefent any regular Figure, yet will appear very beautiful
to the Sight,

when

it is

thus dreU'd,

and naird

to the

Wall.

3. It is of great Advantage to the Fruit; for the cutting away all ufelefs Branches, and fhortening all the bearing Shoot?, according to the Strength of the Tree, will render

Jean-hative, or Whife Piimordian. This is a fmall longilrtwhite Plum, of a clear yellow Colour, coverM over with a white Flew, which eafily wipes off. The Juice is fweetj is a pretty good Bearer ; and, for its coming very
early,

The

the Tree

more capable

to

nourifh
larger,

thofe which are lelt remaining, fo

that the Fruit will be

one Tree may be allowed to have a Place in every good Garden of Fruit. This ripens the Beginning of July, but foon becomes mealy. 3. Prunus fruBu magno craffo

much

fubacido.
/. e.

and better tailed. And this is the Advantage which thofcTrees againil Walls or Efpaliers have, to fuch as

grow
for

are Standards, and are permitted to as they are naturally inclined

it is

not their being trained either to a Wall or Efpalier, which renders their Fruit fo much better than

Toum. Damas noir bative, Damafk, commonly called The Morocco Plum. This is a pretty large Plum, of a round Shape, divided with a Furrow in the Middle (like Peaches); the Outiide is of a dark-black Cothe early black
lour,

covered with a light-violet

;

Bloom
parts

the Flefh

is

yellow, and

Standards, but becaufe they have a lefs Quantity of Branches and Fruit for their Roots to nourifh ; and con-

fequently their Fruit will be larger,

from the Stone. It ripens in the Middle of July, and is efteem'd for its Goodnefs. 3. Prunus fruclu parvo dulci atro
caeruleo.

and

better tailed.

Reafons for Pruning being thus exhibited, the next Thing is the Method of performing it ; but this being fully handled under the feveral Articles of the different Kinds of Fruit, I (hall not repeat it again
in this Place.

The

Toum. The little black Damafk Plum. This is a fmall black

violet
;

Plum, cover'd over with a

Bloom
it is

the Juice

is

richly fugar'd;

the Flefh parts from the Stone; and a good Bearer. Ripe the Mid4.

dle of July.

Prunus

fruclu

PRUNUS, The
7 he

Plum-tree.
are
;

atro-coeruleo.

Toum.
i. e.

magno dulci Gros Damas

The Char afters

Flovoer confjls of five Leaves, 'which are placed in a circular Order, and expand in form of a Rofe ;

from vchoft Flower-cvp rifes the Pointal, which afterward becomes an oval
or globular Fruit, having a foft.flejby Pulp, furrounding an hard oblong
Stone, for the mojl part pointed : to which Jhould be added, "The Foot/talks
tire

Great Damafk This is a pretty large Plum, inclining to an ovalShape the Outfide is of a dark Blue, cover'd with a violet Bloom ;
Violet de Tours, Violet of Tows.
;

the
Flefh

Juice
is

is richiy fugar'd, the yellow, and parts from the

Stone.
5.

Ripe the Middle of July.

fruclu rot undo Orleans PJum.
atro~

Prunus rubente* The

Fruit
is

The
almoft

long

and finder, and have but a

fo

well

known

to

(ingle Fruit upon each.

The Species are I, Prunus fruttu farvo

pnecoci.

every Perfon, that it is needlefs to is a very plentiful Bearer, which has occajion'd its being fo genedefcribe it;

P R
generally planted by thofe Perfons who fupply the Markets with Fruit;
11.

p
Prunus
fiwvefcente.

R
;

fruclu ovato magno Tourn. White Imperial

but

it is

an indifferent Plum.

Prunus fruclu oblongo atro-rubente. The Fotheringham Plum. This

6.

Bonum Magnum white Holland or Mogul Plum. This is a large ovalfhap'd Fruit, of a yellowifh Colour,

fomewhat long, deeply furrow'd in the Middle; the Flelh is firm, and parts from the Stone ; the
Fruit
is

theFleih

powdered over with a white Bloom is firm, and adheres clofely

:

Juice
the
7.

is

very rich. This ripens about

to the Stone the Juice is of an acid Tafte, which renders it unpleafant

Middle of July.

fruclu nigro, came dura. Tourn. The Perdrigon Plum. This is a middle-nVd Plum, of an oval Shape : the Outfide is of a very dark. Colour, cover'd over with a
violet
full

Prunus

for

raw but it is very good Baking, or Sweet meats it is a great Bearer, and is ripe towards
to be eaten
; :

End of Auguft. Prunus fruclu onjato cceruleo. The Chelton Plum. This is a midthe
12.

Bloom

the Flelh

is

firm,

and

of an excellent rich Juice: this is greatly efteem'd by the Curious. Ripe the Latter-end of July.
8. Prunus fruclu mngno e^uiolaceo rubente fua^viffimn faccharato, Tourn.

dle-fiVd Fruit, of an oval Figure; the Outfide is of a dark Blue, powder'd over with a violet

Bloom

the

Juice
er.

is

rich,

and

it is

a great Bear-

Ripe the End of July.

13.

Prunus fruclu maxima

ff dulci.

rotun-

The
is

violet Perdrigon

a large Fruit,

long, of a bluifh
:

Plum. This rather round than red Colour on the

da fla<vo

Tourn. Prune d'A-

Outfide the Flefh is of a yellowifh Colour, pretty firm, and clofely adheres to the Stone: the Juice is of an exquifite rich Flavour. This
ripens the
9.

End of July.

Prunus fruclu ouato ex a/bo The white Perdrigon fauefcente.

Plum. This is a middling Plum, of an oblong Figure the Outfide is yellow, covered with a white Bloom the Flefti is firm, and well-tailed it
:
:
:

bricot, i. e. The Apricot - plum. This is a large round Fruit of a yellow Colour on theOutiide, powder'd over with a white Bloom the Flefh is firm and dry, of a fweet Tafte, and comes clean from the Stone. This ripens the End of July. 14. Prunus fruclu fubrot undo > ex rubra iff flauo mixta. The Maitre Claud. Although this Name is ap;

plied to this Fruit, yet

it is

not what

is

a very goo.

1
.

Fruit to eat raw, or

for Sweet-meats, having an agree-

able Sweetnefs mixed with an Acidity.

This is a middle-hVd Fruit, rather round than long, of a line mix'd Colour, between Red and Yeilow ; the Flelh is firm, and parrs from the Stone, and has a delicate Flavour. Pope the
the French fo call.

rubente. Tourn.

fruclu o<vato mag w The red Imperial Plum, fome times call'd the Red Bo
10.

Prunus

End

o* JWj?,

15.

fmo. Town.

Pkunus fruclu rubcntQ dulcifLa Rochecourbon, or

num Magnum.
fliap'd Fruit,

This is a large ovafof a deep-red Colour,

:

cover'd with a fine Bloom the Flefh is very dry, and very indifferent to

be eaten raw; but is excellent for making Sweet-meats this is a great Bearer. Ripe the End of July.
:

Diaprce rouge, i. e. the red Diaper Plum. Tnis is a large round Fruit, of a reel fh Colour, powdei'd over with a violet Bloom ; the Fiefti adheres clofely to the Stone, and is of a very high Flavour. J&pe in the Be ginning cf Augufl,
i

P R
\6.
fcente.

P
rotunda fave-

Pv

Vrvuvs frufiu
La
petite

whitifh

Reine Claude, i. e. Queen Claudia. This is a final 1 round Fruit, of a whitim -yellow Coiour, powder VI over with a pearl-

on the Outride, ItreakM with Red ; the Flefti of it adheres firmly to the Stone, and it
Colour
is

late ripe.

20.

Prunus fruQu
Drap d'Or,

rotundo jla<wt>
i, e.

colour'd

Bloom

the

Flefti

is

firm
its

dulcijfimo.

and

thick, quits the Stone,

is

and

Juice

richly fu^ar'd.

Ripe the

Middle of Augufi. 17. P&vnxjs fruSZu

baian Plum.
Tiiis
is

rot undo nigra-

purpur:o major i da lei. Tourn.

Myro-

a middle fiz'd Fruit, of a round ^hape ; the Outfide is a dark Purple, pcwder'd over

the Cloth of Gold Plum. This is a middlefiz'd Fruit, of a bright-yellow Colour, fpotted or ftreak'd with red on the Outfide ; the Fkfh is yellow, and full of an excellent Juice. It is a plentiful Bearer, and ripens about

the Middle of Augujl.

21.

Prunus

fittclu ccrei color is.

with a violet Bloom the Juice is It is ripe the Middle of veryiweet.

;

Jugufi.
i3.

Prunus fruclu
La

rotundo
y

e <vi-

ridi farvefcmte,

came dura fua evijjii. e.

Prune de Sainte Catharine, i.e. St. Catharine Plum. This is a large oval lhap'd Fruit, fomewhat flat; the Outfide is of an Amber Colour, powder'd over with a whitifh Bloom;
Tourn.
-

mo.

groffe Reine Claude,

the large Qyieen Claudia, by fome At Tours it is cali'd the Dauphiny. the
cot

Abncot
:

verd,

i,

e.

Green Aprii.

at Rouen,

Le
:

verte bonne,

e.

and in other Plathe good Green ces, Damas verd, i. e. Green Damafk, or Trcrap-valet, the Servants Cheat. This is one of the belt Plums it is of a middle Size, in England round, and of a yellowilh - green Colour on the Outfide ; the Flefn is firm, of a deep - green Colour, and the Juice has parts from the Stone an exceeding rich Flavour, and it is Ripe the Middle of a great Bearer. Augnft. This Plum is confounded by moil People in England, by the Name
; ;

is of a bright-yellow dry and firm, adheres clcfely to the Stone, and has a very agreeable fweet Talte. This ripens at the End of Augujl, and is very fubjecl to dry upon the Tree, when the Autumn proves warm and tfry. This makes fine Sweetmeats, and is a plentiful Bearer.

but the Colour,

Flefli
is

22.
dulci.

Prunus fruclu o<vato rubente The Royal Plum'. This is

;

a large Fruit of an oval Shape, draw-

ing to a Point next the Stalk the Outfide is of a light - red Colour,

pcwder'd over with a whitifh Bloom ; the Flefh adheres to the Stone, and has a fine fugary Juice. This ripens
the

End of

Auguji.

of Green Gage

but

this

is

the Sort

2 3.

Prunus

fruclu par<vo cx
Tourn.
1

<vi-

which mould be chofen, although

there are three or four different Sorts

ridi jla<vpfctnte.

La

iVlira-

of Plums generally fold for it, one of which is (mall, round, and dry this quits the Stone, and is later ripe, fo
:

not worth prefcrving. 19. Prunus fruStu atnygdalino. Tcum. RognondeCoq, i. e. Cock's This is an oblong Fruit, Tefticles. deeply furrovv'd in the Middle, fo as to rcfemhls the TeiticUs; "it is of a

belle. This is a final round Fruit, of a greenilh-yeilow on the Outfide the Flefli parts from the Stone, is of a bright-yellow Colour, and has a fine fugary Juice. This is a great Bearer, ripens the Beginning o'i Augujl, and is excellent for Sweetmeats. 24 Pr 12 N U s BrigcKichfis, fru5iu fuwij/imo. Toum. Prune de BriThe Brignole Plum. gnole; i. e.
.

This

P R
This
is a large oval-fhap'd of a yellowifh Colour, mix'd with
;

P
Fruit,

Red on the Outficte the Flefh is of a bright-yellow Colour, is dry, and of an excellent rich Flavour. This ripens the Middle of Auguft, and is efteem'd the be& Plum for Sweetmeats yet kno-wi. 25. Prunus fruclu magna e <violaceo rubente ferotino. Ho urn. Imperatrice, /. e. The Emprefs. This is a large round Fruit, of a vio!et-red Colour, very much powder'd with a
whitifh
cleaves

mix'd therewith, they make a beautiful Appearance before many other Sorts put out : but by this bloflbming fo early, there are few Years that
they have
28.
culo

much Fruit. Prunus fruclu albo oblon^iafacido. Tour n. The white PearThis
;

plum.
ferving

is

a good Fruit for V:

but
;

is

eaten raw

it is

very unpleafan: very late ripe,

feldom planted

in Gardens, unk Stocks to bud fome tender Sorts of Peaches upon; for which Purpofe it

Bloom; the

Flefli is

yellow,
ia

is

efteem'd the belt amongft

all

the

to the Stone, and

of an

Sorts of Plums.

This ripens about the Middle of September.

agreeable Flavoar.
26.

29. Prunus Mytellinum. The Mukle-plum. This is

P.;rk.

an ob-

Prunus fruclu

o-vato

maximo

long
lour
;

flat

fa<vo. Tourn.

He. The

Prune de Monlieur, Monfieur Plum. This is

Flefli

Plum, of a dark- red Cois large, and the but very thin, and not wellthe Stone

fometimes call'd the JVentivorib Plum. It is a large oval (hap'd Fruit, of a yellow Colour both within and without, very much refembling the

tafted, fo

that its chief Stocks, as the former.

Ufe

is

for

30. Prunus fruclu par<vo<violaceo. The St. Julian Plum. This is a fmall
Fruit, of a dark-violet Colour,

Bonum Magnum

but the

pow-

Flefh of this parts from the Stone,

which the other doth not. This ripens toward the Latter-end of Auguf, and is very good to preferve
but the Juice
is

; the Flefh adheres clofely to the Stone, and in a fine Autumn will dry upon

der'd over with a mealy

Bloom

too (harp to be eaten

raw

it

is

a great Bearer.

27.

Prunus

fruclu major: rot un-

Prune Ceiizette, i. e. The Cherry Plum. This Fruit is commonly about the Size of the Ox-heart Cherry, is round, and of a red Colour the Stalk is long, like that of a Cherry, which this Fruit fo
do rubro.

'Town.

Ufe of this bud the more generousKinds of Plums and Peaches upon as alio for the Bruxelles Apricot, which will not thrive fo wellupon any other Scock.
the Tree.
chief
to

The

Plum

is

for Stocks,

Pku n us

fjlvejlris

mr.jor.

J.

black "Bullace-tree. Th grows wild in the Fledges in divers Parts or England, and is rarely cul-

B.

The

much

refembles, as not to be diftmguim'd therefrom at fome Diftance. The Bloftbms of this Tree

tivated in Gardens.
32.

PRV

us

fatieftris,

jore alio.

Han

Syn.

The

fruclu mawhite Bulas the

come out very

early in the Spring, and, being tender, are very ofren

lace tree.

This grows wi:d,

is

former, and

feldom cultivates in

deftroy'd by Cold but it affords a very agreeable PrefpecT: in the Spring for thefe Trees are generally cover'd with Flowers, which open about the fame time as the Al;

Gardens.

The
is

Prunus jfrlvejh is. G:r. Black-thorn, or Sloe- tree. This very common in the Hedges almo-1:
33
.
:

Emt

every- where

the chief

Ufe of

this

monds

fo that

when

they are iiuer-

Tree

is

to

plant

for

4 B 4

Hedges, a$ White-.

P R
White -thorn, &e. and, being
quick Growth,
that Purpofe.
is

of

very proper

for

be very dry and "many Sorts will be extreme mealy, if expos'd too
;

much
on

to the

Heat of the Sun

All the Sorts of Plums are propa-

molt Sorts

will ripen

gated by budding or grafting them upon Stocks of the Muicle, Wnite

Pear, St. Julian, Bonum Magnum, or any other Sorts of free- (hooting
Plums.'

Efpaliers, if

but extremely well rightly manag'd.

;

There are fome Perfons who plant Plums for Standards, in which Method fome of the ordinary Sorts will
bear very well; but then the Fruit will not be near fo fair as thofe pro-

The manner of raifmg thete Stocks hath been already exhibited under the Article of Nurferies ; therefore need not be repeated again in
1

duct on
in

this

Place

but I would obferve,

is

that

Budding

much

preferable to

Efpaliers, and will be more Danger of being bruifed, or blown down, by ftrong Winds. The Diftance of placing them for Efpaliers

Grafting for thefe Sorts of Fruitmuft be the fame as againfl Walls ; trees, which are very apt to gum, -as mult alfo their Pruning and Management fo that whatever may be where-ever there are large Wounds hereafter mention a for one, mould imde on them. The Trees fhould not be more be likewile underltood for both. Plums do not only produce their than a Year's Growth from the Bud, when they are tranfplanted for if Fruit upon the Jail Year's Wood, but alfo upon Curfons or Spurs, which they are older, they feldom fucceed come out of Wood that is many fo well, being very fubjecY to canker or, if they take well to the Yeai s old fo that there is not a NeGround, commonly produce only ceffity of friortening the Branches, two or three luxuriant Branches; in order to obtain new Shoots annu* ally in every Part of the Tree (as in therefore it is much more advifeable PeachcsNec~tarines, &c. hath been to choofe young Plants. The manner of preparing the directed), fmce the more thefe Trees Ground (if for Walls) is the fame as are pruned, the more luxuriant they grow, until the Strength of them is for Peaches; as is alfo the pruning exhaufted, and then they gum and the Roots, and planting ; and therefpoil therefore the fafeft Method to fore I mall forbear repeating it The Diftance which thefe manage thefe Trees is, to lay in again. Trees mould be planted at, muft their Shoots horizontally, as they not be lefs than twenty, or twenty- are produced, at equal Diftances, in proportion to the Length of their four Feet ; and if the Wall is low, Leaves ; and where there is not a they mould be placed thirty Feet fufficient Quantity of Branches to afunder. Plums fhouid have a middling fill up the Vacancies of the Tree, there the Shoots may be pinchfd the Soil, neither too wet and heavy, nor over * light and dry ; in either of Beginning of May (in the manner as which Extremes they feldom do fo hath been directed for Peaches,cjrV.^; well and thofe Sorts which are which will caufe them to produce fome lateral f ranches to fupply thofe planted againiY Walls, mould be Places and during the growing Seaplaced to an Eaft or South-eaft Af;
;

pedt

which

is

more kindly

to thefe

fon, all fore-right Shoots lhouid be

Fruits than a full South Afpeft,

which they are fubjeel to

(hrivel,

on and

dtfpiaced ; and Inch as are to remain muft be regularly cram'd in to the

Wall

; ;

P
Wall or Efpalier only render them
:

R
;

p
will

which

not

beautiful, but alfo

Thofe few Rules, before laid down, will be fumcient, if due Obfervation be join'd therewith, to inftrudt any Perfon in the right Ma-

give to each an equal Advantage of Sun and Air and hereby the Fruit
will be always

kept in a ductile,

growing
are,

State

which they feldom

when overfhaded with Shoots

nagement of thefe Sort of Fruit-trees therefore I fhall not fay any more on that Subject, left, by multiplying
Inftructions,
it may render obfcure to a Learner. it

fome Part of the Seafon, and then fuddenly expofed to the Air, by the
taking orT or training thofe Branches in their proper Pofition. With thus carefully going over
thefe Trees
in the

more

PSEUDOACACIA.
nia.

Vide Robi-

PSYLLIUM,
The

growing Seafon,
Occafion for
(as I

Fleawort. Characters are

there will be but

little

This Plant agrees ivitb Plantaix

cutting them in Winter; which

and Buck/born - plantain

fp>.

before have faid)

is

of

ill

Confe-

Si,

in every reexcepting that this rifes up <uitb

quence
for

to

all

Sorts

of Stone-fruit

lofty

Stalks,
;

and

divides into

many

when

the Branches are fhorten'd,

is

Branches
dicles.

nvhereas both the others

the Fruit

cut

ber of Shoots increas'd

away, and the Numfo where:

produce their Flctwcrs upon naked Pe-

ever a Branch

is

Ihorten'd, there are

1.

commonly two or more Shoots product from the Eyes immediately below the Cut
; and by thus unfkilfully Pruning, many Perfons croud their Trees wilh Branches, and thereby render what little Fruit the Trees produce, very fmall and ill-tafted which is very commonly found in

ere Slum. C. Greater upright Fleawort. 2. Psyllium majus fupinum. C. Greater Fleawort, whofe B. P. Branches fpread to the Ground.

The Species Psyllium

are

tnajus

B. P.

3.

Psyllium

Indie um y foliis cre-

J. B. Indian Fleawort, with notched Leaves.

natis.

too many Gardens, where the Manager, perhaps, thinks himfelf a complete Mailer of his Bufmefs. For nothing is more common, than to
fee every

There

are feveral other Varieties

of thefe Plants, diftinguilh'd by Wribut fince they are ters in Botany of little Ufe or Beauty, I fliall pafs
:

Branch of a Fruit- tree pafs

the Difcipline of the Knife, however agreeable it be to the feveral Sorts

of Fruits.

And

it is

common

to fee

thefe Trees planted at the Diftance

cf fourteen or fixteen Feet, fo that the Walls are in a few Years coverd with Branches; and then all the

them by without naming. Thefe Plants may be propagated by lowing their Seeds in the Spring, on a Bed of light Earth and when they are come up, they mould be clear'd from Weeds ; pulling out at the fame time fome of the Plants, where they (land too clofe, leaving
;

Shoots are cut and mangled with the Knife, fo as to appear like a Humped Hedge, and produce little Fruit: therefore the only way to have Plum-trees in good Order, is to give them room, and extend theirBranches fit full Length.

the remaining ones about eight or nine Inches afunder : after which

they will require no farther Care, but to clear them from Weeds ; and in July they will flower, and their Seeds will ripen in Autumn.

The

fecond Sort will abide

two or
three

: -

T
criflatis.

P
10.

T
Orientalis, foliit

three Years, provided the Plants are

on a poor dry Soil ; but the other two Sorts perifh every Year. The firft Sort, which is the moft

Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Sneeewort, with crefted Leaves.

Pt ARM ICa

crijlatis longi:ribus, iff capitulis

<-

common,
land.

is

ufed in Medicine

but

joribus. Tourn. Cor.

Eaftern Sneez-

the other two are never ufed in Eng-

wort, with longer crefted Leaves,

and larger Heads.

11.

Sneezwort. Characters are It hath radiated Flowers, whofe J)':jk ccuffs of many fiords but the Borders are compofed of Halfflorets

PTARMICA,
The

Ptarmica

Orientalis, fanto-

lirae folio, fiore

tnajore.

Toum. Cor.

Eaftern Sneezwort, with a Lavender-cotton- leaf,

er.

and a larger Flow-

the Emhryoes are lodged in the Flower

tup,

which

is

jcaly, each

of which

becomes one flendsr Seed.

12. Ptarmica Orientalis, fantolina folio, fore minor e. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Sneezwort, with a-Lavender-

1.

The Species Ptarmica

are

co:ton-leaf, and a fmaller Flower.

'vulgaris, folio longo

13.

Ptarmica

Orientalis, foliis

fcrrato, fore alba. J. B. Sneezwort, with a long

Common
ferrated

tanaceti incanis, fore aureo. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Sneezwort, with hoary

Leaf, and white Flower.

2.

Tanfey -leaves, and a golden Flower.

Ptarmica
.

vulgaris, fore pie-

no. CUtf. Hift Common Sneezwort, with a double Flower, by fome called Double Pcliitory.

14.

Ptarmica

Orientalis, foliis

tanaceti

incanis, femifiofculis

forum
Eaftern

pallide luteis.

Tourn.

Cor.

3.

Ptarmica fliis

profundi's fer-

Sneezwort,
leaves,

with

hoary
florets

Tanfeyare of a

H. L. Taller Sneezwort, with broad green

ratis, late

viridibus, elatior.

whole Half

pale-yellow Colour.
15. Ptarmica Orientalis, foliis tanaceti incanis, femiflofculis forum

Leaves deeply
4. ratis
foliis.

ferrated.

Ptarmica

Alpina, incanis ftrH. L. Alpine Sneezwort,

incana, pinnulis cri-

brevioribus.

Tcurn.

Cor.

Eaftern

with hoary ferrated Leaves.

5.

Sneezwort,
leaves,
fhort.

with

hoary-

Tanfeyvery

Ptarmica
T. Cor.

whofe Half

florets are

Jlatis.

Hoary Sneezwort,

with crefted Leaves.

incana humilis, foliis laciniatis, abfnthii a?mulis. H. L. Dwarf hoary Sneezwort, with jagged
6.

16.
lints

Ptarmica

Orientalis, fanto-

Ptarmica

folio, radice npentc.

Eaftern

Leaves, refembling
7.
guflis,

Wormwood.

Sneezwort, with a Lavender-cottonleaf, and a creeping Root. 17. Ptarmica Orientalis, tanaceti folio

Ptarmica

Alpina, foliis an-

& facie, fore minima. Tourn.

C A Orientalis incana,

partim ferratis,

gris. Bocc.

Muf. with narrow Leaves, Part of which are fawed on their Edges, and the other Part are whole. 8. Ptarmica Cntica frutefcens, fantolina' facie. Lift. R. H. Shrubby Sneezwort of Gete, with the Appearance of Lavender-cotton.
c>.

partim intcAlpine Sneezwort,

Cor.

Eaftern Sneezwort. with the

Leaf and Face of Tanley, and the

leaft

Flower.

18.

Pt a R Id

foliis pennati s , fcrnif.fculis forum

confpicuis. Tourn. Cor.

mr

Hoary

Eaftern

Sneezwort, with winged Leaves, and

the Half-florets fcarceiv difcernible.
19.

Ptarmica

Ptarmica

Orientalis,

flits

argent f'u eonjugatis,

Orient a lis, fir is Town. Cor. Eaftern,

P
ern Sneezwort, gated Leaves.

T
filver

p
conjuthin

T
come up
;

with

fer'd to fpread, the Stalks

All thefe Sorts of Ptarmica are hardy enough to endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters in the open Air, provided they are planted in a dry lean Soil; for when they are
in a moift rich Soil, they

and itraggling and the greatelt Beauty of it is, to fee it grow clofe in large Tufts: for which R.eafon
Perfons choofe to plant it in with light fandy Earth ; in which, if they are duly watered in dry Weather, they will thrive exPots
fill'd

many

luxuriant in the
filled

lefs

with Juice capable to

grow very Summer, and are which renders them

the Cold, than

refill

when they woody and

;

are

more

Hinted
a

and
bet-

ter

make Appearance, when

they

much
they

make a very handfome Appearance. It is alfo veryproper to plant on fuch Borders as are gravelly and poor (on which few ether things will thrive^,' where the
ceedingly, and

grow

Roots of this Plant

ilowly, than if they were greatly en-

more than

if

will be confin'd, planted in a better Soil,

becaufe couraged in their Growth they appear more hoary, and produce a greater Number of Flowers. The firft of thefe Plants is very common upon Heaths, and in fhady Places, in divers Parts of England but is rarely cultivated in Gardens. This is the Sort dire&ed for medicinal Uie in the College Difpenfa;

and they will flower very well.

The

third

and fourth Sorts are

:

feldom preferv'd in Flower-gardens, being Plants of little Beauty thefe may be propagated by parting their
Roots, either in Spring or

and

will

Autumn, grow upon almoll any Soil,

Sort was brought from byMonf. Tourne/ort but
;

or in any Situation.

The

fifth

torv.

the Levant

The
the
firit,
:

fecond Sort

is

a Variety of

which was accidentally obKind are very double, and generally produced which, together in large Bunches with its long Continuance in Flower, renders it worthy of a Place in This Sort proevery good Garden. pagates itfelf very fall by its Root.-, which fpread very far under-ground;
tain'd

the Flowers of this

was known long before. Many of the old Botanifts were of Opinion, that the Seeds of tnis Plant were the Semen Santonicum of the Shops ; but
Seeds
generally believ'd to be the of ibme other Plant of this Kind but however, this Plant deferves a Place in every good Garden,
it is
:

now

for the Variety of

its

iilver-colour'd
its

Leaves,
It

together with

long Con-

fo that it mould not be planted too near other Plants, left it over-run and deftroy them. The belt time to tranfplant thefe Roots is in Autumn, that they may take Root before Winter
:

tinuance in Flower.

Cuttings during any of the

may be propagated bf planting Summer-

fo

that

they will be in no Danger of loitering

from Drought the Spring following; and will be capable of producing flrcnger Stalks, and a greater Quantity

months, upon a Bed of light Earth, obierving to water and lhade them until they have taken Root after which they will require no farther Care, but only to clear them from
:

Weeds,

until September

following,

when they mould be

carefully taken

of Flowers.

This Plant always makes the beft Appearance when its Roots are confined
,

up, preferving a Ball of Earth to 1 the Roots of each Plant, ana planted
in a

becaufe,

when thzy

are fuf-

warm dry Situation and if it be on a poor gravelly or rubbifhing

:

SoiI>

P
and

T
more
feldom
all

P
beautiful
perfects

6oil,theywill endure the Cold better,

make much
:

and the others not half fo high ; f that they fhould not be mixed with
larger Plants,

Plants

this

Sort

Seeds in England,

becaufe thofe would overbear and deftroy them. When

The

other Sorts are

(except the

fixteenth)

propagated by

Cuttings

thefe Plants are well rooted, they require no other Culture, but to keep

in the Summer - months ; which ihould be planted in a fhady Border of frefti Earth, and mutt be conftant!y watered, until they have taken

them clear from Weeds for their Roots will abide many Years, provided they are not deftroyed by very fevere Frofts, which feldom happen
;

Root
them
fully

aftef

which time they will

re-

in England.

quire no farther Care but to keep

clear

PTELEA,
foil.

Carolina

Shrub-tre-

from Weeds,

until

Mi-

when they fhould be caretaken up, and tranlplanted where they are defign'd to remain ; which mull be done fo early in the Autumn, that they may have time to get good Roots before the Froft comes on, othervvife they will be in Danger of fuffering. The fixteenth Sort propagates greatly by its creeping Roots, therefore requires to be confin'd ; otherwife it will fpread, and intermix with whatever Plants grow near it. This is alfo a very hardy Plant ; but being of humble Growth, makes no very good Figure in a Garden ; fo is feldom preferv'd, but by thofe Perfons who are curious in Botany, for the fake of Vachaelmas,
riety.

The

Characters are

The Empalement of the Flower is one Leaf cut into four acute Segments : the Flower is compofed offour Petals, which fpread open : in the Centre is placed the PointW, which is flat
round, and is attended by four Stamina, each crown d with roundijb Summits : the Point al afterward changes to a roundijh membranaceous
is

and

Fruit, like that of the Elm, in contained one taper Seed.

which
of
this

We

have but one

Species

Genus; *vm. Ptelea. Hort.

Cliff.

Carolina

Although thefe Plants do not produce very beautiful Flowers, yet they may be difpofed in large Gardens, fo as to make a very agreeable Diverfity; for their hoary Leaves of different Shapes, when intermixed

Shrub- trefoil. This Shrub was firfl: taken notice of by Mr. Banijler, who found it growing in Virginia, and mentions it in his Catalogue of Plants, by the Name of FrutexVirginianus trifolius, It hath fince been ulmi famarris. found in plenty on the upper Part of
the Savannah River, in Carolina, where the Shrubs grow to theHeight of twelve or fourteen Feet. Jn England there are many of thefe Shrubs, which are upward of ten Feet high, and produce plenty of Flowers every Year. The Flowers are white, and grow in large Bunches at the Ends of the Shoots thefe are fucceeded by the membranaceous Seeds, which fall away, and never There were fome pretripen here. ty large Shrubs of this Kind in fome
;

with other hardy Plants of the fame

Growth, on fmall Hillocks, will have a pretty Effect ; and as they retain their Leaves all the Winter, at that Seaion they add to the Varieand in Summer, when their ty : Flowers are produced, they alter the
Profpeft fo as to be very agreeable. They are all of them low Plants the talleftand moft fnrubby of them
(cldoLU vifes above

two Feet high,

curious

T
fery-bed, at
itance,

curious Gardens, which weredertroyed in the fevere Winter in 1 749-50.; but they are fo hardy, as to refill the

Cold of our ordinary Winters very well in the open Air. Thefe Shrubs may be propagated by Cuttings, which mould be planted in Pots of frefh rich Earth, and
plung'd into a moderate Hot-bed. The bell time for planting them is in the Beginning of March but they muft be carefully manag'd, fo as not to have too much Heat, and lhadcd
;

about one Foot Diwhere they may grow two Years ; by which time they will be fit to tranfplant where they are de-

signed to remain.

PULEG1UM,
den -grais.
It

Penyroyal, or Pudare
conjiff-

The Characters
.

hath a labiated Flower t

ing of one Leaf, whofe upper Lip {or Creji) is intire ; but the lower Lip

( or Beard)
Parts
bryoes,
:

is

divided

into

three
rifes

out

of the Flower-cup

from

the

Sun

in the

Middle of the

the Feint al, attended

by four Ent-

They may

Day,otherwife they will not fucceed. alfo be propagated by Layers ; but thefe mould be duly
water'd, otherwife they will not take Root but if good Seeds can be pro:

many That

Seeds

wbicb afterward become fa : to ~xkicb mny be added,

the Flowers grow in Jhart thick

H horles.
1.

cur'd

from abroad, the Plants

will

raifed

from thofe

be

much

ftronger,

than thofe which are propagated by

either of the former Methods.

P. nyroyal.
2.

The Species are Pulegium kmtifolium. C Common, or Broac-ltav'd

B. Pe-

PulegiumH fpanicum ereJlum,

forum
t

Thefe Seeds may be (own the Beginning of April, on a Bed of light

Earth, in a warm flickered Situation; where, if the Ground is moiften'd in dry Weather, the Plants wul come up
in five or

fiaminibus

stantibus.

r\g\rtSpanffj Pinyroya],

mina

whofe Stafrom the Flowers. folium. C. 3. Pulegium angufi B. P. Narrow leav'd Penyroy(land out
-

fixWeeks but if the Seeds arefown inPot^and placed on a very moderate Hot-bed, the Plants will come up fooner, and make greater but they Progrefs the furl Year muft not before d or drawn, for that will make them very tender ; therefore in June the Plants Ihould be expos'd to the open Air, in a fhelter'd Situation, where they may remain till the Froft comes on ; when thofe in the Pots mould be either placed under a common Frame, to fhelter them from fevere Froft ; or the Pots plung'd into the Ground, near an
: :

al.

4.
albo.

Pulegium

anguftifolium, flare

Narrow-leav'd Penyroyal, with a white Flower. The firft of thefe Plants is very

H. R. Pin.

common on

moill Heaths in divers

is

Parts of England: this

the Sort re-

commended by

the

Phyficians for

medicinal Ule. But thefecond Sort, although not a Native of England, hath fo much obtain'd in the Gardens where medicinal Plants are cul-

Hedge, that the Froft may be prevented from penetrating through the Sides of the Pots to the Roots of the The following Spring the Plants. PJante.rjiay be planted into a Nur-

have quite fuperfeded its upright Growth, early Flowering, and more beautiful Appearance but whether it is equally good for Ufe, I (hall leave to thofe to whofeProvince
tivated, as to

the other in the Markets, for

it

more immediately belongs

to

ex-

amine.

The

; -

P u
The
mended
is

third
to

Sort
in

is

beufed

alfo recomMedicine this

:

of Jeru/alem, and Jerufalem Cowflip.

.

not of Englijh Growth ; but is very hardy, and will thrive very well, if planted on a moift Soil as will alfo the fourth Sort, which is only a Variety of the third, from which
;

2.

Pulmonaria
J. B.

major, non ma-

culofa.

Greater Lungwort,
Loh.

without Spots.
3.
1c.

Pulmonaria foliis echii

Lungwort with Leaves like Vi4.

it differs

in

nothing but the Colour

pers Buglofs.

of

its

Flowers.

Pulmonaria max ma,

:

foliis

All thefe Plants propagate thernfelves very fall

trailing

quofi faccharo mcruftatis. Pink, Fhyt.

by their Branches upon the Ground, which

Greatell Lungwort, with Leaves very much fpoued.

5.
lia,

emit Roots at every Joint, and fallen themfelves into the Earth, and fend
forth newBranches
oft
;

Pulmonaria
alio.

vulgaris latifo-

fore

Inf. R.

H.

Com-

fo that

no more

mon

isrequired in theirCulture,thanto cut

broad-Ieav'd Lungwort, with a white Flower.

6.

any of thefe rooted Branches and

;

Pulmonaria

Alpina,

foliis

plant them out in frefh Beds

allow-

mollibus fulrrjnndis. five ccerulco. Infl.

ing them at

leaft

to Plant every

Way,
grow.

a Foot from Plant that they may

this

R. H. Alpim Lungwort, with fofc roundifh Leaves. and a blue Flower.

7.

have room

to

Pulmonaria

angufifolm,

cac-

The

bell

time for

Work

is

in

September, that the Plants- may be for if the old 8. rooted before Winter Roots are permitted to remain fo folio,
;

Narrow lea v'd J. B Lungwort, with a blue Flower.

ruleo fore.

Pulmonaria
It alien.

dlpina, angufto

clofe together, as they generally

grow

in theCornpafs of a Year, they are

ful je^t to rot in

Winter

befides, the

Narrow Muf. leav'd Alpine Lungwort. 9 Pulmonaria m if is fr agaric odore. Bocc. Muf. Mild Lungwort
Bocc.
.

young

Plants will be

much

ftronger,

fmelling-l:ke Strawberries.
ct ica annua R. H. Annual Lungwort of Candy, with a bladdered Flower-cup.

and produce a larger Crop the fucceeding Summer, than if they were removed in the Spring thefe Plants all love a moift ftrong Soil, in which
:

10.

Fulmo N aria

calyce

veficario.

Inf.

they will flourifh exceedingly.

11.

P V m o n aria
1
,

viridi, fubro-

PULMONARIA,
The

Lurgwort.
;

tundo, non maculato folio.

Characters are

Bocc. Muf. Green Lungwort, with a roundifh

^he Flower confjis of one Leaf, which is jhcf .d like a Funnel, whofe
feveral Segments : from the ft ulcus Flower- cup, which is,for the moft part, pent agonal, rifes the Peintal, cncc?npafed by four Embryoes, which afterward become fo many Seeds inclojed in the Flowervpper Fart
is

unfpolted Leaf.
12.
lit)

Pulmo n a r
Cor.

Ch ia,

ecbii fo -

cut into

verruccfa, calyce vefcaric, jio^e

albo.

Town.

lfland of Scio, with a

buglofs-Ieaf,

Lurgworc of the war ted Vipers-

a b'addered Flowercup, and a white Flower.

13.

Put m o N A R a
1

Lrfiia, cchiifo-

cup.

lio njerrucOjh,

caly e
.

vejicario, fijre

I.

The Species are Pulmonaria

Ctuf. Eift.

cajrvleo.

% cum

Cor.

Lungwort of

vulgaris, macu-

Lejboi,
leaf,

jo folio. le

Common

fpot-

with a waned Viper buglofsa bladdered Fiowei-cup, and a

ted Lungwort, by

fome

caia'd Sage,

blue Flower*

14

PUL-

P
14.
rea

u
Orienfalis, ca-

Pulmonaria

lyce 'veficarioyfoliis ecbli y fore purpu-

infundibuliformi.

Toum.

Cor.

The Soil in which they are planted mould not be rich but rather a frefh light fandy Ground, in which
;

Eaftern Lungwort, with a bladdered Flower-cup, a Vipers-buglofs-leaf, and a purple funnel (hap'd Flower.
15.

they will thrive

in

much
in

better zhzn

a richer

Soil,

which thty
Winter.
is

are very fubj^dt

to rot in

Pulmonaria

Orient a/is, ca-

The fourth Sort makes

the belt Apvery-

lyce <veficario, foil is

echii, jlore alb a

pearance of all the Kinds, and

infundibuliforn.i.

Tcum. Cor. Eaftwith a bhddered ern Lungwort,

Flower-cup, a Vipers-buglofs-leaf, and a white funnel-fhap'd Flower.

hardy i will grow either in Sun or Shade and, taking up little room, is worthy of a Place in every good
;

Garden

for the fake of Variety.

16.

Pulmonaria
Flor. Virg.

calyce tubo co-

rollee brevioreyperiantbiis
titis.

quihcurpar-

wort, with which is qut into fiveSegments, called in America, Mountain Cow Hip.
is ufed in Medicine Herb, but is by many People preferv'd in Gardens as are alfo the three other Sorts for the Variety of their fpotted Leaves, and pretty Bunches of blue Flowers.
firft

American Lunga lhort Flower- cjp,

The

Sort

as a vulnerary

is a Native of found in molt Parts of North America. The Seeds of this Fiant were formerly fent over from Virginia, by Mr. Bttttijher : thefe were fown in the Garden of the Bilhop of London, at FuJbam, and in thofe of fome other curiou? Perfons, where the Plants were feveral Years preferv'd but when the PoffefTors of fchofe Gardens died, the

The

fixtcenth Sort
is

America, and

Plants being neglected v/erelolt; fo

that for feveral Years this Sort

was
are

The
fifth,

firlt,

fecond,
feventh,

third,

fourth,

fixth,

eighth,

and

not in England. The Leaves of

this

Plant

ninth Sorts are abiding Plants, which may be propagated by parting of their Roots. Tne bell time for doing

of this is in Autumn, that they may be rooted before the Frolt comes on. They mould have a fhady Situation, and a frem undung'd Soil in which they will thrive better than on a
;

fmooth and mtire; the Flowers arc produced in a loofe hanging Panicle, on the Top of the Stalks thefe have long Tubes, ftretched out beyond theEmpalement; and, being of a fine
:

blue Colour, they

pearance.
if

The

make a pretty Aptime of this Plant's

is

flowering in England
the Plants are in
tion, the

in

May and
j

rich Soil.

Thefe Plants may be cultivated by parting of their Roots which may be done either in the Spring or
;

Flowers

fhady Situawill continue a

a

Month in Beauty. The Roots of this

nial, b,:ing

Plant are peren-

Autumn
it is

but

if the

Ground be
Spring ; molt
Plants

moilt, into which they are planted,

better to be

done

in the
is

othervvife the

Autumn

the

compofed of many thick flelhy Tubers, fomewhat refembling thofe of Comfrey. The Leaves decay every Autumn, and new ones

preferable Seafon,

that the

come out
-

early in the Spring.

The

may

be well rooted before the dry

Weather comes on in the Spring, which will caufe them to flower

much

ftrono;er.

Flower ftems ufually grew about one Foot and an half high and the Flowers hang down muchfafter the fame manner as thofe of our com;

P
inon fpotted Lungwort ; but thefe are very rarely fucceeded by Seeds in this Country, which occafions the prefent Scarcity of the Plants in England ; for they do not propagate fall by the Root. This Plant mould be planted in a Jhady Situation, but not under the Dropping of Trees ; and in dry Weather it will require to be frequently watered, otherwife it cannot be preIn the ferved in this Country. Winter, if the Froft fhould prove fevere, it will be proper to lay fome light Covering over the Roots, to prevent the Froft from penetrating deep into the Ground, which will be a lure Method to preferve them. The other Sorts are annual, and propagated by Seeds only. The bell time to low thefe is in Autumn, foon
after

u
i

befet,for the moji part,

with Chives which afterward becomes a Fruit, in which the Seeds are gather d, as it

were, into a little Head, each ending a mall Hair : to which muft he added, Some little Leaves encompnffng the Pedicle below the Flower, as in the Anemone from which thePafqueJlower differs, in the Seed ending in
in

Tail.

The
1.

Species art

cr offore, 13 majore flare. C. B. P. Pafqueflower with thicker Leaves, and a

Pulsatilla folio

larger Flower.
2.

Pulsa
with

i /

lla fore

<violaceo du-

plici funbriato.

H
a

flower

R. Par. Pafquedouble fringed viflore minor e ni-

olet-colour'd Flower.
3.

Pulsatilla

gricante.

they are ripe

relift

for

tne Plants

will

the Cold

of our Winters

C. B. P. Pafque-flower with a fmaller darker Flower. 4. Pulsatilla fore rubro obtu*

C. B. P.
5.

very well ; fo will flower early the following Summer, and good Seeds may be obtained ; whereas thofe which are fown in the Spring, fometimes mifcarry.

fo.

Red Pafque-flower.
flore albo.

Pulsatilla
Wnite Pafque

C.

B.

flower.
lutea, apii horten-

6.

Pulsatilla

Thefe Seeds fhould be fown where they arc defignM to remain for the Plants do not fuc;

fu folio. C. B P. Yellow Pafqueflower, with a Leaf of Garden-parfley.

ceed very well, when they aretranfplanted.

When

the Plants

come

up,

fpidior.

they require no other Culture, but to keep them clear from Weeds ; and where they are too clofe, to thin If thefe Plants are permitted them.
to fcatter their Seeds, the Plains will

lutea Alpina hi* B. P. Yellow hairy Pafque flower of the Alps.

7.

Pulsatilla
C.

Pulsatilla folio

te?iuius inci*

fo,& flore minore, fi ve

B. P.
fine-cut
er.

paluflris.

C.

Marfh Pafque-flower, with Leaves, and a fmaller Flowfolic tenia' us inci//.

come

up, and be better than when All thefe Plants are they are fown.

Pulsatilta

preferv'd by the Curious in Botany ; but they have no great Beauty ; fo are not
often kept in other

fo, feu paluftriSfflore dilutiore.

R.

Gar-

Marfh Pafque-flower, with a fine-cut Leaf, and a paler f lowPar.

er.

dens.

PULSATILLA,
The

Pafque- flower.
;

10.
nalis,

Pu l s at

ll a apii folio,

<vrr~

Characters are

The Flower cwfiftl of fiver cl Leaves, which are placed in a circular Order, and expand in form of a
Jbfe
;

out of which

rifes

a Point cl,

fore majore. C.B. P. Spring Pafque flower, with a SmailagtIcaf, and a larger Flower. 11. Pulsatilla cpi folio, werrtalis, flore mimre. C. B. P. Spring Pafque:

P
and
i

V
cultivated
for

P
Flowers.

Falqac-flower, with a Smallage-leaf,

a fmaller Flower.
2.

the Beauty of their

Pulsatilla
C.
-

apii folio, au-

iumnalis.

B.

P.

Smallagethe

Thefe Plants may be propagated by Seed, which fliould be fown in

Boxes or Pots fill'd with very light fandy Earth ; obferving not to cover the Seeds too deep with Mould, which will prevent their riling for they require no more than juii to be cover'd. Thefe Boxes mould be placed where they may have the morning Sun until Ten of the Clock; but mult be fcreen'd from it in the Heat of the Day and if the Seafon proves dry, the Earth fliould be often refreflied with Water. The belt time for fowing of thefe Seeds is in Julji foon after they are ripe; for if they are kept till Spring, they feldom grow. Thefe Boxes or Pot?, in which the Seeds are fown, fnould remain in this (hady Situation until the Beginning of Oclob:r, when they mould be remov'd where they may enjoy the full Sun during the Winter-feafon about the Beginning of March the Plants will begin to appear, at which time theBoxes fliould be again remov'd where they may have only the forenoon Sun ; for if they are too much expofed to the Heat, the young Plants will die away. They fhou'd alfo be refrelhed with Water in dry Weather, which will greatly promote their Growth ; and th.y mutt be carefully p<eferved from Weeds, which, if faffer'd to grow amonglt them, will in a Ihort time deitroy them. When the Leaves of this Plant are intircly decay M (which is commonly in July), you fliould then take up all the Roots, which, being nearly of the Colour of the Ground, will be d fficult to find while fmall there;
: : ;

leav'd

Pafque

flower of

Au-

tumn.
13.

Pulsatilla

folio anemones

C. B. P. Pafque flower with a roundilh Flowfecunda, five fubrotundo.

er.

14.

Pulsatilla Pyrenaica,fore

alio duplici.

H. R. Par. Pafqueflower of the Pyrenees, with a doable

15.

white Flower,

Pulsatilla

lute a , paflir.ac-z

Yellow C. B. P. fyhteftrh folio. Pafque- flower, with a wild Parfnepleaf.

16.

Pulsatilla

Orientalis, tenu-

ijfjime di-vifa

&

uillofa,

fore rubro.

Town.

Cor.

Eaftern Pafque- flower,

with an hairy finely divided Leaf,

and a red Flower.
17.
iifido

Pulsatilla Jf-icana, mulfiore,

apii folio rigido. Rail African Pafque- flower, with a mukifid Flower, and a ftifF Smal-

Supp.

lage-leaf.

The

firft

of thefe Plants

is
;

common
it

in divers Parts of England

in great Plenty

grows
Hills

on Gogmagog

on

the Left-hand of the

Highway

leading from Cambridge to Haveril, juft on the Top of the Hill j alfo aboutHilderJbamfix Miles fromCa;bridge\ and on Bernack Heath not far from Stamford ; and on Southrop Common adjoining thereto ; alio on

mountainous and dry Panares

ait

by

Leadjione Hall near

It flowers

Ponttfad

in

Yorkjhire.

of March,
April.

or

about the End the Beginning of

lefs

The

other Sorts are

common

being all of them Natives of other Countries, and are only to be met wich in fome curious
in England,

fore

Gardens

in

EmgUnd, where

they are

you mould pafs tne Earth throagn a fnc Vjre-ueve, which is

4

Vol: III.

the

P
the bell

u
to

Method

feparate

the

when they have a

Air.

greater Share of

Roots from the Earth (but notwithstanding all poflible Care taken, yet there will be many fmall Roots left ; fo that the Earth fhould eicher be put into the Boxes aga n, or fpread upon a Bed of light Earth to fee what Plants will arife out of it the the Roots, being fucceejing Year) taken up, lhould be immediately planted again on Beds of frefli light fandy Earrh, about three or four Inches afunder, covering them about three Inches thick with the fame light Earth. The Spring following, mod of thefe Plants will produce but they will not be fo Flowers large and fair as in the fucceeding Years, when the Roots are larger. The Roots of thefe Plants generally run down deep in the Ground, and are of-a flefliy Subftance, fome:

This Sort is propagated by Seeds, which fliould be lown in Pots of

frefli

and placed
;

Earth, foon after they are ripe, in a fliady Situaiion till

Autumn when they fliould be removed where they may enjoy the Sun and when the Nights begin in
:

be

muft be placed under a Frame with the old Plants ; in the Spring the Plants will appear ; and after theyhave obtained Strength,
they may be tranfplai.ted each into a feparate Pot, and treated in the -fame manner as the old Plants.

frofty, the Pots

PUMPION.
PUNICA,
tree.

VideVtyo.

The Pomgranate

The

Characters are;

The Flower confifs of many Leaves, placed in a circular Order, which ex-

what

like Carrots

fo will not bear

pand

in form

of a Ro/e, whofe

bell-

to be kept long out of the

Ground

J>hoped

therefore
it

when they
in

are removed,

mult ifi Floncer -cup afterward becomes a glolular Fruit, having a

thick, ftnooth, brittle Rind;

mould be done

Autumn,

that

and

is

di-

they

take frelh Root before the Frotf comes on ; for if they are trani'planted in the Spring, they will

may

vided into fevcral

oblong

Ceils, which contain

hard

Seeds, fur rounded

with a

foft Pulp.

not produce ftrong Flowers

thefe

The
1.

Species are

Plants thrive beft in a loamy Soil ; for in very light dry Ground, they
are very apt to decay in Summer. The laft Sort is tender ; therefore
will not
live

Punic a, qua malum granatum

fert. Cafalp.

The common Pomdulci.

granate.
2.

Punic a fruQu

Tourn.

thro'

England, umefs it is wherefore thefe Plants the Cold mull be planted in Pot?, and in the Winter placed under a Frame,where they may be covered in bad Weather ; but they fliould have as much free Air as polfible in mild Weather they will do better under one of thefe Frames, than when they are placed in the Green houie, becaufe
:

Winter in flieltered from

the

The
3.

fweet Pomgranate.

PvxiCA flvrfris. Cord.HiJl.

wild Pomgranate

The
4.

Tourn.

Pl'MCA fare plena majore. The double-flow er'd Pomnana,

granate.
5.

Punica Americana
Tourn.

fu

humillima.

The American
is

dwarf Pomgranate.

The
pretty
dens,

firir,

of thefe Trees
in

now
Gar-

common

the Er.glijh

there the Plants

draw up weak
their

fo fo

do not produce
ftrcng, nor in
fo

Flowers

great Plenty, as

where formerly it was nurfed and preferved in Greenhoufes with great Care (as was alio
up
in Cafes,

the

P
the double floweringKind); but they are both hardy enough to refill the
fevereft
laid in againitthe

u
Wall, aboat four
;

or five Inches afuncer

for, as their

Cold
;

of

our Climate in
if

the open Air

and

planted againft

Leaves are fmall, there is not a Neceffity of allowing them a greater

Dillance.

warm

Walls, in a good Situation, the firft Sore will often produceFruit, which, in warm Seafons, will ripen
tolerably well
:

The

beft

me

for this

but as thefe Fruits

do not ripen till tate in the Autumn, they are lcldom well tafted in England ; for which Reafon the Sort with double Flowers is commonly
preferr'd to
it.

The

Sort with fweet

Fruit, as alfo

the wilJ Sort, are lefs

common

in thcEnglijb

Gardens than

the former two.

Thefe Plants may be eafily propagated by laying down their Branches in the Spring, which in one Year's
time will take good Root, and may then be tranfpianted where they are The bell Seadefign'd to remain. fon tor tranfplantmg of thefe Trees is in Spring, juft before they begin they ihould have a ftrong to (hoot
:

about Michaelmas, or a little later, acco"d:ng to the Mildnefs of the Seafon but if they are left until Spring before they are prun'd, they fcldom put out their Shoots fo early and the earlier they come cut, the fooncr the Flowers will appear, which is of great Conftquence where Fruit is defired. In Summer they will require no other Dreffmg, but to cut off very vigorous Shoo:s which grow from the Wall, and never produce Flowers (for they are the middling Shoots only which are fruitful) and when the Fruit isform'd, the Branches on which they grow, mould be fattened to the Wall to fupport them otherwiie the Weight of the Fruit, when grown large, will be apt to break them down.
:

Work is

rich Soil, in
better,

than if but in order

ty, there

which they flower mucn produce more Fruir, planted on a dry poor Earth:
and
to

Tho\
this

as I faid before, the Fruit

of

Tree feldom arrives fection in this Country,

to

any Per-

fo as to ren-

obtain thefe in plencare taken in the

;

mould be

Pruning of the Trees

for want of which, we often fee thefe Trees very full ol fmall Shoots ; but do not find many Flowers produced upon
:

der it valuable; yet, for the Bea.ty of its fcarlet-coloured Fiowers, together with the Variety of its Fruit, there mould be one Tree planted in every good Garden, fince the Culture is not great which they requ re:
;

them

therefore

fhall

fet

down

the chief Care

Situation.

is,

to plant

ihem upon
a

Directions for pruning of thefeTrees,

fo as to obtain a great Quantity of

a rich ftrong Soil, and in

warm

Flowers and Fruit. The Flowers of this Tree always proceed from the Extremity of the Branches which were produced the fame Year: this therefore caredb, That all weak Branches of the former Year fhou'd be cut cut; and that the ifronger mould be mortened in proportion to their Strength, in order to obtain new Shoots in every Part

Trees wi.ich had thefe Advantages, I liave obtained a great Quantity of Fruit which have arrived to their full Magnitude but I cannot fay they were well flavour'd novve.er, they made a very handfom'e Appearance
;
;

Upon fome

upon the Trees.

double - flowering Kind is eileemed tr an the other in this Country, for the fake of it* large fine double Flowers, " w hich

The

much more

of the Tree

thefe Branches

may be

4 C

are

P
are of a

u
Co-

P
Day
:

Y
to the full

mod

beautiful fcarlet

lour; and,

if the Trees are fupplied with Nourimment, will continue to produce Flowers for near three Months fucceflively, which renders it one of the moft valuable flowering Trees yet known. This mult be prun'd and managed in the lame manner as hath been already directbut ed for the fruit bearing Kind this Sort may be rendered more productive of its beautiful Flowers, by grafting it upon Stocks of the fingle Kind, which will check the Luxuriancy of the Trees, and caufe them to produce Flowers upon almoft every Shoot by which Method I have had a low Tree, which
:

but as they will be covered at Top, fo the Flowers will expand,

and the Fruit will grow

Size.

I have heard of a Sort of Pomgranate with double-ltriped Flowers, and have found it mentioned in fome foreign Catalogues ; but have not feen thePlant growing; tho' I believe it may be eafily procured from Ita-

PURSLAI N.
lus.

Vide Portulaca.

PYRACANTHA.
The

Vide Mefpi-

PYROLA, Winter-green.
CharaRers are hath a rofe-fraped Flower, conJifling of fevzral Leaves, which are placed circularly ; out of whofe Cup rifes the Pcintal, ending in a ProboIt

was planted

in the open Air, extremely full of Flowers, which made a very fine Appearance.

The dwarf Sort was brought

into

Europe from the warmer! Parts of Jmerica, where the Inhabitants cultivate it in their Gardens for the Beauty of its Flowers, together with produce Flowers its continuing to and Fruit moft Part of the Year this Sort feldom grows above three The Fruit of this Kind Feet high. is rarely much larger than a Walnut, and not very pleafant to the Tafle ;
:

which afterward turns to a which is chaneW generally umhellated, and conjtjiing of five Cells, which are commonly full of
fcis
;

roundi/h Fruit,

fmall
1.

Seeds.

The
C. B* P.
ter-green.
2.

Species are

? y ro la

folia rotundi

major.

Great round- leav'd Winrotundifolia minor.

Pyrola

B. P.
green.
3.
to.

Small round-leav'd Winterfolio mucronato ferra-

fo that

'tis

rather

cultivated

for
its

Pyrola

Shew,
'

than for

the

fake

of

C. B. P.

Winter-green, with

Fruit.

a pointed Leaf, fawed on the

es.

Edg-

This Plant may be propagated by Layers in the fame manner as the former Sorts; but muft be planted in Pots filled with rich Earth, and preferved in a Green-houfe ; otherwife it is too tender to endure the Cold of our Winters ; and in the Summer, when the Flowers begin to
appear,
if the

4.

Pyrola frute.fcens,arhuti folio.

C. B. P. ShrubbyWinter-green,with

an Arbutus-leaf.

The

firft

Sort grows wild in

many

North of England, on mofly Moors. Hills, and Heaths, as

Places in the
alfo in fhady

Woods

fo

that

it

is

Plants are expofed to

very

difficult

to prelerve in

Gar-

the open Air, the Buds will fall off, and never open fo that it mould not be expofed to the open Air, but
:

dens, in the Southern Parts.

placed in an airy Glafs-cafe, giving

them a large Share of Air every 6

The other three Sorts are Natives of the Hills in Germany, Italy, and Hungary. Thefe are all of them very difficult to cultivate in Gardens
:

for

P Y
they grow on very cold Hills, and in a moffy moorifh Soil, fo when they are removed to a betfor
as

P Y
*vel at the

extreme Part

the Cells in

which

the Seeds are lodgd, are fepa-

and in a warmer Situation, The they feldom continue long.

ter Soil,

rated by foft Membranes, Seeds are oblong. a

1.

and

the

time to tranfplant thefe Plants into Gardens, is about Michaelmas, provided the Roots can then be found ; when they fnould be taken up with Balls of Earth to their Roots, and planted in a fhady Situation, and on a moilt undunged Soil,
bell

The Speciss are Pyrus fativa,

Mufcat,
is
;'.

fruclu

ecf.tvo

far<vo rpcenwfo o.ioro.tijfmo.

Petit
e.

Tourn.
Pear,

Litt'e

Mufk

commonly calhd
Fruit
Ciufters
:

the Supreme. This

generally produced in large

it
is

rather round than

fliort
;

long

the Stalk

and,

when
:

where they fnould be frequently watered in dry Weather, otherwile they

will not thrive.

Some of thefe Plants planted in Pots, which ihould be Ailed with Earth as nearly refembling that in which they natu-

may be

rally

grow
in a

as

poiiible;

and place

fhady Situation, where if they are conftantlv watered in dry Weather, they will thrive very

them

Skin is of a yellow Colour the Juice is fomevvhat mufky, and, if gathered before it is too ripe, is an excellent Pear. This ripens at the Beginning of July, and will continue good but for a few Days. 2. Pyrus fativa, fruclu afli-vo minimo odorati/Jimo. Tourn. Poire de Cnio, i. e. The Chio Pear, comripe, the

monly called
Pear.

the Little Ballard

is

Mufe

well.

This
is

fmaller than the for-

The Leaves of the ftrft Sort are fhaped like thofe of the Pear-tree, from whence the Name was given thefe Leaves are cf a deepto it green Colour, and continue moft Part of the Year but there is no tho' great Beauty in their Flowers for Variety they are admitted into many curious Gardens. The flrit Sort is ordered by the College of Phyficians to be ufed in Medicine, and is generally brought over from Switzerland, amor.glt other vulnerary Plants amongft which Clafs this Plant is ranged ; and by fome hath been greatly com:

mer, but

inShapc pretty much like

that: the
the
in

Skin, when ripe, has a few Streaks of Red on the Side next

Sun

and the Fruit feldom hangs

former
;

Cluflers, as the
is

but in
it.
<

other refpecls
3.
fc:r--vc, e

nearly like

Pyrus ftiva,

fruSfu *fli<vo

wridi albido. Tourn. Poire Hativeau, i. e. The Hailing Pear Poire Madeleine, ou Citron des Car:

mes

commonly
This
is

called

the

Green

Chifiel.

a larger Pear than

is
:

either of the former, and

more toward
is

the Pedicle

produe'd the Skin

thin,

and of a whitilh-green Coripe; the Flelh

if

lour

mended.

PYRUS, The

Pear

tree.
;

is meltnot too ripe, of a fugary Flavour ; but is apt to be mea-

when

ing, and,

The Characlcrs are The FLwer corffls of

ly

this ripens the

Middle of July.

federal

Leaves, which arc placed in a circular Order, and expand in form of a

Rofe ; whofe Floiver cup afterward becomes a fiefyy Fruit, which is more

fativa, fruclu <rfii<vo p irtim fat urate ruhente, partim jiavejcenie. Toum. Mujcadeiles Rouges, e. The Red Mufcadelle. It is al4.

Pyrus

fo

called

La

BelliiTime,

/.

e.

The
Skin
*s

produced toward the Fooijlalhs than

the Apblt
;

but

is

hollow"'d like a

Xa-

This early Pear, of great Beauty

Faireft or

Supreme.

is
:

a large
the

; ;

P
15

Y
when
red
;

p
ripe,

y
grows mea<tjlin}0

of a fine yellow Colour,

ftriped

and,

beautifully

with

the

Flefh

is

half melting, and has a rich

of a yellowifh-green Colour the Flefh is very foft ; and, if permitted to hang but two or three
ripe,
;

when

Flavour, if gathered before it be too ripe ; but it is apt to be mealy. This generally produces two Crops

Days
ly,
8.

after
is

it is

ripe,

it

and

good

for nothing.

Pyrus

Jrtiva, fruttu

Year the firft is commonly ripe about the Middle of July, and the iecond ripens in September but this late Crop is feldom wellof Fruit
in a
:

ohlongo, e <viridi albo.

nelle,

now commonly Madame. This is certainly what

the French

Jargocalled Cuifle

The

tafted.

gonelle

Pyrus

fativa,
e.

fruBu

ffii'vo

ed,

is

Gardeners call the Jarwhich, a^ I before obfervnow, in England, given to an;

pa/vo fia^efcerJe mojehato.

Petit Mufcat,
i.

Tourn.

other
this
;

Fruit,
fo

much

preferable

to

The
:

Little

Muf-

that

the two

Names

are

cat. This is a fmall Pear, rather round than long the Skin is very thin, and when ripe, ofayellowifn Colour the Flefli is melting, and
:

of a rich mufky Flavour ; but will not keep long when ripe. This comes the Middle of July. 6. Pyrus fativa, fruSiu sejlivo

came tenera mifchata.Tourn. Cuifle Madame, Lady's Thigh, in England commonly called
oblongo ferrugineo,

Jargonelle. This

is

a very long Pear,

changed; for the Jargonelle is always p aced among-l thofe which the French call bad Fruit and the Cuifle Madame is fet down amongft their beft Fruit ; which is certainly the Reverfe with us, as they are now named. This Pear is fomewhat like the Wi'idfor but is produced more toward the Crown, and is fmaller toward the Stalk the Skin is fmooth, of a pale-green Colour the Flefh is apt to be mealy, if it ftands to be
;

of a pyramidal Shape, having a long

Footftalk
:

ripe
is

the Skin

is

pretty thick,
in-

of a

ruflet-

green Colour from the

it

but being a plentiful Bearer, for the London Markets.

;

much propagated
9.

Sun; but toward the Sun

clined to an iron Colour
is
;

is

Pyrus
frjjili

fatiua,

fru&u

<cJli^vo

the Flcfn

globofo

mofcha/o, maculis nigris

breaking, and has a rich mufky Flavour: ripe the Middle of July. This is one of the beft early Summer Pears yet known, and is certainly what all the French Gardeners
call

conjperfo.
i. e.

Town.

Orange Mufquee,
This
is

The Orange Mufe.

Form
is
:

middle-fia'd Pear, of a fhort globular

the Skin

Colour,
Flefh

fpotted

the Cuiffe

eafily oblerved
:

Madame, as may be by their Defcript.on

mufky

is of a yellowi fn with black ; the but is very apt to

be a
j

of this Pear but I fuppofe, tnat the Titles of this and the Jargonelle

were changed in coming tc England and have been continued by the fame Names.
7. t

dry and choaky. It ripens the End of July. o. Pyrus fati>ua, fruclu tefl'tvo a lb; do majori. Toum. Gros Blanlittle

quet,

/.

c.

Great Blanket.

This
i.

is
e.

alio called

La Muffetie d'Anjou,

Pyrus

fativa, frutlu oblongo,

'vlridi fiawefcenU.

The Windfor

The Bagpipe of Anjou' This is a large Pear, approaching to a round

Form the Skin is fmooth, and of a pale-green Colour ; the Flefh is foft,
:

Pear.

which

is
;

This is an oblong Fruit, produced toward the

.

Crown

toward a Point

but near the Stalk is drawn the Skin is fmooth,

:

and full of Juice, which hath a rich Flavour ; the Stalk is fhort, thick, and
..

P
fpotted

Y
Wood
is

P
flender

Y
e.

and ; ; and the Leaf is very much like that of the Tree called the Jargonelle. This ripens the End of July.
the
I

Mufcat Robine, u Muflc Robine Pear. This

Tourn.
called Poire

The
alfo

is

a la Reine, i. e. Queen's Pear ; Poire d'Ambre,

Th
i.

e.

I.

Pyrus

fativa, frutlu eejlivo

aibido faccharato odoratiJSmo. Tour?!.

The Blanquette,or Muik Blanquette

the Little Bianquet Pear. This Pear

is

muchlefs than the former, and more pinch'd in near the Stalk, which
is

alfo fliort, but flenderer

;

than that
foft,

and Pucelle de Xaintonge, i. e. The Virgin of Xaintonge. This is a fmall round Pear, of a yellowifli Colour when ripe the Flefli is between melting and breaking it has a rich mufky Flavour, and is a great Bearer it
Pear
;
;

The Amber

of the former

the Skin

is

and

of a pale-green Colour ; the Flefli is tender, and full of a rich mufky juice the Wood of this Tree is much ftronger than is that of the former, and the Shoots are com:

End of July. rutin ecftivo 15. Pyrus fativa, f turbinato mcfebato. Le Bourdon Mofque, i. e. The Mufk Drone
ripens the
Pear.
Fruit,

This is a middle-fized round whofe Skin is of a yellowifli

monly
12.

fliorter.

This ripens the End

of July.
fativa, fruclu albido, Tourn. Blanquerte a longue queue, i. e. Longflalk'd Bianquet Pear. This Pear is
pediculo Iongo donato.

Pyrus

Colour when ripe ; the Flefli is meltand full of an high mufky Juice but it muft not hang too long
ing,
:

on the Tree, for it is fubject to grow mealy in a fliort time. This

ripens the
1
.

End of July.

in Shape

but the low'd at the Crown toward the Stalk it is fomewhat plumper, and a little crooked the Skin is very fmooth, white, and fometimes toward the Sun is a little coloured the Fleth is between melting and breaking, and is full of a rich fugary Juice. This ripens the Beginning of Augufl. 13. Pyrus fativa, fruclu <rJiivo
;
:
:

fomewhat like the former; Eye is larger, and more hol-

6 P Y r u s fativa, ccftivof,rutin glo-

be fofeffili , eviridi purpura] cent e faccharato odcrato. TWvz.OrangeRouge,

i.

e.

The Red Orange

Pear.

This

Pear hath been the moft

common of

all the Sorts in Trance, which was occafioned by the general Elteem it

oblovgo rufefcente Jaccbarato.

Tourn.
Skinlefs

fomeYears fince.This is a midround Fruit, of a greenifli Colour; but the Side next the Sun changes to a purple Colour when ripe the Flefli is melting, and the
in

was

dle-fized

Poire
Pear.

fans Peau,
It
is

i.

e.

The

Juice

is
;

fugar'd, with a

alio

called

Fleur de
;

fume

the

Eye

is

little Pervery hollow, and

Guigne, i. e. Flower of" Guigne and by fome, Rouftelet hatif , i. e. The This is a middleEarly Ruflelet. fized Fruit, of a long Shape, and a redifli Colour, fomewhat like the the Skin is extremely Ruflelet tne Flefh is melting, and full thin of a rich fugary Juice ; the Shoots This ripens the are long and ftrait.
:

the Stalk is fliort This ripens the Beginning of Augvfl.

17.

Pyrus

fativa, fruclu <rftivo

End

of July.

14.

Pyrus

turbinato,

came

fativa, f> u^Iu <eflivo itnera faccbarata.

obLngo minor i cinerco cdorato. Tourn. Caitbleite Fr o let, Mufcat verd Lechefrion. This is fo called from its being ihaped like a Perfumingpot. It is a long Fruit, in Shape like the Jargonelle, of an Afli-colour ; its Flefli is melting, and full of a perfumed Juice ; but is very apt to rot in the Middle as foon as

C 4

ripe

P
ripe
;

Y
would be efteemed
It is

p
ripe the

y
is is

otherwife

it

an excellent Pear. Beginning of Auguft.

I

yellowifh green Colour ; but a little inclining to Red on the Side next the

Sun

the Stalk
;

very

long and

8.

Pyrus

Jati<va, fruftu aftinjo

flender

the Flefh
is

breaking, and

turbinate , e <viridi albido.

Orange

the Juice

mufky.

This ripens in

Mufquee, L
Pear.

e.
is

The Mulk Orange

a large Tound Pear, Bergamot the Skin
:

Auguft.
22.

The

Shoots and the Leaves

fativa, fruftu
<rfti<vo

This

of this Tree are large.

in Shape like a
is

Pyrus

green, and the Flefh

is

melting

globofo albidofaccharato.

Tourn.

Poire

but it is very fubjedt to rot upon the Tree, which renders it not near fo
valuable as feme others.
It ripens

du Pouchet.

the

End otjuly. 19. Pyrus fatlva,

i.

fruftu aftivo

round whitifh Pear, fhap'd fomewhat like the Befideri : the Flefh is foft and tender, and the Juice is fugary. Tim ripens the Middle of Auguft.
is

This

a large

globofo e viridi purpurafcente. Tourn.

23.

Pyrus

fatiua, fruftu

<efti<vo.

Gros Oignonnet,

e.

The Great
Amireand

turbinato fffili faturatius rubente funftato. Tourn.

Onion
roux,

Pear. It
i.

is

alfo called

Poire de Parfum,
Pear..

i.

e.

e.

Brown Admired;

Roy d'Ete, i. e. King of Summer Archiduc d'Ete, i. e. The Summer Archduke. This is a middle-fiz'd round Pear, of a b/ownifh Co'our next the Sun ; the Flefli is melting, and the Juice is pafTably good. This
ripens the

This is a middle-fixed round Fruit, whofe Skin is (omewhat thick and rough, and of a deep - red Colour, fpotted with

The Perfum'd

brown the Flefh is melting, but dry, and has a perfum'd Flavour.
:

This ripens the Beginning of Au24.

(libido,

20.

End of July. Pyrus fati<va fruftu

y

<efti<vo

Pyrus

fat i<va y fruftu

Tourn.

sefti'vo

globofo fejjili ex albido fiavefcente fac-

cblongo magna, partim rubro,

odorato.
t.

partim

alfo called

charato odorato. Tourn. Robine. It is Mu feat d'Aouft, L e. The

Bon-cretien

d'Ete,

e.

The Summer Bon-cretien,

Auguft Mufcat Poire

;

d' Averat,

;.

e.

The Averat Pear and Poire Royale, This is a i. e. The Royal Pear.
;

roundifh flat Pear, in Shape very the Stalk is long, like a Bergamot flrait, and a little fpotted, and the Eye is a little hollowed : the Skin is fmooth, and of a whitifh - yellow Colour ; the Flefh is breaking, but
:

or Good Chriftian. This is a large oblong Fruit, whofe Skin is fmooth and thin the Side next the Sun is of a beautiful red Colour; but the
:

other Side is of a whitifh green the Flefh is between breaking and tender, and is very full of Juice, which
:

is

ripens the

not hard; and its Juice is richly it is a great fugar'd and perfum'd Bearer, and is efteemed one of the
:

of a rich perfum'd Flavour. Jt End of Auguft. 25. Pyrus fati rva % fruftu <rftit'o

belt

Summer
.

Pears yet known.

It

ripens in Auguft.
2
hofo
.
1

P y ru s fatlv a,fruftu aJHvogloodorato. Tcurn. Poirerole

;

frjjili

r.

TheR.ofe-pear;and L'Epine-Rofe, The Thorny-Rofe. This isa fhort round Fruit, fhaped like the Great Onion Pear, but much larger ; of s
i. f.

globofo, ex rubra albidoque fiavejeente faccharato odorato. Tourn. Salviati. This Pear is pretty large, round, and flat, very much like the Befideri in Shape, but not in Colour the Stalk is very long and flender, and the Fruit is a little hollow'd both at
:

the Eye and Stalk ; the Colour is red and yellow next the Sun but on the
;

other Side

is

whiiifli

the Skin

is
-

rough

P Y
rough
little
;

p y
keep a Fortnight good, which what few Summer-fruits will do.
30.
is

{"oft,

the Flefh is tender ; but a and has no Core ; the

Juice

is

fugary, and perfum'd, fome-

Pyrus
-

fativa, fruciu
1.

<efti<v9

what

like the

near fo moiit.

Kobine ; but is not This ripens the End

globofo niridiy in ore liquefcente.

Gros
great

Mouille

bouche,

The

of Auguft.
26.

Pyrus

fativa,
i.

frutin

<rfti-vo

globofo ftfftli rufefcente odorato. lourn.

Caillot-rofat,
e,

Rofe- water Pear.

Mouthrwater Pear. This is a large round Pear, with a fmooth-green Skin the Stalk is fhort and thick the Flefh is melting, and full of
:

a large round Pear, fomethe Meffire - Jean, but rounder the Stalk is very Ihort, and the Fruit is hollow'd like an -Apple, where the Sralk is produc'd: the Skin is rough, and of a brown Colour the Flefh is breaking, and the Juice is very fweet. This ripens the End of Auguft. 27. Pyrus fativa, fruciu <efti-vo longOy acerbitate ftrangulationem mi~
is

This what

Juice, if gathered

before
is

like
:

ripe

otherwife

it

it be too apt to grow

mealy.
Auguft.

This ripens the Middle of

-

31. Pyrus fativa, fruciu aftl'vo rotundo feffili faccbarato, e uiridi

ftavefcente

Bergamo tte d'Ete,

/.

/.

vitante.
i. e.

Tow.

The Choaky

Poire d'Etrangillon, Pear : the Flefh is

This is leidom preferved in Gardens ; fo there needs no Defcripred.

tion of

it.

This is by fome called the Hamdenh Bergamot. It is a pretty large round flat Pear, of a greenim - yellow Colour, and hollow'd a little at both Ends like an Apple the Flefh is melting, and the Juice is highly perfum'd. This ripens the Middle of Auguft. 32. Pyrus fitieva i fruciu aurum:

Summer - Bergamot.

fativa, fruciu <sfti<vo nonnunquam maculato. Poire de RoufTelet,

oblongo e ferrugineo rubente,

28.

Pyrus

nali feffili face bar at a odorato eviridi

fia<vefcente t in ore liquefcente. Tourn.

This is a large oblong Pear the Skin is brown, and of a dark -red Colour next the Sun ; the Flefh is tender and foft, without much Core the Juice
1. e.

The

RufTelet Pear.
:

agreeably perfum'd, if gather'd before it be too ripe this produces larger Fruit on an Efpalier than on
is
:

Standard-trees. It ripens the

Auguft.

End of

29. Pyrus fati-ja, fruBu tefthvo fubrctundoy partim rubro, pariim fla~

Bergamotte d'Automne, /. e. The Autumn Bergamot. This is a fmaller Pear than the former, but is nearly of the fame Shape the Skin is of a yellowifh Green, but changes to a faint Red on the Side next the Sun ; the Flelh is melting, and its Juice is richly perfumed: it is a great Bearer, and ripens the Middle of September ; and is one of the belt. Pears of the Seafon. 33. Pyrus fatiua, fruciu autum:

nali turbinate n)iridi 1 ftriis fanguineis

diftincla. Tourn.
i.

Poire de Prince, u e. The Prince's Pear. This is a (mall roundifh Pear, of a bright-red
vefcente, ederato.

Bergamot de

Suiffe,

Colour next the Sun, but of a yellowifh Colour on the oppofite Side : the Flefh is between breaking and melting ; the Juice is very high-flavour'd ; and i t is a great Bearer. This
ripens the

End of Auguft

but will

Bergamot. This Pear is fomewhat rounder than either of the former: the Skin is tough, of a greenilh Colour, flriped with red ; the Flefh is melting, and full of Juice ; but it is not fo richly perfumed as either of the former. This ripens the End of September.
e.

The

S*wifi

34 Pyrus

;;

P Y
Pyrus fativa, fruSuautumfwwijjimoy in ore liquefcente. 'Tourn. Beurre rouge, i. e. The Red Butter-pear. It is called I'Amboife and in Normandy, Ifambert ; as alfo Beurre gris, i f.The GreyButter ; and Beurre vert, i. e. The Green Butter34.
nali

36.
itaii

Pyrus

fati'va, fruftu autum.

orforato,

longo

<viridique

in

ore

HqueJceiUe. Tourn.
i. e.

La Verte-longue,
Pear.
It is
-

The Long-green
called Moiiille

alfo

bouche d'Au-

pear.

All thefe different

Names of

tomne, i. e. The Autumn Mouthwater Pear. This is a long Fruit, which is very green when ripe the
:

Beurres have been occafioned by the Difference of the Colours of the fame Sort of Pear ; which is either

Flelh

is

melting, and very full of

Juice ; which, if it grows upon a dry warm Soil, and upon a Free;

owing to the different Expofure flock, is very fugary otherwife it is where they grew, or from the Stock; but a very indifferent Pear. It rithofe upon Free-frocks being com- pens the Beginning of Oclobcr ; but monly of a browner Colour than fome Years they will keep till December. thofe which are upon Quince-Hocks; whence fome Perfons have fuppofed 37. Pyrus fati<va, fruclu autumthem to be different Fruits, tho in nali tuberofo fejjili faccbarato, came This is dura. Tourn. Meffire Jean blanc & Reality they are the fame. gris, /. The white and grey a large long Fruit, for the molt part e the Flelh is Monfieur John. Thefe, altho' made of a brown Colour very melting, and full of a rich fu- two Sorts of Fruit by many Perfons, gary Juice. It ripens the End of are indubitably the fame ; the Difference of their Colour proceeding September ; and, when gathered from from the different Soils and Situathe Tree, is one of the very belt tions where they grow, or the Stocks Sort of Pears we have. on which they are grafted. This 35. Pyrus fati<va, fruclu autumPear, when grafted on a Free-dock, cent e, nali turbinato fejjili flaw ?f in ore liquefcente. Tourn. Le Doyenne, and planted on a middling Soil, nei1

&

i. e.

The
by

Dean's Pear.
all

It

is

alfo

ther too wet, nor over-dry,

is

one of

called

the following

Names;

Saint Michel, i. e. Saint Michael ; Beurre blanc d'Automne, i. e. The

Autumn Pears yet known; but when it is grafted on a Quincethe beft

ftock,

White Autumn Butter - pear Poire de Neige, i. e. The Snow - pear Bonne Ente, i. e. A good Graft
;
;

the Carlifle and Valentia.

large fair Fruit, in Shape
;

This

is

fomewhat

but is fhorter like the Grey Beurre and rounder: the Skin is fmoorh,

very apt to be llony on a very dry Soil, is very apt to be fmail, and good for little, unlefsthe Trees are watered in dry Seafons which has rendered it lefs efteerr.ed by fome Perfons, who have not confiderd
it

is

or,

if

planted

the Caufe of their Hardnefs

for

and, when ripe, changes to a yeilovvim Colour the Fiefh is melting, and full of Juice, which is very cold but it will not keep good a Week after it is gathered, bein^
:

when

it is

rightly manag'd, there is

it is a very fubjeel to grow mealy very indifferent Fruit. This is a great Bearer, and ripens the End of Sep:

not any Pear in the fame Seafon to be compared with it this is a large roundim Fruit the Skin is rough, and commonly of a brown Colour ; the Flefh is breaking, and very full of a rich fugar'd Juice. It ripens the Beginning of Oclobcr, and wi-il conti:

tember.

nue good

m'oft Part of the

Month.

38.

Pyrus

P
38.
nali globofoferrugineo,

Y
Pear.
lette

P Y
This
Pear
;

Pyrus- fativa, fruclu autumcame tenera fa* Mufcat fieuri, i.e. fidilfima. Tourn.

is

very like the CafTois fomewhat larger ; and tender thejuice

:

but
fine

the Flefh
is

is

The
i.e.

flovver'dMufcat. It
qu>. iie

is

alfo called

very

much

fugar'd.

It ripens the

Mufcat a longue

a"

Automne,

Long-ftalk'd Mufcat of the Autumn. This is an excellent Pear,

The

End of October. 4.2. Pyrus fativa fruclu autumy

nali turbinato tuberofo <viridi

of a middling Size, and round ; the Skin is of a dark-red Colour ; the Flem is very tender, and of a delicate Flavour. It ripens in the Middle of Oaobcr. 39. Pyrus fativ.7, fruclu autumnali globofo ferrugineo,

came

<vifcida.

de Vigne, 1. e. The Vine-pear. This is a round Fruit, of a middling Size the Skin of a dark-red Colour the Flem is very
Tourn.

Po

re

faccha* Sucre vert, /. e. The Green Sugar-pear. This Pear is fhaped like the Winterthorn, but is fmaller ; the Skin is very fmooth and green ; the Flefh, is very buttery ; the Juice is fugar'd, and of an agreeable Flavour but it is fometimes fubjedt to be ftony in the Middle, efpecially if grafted on a Quince-flock.
rato, in ore liquefcente. Tourn.
;

43.
te,

Pyrus fativa, fruclu autumcame

tene-

melting, and full of a clammyjuice the Stalk is very long and (lender.

nali tuberofo jcfjili^ e <viridi flavefceii-

maatlis nigris confperfo,

This Fruit mould be gathered before it be full ripe otherwife it grows mealy, and foon rots. It ripens the Middle of-Oelober. 40. Pyrus fativa, fruclu autum;

nali oblongOy

dilute rufefcente,

charato, odaratifjimo.

Tourn.

facPoire

Rouffeline,

/*.

e.

The

Roufieline
fin

ra faccharata. Tourn. La Marquife, e. The Marquis's Pear. This 1. is often of two different Shapes, according to the Nature of the Soil where they are planted ; for when the Soil is dry, the Fruit very much refembles a fine Blanquet ; but when the Soil is very rich and moift, ic

Pear.

It is alio called

in Tourain?,

Le Mufcat

a lcnguc queue de la

d'Automne, 1. e. The long-ftalk'd Mufcat of the End of Autumn. This is by fome Englijh Gardeners called
the Brute-bonne
different Fruit
:

grows much larger it is a well-fhaped Pear, flat at theTop the 'Eye is finall, and hollow'd the Skin is of
:

a green
to
this

111

Yellow, a

little

inclining
:

Red on

the Side next the Sun

if

but tha:

is

a very

from this. It is fhaped fomewhat like theRoulTelet; but the Skin of this is fmooth, and of a Greenilh-yellow from the Sun but the Side next the Sun is of a deepred Colour, with fome Spots of Grey the Flefn is very tender and
;

Pear does not change yellow in ripening, it is feldom good ; but if it does, the Flefh will be tender and delicate, very full of Juice, which is fugar'd. It ripens the End of Otlo*
ber.

44.

Pyrus fati-va,

fruclu autumi. e.

nali oblongo, par tint albido, partem rufefcente.

delicate

the Juice is very fweet, ; with an agreeable Perfume. It ripens the Beginning of Oclober ; but mull not be long kept, lelt it rot in the Middle.
'

The

Chat-brule,
is

The

Burnt Cat. It de Xaintonge,

Xaintonge.
Pear, fhap'd

alfo called Pucelle

i. e.

The

Virgin of

This

is

a fmall oblong

41. Pyrus fatlva, fruclu autumnali obhngo majori cinereo. Tourn. Poire Pendar, /. c. The Knave's

much like the Martin but differs from it in Colour : this being of a pale Colour on one Side, but of a dark -brown on the
Sec
;

other 1

P Y
other
;

p
;

the Sicin

is

fmooth

the

the Stalk

Flem is tender, but dry ; and, if kept a fhort time, is apt to grow mealy. It is in eating the Latterend of Ottcber. 45. Pyrus fativa, fruclu autumnali globofofejjtli,ex albido flavefemte.

long and ftrait. When this Pear is upon a Free nock, and planted on a good Soil, it is one of the beft Fruits of the Seafon; but
is

when

it

is

on a Quince ftock, or
Soil, the Fruit

upon a very dry

will

Le

Befideri.

It
is

is

fo

called

from

Heri, which

a Foreft in Bretagne, between Rennes and Nantes, where

be fmall, ftony, and worth little. It ripens the Beginning of November. 48. Pyrus fativa,fruclu brumali ob/ongo, partim intenfe, partim dilute ferrugineo, faccharato, odorato. Tourn. Martin Sec, i.e. The Dry

this Pear was found. This is a middle-nVd round Pear, of a pale Green, inclining to a yellowilh Colour the Stalk is very long and
;

Martin.
the

This

is

fometimcs called

fiender ; the Fleih is dry, and but very indifferent for eating ; but it bakes well. It ripens the End of

Dry Martin of Champagne, to diftinguilh it from another DryMarof Burgundy. This Pear is almoft Shape and Colour, which has occafioned fome Perfons to give it the Name of Winter Ruffelet. It is an oblong Pear, whofe Skin is of a deep-ruflet Colour on one Side ; but the otherSide
tin

like the RoulTelet in

October.

46.

Pyrus fativa,fruclu brum ae

li fejjtlij

viridi Jlavefcente, macu-

la to, utrinque umbilical 0, in ore liquefcente.

Tourn.

The
It

Crafane,
is

or

Bergamot Crafane.

alfo called

Beurre Plat, h e. The Flat ButterThis is a middle- hVd Pear, pear. hollowed at the Crown like an Apthe Stalk is very long and ple crooked; the Skin L rough, of a greenifh-yellow Colour when ripe, covered over with a vulTet Coat; the Flelh is extremely tender, and buttery, and is full of a rich fugar'd Juice ; and is the very beft Pear of theSeafon. This is in eating the Beginning of November. t uclu bruma47. Pyrus fativa,f li turbinato fejfili Jlavefcente faccha:

inclining to a l(ed ; the Flelh is breaking and fine ; the Juice is fugar'd, with a little Perfume and if grafted on a Free-ftock, is an excellent Pear ; but if it be on a Quinceftock,it is very apt to be ftony. It is in eating the Middle of November ; but if they were permitted to hang their full time on the Tree, will keep
is
;

good two Months.

49.
li

Pyrus fativa,frutlu brumafejjili, e

magno

ctnereo Jlavefcente.
i. e.

Tourn.

La

Villaine d'Anjou,
It
is

The

Villain of Anjou.
i. e.

alfo

called Poire Tulipee,

;

raio odorato, in ore liquefcentc. Tourn.

Lanfac ou la Dauphine, i. e. The Lanfac or Dauphine Pear. This Pear is commonly about the Size of a Bergamot, of a roundilh Figure, flat toward the Head ; but a little produe'd toward the Stalk ; the Skin is fmooth, and of a yellowifh-green Colour the Flefti is yellow, tender,
i

lip-pear and Bigarrade, Great Orange. This is a large round Pear, with a very long fiender Stalk ; the Skin is of a pale-yellow Colour j the Flefli is breaking, but not very full of Juice. This is in eating the Middle of November. 50. Pyrus fativa,Jruclu brumali

The Tui. e. The

Jlavcfcente
e.

odoralijjimo,

pedicuh

and melting the Juice is fugar'd, and a little perfumM the Eye is very large, as is alfo theFlower ; and
; ;

crajfiori.

Tourn. Poire de gros queue,

TheLarge-ftalkM Pear.

This

is

a large roundifti Pear, with a yel-

P Y
low Skin the Stalk is very thick, from whence it had the Name ; the
;

PY
quefcente.

Toum.

Louifebonne,
Pear.

i.e.

The Good Lewis

is

Flefh is breaking and dry, and has a very inufky Flavour ; but it is apt to be ftony, efpecially if it be planted in a dry Soil, or grafted on a Quince ftock, as are moft of the per*

fum'd Pears.
5 l Pyrus fativa, fruftu brumali turbinato rufefcente od'jrato. L'Ama.

dote,

i.

e.

The Amadot

Pear.

This is a middle-fiz'd Pear, fomewhat long, but flat at the Top ; the Skin is generally rough, and of a the Flefli is dry, and ruffet Colour high-flavour'd, if grafted on a FreeThe Wood of this Tree is ftock. generally thorny, and is efteemed the
;

(haped fomewhat like main, or the Autumn Vcrte-lo?igue ; but is not quite fo much pointed * the Stalk rs very ftiort, flcfliy, and fomewhat bent ; the Eye, and the Flower, arefmall the Skin is very fmooth; the Colour is green, inclineing to a white when ripe ; the Flefft is extremely tender,and full of Juice, which is very fweer, efpecially when it grows upou a dry Soil ; otherwife it is apt to be very large and ill;

This Pear the St. Ger-

tafted. It is in eating the Latter-end cf November, and the Beginning of December.

54.
li,

Pyrvs fa tiva,

fruftu brunuz-

of Pears for Stocks to graft the meltingPears upon,becaufe it gives them fome of its fine muiky It is in eating the End Flavour. of November ; but will keep good
belt Sort
fix

tuberofo, e viridi favefcente,

punJt

ftato, faccharato.

Toutn.

Poire de
Pear.

Colmar,
is

i.

e.

The Colmar
Poire
;

alfo

called

M.ume, The
tar-

Manna

Pear

and Bergamotte

Weeks.
52.

Pyrus
in
i.

fativa, fruftu brumatuberojo,

liquefcente.

dive, The late Burgamot. This Fear is fomewhat like a Bon cretien in

li,

globofo,

dilute virente,

Shape

but

the

Head

is

fiat

the

pun ft ate,
Petit
It
is

ore
e.

Town.

Little Lard Pear. Bouvar and Roufettc d'Anjou, i. e. The Ruflet of Anjou ar.d Amadont, and Marveille d'Hyver, i. e. The Wonder of the Winter. This Pear is of the Size and Shape of theAmbret or Lefchafbut the Skin is of a clear ferie green Colour, and a little fpotted

Oin,

alfo called

and deeply hollow'd ; the Middie is larger than the Head, and is flop'd toward the Stalk,whick is ihort, large, ana a little bent ; the Skin is green, with a few yellowifh Spots; but is fometimes a little coloured on the Side next the Sun ; the Flelh is very tender, and the
is

Eye

large,

Jaice is greatly fugar'd. It is in eating the Latter end of November ;

the Stalk

is

pretty long and ilender;

large,

the

Eye

is

and deeply hol-

ary

low 'd ; the Helh is extremely fine, and melting ; the Juice is much fugar'd, and has an agreeable mufky
Flavour.
ber
It is in eating

but will often keep good till Januand is efteemed one of the beft ; Fruits of that Seafon.
55.
li,

Pyrus fativa, fruftu brumacitriformi,

globofo,

favefcente,

the

End of pmftato,
rie.

in ore liquefcente , faccharaQ'curn.

November, and moft Part of Decemand is efteemed one of the belt ; Fruits in that Seafcn. Th:s is better on a Free-Hock than upon the Quince. 53. Pyrus fixtiva, fruftu brumali

to, oderatifjimc.

EfchaTe-

Verte longue d' Hyver, i. c. The Winter longgreen Pear and Bef:deri Landri, e. The Landry Wilding, This
It
ia

alfo called

/*.

longo e viK'idi albicctnte,

in

crc li-

Pear Skin

is is

(haped like a Citron ; the fmooth, and of a green Colour,

P Y
'our, with

P Y
duced.
treated,
ly-

fome Spots while it hangs on the Tree ; but, as it ripens, it becomes of a yellovvim Colour the Stalk is ftrait and long the Eye is fmall, and not hollowM ; the Flefti
;
;

Where
it

will

this Tree is thus bear very plentiful-

57.

Pyrus Jhtiva fpinofa,fruIu

globofo,feJftli, feruginio, in ore lique-

is
is is

melting,

and buttery; the Juice

It

fcente,fnccbi!i ate, odoratijjimo. Tourn.

fugar'd, with a little Perfume.

in eating the Latter-end of

NovemCbrijl-

ber,

and continues good

till

mas.

Poire d'Ambrette. This is fo called from its mulky Flavour, which refembles the Smell of the Sweet Sultan Flower, which is called Ambrette
i.:

56.
li

Pyrus fativa, fruclu brutnain

France.

This Pear
the

is
is

like

longo, e viridi flavefcente,

ore

the Lefchafierie in Shape, but

ruflet

of a

liquefcente, faccharato,

Touni.

Le
It is

Colour;

Eye

is

larger,

Virgoule, or

La

Virgouleufe.

alfo called Bujaleuf,

and Chambret;

te ; and Poire de Glaffe, i. e. The Ice Pear, in Gafcoigne but it is called Virgoule, from a Village of that Name in the Neighbourhood of St.

and more hollow'd ; the Flefti is melting, and the Juice is richly fugar'd and perfum'd ; the Seeds are large and black, and the Cells in which they are lodg'd are very
large
;

the

Wood

is

very thorny,

Leonard in Limoufin, where it was raifed, and fent toParis, by theMarThis Pear is quis of Chambret. large, long, and of a green Colour,
inclining to yellow, as
it

efpecially
ftocks.

when

The

grafted on FreeFruit is in eating the

ripens

the

Stalk is fhort, fleihy, and a little bent ; the Eye is of a middling Size, and a little hollow'd ; the Skin is fometimes a very fmooth, and little colour'd towards the Sun ; the Flefh is melting, and full of a rich
juice.
It
is

Latter-end of November, and continues good till the Latter-end of January ; and is efteemed a very good Fruit by moll People.
58.
/i,

Pyrus fativa, fruclu brumaalbido, in ore

mag?ic, pyramiduto,

liquefcente, faccharato, edit ato. Toi rn,

in eating the Latter-

end of November, and will continue good till January ; and is efteemed one of the belt Fruits of the Seafon but the Tree is very apt to produce vigorous Shoots and the BiolToms being generally product at the extreme Part of the Shoot, where they
;

are fhorten'd, theFruit will be intirely cut away, which is the Reafon it is

Epine d'Hyver, i. e. Winter-thorn This is a large line Pear, nearly of a pyramidal Figure ; the Skin is fmooth, and of a pale-green Colour, inclining to yellow as it ripens the Stalk is fhort and ilender; the Flefh is melting and buttery; the Juice is very fweet ; and, in a dry Seafon, is highly perfumed ; but when it is planted on a moift Soil, or the Seafon proves wet, it is very
Pear.
;

infipid

fo that

it

mould never be
Jt ripens

a bad Bearer; but when it is grafted on a Free-flock, it ought to be allowed at lead forty Feet to fpread : and, if upon a Quince-flock, it mould be allowed

condemn'd

as

planted on a ilrong Soil.

the

End of November, and

good two Months.

will con-

tinue
59.

of thirty Feet, and the upward Branches trained in againft the Efpalier or Wall, at full Length, in an
horizontal Pofition, as they are pro-

fru5lu brumavhidi flavefcente, in ore liquefcente. Tcum. La Saint Germain, e. The St. Germain Pear.
li

Pyrus fativa,
e

longo,

;*.

It

is

alfo
i.

called

L'lnconniie de la
:

Fare,

e.

Ths Unknown oiLaTore

P Y
upon the firft difcovered it being Banks of a River which'is called by that Name, in the Parifh of St. Germain. This is a large long Pear, of a yellowifh-green Colour when ripe; the Flelh is melting, and very full or Juke which in a dry Sealon, or if planted on a warm dry Soil, is very fweet ; but when it is planted on a nioift Soil, the Juice is very apt to be
;

p
this
is

a very good Fruit for bake-

ing.

62.
li

Pyrus fativa, fruclu brumamagno oblongo turbinato ferrugiu

e.

neo y utrinque umbilicuto. 'Joum. Poire

de Livre,
is

The Pound
Grofs

Pear.

It

Ratteau Gris i. e. The Gre) -rak'd Pear ; and Poire d'Amour, /. e. T he lovely Pear. In
alfo called

England
cejler.

this

is

called

harm and

which renders it lefs efteemed by fome Perfons ; tho' in general it is greatly valued. This is in eating the End of November ;
aullere
;

Warden, or

the Black Pear of

is

Par kin fans Wor-

This

a very large Pear,

the Skin
is

each of which

commonly weighs a
;

Pound or more

rough,

but will many times continue good

till

60.
li

Chroma s. Pyrus fat iva, fruclu brumaToum.

Saint

tuberofo fubacido fiavcfcente puncla-

and of an cbfcure red Colour on the Side next the Sun; but fomewhat paler on the other Side theSralk is very fhort, and the Eye is greatly
;

to.

Aultin.

This

is

hollow'd.

about the Size of a middling VirgouU Pear ; but is fome what fhorter, and flenderer near the Stalk; the Skin
of a fine citron Colour, fpotted with red on the Side next the Sun ; the Flelh 'is tender, but not buttery;
is

This is not fit for eating, but bakes or Hews exceeding well; and is in Seafon from November to
Cbrijlmas.

and

is

pretty full of Juice,

liitle fliarp
is
;

often a

which

which is to fome

Perfons

difagreeable,

but others

P i rus fati'va, fruclu brumaparvo Jiavejcente, maculis rubris Beli de Cafioy, confperfo. Toum. e. The Wilding of CaJ/oy, a Forelt iuBretagns, where it was difcovered, and pafies under the Name of Rouf63.
li
;'.

value

in eating in

Tnis is and will continue good two Months. 61. Pyrus fativa, fruclu brumait

on that Account.
December
;

fet

d'Anjou. It Beurre d'Hyver,

Butter-pear.

is

alfo called Petit

i. e.

Small Winter
a fmall ob'ong

This

is

li

pyratnidato, parti?n purpureoypundis

confperfo,

Pear, of a yellowifh Colour, fpotted with red: the Flefti is meiting, and
the Juice
is

nigris

fiauefcente. Tourn.
e.
is

very rich.

It is

eat-

Bon-cretien d'Efpagne, /. This Spanijb Bon-cretien.

The
a large

Pear, of a pyramidal Form, ol a fine red or purpie Colour on the Side next the Sun, and full of fmall black Spots ; the other Side is of a pale-yel-

This ing in D( amber and January. is a prodigious Bearer, and commonly produces its Fru:t in large Cluiters, provided it be not too much
pruned ; for it generally produces its BlolTom buds at the Extremityof its Shoots; which if fhortened, the Fruit would be cut away. There was a Tree of this Kind in the Gardens of Camden-Houfe, near Kenfngton which generally produced a great Quantity of Fruit, 64. Pyrus fativa^fudu bruma;

low Colour
and,
is

when

it is

the Flelh is breaking ; ona light richSoil,

and grafted on a Free-ftock,

it^ Juice It ripens in the Bevery fweet. ginning of Dece?nbcr, and will continue good a Month, or fix Weeks. If this be grafted on a Quince-ilock,

it is

very apt to be dry and ftony

li

turbinato inxquali, v.ntre iumida,

param

P
Tourn.
Ronville.
Pear.

Y
It is

P Y
alfo called

par tint purpureo, partim fiawfcente.

Hocrenaille and Martin -fire,
i. *.The This Pear is about the Size and Shape of a large Rouffelet ; the Eye is of a middling Size, and hollow'd a little; the Mid-

Perfohs Palates. It is in eating January and February.

Lord Martin

67. Pyrus fativa Pifta<vienjis 9 fruclu brumali globofo fefpJi faccha rata odorato. Town. Poire Portail,
i.

e.

The Gate
fo

Pear. This Pear

was

difcovered in the Province afPoiclou;

dle of the Pear

is

generally fwell'd

where it was

much
to

efteemed, that

more on one
but
fofc,
is

Side than on the other;

Stalk

equally extended toward the the Skin is very fmooth and

and is of a lively-red Colour next the Sun ; but on the other Side the it changes yellow as it ripens Flefli is breaking, and full of Juice, which is very fweet, and a little perfum'd ; but if grafted on a QuinceHock, is very apt to be fmall and
:

moft other Fruit } tho', in the Opinion of moll curious Judges, it does not deferve the great Character which is given to it ; for it rarely happens, that it proves good for eating, being generally dry, ftony, and hard, unlefs in extraordinary Seafons, and upon a rsry good
it

they preferr'd

Soil.

on

This mull always be grafted a Free - ltock, and mould be

;

ftony.

planted on a light rich Soil

and

in

65.

Pyrus fati<va

fru<fiu

bruma-

li citriformi fia<vefcente

duro mofcba-

t odoratijjimo.

Tourn. Citron d'Hy-

ver,

i.

e.

The Winter
is

Citron

Pear.
is

It

alfo called

the

Mufk
This

very dry Seafons the Trees mould be watered, otherwife the Fruit will be ftony. It is in Seafon from January to March, and bakes well. 68. Pyrus fati<v a, fruclu brumali

Orange Pear,

in

fome

Places.

magno
is e.

globofo fiavefcente, punclis

a pretty large Pear, in Shape and Colour very like an Orange or Ci-

rufi: confperfo.

Tourn.
-

It
i.

alfo

called

Franc-real. Fin-or d'Hyver,

from whence it had its Name is hard and dry, and very fubjecT: to be ftony j for which Reafons it is not valued as an eating Pear ; but will bake very well. It is in Seafon (romDecember toMarcb. 66. Pyrus fativa, fruclu brumatron,
:

The Golden
is

end of Winter.

the Flem

a very large Pear, almoft of a globular Figure ; the Skin is yel-

This

low, fpotted with red ; the Stalk is more, and the Wood of the Tree pith the Flelh of this Pear is dry,
:

li oblongo s e <viridt fla<vefcente , faccba-

rato, faporis aujleri. Tourn.

felet d'

Rouf-

Hyver,
is

i.

e.

The Winter

Ruflelet.This

by fome fuppofed to

to be ftony ; but it bakes exceeding well, and continues good from January till March. 69 Pyrus fativa, fruclu bruma // turbinato fejfilifubaado fla<vefcente t
.

and very apt

be the fame Pear as is called the Dry Martin ; but it is very different from that in feveral Particulars: the Colour of this is a greenim Yellow, inclining to brown the Stalk is long and {lender, and the Flem is buttery and melting, and generally full of but the Juice, which is very fweet Skin is apt to contain an auftere
; ;

punclis afperiotibus confperfo. Tourn.

Bergamotte Bugi. It is alfo called Bergamotte de Pafque, i. e. The Eafter Bergamot. It is a large Pear, almoft round ; but is a little produced inLength towards theStalk; the Eye is flat, and the Skin is green, having many rough Protuberances
like Spots difperfed
all

over

but,

Juice; fo- that if it be not pared, it is apt to be difagreeable to many

as

it

ripens,
ii>

Flelh

becomes yellowim ; the breaking, and in a good

Seatbn

P
Seafori
flic

Y
is

P Y
;

Juice

fweet

but

it

breaking, and
fugar'd J uice.

is

very
is

full

of rich

mutt have a Free-ftock, and Southhave a good Soil ; ealt Wail, and otherwife it is apt to be ftony and auftere. It is in eating from February
i. e.

This

efteemed in

France one of the beft Winter Pears but in England it is feldom fo good
tho' I

am

fully fatisfied, if

it

were

till

April

grafted on a Free-ftock, and planted

in a

70.

Le Muscat d' Alleman, The German Mufcat. This is

good

Soil,

fed to the South-eaft,

againfta Wall expoand the Bran-

an excellent Pear, more long than round, of the Shape of the Winterroyal but is lets toward the Eye, and is more rufiet, and of a red Colour next the Sun ; it is buttery, 4nelting, and a little mufey. This
;

full Length, it might be render'd more acceptable than it is at prefent in England.

ches train'd at

74.
li

Pyrus fatxnja, fruBu bruma-

magno, eydonite facie, partim fia*vo, partim purpurea. Tcum. Catillac or

Cadillac. This ped fomewhat
is

eating in March, April, and fometimes in May, when it keeps fo

is in

a large Pear,

ftia;

like a

Quince

the

long.
71. Le Bergamotte d* Holland e, /. *.The Holland Bergamot:
it
is large and round, of the Shape of the ordinary Bergamot, but a little more produced toward the Stalk.

Skin

is, for

the moft part, of a yellow

The
is
is

Colour

is

greenifh

the Flefh
;

Colour, but changes to a deep Red on the Side next the Sun ; the Flefli is hard, and the Juice auftere bat it is a very good Fruit for baking ; and being a plcn'iful Bearer, de~ ferves a Place in every good Col;

half-buttery and tender

thejuice

lection

of Fruit.

It

will

be

good

This is a very good Pear, and will keep t\\\At >i!. 72. Le Poire de Naples, /. e. The Pear of Naples. This is a prethighly flavoured.
ty large,
long, greenifh Pear
;
;

from Ch rift mas

li

to April, or longer.

75. Pyrus fativa, frv.clu bruma* oblongo ftairfcente, punclis rubris

canfperfo.
is

the
is

La Pailorelle. This Pear of the Size and Shape of a fine

Stalk
is

Flem

is

half-breaking
little

the Juice
It
is

Roufielet; the

fhort

and

fweet, and a

vinous.
I

in

doubt fome Places taken for a Saint Germain ; for there is a Pear in fome Gar^ dens very like the Saint Germain, which will keep till April and this Pear agrees with the Characters of that. It is called in England The Eafter St. Germain. 73. Pyrus fativa,fru8u brumali magna pyramidato e fia<vo nonnibil rubente. Tcum. Boa-cretien d Hyin

eating in March.
this

am

crooked ; the Skin is fomewhat rough, of ayellowifh Colour, fpotted with

whether

Pear

is

not in

Red
;

the

Flefh
it

is

tender

and buttery

and when

grows on

a dry Soil, the Juice is very fweet ; but on a wet Soil, or in moifl Years,
is fubjeel: to have an aufiereTafle. This Pear is in eating in February and March. 76. Pyrus fat in) a, fruflu brumait

pwpurafcente.

ver,

i. e.

The

Wint.
is
i

Bon-cretien
v large

Pear.

This Pear

and

long, of a pyramidal Figure ; the Skin is of a yeliowim Colour but the Side next the Sun inclines to a foft Red ; the Flefh is tender and
;

partim fa-vefcente, partim La Double To urn. Fleur, i. e. The double-flowering This is fo called, becauie the Pear. Flowers have a double Range cf PeIt is a large fliort tals or Leaves. the Stalk is long and flrait ; Pear the Skin is very fmootii, and of a vellowifli Colour; but the Side next
fejjili,
;

Vol.

III.

4D

the

P Y
the

p
of a fine red
is it

Y
:

Sun

is

commonly

This or purple Colour. efteemed for eating; but

rally too auftere in this

by fome
is

ry much efteemed in March.

li

it

is

in Seafon

gene-

Country for that Purpofe. It is the bell Pear in the World for Bakipg or Compofts. It is good from February to May. 7 7. Pyr US fativa, frufiu brumali

80. Yykvs fativa, fruftu brumamaximo pyramidato, dilute *virentt. The Union Pear otherwife called Dr. VvedaWs St. Germain. This
;

oblongo,

partim

fia<v;fccnte,

partim
It is

purpurajcente.
alfo called in

Saint Martial.

fome Places Poire An-

gelique,

This Pear

The Angelic Pear. oblong, in Shape like the Bon-cretien ; but not fo large,
i. e.

is

a very large long Pear, of a deepgreen Colour but the Side next the Sun cloth fometimes change to a red as it ripens. This is not fit for eating, but bakes very well ; and being a great Bearer, and a very large .Fruit, deferves a Place in every good Collection. It is in Seafon
is
;

and a

little flatter at

the
;

Crown;
Skin

it

has a very long Stalk

the
;

is

fmooth and
Side next the
plifh

yellowifli

but on the

Sun
;

it

turns to a purFlefh
is

Colour

the

tender

and buttery, and the Juice is very This is in eating in Februafweet. ry and March, and will keep very
long.

from Chrlfimas to April. There are many ether Sorts of Pears, which are itill continued in fome old Gardens but as thofe here mentioned are the bell Sorts know~n at prefent, it would be needlefs to enumerate a great Quantity of ordinary Fruit ; fince every one who
;

intends to plant Fruits, will rather

78
li

Pyrus
,

fati'va y fru8u

bruma-

partim purLa Poire pureo ohrato faccharato de Chaumor.telle, or Befi de Chaumontelle, I. e.The Wilding of ChauThis Pear is in Shape montelle.
ob/ongoy p.irtim albido,
.

lu'd,

choofe thofe which are the mod vathe. Expence and Trouble being the fame for a bad Sort of Fruit
as a

ferted

good one. Indeed I have inmany more than are really worth planting, in order to pleafe
are fond of a great Variebut whoever hath a mind to make choice of fuch only as are good, may eafily diftinguifh them, by attending to the Account given of each Sort ; and hereby every Perfon is at Liberty to pleafe himfelf; for it is not every one who prefers a Beurre Pear, tho' that is generally efteemed the very beft in its proper Seafon there are fome who admire the Mefiire Jean for the Firmnefs of its Flefh, which to others is a great Objection againft it; fo that
ty
:
:

fomewhat
but
is

like

the

is flatter

at the

Autumn Beurre, Crown the Skin

:

fuch

who

lour

rough, of a pale-green Cobut turns to a purplifh Colour next the Sun ; the Flefh is melting ; the Juice is very rich, and a little
a
little
;

perfum'd.

It is in eating from November to January ; and is efteemed by fome as the beft late Pear yet

known.
79.

Pyrus

li globojo fejfili cinereo,

fativa> frufiu brumamaculis amplis

obfeurioribus

confperfo.
is

Tourn.

Car-

a middle-fiz'd Pear, of a roundifli Form ; the Skin is of a grey Colour on one Side ; but is
melite.

This

as

fome efteem the breaking, and

others the melting Pean, I have dif-

inclining to a red on the other, hav-

tinguifhed them by theirDefcriptions

in fuch a

ing fome broad Spots of a dark Colour all over ; the Flefh is commonly hard and dry, fo that it is ot ve-

may make

manner, that every one choice of the Kinds of Fruit which are agreeable to their
Palates
i

P Y
Palates
in

P
of Pears

Y
;

and the different Seafons which each Kind is in eating, be;

ing exhibited
earlier

(allowing a

little for

the Difference of Seafons, which are

in fome meafure Stocks upon which they are grafted for if they are grafted upon early Summer Pear-

may be
the

owing

to

is

fome Years than others ), it not very difficult for a Perfon to make a Collection of good Pears to
fucceed each other throughout the Sealbn of thefe Fruits, boih for eat-

itocks, they will ripen

much

earlier

ing and baking.

as her? let

of each Fruit ripening, is taken at a MeHam for fsven Years, and in the Neighbourhood of London, whtreail

The Time

down,

than when they are upon hard Winter Pear flocks andif fortie of the very loft melting Pears wrc grafted upon fuch Stocks as are railed from tr.e moll aufiere Fruit, fueh as are never fit to eat, and of wh eh the belt Perry is made, it would improve
:

thofe

Fruits,

and
;

continue
or
if

ts of Fruit generally ripen a Fortnight or three We< ! earlier than in

Soi

almoft any Part of England ; and it is very obvious to every Perfon, who

wid attend
accelerated
for

to the Culture of Fruit-

Free- Hoc ks were firft g r afted witu any of thefe hardWinter Pears, and when they have grown a Year, then to graft or bud thefe foft melting Pears upon them, it would have

much mon

longer good

the

them com-

trees, that their

Time of ripening
Cultivation

is
;

the fame Effect

raifed
will

but

the Pears fo

by long
pa,ft

require a Year's

more

man y of the

Sorts of Pears,which

Growth

in the

Nurfery; and conse-

fome Years
in

rarely

became

ripe

England, unlefs they grew againft the belt afpecled Walls, are now found to ripen extremely well on
Efpaiiers

quently cannot be fold at the fame Price as thofe which are raifed in the

common Method,

thefe requiting to

and Dwarfs
ripe

and thofe

Pears which feldom were in eating

till

fanttary, are
:

two Months

very great time of ripening in different Seafons for I have known the Fruit of a Pear tree in one Year all /ipe and gone by the Middle of Qftober ; and the very next Year the Fruit of the fameTree has not been fit to eat till the End of December ; fo that Allowance fnould be made for thefe Accidents.
earlier

there

is

alfo a

.Oifferer.ce in their

be twice budded or grafted ; fo that there is double Labour, befi de Handing a full Year longer but this Difference in the firft Expence of the Trees is not worth regarding by any Perfon who is defirous to have good
:

Fruit

for the fetting out in a right

that which every one fhould be the moil careful of fince by millaking at firft, much time is loft \ and an After-expence of new Trees
is
;

way

often attends

it.

The Befi de Chaumontelle Pear, about thirty Years paft, was feldom fit to eat before February ; and has continued good till the Middle of April : but now this Pear is commonly
it
is

ripe in November', and when planted on a warm Soil, and againft a good-afpefted Wall, it is in eating the Middle of Odtobcr. This { or warding cf the feveral kinds

Another Caufe of Fruits ripening earlier now, than they formerly did, may be from the Length of time they have been cultivated ; for it is very certain, that moft Sorts of Plants have been greatly forwarded and improved by Culture, within the Space of thirty or forty Year% as may be known from the feveral Sorts of efculent Plants, which are cultivated in the Kitchen-gardens and of which Sorts there are many which
;

are

P Y
and if we are annually improving look back to the bell French Au:

p Y
of Tears indifferently, there are very great Objections : ift, Becaufe fome Sorts of Pears will not thrive upon thefe Stocks, but in two or threeYears will decay, or at moll will but juit

thors,
ject

who have written on the Subof Fruit-trees, we fhali find, that the times of ripening of many Sorts of Pears are put down a Month or fix Weeks later about fifty Years ago, than they are now found to ripen about Paris : and here about London it is much the fame ; for I cannot find they are the leatl forwarder in the times of their ripening at Paris than at London. The ripening of thefe Fruits may alfo be accelerated by the Method of pruning and managing thefe Trees, which are greatly improved within the Space of a few Years paft ; for if we look into the Directions which are given by the belt Writers on this Subject, we fhall foon difcover how little they knew forty Years ago, of the trui Method of pruning and managing all Sorts of Fruit-trees, fcarce one of them making any Difference in the Management of the different Kinds of Fruit. Pears are propagated by budding or grafting them upon Stocks of their own Kind, which are commonly called Free-Hocks, or upon Quince-flocks, or White- thorn upon all which thefe Fruits will take ; but the latter Sort of Stock is now feidom ufed, beca ife they never keep Pace in their Growth with the Fruit budded or grafted upon them ; as alfo becaufe the Fruit upon fuch Stocks are commonly drier, and more apt to be ftony, than when they are
, ;

keep alive. 2dly, Moft of the Sorts of hard breaking Pears are rendered fo that ftony, and good for little whenever any of thefe Sorts are thus
;

injudicioufly raifed, the Fruit, altho'

the

demn^
when

Kind be ever io good, is conas good for nothing, by fuch

with
it,

as are not well acquainted

the Fault

is

intirely
it

the Stock on Wiiicn

owing to was grafted.

On

the contrary, moil melting but-

tery Pears are greatly

improved by

being upon Quince-Hocks, provided they are planted on a flrong Soil but if the Ground be very dry and gravelly, no Sort of Pear will do
well

upon Quince

flocks

in

fuch

Places.

ven, there

Thefe generalDire&ions being giis no Occasion to repeat any Part of the Method in which thefe Stocks are raifed, and the Fruits budded or grafted thereon ; which has been already mentioned under
the Article of Nurferies.

The

Diflance which thefe Trees

lefs

fhold be planted either againfl Walls

or Efpaliers, mull not be

thirty Feet
:

than

they are planted forty Feet, it will be better ; for if they have not room to fpread on each Side, it v.i'l be impoffible to prefer ve them in good Order, efpecially thofe on Free-flocks ; for the more thefe Trees are pruned, the but
if

upon

Pear-frocks.

Quince - flocks

more they
fore faid,

will

moot

and, as I be-

are greatly ufed in the Nurferies for

all Sorts

many

Sorts of Pears pro-

of Pears which are defigned

for Dwarfs or

alls,

in order

to

duce their Bloflbm-buds firfl at the r Extremity of the former Year s

Shoots, fo that

check

the
j

Luxuriancy
that they

of

their

when they

are fhort-

Growth

fo

may be kept

en'd, the Fruit will be cut

away

within Compafs better than upon Free-flocks. But againfl the general Ufe ai thefe Stock?, for all Sorts

and

cannot be avoided, where the Trees have not room aliow'd in

this

their

firll

planting.

This

Y
fineft

p Y
I ever have feen,

This Diftance, I doubt not, will be obje&ed to, by many who have not fully attended to the Growth of thefe Trees ; efpecially as it hath been the general Practice of moil Gardeners, to plant thefe Trees at lefs than half the Diftance which is here mention'd but whoever will b at the Trouble to view any of thefe Trees which have been fome Years {landing, will always find, where by Accident one of thefe Trees has been planted againft a Building, where the Branches have had room to fpread, that this Tree
:

Tree of this Sort of Pear which was a large Stan-

dard-tree, in my own PofTeffion, whofe Stem was not more than ten Feet high, where the Branches came out regularly on every Side, and extended near thirty Feet from the Trunk, many of which were by the Weight of the Fruit in Summer brought down to the Ground ; fo were obliged to be fupported with Poles all around the Tree toward the Extremity of the Branches, to prevent their lying up-

on the Ground
its

and

this

Tree had

has produc'd more Fruit than twelve

Trees which have been crouded and have not had room for their Branches to extend. There are fbtte Pear-trees now growing
clofe,

Branches fo difpos'd as to form a natural Parabola of forty Feet in Height, bearing from the loweft to the higheft Branches : fo that in a kindly Seafon, when the BlofToms
efcaped the Froft,
it

which fpread more than fifty Feet in Length, and are upward of twenty Feet high, which produce a much
grea cr Quantity of Fruit
than,
if

hath produe'd

upward of two thoufand Pears; which were much better flavour'd than any of the fame Sort, which I
have yet tafted. This Inftanee I mention, only to mew how much one of thefe Trees will fpread, if proper room is allowed it ; and alfo
to obferve, that as the Branches
this

there ha'J been three Trees they wolud

have dtme,
tucre
aft

fame room, as Examples enough to prove,

in the

where

Tree';

are

planted

againft

Houles, and the Ends of Buildings, at about twelve Feet, or much lefs Diftance becaufe there is Height of Waging for them to grow which is the Reaibn commonly given by thole who plant thefe Trees fo clofe together. But one Tree will bear
;
:

fo

of Tree had never been fhorten'd, they were fruitful to their Extre-

more

Fruit,

when

the Branches are

than three or four Trees, whofe Branches are led

train'd horizontally,

upright

and there never can be any

Part of the Wall being left naked or unfurninYd; for I have feen a Pear-tree which has fpread more than fifty Feet in Width, and cover 'd the Wall upward of thirty fix Feet in Height. This was a Summer Bon-cretien Pear, and was extremely fruitful, which rarely happens to this Sort when they are not aliow'd a large Share of room. The

Danger of the upper

This (hews the Abfurdity of who do not allow more than ten or twelve Feet Diftance to thefe Trees and fome of their molt approved Writers on this Subject have advifed the planting an Apple-tree between rhe Peartrees, where they are allowed twelve Feet; and yet thefe Authors afterward fay, that a good Pear-tree will
mities.

the French Gardeners,

lhoot three Feet each

Way

in

one

Year

therefore, according to their

own Account,

the Trees fo planted muft have their Branches meet together in two or three Years at moil and what muft be the Cafe with fuch Trees, in five or fix Years, is not difficult to know. But this Method of 3

4D

P Y
of Planting has not been peculiar to the French for moft of cue Gardens in EngLnd have been little better
;

meafure be afcruVd to the fame^ though, in many Inftances, I mould

be inclinable to think it has proceeded from Ignorance, rather than De
fign.

planted.

Indeed* thofe Perfons who.

were intruded with the making and

planting moft of the Englijh Gardens, had little Skill of their own ;
fo

But where Fruit-trees have been

thus
injudicioufly

planted,

if

the

were obliged

to follow the Dire-

S ocks are healthy and good, the

beft way to recover tins Lofs is, to dig up two or three, and leave every third or fourth Tree, according to the Pittance which they were planted; and (pread down the Eranches

ctions of the Trench

Gardeners
tranflat#d
;

of

whom
to

they had fo great an Opinion,

as to get their

Books

and

thefe

have added fome

trifling

Weakneis

Notes, which rather betrays their for where they have ob:

of thofe
1

which are
all

jected to the

little

rcom which

their

mean,

left horizontally, fuch as are capable of

Authors had allowed to thefe Trees, they have, at the moft, allow'd them hut three Feet more hern which it is plain, they had not confidcr'd the natural Growth of the Trees ; and whoever departs from Nature, may
:

being fo brought

down

but thofe
for
this,

which mould where enough

are

too

ftubborn

be juftly prqnouncd an Gardener.

unfkilful

be cut off near the Stem, there will be new Shoots produced to furnifh the Wall or Elpalier and if the Sort of Fruit is not the fame asdefired, the young Branches may be budded the fame
:

As moft of the Englijb Gardens have been made and planted by Perfons of little Judgment, it is very rare to find any of them which produce much Fruit; for although many of thefe Gardens have been totally altered, and new-planted, yet they have feldom been much alter'd for the better ; and the PoiTeiTors have been put to theExpence of removing the old Trees, alfo the Earth of their Borders, and to purchafe new Trees, which have been planted perhaps a Foot or two farther afunder, than the old Trees, which were remov'd: fo that when the young Trees have grown a few Years, they were in the feme Condition as the old, and it
has been the Lofs of fo
to the
Intereft

Summer, or

grafted the following Spring, with any other Sort of Pear;

and hereby many Years may be faved for one of thefe old Trees
;

will

fpread

to

much

greater
Fruit,

Length, and produce more

when

thus managed, in three Year.%

than a twelve;

new Tree

will

in

ten

or
is.

efpecially if the

mended. This is a I have praclifed with great Succcfs, where I have been employed to

Ground Method which

the Blunders of thefe great Gardeners, as they are ftiled ; and hereby the Walls and Efpaliers have been well furnihYd in a few Years.

amend

many Years
couis

But the next thing to be done, afbeing furriihYd with proper Trees, is the preparing of the
ter

Owner.
of
fell

But

this will

ilantly be the Cafe,

when

it

the

the
fo

Perfons employ Vl,

who

can

many young Trees;

and the planting of three times the Number of T rees in a Garden,

fpojre

Ground to receive them; in doing which, there mould be great Regard had to rhe Natuie of the Soil where the Trees are to grow for if it is a ftrong tfifr Land, and fubjecl to Wet in the Winter, the Borders ihould be
;

than

is

proper,

may

in

fome

railed as

much

at eve the Level of the

P Y
the can.

P
moved,
wife
it

Y
:

you conveniently under the good Soil there is a fufficient Quantity of Lime, Rubbilh, or Stones, laid, to prevent the Roots of the Trees from running downward, it will be of
as

Ground

it

And

if

away over

the whole

mould be intirely taken Garden other-

great Service to the Trees. The Borders for thefe mould not be lefs than eight Feet broad but if they are twelve, it will be ftill better. And as thefe Borders may be planted with fuch Sorts of efculent Plants as do not grow large, or whofe Roots do not grow deep, or mat together on the Surface, thefe will do
;

be better to raife the whole Border above it. If the Garden is to be new-made from a Field, then all the good Earth on the Surface mould be carewill

and if the good Ground is taken out where the Walks are defign'd to be made, and
fully preferved
;

upon the Borders, or in the it will add to the Depth of the Soil, and fave Expence in
laid

Quarters,

no Harm
as

to

the

Pear-trees

for

bringing in of new Earth. If the Ground can be prepared one Year before it is planted, the Trees will
thrive the better
;

thefe are not fo nice in their Culture

for

Peach and Nectarine-trees j fo the turning of the Ground, and mending of it, for thefe Crops, will rather improve, than injure the Trees ; provided the Plants do not lhade the Trees, or are not fuffer'd to ftand too long upon the Borders. But all the Cabbage-kind, as alfo Beans, mould be excluded from thefe Borders ; becaufe they root deep in the Ground, and draw much Nourilhment from the Trees. But if the Soil is mallow, and the Bottom is either Gravel or Chalk, there muft be a fufhcient Depth of good Earth laid upon the Borders, io as to make them two Feet and an half deep for if the Ground is not of this Depth, the Trees w;ll not thrive well. And in doing of this, I mult caution every Perfon not to dig out the Gravel in a Trench (as is by fome practised), and fill this Trench with good -Earth for by fo doing, when the Roots of the Trees are extended to the Width of the Trench, they will meet with the Gravel, which will ftop them; fo that they will be connVd, as if they were in Tubs of Earth, whereby the Trees will be foon fpoiled therefore when the Gravel or Chalk is re;

Ground

in Ridges,

by laying the and turning it

over two or three times, it will loofen the Soil, and render it much better for planting but in trenching, or plowing of the Ground, there mould be great Care taken not to go deeper than the Ground is good ; otherwife all the good Soil will be buried
:

below the Roots, and the bad Ground be turned on the Top; which h what I have known done at a great Expence, by Perfons who have been at the Top of their Profeffion, and have thereby intirely ruin'd the Garwill

dens.

Where there is a Necefiity of bringing in any frelh Earth for the Borders, it will be proper to do it as foon as polTible, and to mi* this with the Surface earth of the Borders, that it may be turned over two or
three time?, that the Parts may be well mixed and incorporated, before

and if fome added to this, it will greatly improve it. In chooling of the Earth which is to be brought into the Garden, there mould be this Care ; *viz. that if the natural Soil of the Garden is light and dry,
;

the Trees are planted

very rotten

Dung

is

then

tlve

new Earth

and

ftiff:

flioulu be loamy but where the natural Soil

is

4^

P Y
is

P Y
trees
*viz. To cut off all the fm?U Fibres from the Roots, and to morten fome of the longeft Roots, and cut of?
;

ftrong or loamy, then the new Earth mould be light and fandy, which wilt loofen the Parts of the natural Soil, and greatly mend it.

all

the bruifed ones, or fuch as ihoot

this

There are fome Perfons who recommend the laying the whole Depth of the Borders with what they call
Virgin - earth ; that is, fuch as is taken from a Pafture where the Land has not been plowed. But if this is not brought into the Garden at leaft one Year before the Trees are planted, that by turning it over often
it

downright:

being done,
in

you

mould plant them

ftance.

the Places in-

tended, it the before-mention'd Di-

The belt
(if in

time to plant thefe

leaving
their

Trees
Soil)

upon a middling or dry

Oflober,
tdl

is

Heads on

may

be fvveeten'd,
as that

it

will not
is

be

fo

good

which

taken

from a Kitchen-gardrn, or an arable Field, where the Land is good, and has been well wrought ; for by often turning and breaking of the Soil, it
will be the better prepar'd to receive

Spring; which fhoul4 be falten'd to the Walls or Stakes, to pn vent the Wind from difturbing their Roots ; and in the Beginning of March their Heads mould be cut off, in the manner already directed for Peaches, and other Fruit-trees obferving alfo to Jay fome Mulch

upon

the Trees.

the Surface of the Ground about their Roots when they are planted as hath been feveral times
;

Others recommend the mixing a great Quantity ot rotten Dung with the Earth of the Borders; but this is iiot fo proper ; for by maki g of the Ground too rich, it will only encourage the luxuriant Growth of the Trees: therefore it is always better to mend the Borders from time to time, as they may require, and not
to add fo much making them.

already directed for other Trees.

The hrft Summer after planting, the Branches mould be trained to the Wall or Efpalier (againft which they are planted) in an horizontal Portion, as they are produced,

without

fhorteningof" them

and the Michaelmas following fome of thefe Shoots mould be fhorten'd down to five or
;

Dung
is

in the

firit

ft:;

Another Care
;

required, in the

making of the Borders on wet Ground which is to contrive fome

cover'd Drains to convey off the Water in Winter ; otherwife, by this

order to obtain a fufRQuantity of Branches, to fur-niflj the lower Part of the Wall or Efpalier. But when this is done, the Shoots ought not to be fhorien'd,
cient

Eyes,

unlefs

Branches to

being detain'd about the Roots of the Trees, it will greatly prejudice

where there is a want of fill a Vacancy; therefore the lefs the Knife is ufed to thefe
Trees, the better they will fucceed
for
:

them and in the building of the Walls round a Kitchen - garden, where the Ground is inclinable to be wet, there mould be fome Arches
;

turn'd in the Foundations of thofe

Walls which are in the loweft Part of the Garden, to let off the Wet. The manner of preparing thefe Tree; for Planting is the fame as hath befeti directed for other Frui:-

wnenever the Shoots are ftopp'd, it occafions the -Buds immediately below the Cut to fend forth two or more Shoots, whereby there will be. a Confufion of Branches and rarely any Fruit is produced with this Management. The Diftance which the Branches of Pears mould be trained, mutt be propcion'd to the Size of theirFrait. Such
;

P
may

Y
of the
cut
laft

P
fix

Y
;

Such Sorts whofe Fruit are fmall,

be allow'd five or

Year's Shoots
this
is

fo that !f

Inches

thefe are fhortened, the BlolToms are

off.
;

but the larger Sorts mart: not be lefs than feven or eight Inches afunder. If this be duly obferv'd, and the Branches carefully train'd horizontally as they are produe'd, there will

But

not

all

the

Da-

mage

for (as I before faid) this oc-

cafions the

Buds immediately below

the Cut to put forth

Shoots,

two or more

be no Occafion for
as
is

fo

much

cutting

commonly
;

practised

on thefe

Trees

which, initead of checking their Growth, docs, on the contrary, caufe them to ihoot the Wronger.
It
is

very furprifing to read the

tedious

Methods which moll of the Writers on Fruit-trees have directed for, by for pruning of thefe Trets their prolix and perplexed Methods, one would imagine they had endea;

Number of Branches will be increafed, and the Tree crouded too much with Wood: befides, thofe Buds, which by this Management produce Shoots, would have only produe'd Curfons and Spurs, upon which the Bloifom-buds are produced, if the leading Branch had not been morten'd ; therefore thefe fhould never be ftopp'd, unlefs
whereby the
to furnifh
It is

'

vour'd to render themfelves as unintelligible as pofiible

:

and

this, I
it is

am

fure,

next to impoluble for a Learner ever to arrive at any tolerable Skill in pruneing, by the* tedious and perplexed Directions which are publihYd by

may be

arnrm'd, That

Wood to fill a Vacancy. not neceffary to provide a new Supply of Wood in Pear - trees, as mull be done for Peaches, Nectarines, fafr. which only produce their Fruit
upon young Wood ; for Pears produce their Fruit upon Curfons or Spurs, which are emitted from Branches which are three or four Years old which Curfons continue fruitful many Years fo that where
;
:

Monfjeur Quintiney, and thofe who for a9 thefe have copied from him have all let out wrong in the Beginning, by allowing their Trees lefs than half the Distance which they mould be planted, fo they nave prefcrihe-1 Rules to keep them within that Compak ; which are the molt abfurd, and contrary to ali Reafon; therefore mould not be prachiedby
;

thefe Trees have been fkilfuUy

ma-

nag'd, I have feen Branches which have been trained horizontally,

upward
the

of

Trunk

twenty of the

Feet

Tree,

thole Pgrfens
I (hall

who

are defirous of

paving plenty of Fruit.

therefore only lay

rpve been fruitful their Length. And if we do but carefully obferve the Branches of an healthful Standard- tree, which has been permitted to grow without
pruning,
are
ten

from and whole

down

few necelTary Directions for the pruning and managing of thefe Tree winch (hall be done in as few
;

Words

as

poiiible,

that a Learner

we (hall find many that or twelve Years old, or more, which are very full of thefe Curfons ; upon which a good Number of Fruit is annually produe'd.
During the Summer-feafon thefe Trees mould be often look'd over,
to train in the Shoots, as they are produe'd, regularly, to the Wall or

may

the

more

eafily

underftand

it

and which (together with proper

Oblervations) will be fufficient to inftruct any Perfon in the right Ma-' nagement of them.
Pear-trees generally produce their

JMoffom-buds

firft

at the

Extremity

and to difplace fore-right and luxuriant Branches as they Ihoot out; whereby the Fruit will be
Efpalier,

equally

equally cxpofed to the Air and Sun, which will render them more beautiful, and better tailed, than when they are ihaded by the Branches ; and by thus managing the Trees in Summer, they vml always appear beautiful and in Winter they will want but little prune;

ways

advife the planting themagainft

which Method they take up but little room in a Garden, and, if they are well manag'd, appear very beautiful ; and the Fruit is
Efpaliers; in
larger and better-tailed than thofe

ing.

Where
larly

Pear-trees are thus regu-

without flopping of and have full room for their Branches to extend on each Side, there will never be any Occatrained,

their Shoots,

fion for difbarking of the Branches, or cutting oft" the Roots (as hath been directed by feveral Writers on Gardening) which Methods, however they mny anfwer the Intention for the prefent, yet will certainly greatly injure the Trees; as mull all violent Amputations, which mould ever be avoided, as much as poflible,
;

produc'd on Dwarfs, as hath been but fome of the Winter Pears mud be planted againft Eaft, South - call, or South - weft Walls ; othervvife they will not ripen well in England, in bad Seafons. But altho' this may be the Cafe with fome of the late Winter Pears, in very bad Seafons ; yet, in genealready obferv'd
:

moft Sorts of them will ripen extremely well in all warm Situations, when they are planted in Efpalier ; and the Fruit will be better flavour'd than that which grows againft Walls, and will keep much longer good for as the Heat againft
ral,
:

Walls which are expofed to the Sun,

will be very

Fruit-trees ; and this, I am fure, can never be wanted, where Trees have been rightly planted, and regularly trained, while young. The Seafon for pruning of thefe Trees is any time after the Fruits are gathered, until the Beginning of

on

great at

fome times,
little

and

at

others

there will be

March

but the fooner

it

is

done,

after the Fruit is gather'd, the better, for Reafons already given for pruning of Peach-trees ; though indeed, the deferring of thefe until Spring, where there are large Quantides of Trees to prune, is notfo injurious to them, as to fome more tender Fruits but if the Branches
:

which grow near them, will be haflen'd unequally ; and therefore is never fo wellflavour'd as the fame Sorts are which ripen well in the open Air and all the Fruit which is ripen'd thus unequally, will decay much fooner than thofe which ripen gradually in the open Air therefore thofe Winfo all Fruits
:
:

Warmth;

ter

Pears which

may
thofe

be kept

grow in Efpalier, Weeks longer than which grow againft Walls

fix

which
to

is a very defirable thing. For have plenty of thefe Fruit, at a

and
in

are regularly train'd in the Summer, the luxuriant Shoots rubb'd off,
little left to

Seafon

when

it is

very rare to find

any other Fruit

to fupply the

Table

there will be

do to them

Winter. All the Sorts of Summer Pears will ripen very well, either on Standards, Dwarf;, or Efpaliers
all the
;

but Apples, is what all Lovers of Fruit mull be greatly pleas'd to enjoy : which is what may be effecled, by planting many of the late Sorts in

as will

upon Dwarfs or Efpaliers; but wnere a Perfon is

Pears,
I

Autumn

where, although the Fruit be fo well colour'd as thofe from the Walls, yet they will be
Efpalier
;

will not

very curious in his Fruit,

would

al-

P Y
Bfjt du Chaumontelle

P Y
came
firft

to

therefore can be in

no Danger of the

England, the Trees were planted in Efpalier ; and fome of them not on a very good Soil, or in a warm Situation ; and yet from thefe Trees I

Fruit

coming

to Perfection.

And

as

the Trees in Efpalier will

have eaten
has kept
till

this

fection in April,

Pear in great Perand fometimes it May ; whereas all thofe

which have been fince planted againft Walls, ripen their Fruit by the Beginning of November, and are generally gone by the Middle of December ; nor are thefe latter fo well tailed as thofe of the Efpaliers. The Virgouhufe and St. Germain, 3s alfo the Co/mar, are efteem'd the
moft
Fruit
difficult Sorts
:

to

ripen

their

have eaten in great Perfection from Efpaliers, and often from Standard-tree.% where
yet thefe
I

be conftantly pruned, and manag'd in the fame manner as thofe againft Walls, fo the Fruit will be as large on thofe Trees therefore where a Perfon has a warm Situation, and a kindly Soil, I would not advife the being at an Expence to build Walls on purpofe for Pears, but to plant them againft Efpaliers ; and where there is any one who is very curious in having plenty of thefe Fruit, and will be at fome Expence to procure them, I mould advife the having a fufficient Quantity of Reed Mats made, to fix up againft the Back of the Efpalier
:

in the Spring,

when

the Trees are in

Bloffom

they grew upon a

the Fruit

warm

Soil

but

which will fcreen them from cold Winds, and preferve the
;

was much fmaller on the Standard - trees, than thofe of the fame Sorts which grew againft Walls orEfpaliers ; b ut they were full as wellAnd fome of thefe Sorts flavour'd." I have eaten good in April, which is two Months later than thefe Sorts ufually keep. But yet I would not
advife the planting of thefe late Pears
in Standards, becaufe

tender Fruit until they are paft Danger ; when the Reeds may be taken

down, and put under a Shed to preferve them from the Weather. And
if the

thefe Reeds

Autumn may
and

fhould prove bad, be hVd up again,

alfo

which

will

forward the ripening of

prevent
the

the Fruit,

they

fhould

hang very
;

on the Trees in the Autumn at which Scafon, the Winds are generally very high, and
late

thefe Standard-trees being

much
blown
;

exoff

pos'd, the Fruit

is

often

the Trees before they are ripe

and thofe of them which may hang on the Tree?, ate frequently bruifed by being fore'd againft the Branches by the Wind?, fo that they feldom keep
well.

blowing down, and bruifing of it. Thefe Reeds may be purchased for one Shilling per Yard, running Meafure, at fix Feet and an half high ; and if they are carefully laid up, and kept from the Weather, thefe Reeds will laft feven or eight Years; fo that the Expence will not be very great and when the Advantages which thefe are of
:

Winds from

to the Fruit are confider'd, I believe

What I

mention'd

this for, is

to prove, that thefe Pears will ripen

yery well without the AfMance of a

Wall

fo that if they are planted in

where the "Frees are kept low, the Fruit will not be fo much exposed to the ftrong Winds in the
Efpalier.%

Autumn,

as thefe

on

the Standards;

no Perfon will objed to the Ufe of them. But after the Fruit is fet, and growing, there will be farther Care necefiary in order to have the Fruit good ; for it is not enough to have preferved a goad Crop of Fruit oti the Trees, and then to leave them in tir ely to Nature, during the Sea

P Y
fan of their Growth ; but there will require fome Skill and Attendance

the ufual time. For after it has been for fome time Itinted in its Growth,
able,

on

the Trees, to help Nature, or iupply the Deficiency of the Sea-

fons: for befide the

pruning and

and then the Seafon proves favourwhereby it receives a fadden Growth, it becomes fo replete with
Juice,
fues
as

training the Trees, in the

manner

to

diftend

the Veflels,

before directed., there will alfo be

whereby a Mortification often entherefore it is always bell to keep the Fruit conftantly in a growing State, whereby it will acquire a proper Size, and be rendered better
:

wanting fome Management of their Rots, according to the Nature of the Soil, and the Difference of Seasons, fn all ftrong Land, where the

Ground

is

apt to bind very hard in

the Surface of

flavoured.

dry Weather,

the

There
trees
;

will alfo require

fomeDrefT-

Borders fhould be now -and -then forked over, to loofen the Earth which will admit the Showers, and large Dews, to penetrate and moiften the Ground, and be of great Service to the Trees and Fruit, and alfo prevent the Growth of Weeds. And if the Soil is light and dry, and the Seafon mould prove hot and dry, there mould be large Hollows made round the Stems of the Trees, to hold Water ; and into each of thefe there mould be poured eight or nine Pots of Water ; which mould be repeated once a Week during the Months of June and July, if the There Seafon mould continue dry. ihould alio be fome Mulch laid over the Surface of thefe Hollows, to prevent the Sun and Air from drying
;

ing to the

Ground
this

near the Fruit-

laid on in Trees are pruned. This DrelTing fhould be different, according to the Nature of the Soil if the Land is warm and dry, then the Dreffing mould be of very rotten Dung, mixed with Loam and if

but

mould be

Autumn,

after the

this

is

mixed
laid

fix

or eight

Months

be-

fore

it is

upon the Borders, and

it
:

three or four times turned over,

will be the better
as
v. ill

alfo

the

Mixture, if it is made with Neatsdung, or Hog-dung; both which are colder than Horfe-dung, fo more proper tor an hot Land. But in cold ftiff Land, rotten Horfe-dung, mixed with light fandy Earth, or Sea-coal Ames, will be the molt proper, as this will loofen the Ground, and add
a

the Ground.

Where

thi?

is

practis'd,

Warmth

to

it.

the Fruit will be kept conftantly growing, and prove large and plump; whereas, if this is omitted, die Fruit will often be fmall, grow crooked, crack, and fall off from the Trees. For if the Fruit is once itinted in their Growth, and Rain mould fall plentifully after, it will occafion a great Quantity of the Fruit to fall off the Trees ; and thofe which remain to ripen, will not keep fo long, as thofe which never receive any Check in their Growth and it is from this Caufe, that fome Years
;

Thefe DrefTings mould be repeated every other Year, otherwife the Trees will not thrive fo well, nor will the Fruit be fo good. For, not*
withstanding

what many
;

Perfons

have advanced to the contrary, yet Experience is againft them for the fineft Fruit in England, both as to Size and Flavour, is producd on Land which is the molt dunged and worked. Therefore I would advife the trenching of the Ground about
the Fruit-tr'ees very well every
ter
;

Winwill

for

am

fure they will find it

the Frai: in general decays before

anfwer their Expectations,

who

practife

Y
And
wliere
is

p
flat

Y
them
in as they arc

pra&ife this Method. the Ground in the Quarters

Bafket to lay
;

well

gather'd

dreiled and trenched, the Fruit-trees will partake of the Benefit ; for as

the Trees advance in their Growth, fo their Roots are extended to a great
Dillance from their Stems
chiefly

from the

diftant

; and it is Roots that

the Trees are fupplied with their Nourimment ; therefore the dreffing of the Borders only, will not be fufficient for Fruit-trees

which are old. In the gathering of the Pears, great Regard mould be had to the Bud which is form'd at the Bottom of the Foot-ftalk, for the next Year's BlofToms ; which, by forcing off the Pear before it be mature, is, many
times, fpoil'd
is
;

and when they are carried into the Store-room, they mould be taken out fingly, and each Sort laid up in a clofe Heap, on a dry Place, in order to fweat, where they may remain for ten Days, or a Fortnight during which time the Windows mould be open, to admit the Air, ia order to carry off all the Moifture which is perfpired from the Fruit: after this, the Pears mould be taken fingly, and wiped dry with a woollen Cloth, and then pack'd up in dole Bafkets obferving to put (ome fweet Wheat-flraw in the Bottom*, and round the Sides of the Baskets, to
;

prevent
Baskets.

their bruifing

againrt

the
fofc

for while the Fruit

And

if

fome thick

growing, there is always a Bud form'd by the Side of the Footftalk, upon the fame Spur, for the next
Year's Fruit; fo that when the Pears are ripe, if they are gently turn'd

Paper is laid double or treble all round the Basket, between the Straw and the Pears, this will prevent the Pears from imbibing the mufty Tafte which is communicated to them bv
the Straw,

upward, the Footftalk will readily part from the Spur, without injureing the Bud.

when they

are contigu-

ous

which Ta!te often penetrates thro" the Skin fo ftronglv, that when
;

The Seafon for Summer Pears is juft

gathering

all
;

the Fruit

is

pared, the Taite will re-

as they ripen

for none of theie will remain good above a Day or two after they are taken from the Tree : nor will many of the Autumn Pears keep good above ten Days, or a Fortnight, after they are gathered. But the Winter-fruits mould hang as long upon the Trees <.s the Seafon will permit for they muft not receive the Froft, which will caufe them to rot, and render their Juices flat, and ill-taiicd: but if the Weather continues mild until the Middle of Oclober, it will then be a good Seafon for gathering them in ; which mult always be done in dry Weather, and wnen the Trees are perfectly dry. In the doing of this, you ought carefully to avoid bruifing them ; therefore you Ihould have a broad

main. You -mould alfo obferve to put but one Sort of Fruit into a Basket, left, by their different Fermentations, they mould rot each other ; but if you have enough of one Sort to fill a Basket which holds two or three Bufliels, it will be ftilt better. After you have fill'd the Baskets, you mull cover them over with Wheat-ftraw very clofe ; f.rfl: laying a Covering of Paper two or three times double over the Fruit, and fatten them down ; then place
thefe Baskets in a clofe

Room, where

they
Froft

may
;

be kept dry, and from but the lefs Air is let into

the

the better the Fruit will It will be very necefiary to keep. fix a Label to each Basket, denoting the Sort of fruit therein contain'd ;

Room,

which

will fave the

Trouble of opening

Q,
know the Sorts of Fruit
ing them, whenever you want to beiides, they ought not to be opened before their
:

Seafon to be eaten ; for the ofcener they are open'd, and exposed to the I Air, the worfe they will keep. don't doubt but this will be objected to by many, who imagine Fruit
can't be laid too thin ; for which Reafon, they make Shelves to dif-

fhafed tike a Funnel, and divided a* the Top into feveral Segments : from the Flower -cup rifes the Pointal* which afterward becomes a roundifh
Fruit, inclofing feveral oblong Seeds.

have but one Species of thii Plant in England'; which is,

We

Qu a M O G L
C5*

T foliis

tenuiter incifts,

pennatis.
fine-cut

Tourn. Quamoclit with

\f ery

pofe them fingly upon, and are very fond of admitting frelh Air, whenever the Weather is mild, fuppofing
it

monly

calPd,

winged Leaves, comin Barbados t Sweet

William.

very neceifary to preferve the Fruit : but the contrary of this is found true, by thofe Perfons who have large Stocks of Fruit laid up in
their Storehoufes in London, which remairi clofely (hut up for feveral

Months,
lated
;

in the

manner before

re-

and when thefe arc open'd, the Fruit is always found plumper and founder than any of thofe Fruits which were preferv'd fingly upon Shelves, whofe Skins are always fhrivell'd and dry. For (as Mr. Boyle obferves the Air is the Caufe of Puand, in order to prove trefaction put this, that honourable Perfon Fruits of feveral Kinds into Glalles where the Air was exhaufted, in which Places they remained found
;

for

feveral

Months

but,

upon be-

ing expos'd to the Air, rotted in a very lhort time ; which plainly fhews the Abfurdity of the common Method now ufed to preferve Fruit.

This Plant is very common in Jamaica, Barbados, and the Caribbee IJIands, where it climbs upon Bullies, Hedges, or whatever grows near it, and produces great Quantities of beautiful fcarlet Flowers, almoft of the Figure of a fmall Convolvulus-flower ; but the Tube being much lenger, and the Seeds being of a different Figure from thofe of the Convolvulus, Monfieur Tmr* nefcrt hath feparated it from that Genus. The Seeds of this Plant are generally brought into England every Spring, from the Weft- Indies : they Ihould be -fown on an Hot-bed in March ; and when the Plants are come up, they mull be pianted each into a fmall Pot fill'd with light fandy Earth, and plunged into a frefh Hot-bed, to bring the Plants forward As the Plants advance in Height, fo they mould be remov'd into larger Pots, and Sticks placed down by them, for them to climb upon. They muft alio be removed
to a
fre(h

Hot

bed,
;

one has

loft its

Heat

when the and when

old the

Plants are too high to be contain'd

\UAMOCLIT,
3
weed. The Characlers are
conjijls

Bind-

The Flower

of one Leaf,

under Frames, they mould be removed into the Stove, where, if they plunged into a moderate Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, and not too much drawn, they will produce a great (Quantity of beautiful fcarlet Flowers, and ripen their Seeds very welf but if they are expofed to the open
;

Air,

QU
Air, they feldom
try.

Q u
Counwhich
J)ears

flower in this

fmall Galls not larger

This Plant continues but one

than Nuts.

Year, the Root perifhing foon after the Seeds are ripe. QUERCUS, The Oak-tree.

ercus foliis muricatis, 13. lanuginofs, galla fuperiori fimili.

B. P.

Qu

m*

The
//

Characters are

hath Male Flowers ( or Katkins ), which confifl of a great Number of fmall fender Threads: the
Bmbryoes, which are produced at remote Difances from thefe, on the fame Tree, do afterward become Acorns, which are produced in hardfcaly Cups:
to

with prickly Leaves, which are not woolly, bearing Galls like the former.
nor.

Oak

14. Quercus fitiis muricatis, miC. Smaller Oak, with P.

prickly Leaves.
15.

Quercus

latifolia,

magnv

fruclu, calyce tuberculis obftto, Toum. Cor. Broad -leav'd Oak, with large
x^corns,

which may be added, The Leaves

;

whofe Cups are

befet with

are finuated.

Tubercles.
16.

The Species are Quercus latifolia. Park. Theat. The common Oak. 2. Quercus latifolia mas, qu* lre<vi pediculo eft. C. B. P. Oak with
1.

Quercus

Oriintalis, glande
ifffidt

cylindriformi, lorrgo pedicvlo

nte*

Tourn. Cor.
lindrical

Oak, with cyAcorns growing on long

Eaftcrn
s

Footftalks.
1

the Acorns on mort Fcotftalks. 3. Quercus latifolia, folds ex

albo eleganier <variegatis.

Qu e R CU

Orientally caflane r
Cor.
leaf,

folio, glanderecondita in cupula creffa

The gri-

&

fauamofn. Tourn.

Eaftera

ped Oak.
4.

Oak, with a Cheftnut-

whofe

rens.

Quercus latifolia perpctuo siC.B.P. The broad -Jeav'd

Acorns are clolely fhut up fcaly Cup.

in a thick

ever-green Oak.
5. Quercus calyce echinato, glanOak with large de majore. B. P.

18. Quercus Orientalis angufiifolia, glande minori, cupula crinita.

Acorns, having prickly Cups,

6.

Quercus
aut

humilis, gallis binis,

Toum. Cor. Eaftern Oak, with a narrow Leaf, and a fmaller Acorn, whofe Cup is hairy.
19.

ternis,

pluribus fimul jurMis.

-julgo.

Quercus

Orientalis latifolia,

C. B. P.
7.

Dwarf Oak, Quercus par<va,

tjf

five Phagus

Grsecorum,

Efculus Plinii. C.

B.P.

glande maxima, cupula crinita. Tourn, Cor. Eaftern Oak, with a broad Leaf, and the largeft Acorn, whofe

The Sweet Oak. [pi do, glande 8. Quercus calyce hi Oak with fmall minore. C. B. P.
Acorns, having a prickly Cup. 9. Quercus Burgundiaca, calyce hifpido. C. B. P. The Burgundy Oak, whofe Acorns have prickly Cups. 10. Quercus pedem <vix fuperans. C. B. P. Dwarf Oak.

Cup
foliis

is

hairy.

20.

Quercus

Orientalis latifolia,

ad coftatn pulchrc incifis, glande maxima, cupula crinita. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern broad- leav'd Oak, whofe
Leaves are finely cut to the Stalks,

and a very large Acorn, whofe Cup

is

hairy.

21.

Quercus

Orientalis,

folio

Quercus foliis mo Hi lanugine Oak with pubefcentibus. C. B. P.

1 1.

fubrotundo minori, glande magna ftriata. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Oak, with
ilriated

foft
1

woolly Leaves.
2.

Quercus gallam exigua? nucis magnitudes ferens* C* B. P. Oak

a fmaller roundifh Leaf, and a large Acorn. 22.

Quercus

Orientalis,

folio

fubro-

at*
fubrztundo, teviter incifo, frutiu mi~ nori cylindrifurtni. Tourn. Cor. Eaft;

Q.

crn

Oak,

with,

roundifh Leaf,

lightly cut in,

drical Fruit.

and a fmaller cylinVirginiana, rubris

Pink.

23
*venis

Quercus
muricata.

Phyt.

The

Virginian fcarlet Oak.

24.

Quercus

eajlanea? follis y tra-

cer a arbor Virginiana.

Pluk. Phyt.

The two firft Sorts are common tti England but the Sort whofe Acorns grow on fhort Footftalks, is lefs frequent than the other. I have feen feveral Trees of that Kind near Dulnvich in Surry but whether the Acorns of this Sort will produce Trees of the fame Kind, I cannot determine. There are many large Trees of this Kind in Snjfrx, where
;

Virginian Oak, with Cheftnut-leaves. Quercus alba Virginiana. jr.

the

Timber of

this Sort is
firfl:

efteem'd
tho',

preferable to the

Sort

as

Park. That.

The

white or iron

I have already mention'd; I

do hot

Oak

of Virginia.

know
from

if it
it,

is

fpecifically

different

26.

Quercus

longiore folio\

Virginiana^ falicis fruclu mini mo. Pluk.

-

Amalth.

Virginian willow
pwni/is.

leav'd

Oak.
27.

Quercus

caftane<e

folio, Virginienfis. Pluk.

Almag.

The

Chinquepin Oak.
28.

Quercus

frmpervirens, foliis

oblongis

non finuatis. Baniil.

Live

Oak.
29.

Quercus

(forte)

Mar Hanacct-

having had no Opportunity to raife any of thefe Trees from the Acorns. But the late Duke of Rich' mond had fowed a large Clump with thefe Acorns, a Year before his Death, at his Seat at Good-wood in Suffex ; where his Grace had fowed Clumps of all the different Kinds of Oaks winch he could procure, not only in Europe, but alfo from America, and die Levant ; but thefe
Plants are at prefent too final! to be
diftinguifhed by their Leaves* tho',
in a

dle a, folio trifido,

denti. Raii Hijl.

ad fafafras

The

black

Oak

of

Maryland.
30.

few Year?,

it

will not be difficult

Quercus folio

ncn ferrato, in
Catefb.
Hijl.

to determine whether the Acorns will

fummitate triangulo.

Nat

Carolin.

31.

The Water Oak. Quercus Caroiinienfis, <vircnCitcfb.

Hijl.

tibus wenis, muricata.

Nat. Carolin.
Carolina.
32

The white Oak

of

Qu E rcu s hvmilior fall cisfolio

Catefb. Nif. Nat. Carolin.

hrrviore.

Dwarf Highland Willow Oak. Qu E RCU S efculi divifura, fo33

.

always produce the fame Kind as the Trees from whence they were taken^ The Sort with ftrip'd Leaves was obtain'd by Accident ; but may be propagated by budding or grafting the common Oak. The it upon Leaves of this are generally variegated with White in a moll beautiful manner and the Tree is efteem'd a great Curiofity, by fuch as delight
;

liis

amplicribus aculsatis. Pluk. Phyt.

in variegated Plants.

Red Oak of Maryland, 34. Quercus Mariana,

lio,

The
clea fo-

fourth Kind deferves a Place

glande parma compreffo, adapiculam elegant er radiato. Pluk. Man t if.

amongft other Sorts of ever-green Trees, where it will make a beautiful Appearance ; but
in WildernefTes,

Swamp Spanifli Oak. Mariana, 35. QuErcus

ca'\taneee foliis

the
muricatis

Timber

is

not near fo

good
it

as
is

that of the

common

Sort, and

Mant.

fubtus 'Villojit. Pluk. Champion - cheftnut Oak of

very rare in England.

The

fifth

Kind was

originally

Maryland.

brought into England from Spain} but

; ; ;

Qu
but

QU
they

found in France and Italy. This is hardy enough to endure the Cold of our Winters very well, and
is

alfo

; therefore they are not worth the Trouble of cultivating, except one or two

make but

little

Progrefs

is

preferv'd

by fuch

as are curious

Plants of eacn Sort, for the fake of

:n

collecting

the feveral Kinds

of

Trees.

The eight Sorts which are next menticn'd, are Natives of Europe fome of them grow in the Middle of
France
Italy,
;

For whatever may have been afTerted in relation to the Growth of thefe American Oaks, or of the Goodnefs of the Timber; yet I hopa noPerfons will be fo weak as to
Variety.
cultivate thefe Trees, in Preference
to the native

others in Spain,

Portugal,

The eleventh and Germany. Sort grows plentifully about Aubigny in Trance, from whence his Grace the late Duke of Richmond brought many of the Acorns, which were fown at Goodwood in the Year 1 749. Thefe Sorts are full as hardy as the common Oak, fo may be treated in the fame manner. The next eight Sorts were difcover'd by Dr. Tournefort in the Le*vant, and have fince been obferv'd by fome curious Travellers who have gone that Way, fome of whom have brought their Acorns to England but as thefe are fubject to perilh when they are kept long out of the Ground, there have not been more lhan three of thefe Sorts raifed in England, fo far as I can learn. The Plants of thole Sorts which have been raifed here, feem to be full as hardy as our common Oak for I have expofed them the firft Year from Seed, to all the Inclemency of Weather, even in fmall Pots, which flood in the coldeft Situation of the Garden yet were not the leaft injured by the
;

Oak of

this

Coantry,

more valuable than any other Sort yet known. But as the
is

which

prefent Spirit of introducing all the Sorts of foreign Trees and Shrubs into England, prevails with molt

curious Pcrfons,
fent

therefore I have mention'd molt of the Sorts at pre-

known,

more

to

Curiofity
neral Ufe.

of a few,

fatisfy the than for ge-

All the Sorts of Oaks are propagated from Acorns, which mould be fown as foon as poflible after they are ripe ; for if they are kept too long out of the Ground, they feldoni

grow.

The Manner of fovving thefe Acorns (ifdefigned for a fmall Plantation, or to be removed) is, to prepare fome Beds of frefh Earth, neither too ftrong and heavy, nor too light and dry ; in thefe Beds you.

mould place

the Acorns in Rows one Foot afunder, and about two Inches

Proft.

The

other Sorts are

all

of them

Diilance in the Rows, covering them about two Inches thick with the fame frefh Earth obferving to leave none of them uncover'd, to entice the Vermin, which may, in a Ihort
;

Natives of the Northern Parts of America, where fome of the Sorts grow to a very large Size but the Timber of them is not valuable. Others of them are but fmall of Growth, feldomrifmg above twenty or thirty Feet high ; and many of
;

time, deilroy

all

the Seeds.

In the Spring, when the Plants begin to appear, you muft carefully
clear

them from Weeds ; and if the Seafon proves dry, you mould refrefh them now-and then with a little

them naturally grow upon moill

mote 4

fwampy Land,
Vol.
III.

fo

that in

England

Water, which will greatly protheir Growth. In thefe Beds the Plants mould remain until the

follow

Q D
following
ftantly

clu
When
in the

Autumn

(obferving con-

thefe Trees have

remain^

keep them clear from Weeds) ; at which time you fhould prepare a Spot of good frefh Earth
to
(in Size proportionable to the
tity

Quan-

of Plants), which mould be well trench'd and levell'd then, toward the Middle or Latter-end of October, you mould carefully take up the Plants, fo as not to injure their
:

Nurfery three or four Years, they will then be large enough to tranfplant to the Places where they are to remain ; for it is not proper to let them grow very large before
they are planted out ; becaufe thefe are very hazardous Trees to remove

when

old,

or after they have taken

deep Root.

Roots, and plant them out in Rows three Feet afunder, and eighteen Inches Diftance Plant from Plant obferving never to fuffer the Plants to abide long out of the Ground, bccaufe their Roots would dry, and endanger the Growth of the Plants. When they are planted, you jhould lay a little Mulch upon the Surface of the Ground, near their Roots, to prevent the Earth from drying too faft ; and if the Seafon fhould prove very dry, you fhould give them a little Water, to fettle the Earth to their Roots. When the Plants have taken Root .in this Nurfery, they will require little more Care than to keep them clear from Weeds, and dig the Ground between the Rows every Spring; in doing of which, you mould cut off fuch Roots as extend very far from the Trunk of the Trees, which will render them better

The
I

faid

Seafon for this Work is (as before) in the Autumn ; at

if

which time,

they are carefully

little

they of the Ground fhould be mulch'd about their Roots, to prevent its drying and if the Seafon is very too faft dry, they mould be water'd, to fettle the Earth to their Roots, which may be repeated two or three times in very dry Weather but you muff carefully avoid giving {hem too much Water, which is very injurious to thefe Trees, when newly remov'd. You Ihould alfo ftake them, to prevent their being fhaken and difturbed by the Winds, which would retard their Rooting. In tranfplanting of thefeTrees, you Ihould by no means cut their Heads, which is too
are
planted,
the Surface
:

taken up, there will be ger of their fucceeding.

Dan-

When

much

practifed

all

done, muft be only to cut off

for tranfplanting
alfo

again

you

bruifed or ill-placed

be any Branches, which

that ihould
:

prune off fuch Sidebianches as extend themfelves very far, and would retard the upright Shoots but you fhould by no means cut off all the fmall lateral Branches, fome of which are abfolutely neceffary to be left on, to detain the
Ihould
:

fhould be taken off clofe to the Place

where they are produced but there can be no greater Injury done to
thefe Trees., than to fhorten their Shoots; for when the leading Bud (which is abfolutely neceffary to draw and attract the Nourilhment) is taken off, the Branch often decays intirely, or at leaft down to the next vigorous

Sap for the Augmentation of the

Trunk

for I

have often cbferv'd,

where Trees have been thus clofely pruned, that their Heads have over-

Bud.

grown

their

Bodies,

fo that they

The Trees, thus rais'd and manag'd, will (if planted in a proper
Soil)

nave -bent downward, and become

crooked.

grow

to a confiderable

MagniWiidernefs

tude,

and are very proper

for a

Q.
eernefs in large Gardens, 6r to plant
in

Clumps

in Parks,

&c. but

if

they

reclions for the fowing of Acorns* and managing of the young Trees,

are defign'd

for

much

the better

Acorns in the to remain; in

Timber, it is by Method to fovv the Places where they are order to which, you
in

during their Minority, until they are out of Danger, and require no
farther Care.

mould provide yourfelf

Autumn

with a fufficient Quantity of Acorns, which mould be always taken from ftrait, upright, vigorous - growing Trees ; thefe mould be gather'd from under the Trees as fcon as may
be, after they are fallen, and, if pof-

The nrll Thing to be done is, that of fencing the Ground very well, to keep out Cattle, Hares, and Rabbets for if either of thefe can get
;

into the

Uroy

all

Ground, they will loon dethe young Trees. Indeed

dry Time, laying them Room to dry after which they may be put in dry Sand, and preferv d in a dry Place until the Beginning of November, when you mould prepare the Ground for planting them. The Directions here given are
fible,

in a

thin in fome open

they will in a few Years grow to be out of Danger from Hares and Rabbets; but it will be many Years before they will be pail Injury from Cattle,
if

they are permitted to get into the

;

Plantation
in the

therefore durable Fences

mould be put round

the

Ground

if

Garden or Park, which are only defign d for Pleafure but where thefe Trees
folely for fmall Plantations in a
:

are cultivated with a

View

to Profit,

mould be fown where the Trees are defignM to grow for

the Acorns
thofe
;

which are tranfplanted

will ne-

ver grow to the Size of thofe which

itand

where they are fown, nor

laft

will

Beginning a Pale-fence is made about the Land, which may be clofe at the Bottom, and open above, and within the Pale a Quick-hedge planted ; this will become a good Fence, by the time the Pale decays, againft all Sorts of Cattle ; and then the Trees will have got above the Reach of Hares and Rabbets, fo that they cannot injure them for the Bark of the Trees will be too hard for them to gnaw.
;

in

For fome Places, where thefe Trees have been tranfplanted with the greateft Care, and they have grown
they near fo long found. very faft for feveral Years after, yet they are now decaying, when thofe which remain in the Place where they came up from the Acorns, are ftill very thriving, and have not the leaft Sign of Decay. Therefore,

After the
it

Ground

is

well fenced,

mould be prepared, by plowing of it three or four times, and after ^a^h Plowing, harrow it well, to break
the Clods, and cleanfe the

Ground

whoever defigns to cultivate thefe Trees for Timber, mould never think of tranfplanting them, but fow the Acorns on the lame Ground where they are to grow ; for the Timber of all thofe Trees which are
tranfplanted,
is

not near fo valuable

as that of the Trees

from Acorns. I Hull therefore add feme plain Di-

from Couch, and the Roots of all bad Weeds. Indeed, if the Ground is Green -fvvard, it will be better to have one Crop of Beans, Peas, or Turneps, off the Ground, before th Acorns are fown, provided thefe Crops are well hoed to ftir the Surface, and deftroy the Weeds for, if this is obferv'd, the Crop will mend and improve the Land for fowing but in this Cafe the Ground mould be plow'd as foon as poffib'e, when the Crop Is taken off, to* prepare it for the Acorns which flic old be 4 E z
:

QJJ
tc {own Acorns are ripe: may be preferv'd
as foon as

may be
in

after the

The Reafon
Drills to be

of

my

directing the

for although thefe

Sand

for

fome

time, yet they will be apt to fprout and, if fo, the Shoots are in Danger of being broken and fpoil'd there:

made at this Diftance, is for the more convenient ftirring of the Ground between the Rows, to keep the young Plants clean from

Weeds
done,
the

for if this

fore I fliould advife thefowing early,

it

is not carefully cannot be expected, that

which is certainly the belt Method^. In making choice of the Acorns, all thofe mould be preferred, which are taken from the Jargeft and molt
thriving Trees and thofe of Pollardtrees fliould always be rejected, tho'
:

young
;

Plants fliould

make much

Progrefs

and yet this is generally neglected by many who pretend to

be great Planters, who are often at a large Expence to plant, but feldom regard them after fo that the
:

the latter are generally the moil productive of Acorns ; but thofe of the

young

Plants have the Difficulty to

large
Plant?.

Trees

will

commonly

pro-

duce the flrongeit and moll thriving

The Seafon for fowing of the Acorns being come, and the Ground having been plow'd, and levell'd fmooth, the next Work is to fow the Acorns, which mull: be done by drawing of Drills acrofs the Ground, at about four Feet afunder, and two Inches p'eep, into which the Acorns
fhculd

encounter the Weeds, which frequently are four or five times the Height of the Plants, and not only fhade and draw them, but alio exhauft all the Good net's of the Ground, and confequently ftarve the Plants, Therefore, whoever hope to have
Succefs in their Plantations,
fliould

be Icatter'd, at two Inches

Diitance.

Thefe Drills
;

may

be

determine to be at the Expence of keeping them clean for eight or ten Years after fowing, by which time the Plants" will have obtain d Strength enough to keep down the Weeds the neglecting of this has occafion'd
fo

drawn

either with a Drill-plough, or

many young

Plantations

by Hand with an Hoe but the former is the moll expeditious Method, therefore in large Plantations mould
be preferr'd: in the drawing of the Drills, if the Land has any Slope to one Side, thefe mould be made the

carry, as are frequently to

to mifbe met

with in divers Parts of E?ig!and. About the End of March, or Beginning of April, the young Plants
will

appear above-ground

but, be-

fame

the Ground Hopes, that may be no Stoppage of the Wet good Hufbandry to fcuffle the Surby the Drills or Rows of Plants crofl- face over with Dutch Hoes, in a dry ing the Hanging of the Land. This time, either the Latter- end of March

Way as

Ground fliould produce many young Weeds, it will be

fore this, if the

there

fhould be particularly obferv'd in all wet Ground, or where the Wet is When the fubjecl: to lie in Winter.

or the Beginning of April, to deflroy the Weeds, whereby the Ground

will be kept clean, until all the Plants

Acorns are fown, the Drills mould be carefully nlPd in, fo as to cover for if. any of the Acorns fecurely them are expos'd, they will entice and if either of the Birds and Mice thefe once attack them, they will
;

are

come
;

up, fo as to be plainly dif-

ccrn'd

by which time it may be proper to hoe the Ground over

again ; for by doing it early, while the Weed's are fmall, a Man will perform more of this Work in one Day than he can in three or four

wake

great

Havock with them.

when

Q
when
befide,

U
grown
large
:

Qu
time

the

Weeds

are

there will

be great Hazard
are hid

two or three Years longer by which it may be eafy to judge which

:

of cutting off or injuring the young

Plants,

are likely to

make

the belt Trees.

when they
;

by the

Therefore thefe
it

may

be then
:

nV4

and fmall Weeds, being cut, are foon dried up by the Sun ; but large Weeds often take frefh Root, and grow again, efpecially if Rain lhould fall foonafcer, and then
the
the
eft

Weeds

on, as Standards to remain

will be proper to
at
this

though

Weeds
.

will
;

grow the

fafter for

beir^

ilirred

not only Method, bin alfo the ch eartherefore

to
it is

Huibarsdry,

begin cleaning
it

early in the Spring, and to repeat

as often as the

The firft
are young,

Weeds are produe'd. Summer, while the Plants

it

be the heft Way Hoeings by Hand ; but afterward it may be done with the Hoe- plough for as the Rows
will

to perform thefe

have a greater time mark'd than can be permitted to grow, becaufe fome of them may not anfwer the Expectation and as it will be improper to thin thefe Trees roo much at one time, fo the leaving double the Number intended at the fecond Thinning wi 1 not be amifs. Therefore, if they are then left at about four Feet Diltance in the Rows, they will have room enough to grow three or four Years longer by which

Number

time, if the Plants have

Progrefs,
their

made good
will
;

Roots

have

are four Feet afunder, there will be

fpread over the

it

Ground

therefore

room enough for this Plough to work; and this will ftir and loofen
the Ground, which will be of great

will be proper to take up every other Tree in the Rows. But by

this I

but there will require a little Hand labour where the Plough is fis'd, in order to deftroy the A'eeds, which w. II come up
Service to the Plants
:

the

do not mean Removing, but

of the beil Rows they

be exact in choice Plants to fta-d, whichever

to
to

make

mould
here,

may be in, or if thev not be exactly at the Diftance

:

in the

Rows between
if

the Plants

for

thefe will be out of the

Reach of the

Plough; and
ed, they

they are not deftroy-

will

foon

overgrow and
Plants.

bear

down
it

the

young

is intended general Rules, which lhould be as nearly comply 'd with as the Plants will permit therefore every Perfon fhould be
is,

here alTign'd

what

to lay

down

After the Plants have

grown two

Years,
clofe

will be

proper to draw out

the

fome of tl.em, where they grow too

;

but,

in

doing of

this,

great Care

mould be had not

to in-

jure the Roots of thofe left; for as

the Plants which are

drawn out are

defign'd

only
fo

fit

for

Plantations

guided by the Growth of the Trees in the Performance of this Work. When the Plants have been redue'd to the Diftance of about eight Feet, they will not require any more Thinning. But in two or three Years time, thofe which are not to regain will be fit to cut down, to

for Pleafure, fo

thefe fhould not be

make
made

Stools for

Underwood

and

regarded in their being removed, as to facrifice any of thofe

much

thofe which are to remain, will have

fuch Progrefs as to become a

is

which are defign'd to remain. In the Thinning of thefe Plantations, the Plants may at the firft time be left about one Foot afunder^ which will give them room enough to grow

Shelter to each other; for this

what mould be principally attended to whenever the Trees are thinn'd

therefore in
all

fuch Places as are

much
4

expos'd
3

to the

Wind,

the

Trees
fhould

fhould be thinn'd with great Caution, and by flow Degrees for if

:

that

Land, is generally more pi able than which grows on a mallow oj

i

the Air

is

let

too
it

much

at

once into

drier
latter

the Plantation,

will give a fudden

Ground but the Wood of the is much more compact, and

;

Check

to the Tree's, ai,d greatly re-

hard.

tard their

but in ihelter'd Situations, there need not be fo great

j

Growth

Caution u

as in thofe Places

as

the Plants will not be in fo much Danger of fuffering by the Cold.

which I mould choofe to allow to thofe Trees which are defign'd to remain for Timber, is, from twenty five to about thirty Feet, which will not be too near, where the Trees thrive well; in
Diftance

The

Indeed there are few Soils in England in which the Oak will not grow, provided there is proper Care taken in their Cultivation ; though this Tree will not thrive equally in all Soils but yet it might be cultivated to a national Advantage upon many large Waftes in feveral Parts of England, as alfo to the great Profit of the Eftates where thefe Tratts of Land now lie uncultivated, and produce nothing to the Owner. And
:

which Cafe
ty-five

their

Heads

will fpread,

mould the
ftroying

prefent

fo as to meet in about thirty or thir-

the
in

Temper of deTimber of England

fome Years Degree which it

Years

nor will this

Duuuce

continue

Practice

be too great,
Diflance
Soil.
is

impede the upThis right Growth of the Trees.

fo as to

longer, in the fame

intended, that the Trees

the whole Benefit of the

has for lome Years paft, and as little Care taken to raife a Supply, this

mould enjoy

Country, which has been fo long

efteem'd
for
its

Therefore, after one Crop of

Naval Strength,

the Underwood, or, at the molt, two Crops are cut, I would advife the

flubbing

up

the

Stools,

that the
for

Ground may be

intirely clear,

be oblig'd to feek for Timber abroad, or be content with fuch a Naval Strength as the poor Remains of fome frugal Eftates may have left

may

the Advantage of the growing Timber, which is what mould be principally regarded but in general mcft
:

have more Regard for the immediate Profit of the Underwood

.People

than the future Good of the Timber; and frequently by fo doing fpoil

both

for, if the

Underwood
the

is

left

growing for, as to the large Forefts, from whence the Navy has been fo long fupplied, a few Years will put an End to the Timber there and how can it be otherwife, when the Perfons to whofe Care thefe are committed, reap an Advantage from the Deftru&ion of the Timber ?
:

after the

Trees have fpread

fo far as

Before
great

quit this Subject, I mnft

to take notice of

that their

Heads meet,
be of

Under;

beg Leave

another

wood
and

will not

much Worth

Evil,

which

is

of fo

much

yet,

by

their Stools being

left,

Confequence
is

to the Public, as to de-

they will draw away a great Share cf Nourifrtnent from the Timbertrees,

ferve their utmoll Attention

that of cutting

down

the

which ; Oaks in

and retard them

Soil in

in their Pro-

the Spring of the Year, at the time

pels,

The

which the Oak makes

done

the greateit Progrefs, is a deep rich ^joam, in which the Trees grow to the largeit Size and the Timber of
;

wheia the Sap is flowing. This is for the fake of the Bark, which will then eafily peel off: and, for
the fake of this, 1 think, there
is

thofe

'i

nes* which

grow upon

this

Law, whereby People are oblig'd to cut dawn their' Timber at this Seaion.

foil.

But by fo doing the Timber not half fo durable as that which

is is

fallen in the

Winter

fo that thofe

Ships which have been built of this Spring - cut Timber, have decay'd more in feven or eight Years, than others, which were built with Timber cut in Winter, have done in twenty. And this our Neighbours the French have experienced ; and
therefore have wifely order'd, that

forms a regular Grove, Wood, or Wildernefs ; and when view'd by an Angle of the Square or Parallelogram, prefents equal or parallel
Alleys.

QUINQUEFOLIUM,
foil.

Cinque-

Vide Potentilla.

R A

the Bark mould be taken off the Trees, ftanding, at the proper Time;

RADISH.
Cochlearia

Vide Raphanus.

but the Trees are left till the next, and fometimes until the fecond Winter,

RADISH (HORSE).
Vide

Vide

before they are cut

is

Timber of thefe more durable, and

the

and found to be
:

down

RAMPIONS.
radice efculenta.

Campanula

better for Ufe,

RANDIA.
The CharaBtrs
//

than that of any Trees which have not been peePd. Therefore I wilh

are

we were
them them
Years. public

wife enough to copy after

hath a Flower confifing of one Leaf, whofe lower Part is tubulous ;

hut the upperPartis expanded, and, for
the mo/I,part divided intofiveSegments
the
:

in thofe

Things which are for

rather than to imitate
Follies,

Good,
in

their

which has
late

been too much the Fafhion of

Flower is fucceeded by an oval Fruit, having but one Cell, which is

filled
:

with
is

fiat

cartilaginous Seeds,

QUICK
are

By the Word Quick fur rounded by a

underftood
all

Pulp.

generally

live

There

but one Species of this

Hedges, of whatever Sort of Plants they are compos'd, to diltinguifh them from dead Hedges : but, in the mod Uriel: Senfe of this Word, it is applied to the Hawthorn, or Mcfpilus fylvejirh ; under which
the young Plants, or Sets, are commonly foid by theNurfery-Gardeners, who raife them for Sale for
:

Plant at prefent

known

<viz.

Rand

a frutefcens, fpinis bijugis,

faliis fubrotundi s , fioribus albis. Hoitfi.

Name

Shrubby Randia, with Spines growing two at a Joint, roundim Leaves, and white Flowers. This Plant is figured and defcribed by Sir Hans

in his Hillory of Jamaica, under the Title of Lycium forte, foliis a farther Account of planting thefe fubrotundis integris, fpinis iff foliis ex for Hedges, fee Hedges; as alio Mef adverfo fitis. Vol. I. p. 40. pilus, for the raifing of the Plants. This Shrub grows plentifully QUICK-BEAM. Vide Sorbus about La Vera Cruz; from whence Sylvellris. the Seeds were fent by the late Dr. QUINCE-TREE, Vide Cydonia William Houjloun, who gave this

Shane

QUINCUNX ORDER
Plantation
ginally
in
live Trees,

is

a
ori-

Njme

to

it,

in

Honour

to

Mr.

Ifaac

of Trees, difpofed

fifth

fition,

a Square, confifting of one at each Corner, and in the Middle which Difporepeated again and again,
;

Rand^St curious Botanift. This Shrub rifes to the Height of ten or twelve Feet in the Country of its Growth, and divides into a great Number of Branches, which are always 4 E 4

R A
ways produced by
Pairs oppefite
;

R A
as

are alfo the Leaves and Spines.

The

Flowers are fmall, and of a white Colour, which are fucceeded by hard oval-fiiaped Fruit, about the Size of a large Spanifj Nut, which is full of
fiat

be expofed every Summer to the open Air, provided they are placed in a warm Situation but in Winter they mult be conflantly placed in a Stove, and kept in a moderate
:

Warmth

otherwife they will not

Seeds, inclofed in a foft blackifh

Pulp.
It is propagaud by Seeds, which mould be lown early in the Spring,

in Pots filled with frefh light Earth,

and plung'd into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark-, obfervir.g to water the Earth frequently, to promote the Vegetation of the Seeds.
Plants

Country. of this Plant continue green throughout the Year, which renders the Plant valuable, becaufe it makes an agreeable Variety in the Winter - feafon, when mixed with
live in this

The Leaves

other tender Plants. Sir Hans Sloane

found

this

Plant

in

the Ifland of

When

the

Barbados.

come

up, they mull have frefh

RANUNCULUS,
The Char afters
The

Crowfoot.
;

Air admitted to them every Day, when the Weather is warm and they mull be often refrefhed with In about a Month's time Water.
;

are

after the Plants

come
;

be

fit

to

tranfplant

up, they will when they

mould be

carefully fhaken out of the

PotSj and each planted into a feparate fmall Pet filled with frefh light Earth, and then plunged into the Piot-bed again j where they mufl: be fcreened from the Sun until they

of federal Leaves, nvhicb arc placed in a circular Order, and expand in form of a, having, for the mojl part, a Rofe many-leaved Empatcmcnt or Flowercup : out of the Middle of the Flonuer rifes the Pointal, which afterward
conffts
;

Flower

becomes a Fruit , either round, cylin-

piked ; to the Axis drical, or I

the mojl part naked.

of which i

as a Placenta, adhere many Seeds, for

have taken new Root after which time they mufl: have Air and Moift;

1.

The Species are Ranunculus hortenfis

e reft us,

ure

in proportion

to the

of the Seafon.

The

Plants

Warmth fore plena. C. B.P. Common yelmay re- low Crowfoot, with a double Flower.

Hot -bed till toward Michaelmas, when the Nights begin

main
to
in

the

2.

Ranunculus

repens,

fere

pie-

which time they fhould be removed into the Stove and if they are plunged into the Bark bed, it will greatly forward their Growth;
be cold
:

at

no.

creeping Crowfoot, with a double Flower. Ranunculus montanus, aco-

f.

B Common

niti folio,

albu ,flore minore. C. B. P.

tho' they will live in the dry Stove, if they are kept in a moderate Tem-

Mountain Crowfoot, with a white

Flower. 4
.

perature of Heat, and are frequentDuring the two firft ly watered.

Seafons, while the Plants are young, it will be proper to keep them con-

R a n u n c u l u s folio aconrti,fore
Crowfoot

alho multiplier. C. B. P.

Hantly in the Stove ; but then their Leaves mufl be waihed, whenever they contract Filth ; which will bring

with a Monk's - hood - leaf, and a double white Flower commonly called the Fair Maid of France.
;

5.

fleno.

Ranunculus hulbofus, fort Common bulbous Q. B. P.

-

them forward: but after the Plants h^ve obtained Strength, they may

rooted

Crowfoot,

with

double
6.

Flower,

Ra-

R A
6.

R A
oufly ftriped with red Lines
;

Ranunculus

Corfiantinopoli-

com-

tanus, fiore

Common
7.

J. B. Ranunculus, with a double

fanguineo plena.
afphodeli radice,

monly
16.

called Aurora.

Ranunculus
pleno

afpbodeli radice*

bloody Flower.

fiore

albo par<vo, rubris ftriis

R am ncvlvs

froUfer miniatus. C. B. P. Ranunculus, with an Afphodel-root, and childing carmine Flowers; commonly called Turk's
8.

H. R. Monfp. Crowfoot with an Afphodel-root, and a fmall double white Flower ftriped with
diftinBo.

Red.
17.
tun's

Turban.
Aftaticus poly clo-

Ranunculus afphodeli radice,

magna
laiieo, fuperius li-

Ranunculus

fiore pleno
Ltd.

ws, five grumoCa radice, fecundus. J. B. Afiatic Ranunculus, with many Heads, and a grumofe Root ; com-

rubris

elegant er pido.

Boerh.

monly
9

called Spbtericus.
afphodeli radice,

Crowfoot with an Afphodelroot, and a large double white Flower, mark'd above with red Spots;

Ranunculus

commonly
18.

called the Seraphic.

fiore fanguineo

R. Par. maxima. Afphodel-rooted Ranunculus, with a very large red Flower commonly
;

Ranunculus

montanus, folio

gramineo.
19.

C. B. P. Mountain Crowfoot.

Grafs -leav'd
montanus, folia

called the Monfter.

Ranunculus

10.
dice,

Ranunculus

afphodeli

ra-

plantaginis.

fore fubpbzniceo rubtnte. C. B. Afphodel - rooted Ranunculus, with purpljfh - red Flowers ; commonly called Marvelia.
P.
11.

C. B. P. Mountain Crowfoot, with a Plantain-leaf.

20.

Ranunculus

lanuginofus an-

guftifolius,

Ranunculus

afphodeli

ra-

grumofa radice, C. B. P. Larger grumofe Crowfoot, with narrow

Leaves.

major.
-

rooted

downy

dice. fiore luteo <variegato.

H. R. Par. Afphodel-rooted Ranunculus, with

12.

There are a great Number of

Species of this Genus, which
in

a yellow variegated Flower.

Ranunculus Alepus,grumofa
rubris
iff

England-,

fome
-

in

radice, fiore lineis

ftriato.

luteis

Grumofe-rooted H. R. Par Crowfoot, with a Flower ftriped with red and yellow Lines ; commonly called Ranunculus of Aleppo.
13.

Ranunculus

afphodeli

ra;

where they over run Ground, and are the moft troublefome Weeds to Paftures for as fome of them are very acrid Plants, the Cattle never eat them ; for they would blifter their Tongues and
;

grow Meadows, the whole

dice, fiore fiavo venis rubris difiinclo

Throats
ftures
left in

therefore

when

thefe Pais

Crowfoot with an Afphodel-root, and yellow Flower with red Veins ; commonly
Bofivel diflus.

H. R. Par.

are grazed, the

Crowfoot

Patches

all

over the Fields

called Bofvel.
14.

Ranunculus Alepus, grumofa

untouched. There are other Species of this Genus, which fpread over the Surface of Standing - waters, and
flower early in the Spring
;

radice, fiore mini at 0, per or as luteo.

and fome

H. R. Par. Aleppo Crowfoot, with a grumofe Root, and a carmine

Flower, bordered with yellow.
15.

grow

in ftiady

Woods

but as thefe

are never cultivated in Gardens, I

thought

it

needlefs to enumerate the

Ranunculus

<vefcente,

& rubris lim

fiore pieno fiais

feveral Species here.

elegant iffme

variegato.

H. R. Par.

Crowfoot

With a double vdlow Flower, curi-

The firft and fecond Sorts here mentioned are Varieties of two of the wild Kinds but as thefe produce
:

very

R A
very double Flowers, they are planted in the Borders of the Flower garden, where they make a very pretty Variety, and continue long in Flower
:

R A
may
comes on

the Beginning of Qtloher, that they get Root again before the Froft

the

firft

Sort produces upright

; and the Roots mould not be divided too fmall, especially if they are defigned to flower flrong

Stalks,

which grow about a Foot

:

the

fucceeding

Spring.

If

thefe

but the fecond is a creeping the latPlant, with reclined Stalks ter propagates itfelf very fall by the trailing Shoots, which put out Roots 3t every Joint, as they lie upon the Ground. Thefe have both yellow flowers. The fifth Sort is alfo a Variety of the common bulbous- rooted
;

high

Roots are planted in a Border which is expofed to the Eaft, fo as they may have only the morning Sun,
they will thrive

much

better than in

a warmer Expofure ; nor mould the Border be much dunged, for they feldom thrive well in a rich Soil ;
therefore in the

warm
is

rich

Grounds

near London
:

it

very rarely found

Crowfoot, which
Paftures in

is

common

in the

mod

Parts of England:

this produces upright Stalks,

which
;

grow

eight or ten Inches high

the

Flowers are but fmall, of a pale-yellow Colour, and vety double thefe often produce fmall Flowers coming out of the Middle of another, fo as to have fometimes three Flowers growing above each other, and coming out of the Centre ; and is for that by fome called the Childing Crowfoot. The third and fourth Sorts are Natives of the Alps: the third produces fmall white fingle Flowers in April, growing in large Bunches but this is only preserved in fome curious Botanic Gardens, for the fake of Variety; the fourth being much more efteemed on the account of its very double Flowers, which are cf a fnow-white Colour, and are produced alfo in Clufters. Thefe Plants delight in Shade ; and will thrive
:

to thrive but in fome neglected Country Gardens it grows luxuriantly, and produces much ftronger, and a greater Number of Flowers, than in the Gardens near London^ where they are cultivated with great Care this Plant is very ornamental
:

to

the Flower-garden, during the

Continuance of the Flowers, which

is in

May.

eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth Sorts are alfo preferved in the Gardens of curious Perfons, for the fake of Variety. The eighteenth

The

much
in

better

when they

are planted
their
:

a loamy Soil, than on a light

warm Ground; nor mould

if Roots be too often tranfplan ted they are taken up every third Year, and their Roots parted, and planted

again immediately,
for doing this
is

it

will
:

be as often

as they will require

the bell time

Sort hath long narrow Leaves, which refemble thofe of fome Sort of Grafs; the Flowers are fingle, and of a yellow Colour, much like thofe of the common Crowfoot, or Butterflower, which grows in Palture - grounds this is a Native of the Alps ; fo is a very hardy Plant ; and if the Roots are treated in the fame way, as before directed, and planted to an Eaft Afpect, they will thrive very well. The nineteenth Sort hath broad Leaves, like thofe of Plantain the Stalks grow about a Foot high, having feveral pretty large fingle white Flowers on their Tops, growing in Bunches: thefe appear in the Beginning of April, at which time they make a pretty Variety in the Borders
;

in

Autumn, about

of the Flower- garden

this

is

alfo a

R A
Native
treated

R A
and mull be
as the for-

of the Jlps,
the fame

way
is

mer.

other Sorts were originally brought from Turfy, and were for-* merly in great Efteem in England;

The

The

twentieth Sort

fuppofed to

be a Native of Auftria and Hungary ; but this is alfo a very hardy Plant
the Roots of this Sort are very like thofe of the Garden Ranunculus; but are very fmall : the Leaves are
alfo like thofe of
kir.ds
j

but of late Years there have been introduced many other beautiful Flow-* ers of a different Kind, from Perjia ;

among which
double

are

many

with femi-

Flowers,

which

produce

fome of theGarden-

but are pretty woolly : the Flowers are fingle, and of a pale-yelLow 'Jo lour, like fome of the Fieldcro vfoots ; therefore it i< feldom preferved
thofe
in

Seeds ; from which there are fuch prodigious Varieties of new Flowers annually obtained, which are fo large,
lours, as to exceed all other

and of fuch Variety of beautiful CoFlowers of that Seafon, and even vie with the
moft beautiful Carnations thefe are, many of them, finely fcented ; and the Roots, when ftrong, generally produce twenty or thirty Flowers upon each ; which, fucceeding each other, continue in Beauty a full Month or longer, according to the Heat of the Seafon, or the Care taken to defend them from the Injuries of the Weather all which excellent Qualities have rendered them
:
:

who

the Flower-garden: but are curious in the Study

of Plants, preferve it for the fake of Variety. The Roots of this Kind fhould be planted in a lighter Soil than either of the former; and if
they are more expofed to the Sun, they will thrive the better but thefe ihould not be taken out of the Ground oftener than every other Year and if they are taken up foon
: :

after their

Leaves decay, the Roots

may

be kept out of the Ground till the Beginning of Oftober, and may be treated in the fame manner as the Garden Ranunculus. I have been informed, that in

fo valuable, that the old Sorts here named are almoft difregarded, ex-

cept in fome old Gardens

ever, as they are
ftill

but

how-

preferv'd by

fome Gardens

in France there aie

fome Perfons, I fhall briefly fet down their Management, before I proceed to that of the new Kinds, which
muft be treated in a different manner from thefe. All thefe very double Flowers ne-' ter produce Seeds ; fo that they are
only
multiplied

Plants of thefe three Sorts, with very double Flowers ; but I have never

yet feen either of them ; fo would not enumerate them here tho', if
:

they can be obtained, they will be worthy of our Care, as they muft be

by

OfF-fets

from

their Roots,

which they generally

very ornamental Plants, efpecially the nineteenth Sort with double Flowers; for that with the fingle Flowers is no defpicable Plant in the mofl: curious Garden of Flowers, as and it comes early in the Spring the Leaves of the Plant, having a fine glofly green Colour, fet off the fnowy white Flowers to great Ad:

produce
in

in great Plenty, if planted a good Soil, and duly attended in Winter. The Seafon for planting their Roots is any time in Ocloher ; for if they are planted fooner, they are apt

to

come up in

a fhort time, and

grow

pretty rank before Winter,

they will be in
fuffering

whereby greater Danger of

;

by Froll

and

vantage.

planted

much

later,

if they are they will be in

Danger

R A
fo that you fhould not keep

Danger of perihYmg under-ground them out of the Ground any longer than
the Beginning or Middle of OfloLer.

Loam, one Load of Sand

will

be
:

As thefe Sorts are pretty hardy, fo they are generally planted in the common Borders of the Flower-garden, where, if they are'properly intermixed with other Flowers of tjie lame Growth, they will make a pretty Variety indeed, fome Years ago, before we had any of the more valuable Kinds in England, thefe were nurfed up with great Care: but fince the others have been introduced, and of late Years fo much
:

fumcient for eight Loads of Earth but if the Earth is ftrong and heavy, the Sand fhould be added in a greater Proportion this mould be mixed fix or eight Months before it is ufed ;
:

and you mould often turn it over, in order to unite their Parts well together, before it is put into the Beds.
this fhould be muft be about three Feet this Ihould be below the Surface, in proportion to the Drinefs or Moilture of the Place where they are fituated ; which in dry Ground fhould be two Feec eight Inches below the Surface, and the Beds rais'd four Inches above but in a moift Place they fhould be two Feet four Inches below, and eight above the

The Depth which

:

laid in the Beds,

improved, by fowing their Seeds, whereby new Flowers have been

continually obtained, the old Sorts

have been almoft rejected ; fo that they are rarely to be found in the Gardens of Florilb: however, fome of them may be allow'd to have room in the common Borders of the Pleafure-garden, as they are feldom injured by the Froft ; whereas the Perfan Kinds are more tender ; fo muft be planted in Beds, that they may be covered in Winter. The Beds in which the Perpan Ranunculus Roots are planted, mould be made with frefh light fandy Earth, at leafl three Feet deep: the befi Soil for them may be compofed in this manner ; viz. Take a Quantity of frelh Earth from a rich upland Pafture, about fix Inches deep, tothis gether with the Green-fward ihould be laid in an Heap to rot for twelve Months before it is mixed, obferving to turn it over very often, to fweeten it, and break the Clods: to this you fhould add a fourth Part of very rotten Neats-dung, and a proportionable Quantity of Sea or Drift-fand, according as the Earth is
:

Ground

and

in

this Cafe,

it

will

be very proper to lay fome Rubbilh. and Scones in the Bottom of each Bed, to drain off the Moifture and
;

upon this, at the Bottom of the Bed?, fome very rotten Neats dung is laid two or three Inches thick, the Roots will reach this in the Spring, and the Flowers will be the fairer. This Earth I would by no means adif,

vife to be fcreen'd very fine; in turning

it

only,

over each time, you fhould be careful to break the Clods, and throw out all Stones, which will
for if it is made very when the great Rains in Winter come en, it will caufe the Earth to bind into one folid Lump, where-

be fufficient

fine,

by the Moifture

will bederain'd,

and

the Roots, not being able to extend their tender Fibres, will rot. Of
this I

have many Examples, but one

particularly to

my

Colt:

When

had

lighter or Uiffer; if

it

be light, and

inclining to a Sand, there fnould be no Sand added but if it be an bazel

;

procured a fine Parcel of thefe Roots from Abroad, and being defirous of having them thrive very well, I took great Pains to fcreen the Earth of my Beds very fine, which I laid above two Feet deep, and planted a

good

R A
good Part of my Roots
therein
;

R A
but

and thofe grow

if

fix

Inches high

but

the Seafon advancing, and having a great deal of other Bufinefs upon my

a Perion will trace the Length

of

the fmall Fibres of thefe Roots, he

will find

Hands,
of
all

did not fcreen the Earth

them

to extend three or four

them

Beds, but planted fome of without doing any thing more

my

Feet downward.

And

as

it

is

ky

thefe diftant Fibres that the Nourifh-

than raking them; and the Succefs was, that the Roots, in thofe Beds which were fcreen'd, did, great Part

of them, intirely rot ; and the remaining Part were fo weak, as not to produce any good Flowers whereas thofe which were planted in the Beds which were not fcreen'd, did thrive and flower very well, and fcarce any of the Roots fail'd, tho' the Earth of all the Beds was the fame, and were in the fame Situation, both with regard to Wind and

ment is taken in, for the Increafe and Strength of the Flowers fo, if thefe meet with a poor barren Soil below, they fhrink, and the Flowers are ftarved for want of proper
;

Nourimment
is

in the Spring,

when

it

moil required.

The
mould
fore

Beds, being
lie

thus prepared,
fettle,

a Fortnight to

bethat

the

Roots are

planted,
fettle

the Earth
ly,

may

not

unequal;

after they

are planted

which,

Sun

fo

that

the

Damage which
owing
in;

thofe Roots fuftain'd, was

tirely to the Finenefs

of the Earth

would prejudice the Roots, by haveing hollow Places in fome Parts of the Bed, to which the Water would run, and lodge, and fo rot the Roots
in

and

have feveral times iince obierv'd in other Gardens. I am aware, that this Depth of three Feet, which I have here directed to make the Beds for thefe Flowers, will be objected to by many Perfons, on account of the Expence and Trouble of preparing them ; as alio fuppofmgit unneceiTary to mtke the Beds fo deep, for Flowers whole Roots are fmall but if they will give themfelves theTroubleof makeing the Experiment, by preparing one Bed in this manner, and another in
this

fuch
little

Places.

Then having

le-

vell'd the Earth, laying the Surface

out the

rounding, you mould mark Rows by a Line, at about fix Inches Diftance each Way, fo that the Roots may be planted everv Way in ftrait Lines ; then you mould open the Earth with your Finger?, at each Crofs, where the Roots are to be planted, about two Inches

deep
the

placing the Roots exactly in ; Middle, with their Crowns upright then with the Head of a Rake
;

the common Way, and plant them both with the fame Flowers, they will foon be convinced of their Error, by
the Succefs of the Flowers.

you fhould draw the Earth upon the Surface of the Bed level, whereby the Top of the Roots will be about an Inch cover'd with Earth, which
wil! befufficient at
firft.

For

in

This

Work

the Beds which have been prepared

mould be done

of this Depth, I have feen one Root produce upward of fifty Flowers, each of which grew near a Foot high, and were extremely large and whereas, in the common Mefair thod of Culture, they are thought to do very well, when they produce eight or ten Flowers on each Root,
;

dry Weather, becaufe the Earth will then work better than if i: were wet; but the fooner after Planting there happens to be Rain, the better it will be for the Roots ; for if it fhould prove dry Weather long after, and the Earth of the Beds be very dry, the Roots will be fubjecl to mould and decay ;
in

there-

R A
therefore in fuch a Cafe it will be proper to give a little Water to the

R A
are paft, and the Leaves are wither'd^

Beds, if there ftiould no Rain happen in a Fortnight's time, which is

very rare at that Seafon of the Year fo that they will feldom be in Danger offuffering that way.

up the Roots, and them from the Earth; then fpread them upon a Mat to dry, in a mady Place after which they may be put up in Bags or Boxes, in
ftiould take

you

carefully clear

When

the Roots are thus planted,

there will no more be required until toward the End of November ; by which time they will begin to heave
the Ground, and their Buds appear ; when you mould lay a little of the fame frelh Earth, of which the Beds

a dry Room, until the October following, which is the Seafon fof planting them again.

The

Perfian Sorts are not only

Off-fets from the old Roots, as the former, but are alfo multiplied by Seeds, which the femidouble Kinds produce in Plenty 5

propagated by

were compofed, about half an Inch all over the Beds, which will greatly defend the Crown of the Root from Froft and when you
thick
:

therefore whoever

is

defirous to

have

perceive the Leaves to break thro' this fecond Covering, if it mould

mould annually fow their Seeds, from which new Varieties will be every Year produc'd 5 but in order hereto, you mould be
thefe in Perfection,
careful in faving

prove very hard Froft, it will be very proper to arch the Beds over with Hoops, and cover them with Mats, efpcially in the Spring, when the Flower-buds will begin to appear j for if they are expofed to too

procuring underftand

it

your Seed, or in from fuch Perfons as

to fave
it
;

how

that

is,

who

will be careful not to leave

five or fix

Flowers for Seeds, but fuch as Rows of Petals at leaft,

coloured
;

any have
fince
it

and are well

is

for

much
that

Froft, or blighting

Seafon, their

Winds, at Flowers feldom

:

thefe Flowers increafe plentifully,

not worth the Trouble to fow

any

open fairly, and many times their Roots are deftroy'd but this happens more frequently to the Perfian Kinds, which are tenderer, than to thofe Sorts which are pretty hardy ; for which Reafon they are commonly planted in open Borders, intermixed with other Flowers, as is before -mention'd though in very hard Winters thefe are apt to fuffer, where the Froft is not guarded againft. In the Beginning of March the
;

becaufe there can ; be but little Hopes of obtaining any good Flowers from fuch Seeds, Being prepare! with Seeds, about the Middle of Auguji> which is the proper Seafon for fowing of them,
indifferent Seeds
ftiould get fome large Pots, flat Seed-pans, or Boxes (of either as many as you have Seeds to fow). Thefe

you

ftiould

be fiU'd
levelling

with

light

rich

Earth,

the Surface very

even

then fow the Seeds thereon

Flower-ftems will begin to rife at which time you ftiould carefully clear the Beds from Weeds, and ftir the Earth with your Fingers between the Roots, being very careful not to injure them ; this will not only make the Beds appear handfome, but alfo greatly ftrengthen
their

and cover it about a Quarter of an Inch thick with the fame light Earth j after which,, you ftiould remove thefe Pots into a Ihapretty thick,

Flowers.

When

the Flowers

where they may have morning Sun until Ten of the Clock j and. if the Seafon fhouid prove dry, you mult often refrelh them with Water j being very care-

dy

Situation,

the

;;

R A
doing of this, fo as not t!b warn In the Seeds out of the Ground. this Situation the Pots Ihould remain until the Beginning of Oclober, by which tfme the Plants will begin to come up ( though fometimes the Seeds will remain in the Earth until November, before the Plants appear) but then you Ihould remove the Pots into a more open Expofure, where they may have full Sun ; which, at
fol in
is neceffary to exhale the Moifture of the Earth ; but toward the Middle of November, when you are apprehenfive of Froft, the Pots mould be remov'd under a common

R A
be taken out of the Earth, and th Roots dry'd in a fhady Place; after which they may be put in Bags, and preferv'd in a dry Place until the OcJober following when they muft be planted in the manner before di;

rected for the old Roots.

that time,

Spring following, thefeRoots at which time you ; ihould carefully mark fuch of them as are worthy to be preferv'd ; and the fingle or bad-colour'd Flowers may
will flower

The

be pull'd up, and thrown away, which is the fu reft Method of removeing them from the good Sorts ; for
if

Hot-bed-frame ; where they may be cover'd with the Glaffes in the Night-time, and in bad Weather but in the Day, when the Weather is mild, they Ihould be intirely open'd* qtherwife the Plants will draw up too weak. The only Danger they are in, is from violent Rains and

they are permitted to remain tountil their Leaves decay^ there may be fome Off-fets of the
gether

bad Sorts mix'd with the good Flowers.

You mould not fuffer thofe Flowers, which you intend to blovr fine the fucceeding Year, to bear Seeds, but cut off the Flowers whert they begin to decay ; for thofe Roots
flower well afterwards ; nor will the principal old Root, which has flower'd ftrong, ever

Frofts ; the firit often rotting the tender Plants, and the Froft will often turn them out of the Ground ;

which have produe'd Seeds, feldom

therefore they Ihould be carefully guarded againft both thefe.

blow
is

fo fair as will

In the Spring, as the Seafon grows warm, thefe Pots mould be expos'd to the open Air ; placing them at
firft

what ihould be principally obferv'd, when a Perfon purchafes any of thefe Roots i and a great Part of the Complaints
the Off-fets; which

near the Shelter of an Hedge, to proted them from the cold Winds ; but toward the Latter-end of March, or the Beginning of April, they Ihould be remov'd again into a more

made by
thefe

thofe who have bought Roots at a dear Rate, is principally owing to this. For the Perions

who

lhady Situation, according to the Warmth of the Seafon; and if it they muft be Ihould prove dry, refrefrVd with Water; but you mould

fell them, being appiis'd of this Matter, generally part with their old Roots to their Purchafers, and

reierve the

be careful not to give it to tnem in great Quantities, which is very apt and in to rot thefe tender Roots the Middle or Latter-end of April,
they Ihould be plac'd where they may have only the morning Sun ; in which Place they may remain till their Leaves decay ; when they may

Off fets for their own which old Roots will often fo much degenerate from what they were the preceding Year, as to cauie a Sufpicion, whether the Perfons they were purchas'd from had not changed the Roots ; and this Dege-

Ufe

neracy always attends thefe Flowers, after having flower'd extremely large and fair, or that they have been permitted to feed : fo that it is abfolutel/

R A
fow Seeds every Year, in order to preferve a Succeffion of good Flowers. The Manner of preparing the Beds, and the Diftance and Method of planting the Roots, having been already directed, I mall not repeat it here ; but will only obferve, that thefe Flowers, being tender, mufl be protected from hard Frofts, and
lately neceffary to
raife

R A
By this Method of fowing Seeds every Year, yOu will not only increase your Stock of Roots, but alfo

new

Varieties,

which may be

mended by changing the Seeds into frefh Ground ; for if a

greatly

cutting (harp Winds, efpecially after

Cbrifmas, when their Flower-buds are forming ; for if they are neglected at that Seafon, their Flowers will rarely prove fair ; nor mould

you fuffer them

to receive too

much

Winter or Spring, which is equally as injurious to them as Froft. In planting of thefe Roots you
in

Wet

fhould obferve to place the femi-

double Kinds, from which you intend to fave Seeds, in feparate Beds by themfelves, and not intermix them with the double Flowers, becaufe they will require to be treated in a different manner ; for when the

Perfon continually fows his Seed in many Years, they will not produce near fo fine Flowers, as if he procufd his Seeds at fome Diftance which is alfo the Cafe with moft other Plants. It will alfo be neceflary to take away all the Earth out of the Beds in which the Roots were blown the preceding Year, and put in new, if you intend to plant Ranunculus's there again ; otherwife they will not thrive near fo well, notwithstanding you may add fome new Compoft to the Beds and this is what all cuthe fame Garden
;
:

rious Florifts continually obferve.

RAPA,

Turnep.
are
;

The Charafters
The flower
confijis

Flowers of the femidouble Kinds begin to fade, you mould carefully guard them from Wet ; for if they are permitted to receive hard Rains, or are watered at that Seafon, the Seeds rarely come to Maturity ; or are fo weak, that fcarce one in fifty of them will grow.

offour Leaves, which are placed in form of a Crofs : out of the Flower -cup rifts the Point a!

which afterward turns to a Pod, divided into two Cells by an intermedin atePartition, to which the Valves adhere on both Sides, and are full of roundifh Seeds : to thefe Marks mufl be added, A carneous and tubcrofe
Root,

When
(which

the Seed begins to ripen

fe-

may be eafily known, by

parating from theAxis, and falling), you fhould look it over every Day,

The Species are Rap a fativa rotunda, raJice Round GardenCandida. C. B. P.

1.

gathering
will

it

as

it

ripens

for there

be a confiderable Diftance in

turnep, with a white Root. Rap a fativa rotunda, radicc 2. fupra terram viridi. Boerh. Ind.

the Seeds of the fame Bed coming to Maturity, at leaft a Fortnight, and fometimes three Weeks, or a Month. When you gather the Seed, it fhould
to dry in a fhady Place

Round Garden-turnep, whofe Root

green above ground. 3. Rap a fativa rotunda, radice Round Gardenpunicea. C. B.P. turnep, with a purple Root. 4. Rap a fativa rotunda, radice Round olfoleta nigricante. C. B. P. Garden turnep, with a jufty-blaclc Root. 5. Rap a
is

not be expos'd to the Sun, butfpread after which,

;

you mud put it up where the Vermin cannot come to it, until the time
offowing
it.

R A
fativa rotunda, t a dice intus fiavefcente. C. B. P. Jtris Round Garden-turnep. with a yellovvRoot both within and without.
5.

R A
by the Fly, which
that
will

RaPA

devour whole

&

Fields of this Plant while

young

fo

6.

RaPa

radice oblonga, feu fcemi-

na.

C. <B. P.
are

Oblong, or female

Turnep.

feme other Varieties of which differ in the Shape or Colour of their Roots ; but as
this Plant,

There

where a fmall Quantity for the Supply of a Family is wanted, it will hi abfolutely necefTary to watevthem in dry Weather and where a Perfon fows thofe Seeds in April and May, it Ihould always be upon a moilt Soil, othcrwife they feldom come to good, the Heat of the Wea:

they are only feminal Variations,

it

ther at that Seafon being too great

would be

them in this Place, fmce it is the Grit and third Sorts here mention'd, which are chiefly cultivated for the Table in England. The yellow Sort, and that with long R.oots, were formerly more cultivated than at prefent for
needleis to enumerate
;

them upon a dry Sod but thofe which are fown toward the Middle
for
:

or Latter-end of June,
receive

commonly

fome refrelhing Showers to bring them forward without which, it is very common to have them all
;

deftroy'd.

it is

now

very rare to fee either of

fince they

thele brought to theMarkets, though

Thefe Seeds mould always be fown upon an open Spot of Ground

for if they are near Hedges,

fome Years
Sort.

were fold

in

as great Plenty as the

common round

Turneps delight in a light fandy which mult not be rich ; for in a rich Soil they grow rank, and are
Soil,

Walls* Buddings, cr Trees, they will draw up, and be very long-topp'd ; but their Roots will not grow to any
Size.

They
for

are

fown

in great Plenty in
;

Ricky
thrive

but
the

if

it

be moift, they will

efpecialiy
in

the Fields
the
for

near London
for

not only

better,

Ufe of

the Kitchen, bur

frefh Land, where they are always fweeter than upon an old worn-out, or a rich Soil.

Food
other
is

Cattle

in

Winter,

when

Way

Food fails ; and this become a great Improvement

particularly

The common

Seafon for fowing

to barren fandy Lands,

of Turneps is rny time from the Beginning of June to the Middle of

Augujf, or a
little

in Norfolk, where,

later

tho'

it

is

not advifeable to fow them

ter, becaufe, if the not prove very mild, they will not have time to apple before Winter. But, notwithftanding this is the general Seafon in which the greateft Part

much afAutumn mould

by the Culture of Turneps, many Perfons have doubled the yearly Value of their Ground. The Land upon which this Seed
fown, fhould be plow'd in
in

is

Ami,
very-

twy fallow 'd

fine
;

May, and made

of Turneps are fown in the Country, yet aboit London they are fewn
fucceffively

from March

to Augujl,

by thofe who propagate them to fupply the Markets with their Roots; but there is a great Hazard of lofing
thofe which are

then the Seed fhould be fown pretty thin (for it being fmall, a little will fow a large Piece of Ground: two Pounds of this Seed is fufficient for an Acre of Land but one Pound is the common Allowance). The Seed mull be harrow'd in, and the Ground roll'd with a wooden Roll, to break the Clod% and make
;

fown

early in

the

the Surface even.

ten

In

Week

or

Year,

if the

Seafon ihould prove drv,

Vol.

III.

Davs + F

after

fowinp-, the

Pianrs will

R A
which time, if the Seafon mould prove dry, they will be
will
;

"

R A

come up

at

Danger of being deftroyed by the Fly but if it fo happen, the Ground muft be fovvn again for
in great
;
;

Table, will be eaten by the CattleAnd yet this Plant was not much cultivated in the Fields till of late Years ; nor is the true Method of
cultivating
at leaft, not praclis'd, in

the Seed being cheap, the chief Ex-

Turneps yet known, or, foms of the

pence

is

the Labour.
the Plants have got four or

diftant Counties

When

time.

five Leaves, they

mould be hoed

to

deftroy the Weeds, and to cut up the Plants where they are too thick ;

leavingthe remaining ones about fix or eight Inches afunder each Way,

which

will

be room enough for the

Plants to ftand for the nrft

Hoeing

of England, at this For in many Places the Seed is fown with Barley, in the Spring ; and thofe Plants which come up, and live till the Barley is cut, produce a little Green for the Sheep to pick up, but never have any Roots. In other Places, where the Turnepfeed is fovvn by itfelf, the Method
of hoeing them
fo that
is

but in the fecond Hoeing, which muft be perform'd about threeWeeks or a Month after the firft, theyihould be cut up, fo as that the remaining
Plants

not underftood

Weeds and Turneps are permitted to grow together and where the Turneps come up thick in
:

may

ftand fourteen or fixteen

Patches, they are never thinned

that they

fo

Inches Diitance, or more, efpecially if they are defign'd for feeding of

Cattle
;

for

where the Plants aie

;

allow'd a good Diftance, the Roots will be proportionably large fo that what is loft inN umber, will be overgain'd by their Bulk ; which is what But in fuch I have often obferVd. Places where they are iown for the Ufe of the Kitchen, they need not be left at a greater Diftance than ten Inches, or a Foot ; becaufe large

have long Leaves, but never can have good Roots ; which is the principal Part of the Plant ; therefore Ihould be
to

draw up

chiefly attended to.

The

general

Method now

pracli-

fed in England, for

cultivating this

Plant in the Fields,

is

Roots are not

for the Table.

fo generally efteem'd

is the fame as by the Farming-gardeners, who fupply the London Markets with thefe Roots, and is the fame as before directed. But it is only within theCompafsof a few Years, that the Country-people have been ac-

praclifed

It is not many Years fince the Pra&iceof fowing Turneps, for feeding of Cattle, has been of general Ufe how it happen'd that this Improvement mould have been fo long negle&ed in every Part of Europe, is not eafy to determine ; fince it is very plain, that this Piece of Huf:

quainted with the Method of hoeing

them ; fo that the Farmers ufually employ'd Gardeners, who had been bred up in the Kitchen-gardens, to
perform
al

this

Work.

And

the ufu-

twice hoeing, and leaving the Crop clean, and the Plants fet out properly, was
for

Price given per Acre,

bandry was known to the Antients.

For Columella,
feveral

in

treating

of the

are

Kinds of Vegetables which proper for the Field, recommends the cultivating of the Rapa
;

feven Shillings ; at which Price the Gardeners could get fo much per Week, as to make it worth their while to leave their Habitations, and
praclile this
in

different Counties,

becaufe (fays he) thofe Roots which are not wanted for the
in plenty

during the Seafon for this Work ; which always happens, after the
greateft

R A
greateft

Hurry of

Bufinefs in
:

the

fo that Kitchen-gardens is over they ufually formed themfelves in fmall Gangs of fix or feven Perfons, and fet out on their different Routes; each Gang fixing at a Diftance from the reft, and undertaking the

Work of as many Farmers in the Neighbourhood, as they could mabut as this nage in the Seafon Work is now perform'd by many Country Labourers, that Practice is
:

loft to

the

Labourers doing

Kitchen-gardeners, the it much cheaper.

and weighed ; and thofe Roots which, had been cultivated by the Plough, were fo much larger than the other, that the Crop of one Acre weighed a Ton and an hair more than thatof an Acrein theotherHufbandry. But when the Turneps are fown in Drills, they will require to be hoed by Hand, to feparate and cut out the Plants, where they are too near together in theRows ; as alfo to cut up the Weeds between the Plants where the Plough cannot reach them.
If this
is

carefully perform'd, the

There

has alfo been another

Me-

thod praclis'd very lately, by fome very curious Farmers, in cultivating

of Turneps the Seed
in-

plowing of the Intervals, which encourage the Growth of the Roots, by thus ftirring of the Ground, will

plough.
are

which is, by fowing Rows, with the DrillIn fome Places, the Rows
;

make
the

it

much

better

prepaid for

fown three Feet afunder, in others four, in fome five, and fome

The latter has been recommended by fome, as the molt proper Diftance ; and although the Intervals are fo large, yet the Crop produe'd on an Acre has been much greater, than upon the fame Quantity of Land where the Rows have been but half this Diltance ; and upon all the Fields which have been drilled, the Crops have greatly exceeded thofe which have been hand-hoed. The late Lord Vifcount To<wvJkcnd was at the Expence of making the Trial of thefe two different Methods of Hufbandry, with the greateft Care, by equally dividing the fame Fields into different Lands, which were alternately fown in Drills, and the intermediate Lands in broad
fix.

Crop of Barley, or whatever elfe is fown the following Spring. This Method of Culture may be fuppos'd to be more expenfive than that commonly pra&is'd, by thofe
unacquainted with
it
;

but thofe

who

have made Trials of both, find the Horfe - plowing to be much the cheapeft, and by far the beft. For the Country - people who are employed in Hand-hoeing of Turneps, are very apt to hurry over their

Work,
left

fo

that half the

Weeds

are

growing, and the Plants are feldom fingled out fo well as they fhould be ; nor are they curious
the Charlock one of the moft common Weeds in arable Land) from the Turneps fo that about the Middle of September it is very common to fee the Fields of Turneps full of the yellow Flowers of the Charlock. Now, in the Horfe-plowing, all the Weeds in the Intervals will be in to diftinguifh

enough
(which

is

Caft.

The
in the

latter

were hoed

by

Hand,

common Method, and

the other cultivated by the Hoeingplough ; and when the Roots were

tirely deftroyed

fo that

if a

few

Plants

grown, his Lordfliip had an equal Quantity of Land, which had been fown in different Methods, nieafured, and the Roots drawn up
fully

Rows of Turneps fhould be overlook'd, they may be eafily drawn out when they appear
in

the

vifible.

The
4-

greateft Evil

which attends a

F 2

Crop

R A
Crop of Turneps,
is

R A
Health fo that it is the Difeafe which occafions the Vermin, and not the Vermin the Difeafe,
;

that of their be-

ing dcftroyed by the Fly ; which ufually happens ioon after the Plants come above-ground, or while they
are in the Seed-leaf
;

for after they

have put out

Danger.
;

their

rough Leaves
always in dry

pretty flrong, they will be pall this

when they become unthey are foon overfpread as is commonly imagined. Now as the Plants will always be in greater
whereas,
healthy,

This

is

Weather fo that if there happens Rain when theTurneps come up, they will grow fo fall, as to be foon And out of Danger from the Fly.
it has been found, that thofe which have been fown inDrills have efcap'd the Fly much better than thofe which but are fown in the broad Cad if Soot is fown along the Surface of
:

Health when the Ground is well about them, fo there will be lefs Danger of their fuffering from thefe Enemies, when they are cultivated by the Horfe hoe, than in the common way.
ftirr'd

When
Drills,
it

the

Turneps are fown

in

will be the bell

way

to hoe

between every other Row at firft, and, fome time after, to hoe the alternate Intervals
;

each Drill,

it

will

be of great Ser;

by which Method,

vice to keep off the Fly

and a fmall

Quantity of it will be fuHicient for a 1 trge Field, where the Drills only are to be cover'd. Another Danger of the Crops beJers,

the Plants will receive more Benefit from the often ftirring of theGround,

than they would do,

if all the Intervals were hoed at one time ; and the Plants will be in lefs Danger of fuf-

ing defiroyed, is from the Caterpilwhich very often attack them, when they are grown fo large as to have fix or eight Leaves on a Plant. The fureit Method of dellroying thefe Infects is, to turn a large Parcel of Poultry into theField ; which ihould be kept hungry, and turn'd
early in the

fering from the Earth being thrown up too high on fome Jlows, while

others

but

may be left too bare of Earth: when the Earth has been thrown

up on one Side of the Drill, it may be turned clown again before the next Interval is hoed. And "this alternate moving of the Earth will prepare the Ground very well for the fucceeding Crop, as well as

Morning

into the Field.

Thefe Fowls
Infects,
this

will loon devour the and clear the Tnrneps. To Evil theTurneps which are fown

greatly improve the Turneps.

as this

in Drills are not io

for as the

much expos'd Ground between the Rows

;

be kept growing;
fecls
;

will be kept ftirred, the Plants will fo will not be in

But Plough cannot well be drawn nearer to the Drills than two or three lnches,the remainingGround fnould be forked to loofen the Parts, and

make way
Roots
it

for the Fibres of

Danger of fuftering from

for

thefe In-

io

llrike

the out into the Inter-

the Parent -infects

never
Plants

vals; otherwife, if the

Land is

ftrcng,

depofit their

Eggs upon any

;

which

are in Health

but as focn

as they are Hinted, they are

ately cover'd with the

Infects.

immediEggs of thefe
general

hard in thofe Places which are not ftirred, as to ltint the Growth of the Turneps. And this may be done at a fmall
will fo

become

And

this holds in

with Vegetables as with Animals, which are feldpm attacked by

Expense a good Hand will perform a great deal of this Work in a Day and whoever will makeTrial,
;

Vermine when they

are in perfeft

will find their .Account in praclifing

R A
efjpecialJy on all flrong Land, where the Turneps are much more liable to fuffer from the binding of the Ground, than they will be on a
it
;

R A
rally

prevailed

with Perfons

who

ioofe Soil

but yet,
will be

Ground,

it

in all Sorts of of great Service

have not been well inform'd to the which is, in relation to contrary the Mutton which is fatted with Turneps, mod People believing it to whereas it is be rank and ill-tafted
;

to pra&ife this.

a
is

known

Fact, that the beft

Mutton

When

the

Ground

thus

ftirr'd

Plowing will be Turneps are eaten, for the fowing of Barley, or any other Crop fo that there will be an Advantage in this, when the Turneps are kept late on the Ground, as
fuffic;ent, after the
;

in every Part, one

will be often

the Cafe, efpecially

when

they are cultivated for feeding of Ewes, becaufe it is often the Middle of April before the Ground will
for the late Feed in the be cleared Spring, before the natural Grafs comes up, is the moft wanted, where Numbers of Sheep or Ewes are maintain'd; and one Acre of Turneps
:

moreFced, than fiftyAcres of the belt Palture, at chat Seafon. In Norfolk, and fome other Counties, they cultivate great Quantities of Turneps for feeding of Black
will afford

Country affords, is all fatted on Turneps ; and that rank Mutton, whole Fat is yellow, is what the low marfhy Lands of Lincolnjbire, and other rank Paftures, produce. In order ro fave good Turnepfeeds, you (hould tranfplant fome of the faired Roots in February, placeing them at lealf. two Feet aiunder each Way, obferving to keep the Ground clear from Weeds, until the Turneps have fpread fo as to cover the Ground, when they will p^vent the Weeds from growing; arc when the Pods are formed, you ihould carefully guard them againlt the Bird-, otherwife they will devour
this
it,

efpecially

when

it

is

near ripe;
either

at

which

time

you mould

moot

the Birds as they a;ight up-

which turns to great Advantage to their Farms for hereby they procure a good Dreffing for their Land fo that they have extraordinary good Crops of Barley upon thole Lands, which would not have been worth the plowing, if it had not been thus huhbanded. When the Turneps are fed off the Ground, the Cattle mould not be iurrer'd to run over too much of
Cattle,
;
:

on the Seed, or lay fome b^rdl mM Twigs upon it, whereby fome of them will be caught and if they are permitted to remain fome time, and afterward turn'd loofe, they will prevent the Birds from coming thither again fome time, as I have
;

experimented.
it

When

the Seed

is

ripe,

mould be cut

up, and fpread to dry

the

Ground

for if they are not con-

by Hurdles to as much as is fufficient for them one Day ( and thefe mould be every Day remov'd forward the Cattle will fpoil three times the Quantity of Turneps they can eat fo that it is very bad Hafbandry to give them too much room. I cannot omit taking notice of a common Miftake, which has genefined
1

in the Sun; after which it may be threhVd out, and preferved for Ufe. RAPH ANISTRUM, Charlock. This differs from theRadifh, in having a jointed Pod, containing one rounaifli Seed in each Joint. There arc fevera! Varieties of this Plant, two of which grow wild in England the others are Natives of rdnte\ Spain, and Italy\ but as they are Weeds which gro.v frfeq^endjr
\

oti

arabie l and,
the-

I fhali

not e&2nie

rate

Varieties.
3

4 F

RA-

R A
RAPHANUS,
Radifh.
are;

11

A
fo
as the other,efpe-

moftly at Top, and not fwell

The Chai afters

much
cially

in the
if

Root

The Flower confifts cffour Leaves, which are placed in form of a Crofs :
cut of the Fl

wer^cup

rifes

the Poin-

which afterward turns to a Pod in form of an Horn, that is thick , fpongy, and fwrnfffd with a 'double Row cf roundifh Seeds, which are fef crated by a thin Membrane.
tal
}

oblongus. C, Small oblong or common B. P. Radifh. 2. Raphanus niger major rotun dus, Mor. Hifl. Great round black Radifii, commonly calTd The SpaT.

The Species are Raphanus minor

they are left pretty clofe. Seafons for fowing this Seed are various, according to the time when they are defired for Ufe ; but the earlier!: Seafon is commonly toward the Latter-end of Oclober, when the Gardeners near London fow them to fupply the Market; and thefe, if they do not mifcarry, will be fit for Ufe in March following, which is full as foon as moll People care to

The

eat them.

Thefe

(as I faid

before)

are

commonly fow n on warm Bor-

nifh Radifn.

ders, near Walls, Pales, or Hedge?, where they may be defended from the cold Winds.

f.oribus candidis.

major orbicularis C. B. P. Great round - rooted Radifh, with white Flowers. 4. Raphanus minor oblongus py3.
,

Raphanus

riformisy

<vu1go

Ramurazza. Hort.
Radifh, with an

Cath.
5.

The

leffer

oblong pear-fnap'd Root.

ivil rotundus.

major orbicularis Greater P. Radilh, with a round Root, commonly call'd White Spanijh Radifh. The firll Sort here mention'd is
,

Raphanus

C. B.

that
in

which

is

commonly
for

cultivated
its

Kitchen-gardens

Root

of which there are

feveral Varieties,

as the Small-topp'd, the Deep-red,

and the Long- topp'd ftrip'd Radifh ; all which are Varieties arifing from
Culture.

The fecond Sowing is commonly about ChriflmaSy provided the Seafon be mild, and the Ground in a fit Condition to work thefe are fown near Shelter, but not fo near Pales and Hedges as the firft Sowing. Thefe, if they are not deflroy'd by Froft, will be fit for Ufe the Beginning of April t but in order to have a Succefhon of thefe Roots for the Table through the Seafon, yen mould repeat fowing of their Seeds once a Fortnight, from the Middle of January till the Beginning of April i always obferving to fow the latter Crops upon a moift Soil, 'and otherwife they an open Situation run up, and grow fticky, before they
: ;

are

fit

for Ufe.

The fmall-topp'd Sort is moft commonly preferr'd by the

of the Gardeners near Zodon fow Carrot-feed with their early Radifhes;
fo that

Many

Gardeners near London ; becaufe they require much lefs room than thofe with large Tcp% and may be

when

their

Ra-

difhes are kilPd, the Carrots will re-

and as the forward Radifhes are what produce the greater!: Profit to the Garleft

much

clofer together

main monly
:

for the Seeds of Carrots

lie in

com-

the

dener, fo tnefe being

commonly

fovvn

upon Borders near Hedge?, Walls,

or Pales,
if

they are of the large- top-

before Radifhes feldom he above a Fortnight under-ground ; fo that thefe are often up, and kill'd, when the Carrot-feed remains fafe in the
the

Weeks

Ground five or fix they come up, and

ped Sort, they will be apt to grow

Ground

but

when both Crops

fuc-

cecd,

R A
ceed, the Radifhes muil
off very
;

R A
pretty large, fix Inches are full near

rots

be drawn young otherwife the Carwill be drawn up fo weak, as

enough

a:;d a fmall

will afford as

many Radifhes

Spot of Ground at each

not to be able to fupport themfelves when the Radifhes are gone. It is alfo a conftant Practice with thefe Gardeners, to mix Spinachfeed with their latter Crop of Radices ; fo that when the Radifhcs are drawn off, and the Ground cleanM between the Spinach, it will grow prodigioufly, and in a Fortnight's time will as completely cover

fowing, as can be fpent in a Family while they are good.

If you intend to fave Seeds of your Radifhes, you mould, at the Beginning of May , prepare a Spot of
in proportion to the Quanof Seeds intended ( but you mould always make Allowance for badSeafons; becaufe it often happens, in a very dry Seafon, that there will not be a fourth Part of the Quantity of Seeds upon the fame Proportion of Ground as there will be in a moift Seafon). This Ground mould be well dug and levelPd; then you mould draw up fome of the itraiteft and beft-coIour\d Radifhes (throwing away all fuch as are fhort, and that branch out in their Roots): thefe mould be planted in Rows three Feet Diftance, and two Feet afunder in the Rows oblerving, if the Seafon be dry, to water them until they have taken Root after which they will require no farther Care, but only to hoe dou n the Weeds between them, until they are advanced fo high, as to fpread over the Ground, when they will prevent the
tity
;
;

Ground

Ground, as though there had been no other Crop. And this Spinach, if it be of the broad-leav'd Kind, will be larger and fairer than
the
it

commonly

is

when

by

itfelf

becauie where People have no other

Crop mix'd with it, they commonly fow it too thick, whereby it is draw n up weak ; but here the Roots ftand pretty far apart, fo that after the Radilhes are' gone, they have full room
to fpread
is
;

"

and

if

the Soil be good,

it

a prodigious Size this Spinach will

grow

to, before it runs up for Seed but thisHufbandry is chiefly praclis'd

by fuch Gardeners
for their Land,

as

pay very dear

to
as

have

as

and are obligM many Crops in a Year

they could not afford to pay fuch large Rents. When the Radifhes are come up, and have got five or fix Leave?, they mull be pull'd up where thev are too clofe; oihen.ife they will draw up to ton, but the Roots will not inpolTible,

otherwife

Growth of Weeds.

When

the Seed begins to

ripen,

crease their Bulk.

In doing of this,
:

fome only draw them out by Hand but the beft Method is, to hoe them with a fmall Hoe, which will ftir the Ground, and deftroy the young Weeds, and alfo promote theGrowth of the Plants. The Diitance which thefe (hould be left, if for drawing up fmall, may be three Inches ; but if they are to Hand until they are

you fhould carefully guard it againfl the Birds, which will otherwife deftroy it. When it is ripe (which you may know by the Pods changing brown), you fhould cut it, and fpread it in the Sun to dry after which you mould threfh it out, and lay it up forUfe, where the Mice cannot come
;

to

it,

otherwife they will eat

fmall

it

up.

The
is

round-rooted Radifh

not very

common

in

many

Parts of Italy

Sort cultivated.

England t but the only Tke Roots of this

in
it is

Kind

are

mary

times as large as a

4 E 4

fmaii

R A
fma.ll

R A
ferv'd,
riety.

Turnep, and are very {weer. This may be propagated in the fame

except by Eotanifls for Va-

manner
this

as

the

common

Sort; but

RAPUNCULUS,
The

Rampions.
;

only with

this

Difference; mix.

That

Characters are

muft not be fown till the Beginning of March, and the Plants
a
greater Diitance.

allow'd

The

Seeds of this Kind are very fubjett to degenerate when fav'd in England; ib that it is proper to have them from Abroad every Year. The other round-rooted Radifnes are rarely cultivated in England but thofe who have a mind to have them, may fow them in the fame
;

The Flo-ucer covjijls of one Leaf, in its Form approaching to a Bellfhape ; but is fo expanded and cut, that it almcjl represents the Figure of a Star:
the Point al
is commonly fplit into tnxio horned Dimijtom, and the Flo<vuer-cup

becomes a Fruit, ivhich

to

is

divided in-

three Cells, inclafng

many fmall

Seeds.

1.

The Species are Rapunculus

fpicatus.

C.B.P.

manner

as the Jaft.

Spiked Rampion
2.

The

Black and White Spanijh Ra-

Rapunculus
.

fpicatus o.lbus.

diih.es are

commonly

cultivated for

(ome who

medicinal Ufe ; though there are are very fond of them for

Spiked Rampion, with a white Flower.

3.

C. B. P.

Rapunculus

Alpinus cornicu-

Thefe are commcnly the Table. fown about the Middle of July, or a little earlier; and they are fit for the

latus. C.

B. P. Horned Rampion of
capi tula

the Alps.
4.

Rapunculus fcabiof<e
C. B. P.

Table by the End of Auguf, or the Beginning of September; and they the Fro ft vviil continue good till fpoils them. Thefe muft be thinned to a greater Diftance than the com-

cceruleo.

Rampion with

blue fcabious-like Heads.

5.

Rapunculus Jcabiofa capitulo

B. P. Rampion with white
fpicatus,

albo. C.

fcabious-like Heads.
6.

mon

Sort

for the

Roots of thefe
;

Ranunculus

fore

grow as large as Turneps there- favefcente. pion, with fore mould not be left nearer together than fix Inches. Some Perfons who are very curi7.

Inf. R. H. Spiked

Ramfeu

a yeilowifh Flower.
Creticus,

Rapunculus

ous to have thefe Roots in Winter, draw them out of the Ground before the hard Froft comes on, and lay them up in dry Sand, in the fame

pyramidalis altera. C.B. P. midal Rampion of Crete.

8.

Pyra-

Rapunculus

folio graminco.

Inft.R. H. Grafs-leav'd
9.

Rampion.

Rapunculus

Creticus petro-

manner

as

is

praclis'd for Carrots

being careful to guard them from

maruln ,fore albo. Tourn. Cor. Rampion of Crete, with a white Flower.
10.
liis

Wet

and Froft

and by
till

this

Method
or

Rapunculus

they preferve them

the Spring.

cinguftis

dentatis.

Orient alls, foTourn. Cor,

in-

RAPIST RUM,
Wild Muftard. There are two or
this Plant,

Charlock,

Eaftern
11.

Rampion, with narrow

dented Leaves.

three Species of one of which grows wild England; the other two are in Weeds in the South of France, Italy, Thefe are never preand Spain.
-

Rapunculus
multicaulis
Eaftern-

Orientalts antotus fioridus*

gv.Jiifciius

'lourn. Cor.

narrow - leav'd
Stalks, filled

Rampion, with many

with Flowers,

i2.

Ra>

R A
I

RA
mould be Seeds fown every other
Year, to continue the Sorts ; for they are Plants which require little

2.

Rapunculus Orientalis, camToum. Cor.

panula: pratenfes folio.

bell-flower- lea f

Eaftern Rampion, with a

.

Meadow-

13.

Rapunculus

Orientalis, forigidis.

His

longioribus,

afpcris iff

Toum. Cor. Eaftern Rampion, with

longer rough
14.
tiffimns,
ftiff

Trouble to cultivate them, and their Flowers make a pretty Variety in large Gardens therefore they mould be allowed a Place amongft other
;

Leaves.
al-

hardy Flowers.

Rapunculus Or iev talis

foliis

RAPUNTIUM,
Cardinal's Flower.

Rampions,

or

glabris
tallelt

C?

rigidis.

Toum.
1

Cor.

The

Eaitern

Ram-

The

Species are

pion, with fmooth

5.

itirF

Leaves.
Eaftern
violet
-

Rapunculus
folio.

Orientalis, be-

fperidis

Tourn. Cor.

The Flo-wer cor.fijh of one Leaf which is of an anomalous Figure, hollowed like a Pipe, and furrowed or
chanelTd
;

Rampion,
leaf.

with a

Dames -

divided, as
in the

many Parts,

it were, into Shape of a Tcngue,

Thefe are all of them hardyPlants, which will thrive in the open Air. They are propagated by Seed, which for if fhould he fown in Autumn
;

defended by a Vagina or Covering, which enfolds the Point a I: when the

Flowers decay, the Flower-cup turns to a Fruit, divided into three Cells
full of fmall Seeds, which adhere to a Placenta, which is divided into three Parts.

they are kept out of the Ground till the Spring, they frequently fail. Thefe Seeds mould be fown on a Bed of frelh undunged Earth, where they are defigned to remain for they do not thrive fo well when they are
;

The
1.

Species are

Rapuntium maximum,
Col. in Rich.

cocci-

neo fpicato fore.

tranfplanted.

Therefore the belt

to

Method

is,

make

fmall

Drills

Greater Rampionr, with a crimfon fpiked Flower, commonly cali'd The fearlet

crofs the Bed, about eighteen Inches

Cardinal's Flower.
2.

afunder, and fow the Seeds therein

Rapuntium

America7ium, fore

then cover them lightly over with Earth; for if they are buried too
deep, they will rot in the Ground. In about a Month after the Seeds are

dilute caeruho.

H. R. Par.

The

blue

Cardinal's Flower.
3.

Rapuntium

Americanum, vir-

g&

fown,

the

Plants

will

come

up,

aurece foliis, parvo fore caeruleo. Town. Cardinal's Flower with

when
ed
;

they mould be diligently weedis all

which
till

the Care they will

Golden-rod-leaves, and a fmall blue Flower.

4. Rapuntium Americanum, foribus albii. Inf. R. H. Arnerican

require

Spring; at which time

the Plants
fix

they are or feven Inches apart in the Rows j and afterward they require no farther Attention but to keep them clear from Weeds. In June the Plants will flower, and if the Summer prove favourable, tiicy will produce ripe
Seeds.

mould be thinned where too clofe, fo as to leave them

Cardinal Flower, with white Flowers.

cineo fore, lint is

Americanum, cocaIbis elegant cr piclo. Inf. R. H. American Cardinal Flower, with a fcarlet Flower, elegantly ftriped with White.
5.

Rapuntium

6.

Rapuntium
cirf.i,

Americanum

a/-

As

thefe Plants

do rot continue
there

apove two or three Years,

fore vircfce>:te. Plum. Cat. Thetalleft American Cardinal

tifftmum, foliis

K A
dinal Flower, with Leaves like the

R A
greenilh
er,

Flower, with a blue galeated Flow-

Melancholy
Flowers.
7.

thiftle,

and

and indented Leaves.

16.

Rapuntium
folio.

Canadenfe
Sarrac.

Rapuntium

Americanum, fo-

milum, linarice
Toadflax-leaf.
i

pw Low

liis cirfii lucidis,

fiore multiplici coc-

Canady Cardinal Flower,

j.

with a

Plum. Cat. American Cardinal Flower, with mining Melancholy- thitlle-leaves, and many fcarlet Flowers growing, in Clucineo conglobato.
tters.

Rapuntium
Cor.

Creticum minimaeulato.
leaft

mum,
Tourn.

bellidis folio, fiore

The

Cardinal

Americanum, trapurpura fcente. Plum. Cat. AmericanC2LrA'\T\2\ Flower, with a Throatwort-leaf, and a purplifti Flower.
8.

Rapuntium

Flower of Crete, with a Daify-leaf, and a fpotted Flower.

chelii folio\ fiore

The firft Sort is greatly prized by the Curious for the Beauty of its rich
crimfon Flowers, which exceed
the Flowers I have yet feen,
all

in the

9. Rapuntium fohis oblongis, fioribus par<vis caeruleis, /pica longijfima. American Cardinal

/wwVmw,

Flower, with oblong Leaves, and fmall blue Flowers, growing in a long Spike.
10.

Rapuntium

urens Solonienfe.

Mor. H. R. Bl<ef)\ Burning Cardinal Flower of Blots.

1

I.

Rapuntium

urens, ficre pur-

pureo-carru'co. Inji. R.

H.

Burning

Cardinal Flower, with a bluifh-purple Flower.

12.

Rapuntium

Africanum mi-

nus angufiifolium, fiore <violaceo. Inf. R. H. Lefler narrow-leav'd African

Colour: and thefe their Roots are ftrong, produce large Spikes of thefe Flowers, which continue a long time in Beauty, and make a moft magnificent Shew amongft other Flowers. The time of their Flowering is commonly in July and Augufi j and if the Autumn proves very favourable, they will fometimes produce good Seeds in England. Thefe Plants are Natives of Virginia and Carolina, where they grow by the Sides of Rivulets, and make a moft beautiful Appearance j from whence the Seeds are often fent into England,
its

Deepnefs of

commonly, when

Cardinal Flower, with a violet-colour'd Flower.

13.
t

Rapuntium

JEthiopicum,

*violaceo galeato fiore, foliis finaflri.

Thefe Seeds commonly arrive here in the Spring at which time they mould be fown in Pots filFd with light Earth, and but juft cover
;

Ethiopian Cardinal Cent. Flower, with a violet galeated Flower, and Leaves like the Pi-

Breyn,

nafter.

14.

Rapuntium

AEthiopirum,

over ; for if the Seeds are buried deep, they will not grow. Thefe Pots mould be placed under a Frame, to defend them from Cold, until the Seafon is a little advanc'd ; but they

cceruko galeato fiore, foliis coronop:. Ethiopian Cardinal Breyn. Cent.

er,

mould not be
which

plac'd on an Hot-bed,

will injure the Seeds.

Flower, with a blue galeated Flowand Leaves like Bucks-horn-

plantain.
AEtbiopie:>.m, 15. carruleo galeato fiore, foliis dentatis.

Rapuntium
Cent.

Breyn.

Ethiopian

Cardinal

When the Weather is warm, toward the Middle of April, thefe Pots mould be placed in the open Air, in a Situation where they may have the morning Sun till Twelve of the Cle$k| obfei ving to water them con.lUmly

R A
ftantly in dry

R A
;

Weather

and when
are

the

the

Plants are

come

up, and

grown

pretty ftrong, they mould be tranfplanted each into a fmall Pot rill'd with frem light Earth, and

placed in the fame Situation, obferving to water them in dry Weather ; and in Winter they mould be placed under an Hot - bed - frame,
vere Frolls

fifth Sort is a Variety of the firfl: but neither of thefe Variations are lafting: for from the Seeds which I have laved from thefe, and fown, I had fcarce one Plant which prov'd of the fame Colours as the Parent-

plants.

The
to be
.

fixth

and feventh Sorts feem

where they may be fheker'd from febut in mild Weather

;

The

only Varieties of each other. fixth Sort I have propagated fe-

they mould be as much expofed to the open Air as poflible. The March followiug thefe Plants mould be put into larger Pots filPd

with the fame frem Earth, and plac'd, obas before, to the morning Sun ferving to water them in dry Wea;

ther,

which

will caufe

them

to flow-

er ftrong the

Autumn

following.

Thefe Plants are alfo propagated by parting of their Roots the beft Seafon for which is, either foon af:

veral times, and have had the Plants produce Flowers but the feventh I have not yet feen in Flower. Thefe were collected by Mr. Robert Millar in Jamaica. The eighth Sort is an annual Plant; if the Seeds of this are permitted to fcatter in the Pots, and are fhelter'd in Winter, the Plants will come up in plenty, and require little more Care than to tranfplant them into Pots, and place them in a warm
;

Situation.

ter they are palt Flower, or

obferving to them, as hath been directed for the feedling Plants, both in Winter and

mMarcb; water and manage

The
which

ninth Sort

is

a biennial Plant,

perilhes foon after the Seeds

Summer.

This produces very fmall blue Flowers, growing in long (lender Spikes ; fo makes but an indifare ripe.
ferent Appearance.
fo

The

blue Sort conftantly produces

ripe Seeds in

England which mould

',

be fovvn foon after they are ripe in the Spring following the Plants will come up, when they mould be tranfplanted and manag'd as the other Sort ; with which Culture this will alfo agree. This is prelerv'd for but the Flowers are not Variety near fo beautiful as thofe of the former Sort. The thirdSort hath fmall blueFlowers, and is an annual Plant, perifhing as foon as the Seeds are ripe. This may be raifed in the fame manner as the former; but is fcarcely worthy of a Place in the Flower: ;

The tenth Sort is an hardy Plant, may be fown in the common

;

Ground

and

if the

Seafon proves

favourable,

the Plants will flower,

and perfect their Seeds the fame Year; and, in a warm Situation, the Plants will live through the Winter. The eleventh is only a Variety of
this.

The
Plants,

twelfth,

thirteenth,

four-

teenth, and fifteenth Sorts are annual

Seeds are ripe.

thefe are fmall

which periih as foon as their The Flowers of

;

fo

are

not

much

valued.

The

fifteenth

and

feventeenth
;

garden.

Sorts are alfo pretty hardy

but as

The
jn

fourth Sort

is

a Variety of the
it

fecond, from which

differs

only
-

Beauty, prefer v'd in Gardens.

little

they have

arj

fekiom

the Colour of the

Flower

and

RAUVOLFIA.
The

R A
Characters are; hath a tubulous Flower ccnfifling of one henfy whofe upper-Part fpreads open into a plain Surface, and is cut into ft*veral Parts ; from whofe Cup arifs the Point a I, fixed like a
//

R A
large Share of frclh Air admitted to

The

them

in

warm Weather

and when

they are about two Inches high, they

mould be

tranfplanted each into a

feparate fmall Pot filled with frefh

light Earth,

and then plunged into

Kail, which afterward becomes an alvioft globular foft Fruit, full of

Milk,

in

which are contained

Seeds.

one or

Hot -bed again; obferving to made them from the Sun, until they have taken new Root after which
the
;

two hard
1.

folia. fit

anguPlum. Nov. Gen. Four-leav'd Rauvolfia, with narrow Leaves.

2.

The Species are Rauvolfia tetraphyHa

time they mould have free Air admitted to them every Day, in proportion to the Warmth of the Seafon In this Hot-bed the Plants may re-

Rauvolfia

tetraphylla

lati-

falia. Plum.

Nov. Gen.

Four-leav'd

Rauvolfia, with broad Leaves. This Name was given to this Genus of Plants by Father Plumicr,

who was
them
in

the Perfcn that difcover'd America, in Honour to Leo-

nard Ravwolf] who was a curious Botanift, and flouriuYd about the

toward Michaelmas, when be removed into the Stove, and plunged into the Tanners Bark, where they mult be kept warm, and not have too much Moidure in cold Weather, left it rot them. As thefe Plants are Natives of very hot Countries, fo they will not live in the open Air in England ;
till

main

they mould

Year 1583.

He

travelled

into

the

therefore they fhould conftantly re-

Holy Land, and feveral other Places in the Eaft, and publihYd his Travels
in

main main

in the

Stove

and
than

if

in

the Bark-bed,
falter,

they rethey will

High-Dutch, which were tranf-

thrive

much
the

when they
they

lated mioEngliJb under thelnfpe&ion

are placed on Stands in a dry Stove.

of the great Mr. Ray.

But in
plentifully at
their

Summer -feafon

Thele Plants grow

mould have a

large Share of frefh

Csw/^jsfromwhence I receiv'd
Seeds, which were collected by Robert Millar, Surgeon.

Mr.

The Seeds of thefe Plants mould be fown in Pots filPd with frefh Earth, and plung'd into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark ; for as they are very hard, they frequently remain a
when
their

therefore long time in the Ground they are in Pots, they may be fhifted from one Bed to another, as
:

Air admitted to them ; and the Leaves of the Plants muft be nowand-then warned with a Sponge, to clear them from the Filth they are apt to contract ; which, if fuffer'd to remain, will retard the Growth of the Plants. Where this Care is taken of them, they will thrive very fail, and the fecond Year will produce Flowers, and continue fo to do for many Years ; and will perfect their

Heat decays.

When
b?.

the Plants

come

up, they muft

frequently

refretVd with Water; but it mult not be given them in large Quantities; for the Plants are fucculeut, and full of a milky Juice fo are in
;

They may alfo Seeds in England. be propagated by Cuttings, which mould be laid to dry for two or three Days before they are planted; and then mould be plung'd into a
moderate Hot-bed of Tanners Bark,
obfervi;^ to inade them until they have taken Root ; after which time
they

Danger of
Moiiiure
.

rotting

w;;.h,
-

too

much

They

{he

'

atfd >ia<.f a

R E
they

may be

treated as the feedling

thefe

Plants.

RESEDA,
The
It hath

Baftard rocket.
polypet alous

Characters are

anomalous

Flower, compofed offeveral dijfmilar Petals, out of whofe Cup arifes the Pointal, which afterward becc?nes a

mould be fown in the Spring, on an open Bed of frefh undunged Earth, in the Place where they are and when the defign'd to remain Plants come up, they fhould be hoed to feparate them, where they are too cloi'e, as alfo to deftroy the Weeds.
;

membranaceous Fruit, for the mof part three or four-cornered, oblong, and, as it were, cylindraceous , pregnant with round Seeds.

The four firft Sorts fhould be allowed eighteen Inches, or two Feet ; but the other Sorts, being of lefs Growtif/ do not require above half
that

room.

The Species
1.

are;
C.

CQnftantly hoed

The Weeds mould down between

be
the

Reseda

vulgaris.

B. P.

Common
2.

Baftard-rocket.

Plants when they arife, which is all the Culture the Plants require. Some

Rar.
3.

Reseda crifpa Gallica. Bocc. PL Curled French Baftard-

rocket.

Reseda
Hijl.

Mar.
4.
albo.

latifolia, fore fid'tjo. Broad -leav'd Baftard-

rocket, with a yellow Flower.

Reseda foliis
Mor, H. R.

calcitrapee,

fore

of thefe Plants will flower the fame Year they are fown, when they come up early in the Spring ; but in general they do not flower till the fecond Year, when they produce their Seeds, and the fianrs commonly perifh, foon after. If the Seeds of thefe
Plants are permitted to fcattcr, the

Bhf

Baftard.

rocket with Star-thiftle-leaves, and a white Flower. 5. Reseda minor vulgaris. Inf. R. H. Smaller common Baftardrocket.
6.

Plants will

come

up, and ftcck the

Ground,

fo as to

become Weeds.

ninth Sort hath been lately introduced into the Etiglijh Gardens.

The

Reseda
incifo.

minus

minor vulgaris, folio Inf. R. H. Smaller

-

The Plants of this Sort are generally annual, and perifh i'oon after their
Seeds are ripe
;

though

if

the Plants

common
Leaf lefs
7.

Baftard
cut.

rocket,

with

are placed in a

Autumn, they

warm Stove in the may be preiervjd thro*

minor vulgaris, foliis iniegris. Inf. R. H. Small common Baftard-rocket, with whole Leaves.
8.

Reseda

the Winter, and the Plants will keep

conftantly in Flower.

Reseda
-

Pyrenaica,

linari<e

folio glauco.

Baftard

SchoL Bot. rocket, with a

Pyrcnean

This Sort fhould be fown on a moderate Hot-bed in March ; and when the Plants are ftrong enough to
tranfplant, they fhould be pricked out upon another moderate Mot-bed but the to bring them forward Plants fhould have a large Share of Air in warm Weather, otherwjfe they will draw up verv v, eak. About the Latter end of May the Hants may be planted out, fome into Pots, to place near the Apartments ; and
:

glaucous
minor, fo-

Toad -flax-leaf. 9. Reseda JEgyptiica

ri bus fragrantijjimis.

The Mignonette
Re-

d'Egypt, or fmall fweet-fcented

feda.

Thefe Plants are preferred in the Gardens of fome Perfons, who are curious in Botany ; but at prefent
they are not ufed in Medicine. All of thero, but the laft, are very hardy Plant", which are propagated by Seeds

others into

they

warm Borders, where may -emain to flower and feed. For the Flants which grow in' the

It
full

II
old Plants.

R
:

II

Ground, often produce more Seeds than thofe which are in Pots
but at the time when the Seed-veffels begin to fwell, the Plants are frequently infefted with green Caterpillers, which, if they are not deftroyed, will eat off all the Seedveffels.

Thefe Suckers may be

The

Flowers of

this Plant

have a

ftrong Scent like freth Rafoberries,

taken off any time in February or March, and planted in a Nurfery, where they may be train'd up for two or three Years after which they may be remov'd to the Places where they are to remain. There is no very great Beauty in thefe Plants ; but as their Leaves and Flowers are very different from moll
;

which will fpread over a Room in Which two or three Plants are plac'dj and for this are greatly efteem'd.

other Trees,

they make a pretty Variety in fmall Wildernefs- quar-

RHABARBARUM MONACHORUM. Vide Lapathum.

RHAMNOIDES,
Buckthorn.

The
;

Sea

ters j or, when planted in Clumps with various Trees, they will grow to be ten or twelve Feet high ; but it is very rare to fee them

larger.

The
//

Characters are

RHAMNUS,
The
It
conjijling

The Buckthorn.
;

hath the whole appearance of the Buckthorn ; but is Male and Female in different Trees : tfc Flowers

Characlers are

hath a funnel -Jhafd Flower ,

of the Male have no Petals : the Flower -cup confjis of two Leaves, in the Centre of which are federalfmall Stamina the Female Trees produce roundijh Berries, each of which contains a finglt Seed.
:

of one Leaf, which is divided toward the Top into four or five Segments : out of the Flower-cup rifes
the Pointal,

which afterward

be-

comes afoft roundijh Berry, very full of Juice> inclofing four hard Seeds, which are round and fmooth on the
Outfide, but flatted on the other. The Species are ;
1. Rhamnus catharticus. C.B.P. Common purging Buckthorn. 2. Rhamnus catharticus minor*

1.

The Species are Rhamnoides

T. Cor.
ffcira

florifera, falicis

foliif.

Male willow I

leav'd

Sea Btukthorn.
2
.

M N o D E s fruclifera, foliis

falicis,

hviter flavefcentibus. Female willow-leav'd Sea T. Cor. Buckthorn, with yellow Berries. Thefe Plants grow in great Plenty upon the Sea-coafb of Lincolnjhire, and at Sandwich, Deal, and Folkfton, as alfo in divers Parts of in Kent
baccis
-,

C. B. P.

Leffer

purging BuckHifpanicus,
folio

thorn.
3.

Rhamnus

buxi, minor. Tourn.

Leffer Spanijh

Buckthorn, with a Box-leaf.

4.

Rhamnus
longiori.

catharticus

minor

folio

Scotland.

R. H. Leffer purging Buckthorn, with a longer

Inf.

They

are preferv'd in feveral

Gar-

Leaf.
5.

dens near London for Variety ; where, being intermixed with other Shrubs of the fame Growth, they afford an agreeable Profpecl:. Thefe Shrubs are eafily propa-

Rhamnus

tertius,

fore her*
Clu-

haceo, baccis nigris. C. B. P.

fius's third

gated from Suckers, which they fend forth in great Plenty from the

Buckthorn, with an herbaceous Flower, and black Berries. 6. Rhamnus Hifpanicus, buxi folio ampliorc. Inf. R. H. Spanijh Buckthorn, with a larger Box-leaf.
7.

RhA'

;;

R.
7.
lio,

H
cle<e fo-

R H
Variety.

Rhamnus Hifp annus,

lift.

R. H.

Spamjb Buckthorn,
Hifpanicus, byperici

Both thefe Sorts may be propagated by laying down their

tender Branches in
if

with an Olive-leaf.
8.

Rhamnus
St.

folio. Infl.K.

H. Spanijb Buckthorn, JohnVwort-leaf. 9. Rhamnus Opticus, amygdali folio minori. Tourh. Cor. Candy Buckthorn, with a fmaller Almond-leaf.
with a
10.
folio.

Rhamnus

Toum. Cor.
Rhamnus

Orient alis, alaterni Eaftern Buckthorn,

Creticus, buxi fo-

Autumn; which, duly water'd in dry Weather the fucceeding Summer, will take Root in the Compafs of one Year; and may then be tranfplanted, either where they are to remain, or in fome Nurfery, to be train'd up for a few years,- and then remov'd to their Places of Growth.

with an Alaternus-leaf.
I

The
Height

firft

Sort will

grow

to the

of eighteen or twenty Feet ; but, being a ftraggling Growlio minori Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Bucker, is leldom much cultivated in thorn, with a fmaller Box-trce-leaf. Gardens. 12. Rhamnus Orientalis, amygThe fecond Sort feldom rifes dali folio ampliore. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Buckthorn, with a larger Al- above five Feet high; therefore fhould be planted amongft Shrubs of mond-leaf. The firft of thefe Trees is very the fame Growth ; where it will add common in the Hedges in divers to the \Sariety, though it has little Parts of England; the Berries of more Beauty than the former. They may a!fo be propagated by which are ordered by the College of Seeds, which muft be fown on a Bed Phyficians for medicinal Ufe ; but of frefti Earth, foon after they are particularly for making a Syrup, which was formerly in great Ufe ; ripe ; the Spring following the but of late the Perfons who fupply Plants will appear, when they muft the Markets, have gather'd feveral be carefully clean'd from Weeds other Sorts of Berries, which they the Autumn following they may be have either mixed with thofe of the tranfplanted out, and managed 'as Buckthorn, or have wholly fubfti- the Layers. f
t.

tuted them in their place.

Thefe

The
this

third Sort

is

alfo preferv'd in

are the Berries of the Frangula t Cornus fcemina, &c. which Mixture hath
fpoiled the Syrup, and renderM
lefs
it

feveral curious

Gardens

for Variety:

efteem'd. But

whoever purchafes

the Buckthorn-berries,

may

diftin-

guilh whether frhey are right or not,

by opening them, and obferving the Number of Seeds in each for thefe
;

have commonly four, whereas the Frangula has but two, and the Cornus faemina but one as alfo by bruiling of the Berries on white Paper, the Juice giving a green Tin;

cture.

The

in England^

fecond Sort is lefs common and only to be found in

it
is

Gardens where

cultivated for

produces vaft Quantities of purple Flowers moft Part of the Summer, and many times ripens its Seeds in England. This may be propagated by laying down the tender Branches in the Spring, which will take Root by the Spring following, when they mould be planted into Pots and require to be houfed in Winter, though they need only be Ihelter'd from the extreme Froft but Ihould have as much free Air as poffible in mild Weather, and in Summer muft be often water'cf. It delights in a frem light Soil, and requires to be often remov'd ; becauie the Roots
;

increafe

R H
increafe
fo greatly,

R
fill

II
;

as to

the
1.

The

Species are

Pots in a fhort time.

The

fourth, fifth, fixth, feventh,

Sorts

and eighth

grow wild
Portugal,

in

the

Woods

in

Spain,

Italy,

C. B. P. Elm-leav'd Sumach. 2. Rhus Virginianum. C. B. P. Virginian Sumach, by fome falfly

folio

Rhus

uimii

and the South of France ; and, for call'd The Stag's-hom-tree. Variety, fome of the Sorts have 3. Rhus Americanum, panic ul been admitted into the Englifh Gar- fparfa herbacea, ramis patulis gla^ dens, though they are Plants of lit- bris. Hart. Elth. American Sumach, tle Beauty. Thefe grow to the with loofe herbaceous Panicles, and Height of fix or eight Feet, and are fmooth Branches, commonly call'd hardy enough to live through the New-England Sumach. Winter in the open Air in England. 4. Rhus Canadenfe, folio longiori, The ninth, tenth, eleventh, and utriuque glabro. Inf. R. H. Canady twelfth Sorts grow in the Iflands of Sumach, with a longer Leaf, fmooth the Archipelago, where Dr. bourne- on each Side. fort collected their Seed?, and fent 5. Rhus tcnuifalia Virginiana huthem to the Royal Garden at Paris. tnilis : Rhus angufifolium. C. B. P. Thefe are alio hardy enough to live Pluk. Aim. Dwarf Virginian Suin the open Air in England, and are mach, with narrow Leaves. all of them Shrubs growing about 6. Rhus Africanum trifoliatum majus, foliis fubtus argenteis acutis, the fame Height as the former. margine incifs. Pluk. Phyt. Great Thefe may all be propagated by laying down their Branches in the African three-leav'd Sumach, with fame manner as hath been before narrow Leaves cut on their Edges, and white underneath. directed for the other Sorts, or from the latter Method is to the Seeds 7. Rhus Africanum trifolium mibe preferr'd, where the Seeds can nus glabrum,fplendente folio jubrotundo be procured becaufe thofe Plants integro forte Lentifcus Africanus triwhich arife from Seeds, will always phyllos quorundam. Pluk. Phyt. Lefbe ftronger, and grow erect where- fer three - leav'd African Sumach, with a whole roundifh mining as thofe which come from Layers, are very fubject to {hoot out lateral fmooth Leaf. 8. Rhus Aficanum trifoliatum Branches, whereby they are retarded majus, folio Jubrotundo integro, molli in their upright Growth.

&

RHUS, The
The
The Flowers

Sumach-tree.
;

Cif

incano.

Pluk.

Phyt.

Characters are
confijl

three-leav'd African

Sumach,

Greater with

offi<ve Leaves,

which are placed in a circular Order,

in form of a Rofe ; from who/e Flower-cup rifes the Point a I, tvhich afterward becomes a roundifh

a whole roundifh woolly Leaf. The firil Sort grows plentifully in

the

and expand

warm

Parts of Europe, as alfo in

Turky, where the Branches are ufed for Tanning of Leather ; and altho'
this
is

or almoji kidney-Jhap 'd Vejfcl, contain-

a Native of Europe, yet

rare in

it is

ing one Seed of the

fame Shape
be

to

more

the Englifh Gardens,

which Marks may

added,

The

Flowers growing in Bunches, and the Leaves are 'either winged, or baiiC
three Lobes.

than any of the American Kinds. This grows to the Height of fix or eight Feet, and will refill the Cold of the ordinary Winters in England ;
but

R
ten deltroyed.

R H
of the other. It was brought firfl from Penfylvania ; but fince, the Seeds have been brought from iWw* England, and other Northern Parts of America. This produces much ftronger Shoots, and grows more
erect,

but in fevere Froft the Plants are of-

The Leaves of this Sort are much rounder than thofe of the American Kinds, and each Lobe is lhaped fomewhat like the Leaves of Elm ; but there are many of thefe Pinna on each Mid rib, fo that it hath as long pennated Leaves as any of the other ; wherefore the Title of Elmleaf is very improperly applied to this Plant however, as it has been generally known by that Name, I have chofen to continue it. The fecond Sort is very common in many Gardens, where it endures the fevereft Cold of the Winters in the open Air and is ufually intermixed, in fmall Wildernefs quarters, amonglt other Trees of the like Growth, where it affords an agreeable Variety. This produces Bunches of fmall Flowers in June, at the Extremities of the Branches, which are fucceeded by Seed-s, which are inclofed in red Covers ; fo that the whole Spikes appear of a fine red Colour. Thefe Bunches are fometimes ufed in Dyeing and the Branches of the Trees are ufed for Tanning of Leather in America, where thefe Trees grow in plenty. This Tree will grow to be eight or ten Feet high ; but is very fub]el to produce crooked unfightly Branches ; fo that it can't be redue'd to a regular Stem, which renders it unfit to plant fingly in an open Situation but amonglt other Trees, where the Deformity of the Stem is hid, it looks very well. This is by fome called Stags-horntree, from its having loft woolly Shoots, refcmbling the young Horns
:

than the others

but as the

Spikes of Seeds are of an herbaceous Colour, they do not make fo good an Appearance as thofe of the fecond
Sort.

The fourth Sort hath fmooth long-pointed Leaves, which are of a glaucous Colour ; the Spikes of Flowers are of a bright red Colour
fo that this Sort
ful

makes

a very beau-

Appearance when in Flower ; but is of humbler Growth than either of the former. This produces a great N umber of Suckers from the Roots, and grows very irregular in its Branches. There is another Variety of this, which differs in the
Spikes of Flowers, being coverM over with a white Powder, as if frofted but this is not a diftintt
;

Species.

The
than

fifth

Sort

is

alio a

Shurb of

humble Growth, feldom nfing more

four Feet
is

high in England,

by fome call'd the Lentifcusleav'd Sumach. The Pinna of thefe Leaves are join'd by a Border or Wing, which ns along the MidThis
the Flowers of this Sort are not very beautiful but as the Leaves of the Shrub are of a fmgular Structure, they are admitted into theGardensofthe Curious for Variety-fake. This Sort is hardy enough to endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters very well in the open Air, if it is planted
rib
:

in a ihelter'd Situation.

of a Stag.

by Seeds,

The third Sort has not been many Years introdue'd into the Englijh Gardens ; yet is now become more

may be propagated which fhould be fown foon after they are ripe and then the Plants will come up the followAll the Sorts
;

ing Spring

but

if

the Seeds are not

it

common in
Vol.

the Nurfeiies than either

fown

till

the Spring,

will

be a

Ill,

Year

R H
Year before the Plants
will appear.
til

R
they
raifing
thefe

i
;

have taken Roof

afte?

The

beft

Method of
is,

Plants

from Seeds

to

fow them in

Pots of light Earth, and place them under an Hot-bed-frame in the Winter, where they may be conltantly

expos'd to the open Air in mild Weather ; but mould be cover'd in And if the Pots are hard Froft. plung'd into fome old Tanners Bark, which has no Heat, this will prevent the Earth from drying, as alio

which they may be expos'd with Myrtles, Oleanders, and other hardy Exotics, during the Summer-feafon, and in Winter muft be houfcd with them being equally as hardy, and only require to be fcreened from fe;

vere Froft.
ers in

Thefe Plants rarely produce FlowEngland but as they retain their Leaves all the Winter, and may eafily be reduced to a regular Head,
;

keep out
Plants

the

Froft.

When

the

come up, they

;

will require

no

they are preferved for the Diverfity of their Leaves, which adds to the

other Care but to water them in dry Weather and if, the following Winter, the Pots are plac'd in Shelter,
it

Variety of a Green-houfe. RIBES, The Curran-tree.

The Char afters

//

are
;

will fecure the Plants

from

being injur'd by Froft ; and in the Spring, before they begin to fhoot, they mould be tranfplanted into

the Leaves hath no Prickles are large ; the Flower covjifts only of

five Leaves, which are placed in a circular Order; and expand in form

Nurfery -beds, where they may grow of a Rofe : the Ovary, which arifes a Year or two ; by which time they from the Centre of the Flower-cup, becomes a globular Fruity which is prowill have obtained Strength enough duced in Bunches. to be planted where they are to remain. The Species are
;

four firlt -mention'd Sorts propagate themfelves fo faft by

The

1.

Rises vulgaris

acidus

ruler.

J. B.
2.

Common
Rises

fown

Suckers, that their Seeds are feldom but the fifth feldom produces ; any Suckers, which occafions its being fcarce in the Gardens ; for the Seeds do not ripen in England. The African Sorts are all preferv'd in Pots or Tubs, and houfcd in Winter, being too tender to en-

red Curran. major, fruftu rubro. H.

Eyft.

The

large

Dutch red Curacidus

ran.
3.

Rises vulgaris

albas

baccas ferens. J. B.

Common

white

Curran.
4.

Ribes

qute groffularia bortenfis,

dure the Cold of

this

Climate

in

the

open Air. Theijg may be propagated by laying down their young Branches

majors fruftu alio. H. R. Par. Large Dutch white Curran. fruftu cameo. 5. Rises major, The Champaign Curran, vulgo.
6.

them duly

; obferving to water dry Weather, which will greatly forward their Rooting. In two Years they will be fit to tranfplant when they maybe taken from the old Plants, and each placed in a feparate Pot fill'd with frefh light

into frefh Earth

in

Rises Alpinus

aula's.

J. B.

The

Goofberry-leav'd Curran. 7. Riees fruftu parvo. Merr. Pin* The fmall wild Curran. 8. Rjbes nigrum vulgo diftum, fooknte.
9.

lio

J .B. The
The

black Curran.

Rises

vulgaris, foliis ex lutco

Earth.

The bedtime

for tranfplant-

variegatis.
leav'd Curran.
10.

yellow

ftrip'd-

ing of thefe Plants* is in April, obferving >to water and made them un-

Rises

vulgaris* foliis ex albo il.ganitr

R
eleganter <variegatis.

R
beautifully

The common

Curran,
11.

with

Leaves

variegated with Green and White.

Ribes fruclu

albo <varitgatis.

The

alba, foliis ex white Curran,

with

ftriped Leaves.

12.

Ribes

Alpinus

dulcis, foliis

wurugatis. The ltriped Goofberryleav'd Curran.

13.

Ribes fruffu

nigra, foliis

wa-

riegatis.

The

black Curran, with

ni-

ilriped Leaves.

14.

Ribes Americanus, fru&u

gro.

The American black The five firft-mention'd

all

Curran.
Sorts are

preferv'd in

curious Gardens, for

the fake of their Fruits : indeed, of late Year?, the common red and

Leaves are preferved by fuch as are fond of ttrip'd Plants ; but as their grcateft Beauty is only in the Spring, before their Leaves grow large, after which they become more green, they are fcarcely worth preierving in a Garden. The fourteenth Sort was obtained by Mr. Peter Coliinfon from America, in whofe fine Garden it has produced Fruit and from thence hath been communicated to feveral other curious Gardens. The manner of this Plant's Flowering is very different from the other Sorts of Currans, for which Variety it may have a Place amongft other Shrubs; but the Fruit, being fomewhat like our black Cur;

white Currans have been neglecled, red and white fince the Dutch have become plenty in England ; thefe producing much larger and fairer Fruit to the Sight than the common Sorts, though I think the

ran,

is not much erreem'd. All thefe Sorts m?.y be r afily propagated by planting their Cut ings

any time from September

(but the

to

March

Autumn

common
vour'd
;

Sorts are
fo

much

better rla-

that they

intirely neglecled

mould not be by fuch as are curiis

a Spot of frefli Spring mull be kept very clear from Weeds ; and in very dry Weather, if they are water'd, it will greatly

the belt), upon Earth, which in the

is

ous in

Fruits.
fixtli

The
riety
;

Sort

preferv'd as a

Curiofity, by fuch as delight in

Va-

but the Fruit

feventh Sort

is

not valuable.

promote their Growth. Thefe may remain two Years in this Nurfery ; during which time they muft be pruned up for the Purpofes defign'd,
i. e.

The

is

found wild in
is

England.
it

The

Fruit of this Kind

imall, and ill-tailed

; which renders unworthy of being cultivated in Gardens.

either to clear Stems, if for Standards ; or if for Walls, Pales, or Efpaliers, they may be trained up
flat.

Then

they fhould be planted out

The

eighth Sort

is
;

fome old Gardens

preferved in but the Fruit

where they are to remain; the belt Seafon for which is foon after the

having a dilagreeable ftrong Tafle, has occafion'd its being but little cultivated of late Years, unlefs for
medicinal Ufe. There is a Rob made of this Fruit, which is in great Requeft for the Cure of fore Throats and Quinfies ; from whence this Fruit has been called Squinancy-berries.

may

Leaves begin to decay, that they take Root before Winter; fo that they may be in no Danger of

fufFering

from

Drought

in

the

Spring.

Thefe Plants are generally planted

in

Rows

at

about ten Feet afunder,

Thofe

Sorts

with

variegated

and four Feet Diftance in ihe Rows but the bell Method is to train them againil low Efpaliers, in which manncr 4 G z

R
in a

R
much
!efs

ner they will take up

room
be

Garden, and

their Fruit will

much fairer. The Diftance they Ihould be plac'd

for an Efpalier,

Characters are ; The Male Flowers co??JiJl offeveral Leaves, which are placed in a circular Order,

The

and expand

in

form of a

ought not

to be lefs

than ten or twelve Feet, that their Branches may be trained horizontally ; which is of great Importance
to their Bearing.

Rofe : thefe are barren : and grout at remote Diftances from the female Flowers, upon thefamePlant in which
;

Thofe

that

are

planted
if

againft:

Pales or Walls,

mould

alfo be allow;

are produced the Embryocs, which are wrapt up in the Flower-cup, and afterward become tricapfular Fruits, containing one oblong Seed in each CelL

ed the fame Diftance

they are

The
1.

Species arc

planted againft a South -eaft Wall or Pale, it will caufe their Fruit to ripen
at leaft a Fortnight or three

Ricinoides Americana,

goffy-

piifolio.
.

Weeks

7 cum. American Phyfic-nut, with a Cotton- leaf.

{boner than thole in the open Air; and thofe which are planted againft. a North Wall or Pale, will be proportionably later ; Method the Fruit
if thofe

folio

Ricinoides arbor Americana, multifdo. Tourn. Tret American Phyfic nut, with a multifid Leaf,
2.

fo

that

by

this

commonly

called in the Weft-Indies,

may

be continued

a long time in Perfection, efpecially

againft the

North Pales are

matted in the Heat of the Day. Thefe Plants produce their Fruit upon the former Year's Wood, and alfo upon fmall Snags which come out of the old Wood ; fo that, in pruning them, thefe Snags (hould be preferved, and the young Shoots
ihorten'd
in

French Phyfic- nut. 3 Ricinoides Americana, ft aphyf agrite folio. Tourn. American Phyfic-nut, with a Staves-acre- leaf, called in the Weft -Indies, Belly -ach- weed,

and wild CaiTada. 4. Ricinoides Americana, elseogni folio. Plum. American Phyfic-nut,
with a Wild-olive-leaf.
5.

proportion

to

their

folio.

Ricinoides frutefcens alth<r& Plum. Cor. Shrubby Phyfic,

Strength.

The
is,

only Method, very

nut, with a Marih-mallow-leaf.

6.

neceflary to be obferv'd in pruning

Riciniodes
Plum. Cat.

foli is populi

hir~

of them,

not to lay their Shoots too clofe, and never to prune their

futis.

Phyfic-nut with
linarits

hairy Poplar-leaves.
7.

Snags to make them fmooth this, with a fmall Care in obferving the manner of their Growth, will be inftrucl: any Perfon to fufricient
:

Ricinoides frutefcens,

Shrubby fliis obtufis. Plum. Cat. Phyfic-nut, with blunt Toad-flaxleaves.

how

to

manage

this Plant,

fo as to

produce great Quantities of Fruit. Thefe Plants will thrive, and produce Fruit, in almoft any Soil or Situation, and are often planted unbut the der the Shade of Trees Fruit is always beft when they are planted to the open Air, and upon a drv Soil.
;

teo polline conjperfa.

Ricinoides/^//.? citrii, argenPlum. Cat. Phyfic nut, with a Citrcn-leaf, powder'd over with Silver.
8.

9.

Ricinoides

wcrbafi

folio.

Plum. Cat.
lein-leaf.

Phyfic-nut with a

Mulfolio.

10.

Ricinoides caftanea

Plum. Cat. Phyfic-nut with a Cheftnut-leaf.

'RICINOIDES,

Phyfic-nut,

11.

Ricinoides herbaccum,

fotiu

tr:fiJii

R
Houji.
2.

R
&
ferratis.
nifi

trlfidis <vel quinquefidis

Herbaceous Phyfic-nut, with

French Settlements, from whence it had the Names of French

or

three or five-fawed Leaves.

I

and Spanijh Phyfic-nut.

Ricinoides

folio fubrotundo

The
the

third Sort

is

very

common

in

ftrrato, fruEiu parvo conglomerate.

Houji.

Phyfic-nut with a roundifh

Savannas in Jamaica and Barbados : the Seed of this Kind is the

fawed Leaf, and fmall Fruit, growing in Gutters.

13.

common

Phyfic

among

the poorer

Sort, for the dry Belly-ach.

palujlre, fruflu

Ricinoides

hifpdOy faliis fubrotundis, ner<vojis iff

[/pen's. Hon/}. Marlh Phyfic-nut, With a prickly Fruit, and roundifa ribbed Leaves, which are rough.

14.

Ricinoides frutefavs,

lauri

The fourth Sort grows plentifully upon the Sea-coafl in divers Parts of the tjl - Indies, and is fometimes brought into England & a Curiofity, where, in fome very good Gardens, it is preierved with the former

folio; calyce amplijjimo <viridi. Houji.

Sorts.

Shrubby Phyfic-nut,
1

with a Bayand a large green Flower- cup. 1 5. Ricinoides, ex qua par at ur Tcumefol Gallorum. Inft. R. H. App.

The

feven next-mention'd Sorts

Phyfic-nut, from which the Tourncfol of the French is made.

Plants arc very

were difcover'd by Father Plumier in America the firft and fecond Sorts have been found growing plentifully in the I Hand of Jamaica : the third,
:

fifth,

fixth, feventh, eighth,

ninth,

the
So.

warm

Parts

common in of America. The firft

in

planted

Hedges,

in

molt

Parts ot 'Jamaica and Barbados; and

propagated by Slips or Cuttings, which will take Root very freely, and make a good Fence in a (hort time, being very quick of Growth. This rifes to be twenty Feet high, and produces a great Quantity of Nuts, which are given from three to feven, for a Vomit; but if the thin Film be taken off, they may be eaten in Quantities without any ill F.fTcct. There is an Oil drawn from
is

and tenth Sorts were found in plenty about La Vera Cruz, by the late Dr. William Houjloun, from whence he fent their Seeds to England : the eleventh Sort was alfo difcover'd by the fame Gentleman at Jamaica,
All thefe Sorts are very tenderPlants, being Natives of very warm Countries,

and require to be

tenderly

treated, otherwife they will not

grow
fe-

in this Country.

The

fecond,

venth, eighth, ninth, and tenth Sorts are annual ; fo their Seeds muft be

thefe Seeds,

wh

ch

is

ufed for burncultivated in

fown on an Hot- bed early in the Spring; and when the Plants are come up, they mould be tranfplanted each into a feparate fmall Pot filled with light rich Earth, and then plunged into a moderate Hot- bed of Tanners Bark, obferving to fhade them, until they have taken Root; and then they mould have frefii Air admitted to them by raifmg the GlaiTes every Day in warm Weather ; and they muft be frequently watered. In about a Month's time, the Plants will have filled thefe Pots with their Roots ; when they mould

ing in Lamps.

The

fecond Sort

is

Gardens mjamaica and Barbados, for the Beauty of its Flowers, which are of a tine fcarlet Colour, and produced
Bunches on divers Parts of The Nuts of this Kind are larger than the other, but have much the fame Quality. This is not a Native in any of the Englifh Setin large

the Plant.

but was brought thither either from the Spatlements in the Wejl-lndies ;

b.e

R
be fhaken
Pots
out,

I
into larger

and put

and filled with rich Earth, plunged again into the Hot-bed,
provided
Plants to

but in Botanic Gardens for the fake of Variety.

tnere

is

room

for

the

grow in Height, without in being prefled by the Glaftes which' Cafe it will be proper to put them into the Bark-bed in the Stove
;

Thefe Plants muft be placed in a Bark-ftove (with other Plants which are the Produce of the fame Countries) ; during vvhich Seafon they fhould be often refrelhed with Water,

for they are too tender to thrive in

to

the open Air in this Country, in the warmeft Seafon of the Year. In 'July thefe Plants will flower, and their Seeds will ripen in Augujl and September foon after which time
;

and the Stove mould be kept up (as mark'd on the Botanical Thermometers) in this

Ananas Heat

they Will continue flouriihing

all

the

Winter, and early the next Spring will produce Flowers, which will be fucceeded by Fruit.

the Plants will decay.

The eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh,

twelfth,

The

feven firft-mention'd, as alfo

Sort, are

the fourteenth
Plants, which

perennial

may

be prefcrved in
;

and thirteenth Sorts are annual Plants, which are alfo Natives of the warm Parts of America ; fo
thefe muft be

a warm Stove feverat Years but the firft is by much the larger-growing Plant of all the Sorts. This will grow to the Height of twelve or
fourteen Feet; but rarely produces The fecond Flowers in England.
Sort grows about eight or nine Feet,

fown on a good Hot-

and produces its beautiful fcarlet and fomeFlowers every Year times will ripen its Fruit with us. The third Sort feldom rifes more than three Feet high j but divides into many Branches, and frequently produces its Flowers and Seeas in
;

bed in the Spring ; and if the Plants are brought forward early, and placed in the Bark-ftove, they will perfect their Seeds in England. But thefe mould have a large Share of r Air in warm eather, efpecially at the time when they are in Flower ; for as the Male Flowers grow at remote Diltances from the Female, on the fame Plants, there is a Neceflity for the Ad million of Air to aiTift the wafting of the Farina for the Im-

England. The fourth

Plant,
rifir.g

pregnation of the Seeds, otherwife they will be barren which is often

;

is

a flender-ftemnVd

the Occafion of the Lofs of thefe

four or five Feet high,

Species in Europe.

Leaves ; for which it is chiefly valued. This grows in the Bahama JJIands, and in moft of the warm Parts o! America; and is much more nice in its Culture than either

having

filvery

The
Plant,

twelfth Sort

and

is

is an annual found wild in the

of the other

Sorts.
fixth,

The

fifth,

feventh,

and
high

fourteenth Sorts are fnrubby Plants,

which grow
with us
tries
5

five or fix Feet

but in their native Coun-

they are much larger, and branch out on every Side. As thefe Plants produce Flowers of little

South of France, Spain, and Italy, from which the Tournelbl is made, that is us'd for colouring Wine and This is made of the Juice Jellies. which is lodgM between the outer Cover and the Seeds and, if rubbed on Cloth, at firft appears of a lively green Colour, but foon changeth to if thefe a bluifh - purple Colour Cloths are put into Water, and afterwards wrung, they will colour
; :

Beauty, they are feldom cultivated

the

Water of a

Claret-colour.

The
Rags,

P\

I
2
.

R
Ricinus

Rags, thus dy'd, are brought to England, and fold in the Druggifts Shop?, by the Name of Tourneiol. Tnis Sort may be propagated by Seeds, which mould be fown in the

vulgaris minor. C.B.

P. Caule rutilante. The letter Palma Chrifti, with redifh Stalks, commonly call'd in Barbados , red Oilfeed.
3 R I c N u s vulgaris minor. C.B. Caule virefcentc. Leffer Palma Chrifli, with green Stalks, commonly call'd white Oil-feeds in Barbados. 4. Ricinus Americanus major caule virefcente. H. R.P. The greater Palma Chriili, with green Stalks. 5. Ricinus Africanus maximus caule geniculato rutilante. H. R.Par. The greatelt African Palma Chrifti, with redifli jointed St Iks. 6 Ricinus Indicus, fruclu rugofo
.

Autumn, foon after they are ripe, on a warm Border of frefh light Earth ;and if any of the Plants come up before Winter (which fometimes
happens), they mould be melter'd in
live

'.

hard Froil, otherwife they will not through the Winter. But the Seeds generally remain in the
until the Spring, when the Plants will appear ; at which time they fhould be cleaned fromWeeds

Ground

and where the Plants are too

clofe,

th-y (hould be thin ed, fo as to leave them about fix Inches afunder ; and in very dry Weather, if they are

non echinato.

Indian Oil-feed, with

a rough Fruit not echinated.

now-and-then refrelhed with Water, it will promote their Growth. This is all- the Culture they require, except the keeping them conilantly clear from Weeds for the Plants do not thrive well, if they are transplanted fo they mould be fown where they are defigned to remain. In July the Piants will flower, and
; ;

Americanus, fruclu John. Dend. American Oil -feed, with prickly Fruit growing in a duller.
7.

Ricinus

raamofo

hifpido.

8. Ricinus Americanus, fruclu racsmofo glabro major e. Millar. American Oil- feed, with larger fmooth

Fruit growing in a Clufter.

q.

Ricinus Americanus
.

minor,

their Seeds

will ripen in Augujl or September, and decay foon after.

fruSlu racemojo glabr 0. Millar Smaller American Oil -feed, with fmooth
Fruit growing in Clutters.
10.

RICINUS, Palma Chriiti, vulgo. The Characters are

Toe Flowers are apetalous ( i. e. have no Leaves ), conffing of many Stamina, wh : ch arife in the Centre of the Flower- cup : thefe are barren ; for the Embryoes are produced at remote Dtfiances, upon the fame Plant-, which afterward become triangular
Fruits, having three Cells in each of which is contained one oblong Seed, which has an hard Shell.
;

Ricinus

Zeylanicus, foliis

profundius

Inf. R. H. Oil-feed of Zeylon, with Leaves deeply cut in.

laciniatis.

11.

Ricinus hum ills, foliis

iff fubtus

rotundis J'erratis,

fubargtntds,

fire frucluque conglomeratis. Houft.

Dwarf Oil- feed, with roundifh fawed Leaves, which are filvery underneath, and the Flowers and Fruit growing in Bunches.

The

five Sorts firll-mention'd

are

The
I.

Species are.

Ricinus
in

vulgaris.

The common Palma

monly known
the

C. B. P. Chnili, com-

the IFtJl-lndies by

Name

of Oil-nat, or Agnus

Callus.

very common in divers Parts of Africa and Amci-ica and one of them is alfo found in the warm Parts of Europe but in England they are preierv'd with great Care in feveral curious Gardens.
; ;

4G4

The

R
The
firft

I
thatlfland.
their native

I
in

in

Sort has been a long time Country, but was formerly treated as an annual Plant; whereas, if it be preferv'd in a good Greenhoufe, it will abide two or three Years, and become a large Plant.
this

Thefe Plants grow,

Country, to be eighteen or twenty Feet high, and continue

two or three Years.

alike in
;

They
outward the Co-

are nearly

their

fecond and third Sorts grow prDmiicuoufly all ovtx America, where
tneir Seeds are gather'd to

The

Oil from

them,

for

the

draw an Ufe of*

Lamps

thefe Seeds are

frequently

Appearance but differ in vering of their Seeds, the feventh having prickly Covers, and the eighth being fmooth. The ninth Sort is a lew Plant, feldom rifing above three Feet high,
and

fent into England, intermixed with

each other.

Sort ; the Seeds of both being gather'd indifferently to draw an Oil from them. The fifth Sort, though mention'd to be a Native of Africa, yet is alfo

The fourth Sort is alfo mon in America, growing oufly with the common

very com-

promifcu-

from the common fmall having fmooth Covers to the Seeds this is lefs common, and hath not been remarked by any Bodiffers

Sort, in

tanical Writer.

The

tenth Sort

is

a Native of

Ceylon, from

whence the Seeds were

cultivated in

very common in divers Parts of America, from whence I have feveral times receiv'd the Seeds.

This

produces very large Leaves and Seeds, and will grow to a large Size, if planted in a rich Soil. I have meafur'd one of the Leaves of this Plant (which was growing nearCWJea), which was upward of two Feet Diameter ; and the Stem was as large as a middle fiz'd Broom -ftaff, tho but of one Summer's Growth. The Seeds of the fixth Sort were brought from the Eajt-lndies, which came up and fiourifh'd in the Phy1

brought to Holland; and hath been many curious Gardens. The Leaves of this Kind are very deeply jagged, in which it chiefly differs from the common Sort. The eleventh Sort was dilcover'd by the late Dr. William Hewfiom at Campecby, from whence he fent the Seeds to England. This is a very low Plant, feldom rifing above nine Inches or a Foot high, and perifhes foon after the Seeds are perfected. Thefe Plants may be propagated by fowing their Seeds upon an Hotbed and when they are come up,
,

fic-garden at Cbelfea. This Sort grows about the fame Height as the common Kind ; but the Leaves are

not fo deeply divided. The Coverings of the Seeds are not prickly, as in moft of the other Sores (fomewhat refembling the outer Cover of the Chelmut) ; but are rough, and full of Protuberances. The Seeds of the feventh and eighth Sorts were fent from Jamaica by Mr. Robert Millar, who gather'd

they fnould be each planted into a feparate Pot fili'd with frefli light Earth, and plunged into a frefh Hotbed, obferving to water and made them until they have taken Root after which they mufc have a great Share of free Air, when the Seafon is mild, otherwife they will draw up tall, and be very weak and as thefe Plants grow very fait, their Roots will in a fhort time fill the Pots therefore they mould be fhifted into larger Pots filled with the like frefh Earth; and toward the Latter end
;

them on the North Side of

of May,

when

the Seafon

is

warm,

R
they

K
who
;

may be

harden'd to endure the

open Air by degrees

and then,

if

they are planned out into a very rich Border, and in dry Weather duly waterM, they will grow to a very
large Size, particularly the firft Sort, which I have feen upward of ten

have no Green-houfe to place them into in Winter, may cultivate them as other annual Plants; amongfl: which thefe, being placed either in
Pots or Borders,
able Variety
ferv'd, as
:

afford an agreeit

but

muft be ob-

thefe

are large-growing

Feet high in one Seafon ; and thefe Plants have produe'd a great Quanand Seeds ; but tity of Flowers
if

Plants, never to place them too near other Plants of lefs Growth, becaufe
thefe will overbear and deftroy them; and thofe which are planted in Pots,

you

intend

to

preferve

them

through the Winter, they muft never be placed in the full Ground, becaufe after their Roots have been widely extended, there will be no tra./planting them with Safety ;
therefore
the bell

mould be allow'd room

for their

Roots to expand, and muft be frenot

quently water'd, otherwife they will grow very large.

R1COPHORA,
The
Plants are
to afcertain
to;

Yams.

way

is

to

ftiift

Characters of this

Genus of

them

into larger Pots

from time to

not fufhciently delcribed

time, ab their Roots (hall require, placing them in the open Air during the Surnmer-feafon, in fome warm Situation, where they may rema n till
;

Otiobtr,
into
Plants,

when they muft be remov'd the Houfe with other Exotic

obferving

duly

to

water

them inWinter wnen they require it, and let them have free Air in mild Weather ; for they only require to be proteded from Froft, and cold Winds, fo that they will endure the Winter in a warm Green - houfe
without any Addition of
artificial

what Gals it belongs nor do thefePlants produceFlowers in any of the European Gardens ; fo that, unlefs the Flowers are examined by a ikilful Perfon in their native Places of Growth, it will not be known where to place it. Dr. Van Roytn, Profeifor of Botany at Leyden, has ranged thefePlants under the Genus of Diofcona; but from the imperfect Remains of fome Flowers brought from America, it appeared to me this mould not be
placed there. The Spedes are
1.

Warmth.

The

nrfi

four Sorts will perfect

bamt ; RicoTHORAlndica, feu In

foliit

firft Seafon in this Climate, provided they are fovvn early in the Spring ; but the fifth

their Seeds the

rubra, caule alato fcammonii,

nervojis conjugatis.

Par. Bat, Prod*

The
2.

red-ftall^d

Sort will rarely produce any

till

the

Yam. RlCOPHORA magnaVirgimana,

fecond Year ; fo that there is a Neceifity of preferving this through the Winter, otherwife it cannot be maintain'd in England.

bryonitf nigrse modo 'volubilis\Jingulari

folio ner-vofo jiexili, caule tetragono,

ad angulos
Stalk

elato. Pluk.

Almag.

The

great Virginian

Yam, with

a fquare

Thefe Plants deferve a Place in every curious Garden for the fingular Beauty of their Leaves (notwithftanding their Flowers are not very
valuable),
efpecially

thofe

Sorts

which may be propagated every Year from Seeds, became thofe Perfons

climbing like Black-bryony, and a fingle-ribb'd Leaf. There are fome other Varieties of this Plant in the warm Parts of r the Eajl and IVefi-Indies ; but th* e two are the moft commonly cultivated for Ufe. Thefe Plants are
wild

R
cultivated
;

R
difficult

wild in the Woods in Zeylon, and are reckoned as good as thofe which are
but as they are
to dig up, and grow fcattering at a great Diftance from each other, fa the Inhabitants of that Ifland plant

Thefe Plants are preferved in fome curious Gardens in Europe for Vain them, they are hardly
;

them

in

open

Fields for

Food. Thefe

Beauty worthy of a Place for they muft be kept in a warm Stove, and plunged into the Tanners Bark, otherwile they will
;

riety

but as there

is little

are alfo cultivated by the Inhabitants of Jamaica, and the other

Iflands in America
;

and are efteemed

a very wholfome Food. The manner of propagating them is the fame as for Potatoes which is, to divide
;

not thrive in this Country. The Shoots of thefe Plants will rife to the Height of ten or twelve Feet, and twine about the Plants which are
fo that where thefe are they mould be placed near a Trelace on the Back-fide of the Bark-bed ; and as the Shoots are
;

near them

preferved,

the Roots
ferving a

into

feveral Pieces, pre-

Bud or Eye to each, and planting them in Drills, at about a Foot and an half Diftance in the Rows, and three Feet afunder Row from Row. Thefe Drills mould be

produced,

they

mould be

trained

up

to

the Poles of the Trelace to

made a Foot deep

Pieces of Roots

and, after the

laid

are

therein,

mull be covered over with the Earth which came out of the Drills. After this they require no farther Care but to keep the Ground clear from

Weeds,
flrong,

until the

Shoots are grown

they will over-top the Weeds, and prevent their growing.

when

In about ten Months after the planting, the Roots will be fully grown for Ufe ; when they will, fome of them, weigh five or fix Pounds per Root or more when they are taken out of the Ground, they muft be laid up in dry Sand to prefer ve them for Ufe ; but the Sand muft be kept very dry, othervvife the R'jots will grow, and oftentimes they will rot with much Moifture. With thefe Roots the Planters feed their Neand they groes inftead of Bread grind the Roots to a Powder, and make Puddens of it, in the fame manner as Wheat-flour is ufed in England: but the P^oots muft be
:

fupport them, that they may not ramble over the Plants, and deftroy them. The Shoots of thefe die to the Root in Winter after which time they mould not have much Water given to them, left it mould rot them ; but, during the Summer-feafon, they muft be plentifully watered in hot Weather. Thefe Roots muft be taken up^in March , before they begin to moot, and new-potted and at the fame time, it will be proper to cut off the old decayed Parts of the
; ;

and fuch

Roots, preferving on'y the found, as have good Buds or Eyes for planting for if the whole Roots are planted, as they were taken out of the Ground, they are very fubject
:

to rot ; fo that it is much better to cut the Roots into feveral Parts, and

a few Days to heal their Wounds, before they are planted. Thefe mould be plunged into an
let thefe lie

Hot

bed, and mult have very little Moifture until they (hoot; but afterward will require itmore plentifully.

RJVINIA. The Characters

The Flower
is

are
:

well foaked in Water before they are ufed, to draw out the (harp biting
Tafte, which ^they have

apclalous

the

Em-

when taken

oat of the Ground.

blement confcjis of four L^oi-fs, which are placed circularly and ex pand in form of a Rofe : the Point'at
',

R O
is Jituated in the Centre, attended by fix Stamina, which are extended beyond the Empalcme::t : the Point al afterward becomes a foft roundijh Berry,

Bunch, like thofe of the Curran-tree, toward the End of the Branches. Thefe are fucceeded by Berries about the Size of Currans, of a fcarlet

full of Juice, in which

Jingle Seed.

is

included

Colour.

The
en
to it

cover'd

Trees which and rifes to the Height of twenty Feet ; the Leaves Honour of this Sort are much larger than nus, a famous Botamil of Leipfic, who publifh'd two Volumes of Plants thofe of the other ; the Flowersin Folio, in which the Figures of grow in clofer Clutters; and the Berthe Plants are engraven on Copper- ries are of a Violet - colour when plates. Thefe were publifh'd in ripe. This Sort was found growing in Jamaica, by the late Dr. 1690. Dr. Linnaeus has applied the Ti- William Houjloun, who alfo found the firlt. Sort at the Havannab. tle of this Genus to the Solanoides Both thefe Plants are tender ; fo of Tourncfort, which is by Dr. Boerbaave join'd to the Phytolacca fo cannot be preferved through the has been of late Years chiefly known Winter in England, unlefs they are
felves

Title of this Genus was givby Father Plumier, who difthe Plants in America, in to Auguftus Quirtnus Riii-

The other Sort hath climbing woody Branches, which twill themabout
thofe

grow near

it;

by

the

Name
1

of Phytolacca fruclu
is

tninori; but this

totally
;

different

placed in a warm Stove. be propagated by Seeds

They may;

but thefe

and the from Plumier * Plants Doctor has charged Father Plumier with an Error in the engraving of the Characters of this Genus with fix
Stamina, inltead of four whereas Plumier $ Plants have fix Stamina ; but the Plant which the Doctor has
:

commonly remain a whole Year in the Ground fo that they mould be

:

fewn

in Pots,which

may

be plung'd

into the Tan-bed,

applied to this Title has

but four. Therefore the Miftake is the Doctor's, and not Father Plumier 's.

where they muft be kept warm inWinter, and in the following Spring mould be plung'd into a frefh Hot-bed of lan, to bring up the Plants and when they are fit to remove, they mould be
:

The
1
.

Species are
1
1

n a humilis racemofa,bac-

each planted into a feparate fmall Pot filPd with frem light Earth, and plung'd into the Tan-bed ; and then
the Plants lhould be treated in the fame manner as hath been directed for other tenderPlants from the fame
Countries.
I

cis

puuiceh.

Plum.

AW.

Gen.

Dwarf

branching Rivinia, with fcarlet Berries, fometiines call'd Curran-tree

2
.

Rivima

fcandi vs

raccmofa,

amplis folaui foliis, baccis <violaceis.

received the Berries of the

firft

Plum. N^v. Gen. Climbing branching Rivinia, with ample Nightfhade-leave?, and Violet-berries. The firlt Sort grows about four or five Feet high, having very woody Stems and Branches the Leaves are fhaped fomewhat like thofe of the
;

Sort from Antigua, by the

Name

of

Currans.

ROBINTA, Falfe The Characters

Acacia.
are

Pear-tree, but

are

more pointed
in

The Empalcment of the Flower y of one Leaf, and divided into four Parts, the three Under-figments being narrow, but the upper one is broad:
the

the Flowers are produe'd

a long

F/ow-er

is

of the pea

bloom

Kind:

R U
Kind: the Standard is large, roundijh, ings are andfpreads open : the two aval and obtufe : the Keel is roundijh, comprefs'dy obtufe, and is extended the ings : in the Centre Length of the

R O

Tree of this kind, fome Years ago, growing in the Bifhop of London's Garden at Fulham, which produced
plenty of Seeds. The Pods of this Sort are much fhorter, and clofely befet with ftiort Prickles ; but in other refpeclsit agrees with the firft
Sort. There is alio anotherVariety of thisTree, which has rofe-colour'd Flowers but this is not common in England, nor do I believe it is plenty in America though I have been inform'd, that in fome of the Woods in New- England, they are in as
; ;

of the Keel

is Jit totted

the Pointal, at-

tended by ten Stamina, nine of them being joined together, and the other funding Jingle : theje are inclojed by
the Keel
:

the Pointal afterward be-

comes an oblong comprefs'd Pod, inclofe

ing kidney-Jhaf d Seeds. The Species are ;
1
.

Rob in

a pedunculis raeemofis.
Hort. Upjal.

foliis pinnatis.

Com-

great Plenty as the

common

Sort

mon
Pods.
2.

Virginia Acacia,

with fmooth

Rob in

a foliis pinnatis, legu-

Virginia Acacia, minibus echinatis. with fhort prickly Pods.

3.
tnis,

PvOBiNiA pedunculis fmplicijjifoliis

pinnatis.

Hort.

Upjal.

The

Caragana.

which if true, in time this Sort may become common in England. The third Sort is a Native of Siberia, from whence the Seeds have been brought, and diftributed to many Gardens in England and Holland. This Sort grows to the Height of twenty or thirty Feet in
its native Country, and produces long Clutters of fweet yellow Flowers but in England there are few of thefe Plants which thrive well; for they generally begin to moot with the firft warm Weather in February, and if Froft happens after (which is generally the Cafe in this Country), the Shoots are kilPd; and
:

4. Robin 1 a pedunculis JimpliciJ]i~ mis, foliis quaternatis petiolatis. Hort.

Falle Acacia, with a Tingle Upfal. Footilalk, having four Lobes. 5. Robin 1 a pedunculis jimplicijfnsisy pinnis

fubrotundis,

leguminibus
fingle

alaiis.

Falie

Acacia, with

footilalks, round Lobes,

and wing'd

Pods

commonly calPd Dog-wood

-

in the Weft ladies. The firft Sort has been long an In-

this flints the Plants fo

much,

as that

they do not recover

it

the following

many EngHJb Gardens, was commonly known by the fimple Title of Acacia but as this is of a very different Genus from the true Acacia, Dr. Fourncfort has given the Tile of Pfeudoacacia to this Genus of Plants: but Dr.
habitant of
it

Summer.
Seeds,

where

This is propagated by which mould be fown on a

in the

Bed of light Earth,

the Year, covering

Spring of

it is

Linn<cus has rejected this Name, as a Compound ; and has cail'd it

in

them about half an Inch deep with the fame light Earth. The Plants will come up in abouc five or fix Weeks, and will require no other Care but to keep them clean from Weeds ; and in
the Autumn they mult be tranfplanted where they are defign'd to remain, becaufe they do not bear
tranfplanting well.
moiii Soil, in which

Rjbinia,

Honour

to

Moniieur

Robine,

introduced this Tree into the Gardens of France from tiorth-America. The fecond Sort is lefs common

who

Thefe
I find

Plants

Ihould have a cool Situation, and a

they thrive
bettef

than the

fitft.

There was a

large

R O
better than
Situation.

R O
remain two Years, by which time they will be fit to tranfplant where
they are defign'd to grow for as thefe Trees fend forth long tough Roots, fo, if they Hand long unremov'd, the Roots will extend themfelves to a great Diftance ; therefore they muft be cut oft* when the Plants are tranfplanted, which fometimes occafions their mifcarrying.
:

when they have a warm Where thefe Plants have

fucceeded belt, they have produc'd Flowers, and perfected their Seeds, the fourth Year from Seeds : but in other Places I have known the Plants ftand three or four Years after their

Removal,
leaft

without
is

making
alfo a

the

Progrefs.

The

fourth Sort
:

of Siberia of about
ing

this

grows

to be a

Native Shrub

Thefe Trees

will

grow well upon

five or fix

Clufters

of

Feet high, bearyellow Flowers,

which come out early in the Spring. This Sort thrives better in England than the former but they both do beft in a cold Situation, and a moift
;

almoft every Soil, but beft in a light fandy Ground, in which they will moot fix or eight Feet in one Year ;

and while the Trees are young, they make an agreeable Appearance, being well furniftfd with Leaves ; but when they are old, the Branches being frequently broken by Winds, render them unfightly ; efpecially if they ftand in an expofed Place. The Leaves of thefe Trees come out the Beginning ofjkfajr, and they flower in June, and frequently ripen Seeds in England.

Soil. The

firft

Sore

is

generally propa-

gated in the Bnglijb Nurferies, by Suckers taken from the Roots of the old Trees : but thefe are not fo valuable as thofe which are raifed from Seeds ; becaufe they do not make

near fo
fend forth

great

Progrefs

in

their

Growth, and are very

fubject to

many Suckers from their Roots, whereby the Ground will be fill'd with them, to a great Diftance; and thefe Suckers will draw away
the Nourifhment from the old Plants,

Thefe Trees were formerly in great Requeft in England, and were frequently planted in Avenues, and
for (hady Walks ; but theirBranches being frequently broken, or fplit

whereby theirGrowth ly retarded.

will be great-

down by

the

Wind in Summer, when

If this is propagated by Seeds, they fhould be fown on a Bed of light Earth, about the Latter-end of March, or the Beginning of April. If the Bed is well cxpofed to the

they are cloath'd with Leaves, render thefe Trees improper for this

Purpofe ; and their Leaves coming out late in the Spring, and falling
off"

early in the

their being neglected for

Sun, the Plants will appear in about five or fix Weeks, and will require no farther Care but to keep them clear from Weeds. In this Bed the Plants may remain till
the following Spring,

but of late Requeft again, fo that the Nurferies have been cleafd of thefe Trees though in a few Years they will be
as lictle

Autumn, occafion'd many Years: they have been much in

inquired after ab heretofore,

when they

when

thofe which have been lately

ihouH be tranfplanted into a Nurfery about the Latter end q{ March, placing them in Rows at three Feet .Diftance Row from Row, and a Foot and an half afunder in the Rows. In this Nurfery they may

planted begin to have their ragged

Appearance. The Flowers of this Tree are produced in long pendulousBunches,

and,

when

they are in plenty,

make
gant

a fine Appearance,

being ot an ele-

R O
gant White, and they have an agreeable Odour ; but they feldom laft longer than a Week in Beauty. The fifth Sort is a Native of the warmeft Parts of America, where it grows to the Height of thirty Feet, having a large Trunk the Branches are produced irregularly on every Side : thefe are cloathed with winged Leaves, which are generally compofed of feven large roundilh Lobes, each having a ftiort Footftalk. The Flowers are produced on the Branches before the Leaves put out for in their native Soil thefe Trees cart their Leaves in the great Droughts whereas thofe Plants which are preferred in England, retain their Leaves throughout the Year. This is a tender Plant ; fo will not live through the Winter in England,
:

R O
This Plant was difcover'd by Father Piumitr in America, who gav
it

this

Name

in

Honour

to

Guliel-

mus Rorideletius, a famous Phyfician of Montpelier. The Seeds of this Plant were fent to England by Mr. Robert Millar, Surgeon, who collected them on the North Side of the Ifland of Jamaica, where the Trees grow plentifully, as
alfo in feveral Parts of the Spanife

Weft-Indies.

unlefs
It
is

it is

placed in a

warm

Stove.

propagated by Seeds, which mould be fown in the Spring upon

This Plant, being very tender, cannot be preferv'd in England, unlefs it is kept in a warm Stove. It is propagated by Seeds, which mould be fown on an Hot-bed early in the Spring ; and when the Plants are come up, they mud be tranfplanted into feparate fmall Pots, and plunged into a moderate Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, where they mull be treated in the fame manner as hath been
the Perefkia ; and in Winter muft be plac'd in the Tanbed in the Stove, where thefe Plants will thrive, and in two or three
diredted for

an Hot-bed

and,

when

the Plants

come

up, they

mud

fame manner

as hath

be treated in the been directed

for other tender Plants, and mould be conftantly kept in the Tan-bed in

the

warm

Stove.
in

There

are

fome

when they will ; agreeable Variety amongft other tender Exotic Plants.
Years will flower

make an

England ten Feet high; but they have not produced Flowers. This is call'd Dogwood

of thefe Plants

ROSA, The
The

Rofe-tree.
;

Characters are

in America.

RONDELETIA.
The
It
conjijling

Characters are hath a falver-Jhap^d Flower,

The Flower is compo/ed of feveral Leaves, which are placed circularly, and expand in a beautiful Order ; whofe leafy Flower-cup afterward becomes a roundi/b or oblong flrjby
Fruit, inclofng feveral angular hairy
: to which may be added, It is a weak pithy Shrub, for the ?noft part befet with Prickles, and hath pinna-

of one Leaf which is tubuand rejis on the Empalement ; which Empalement afterward becomes
lous,

Seeds

roundijh

coronated Fruit,

divided

into

two

Cells, containing

many fmall
this

ted Leaves.

Seeds.

We
Plant
cie.
;

know
viz.

but one Species of

I'.

The Species are Rosa fylvefiris

inodora, feu ca-

nina. Park.

Iheat. The Wild -briar,

fylvefiris, fruclu

Rondeletia
deletia,

arbor efcens, tini faPlum. Nov. Gen. Tree-like Ron-

Dog-rofe, or Hep-tree.
2.

Rosa

maj ore
or

with the Face of Laurus

hifpido.

Raii Syn.

Wild-briar,

Tinus.

R O
Dog -rofe,
Heps.
3.

R O
prickly

with
fylveftris

large

Parad.
18.

Thecommon Provence Rofe.

Rosa
holofericea fimplex.

Rosa

pomifera major

Parad.
19.

The
Rosa

fingle

Park. Velvet Rofe.

multiplex*

Raii Syn. The greater Englijh apple-bearing Rofe.

noftras.

holofericea

4. Rosa pumila fpinofiftima, foliis pimpinelU glabris, fore albo. J. B. The Dwarf wild -burnet -leav'd

Park. Parad. Role.

20.

The

double Velvet

Rosa
B. P.

odore cinnamomi, flore

pleno. C.

The

double Cinna-

Rofe.
5.

mon
Rosa pumila fpinofiffima,
<variegatis.
foliis

Rofe.
1
.

2
C.

Rosa

odore cinnamomi, fimplex*

fimpinelliS glabris, ex luteo Cff viridi

elegant er

The Dwarf

B. P. Rofe.
22.

The

fingle

Cinnamon

wild-burnet-leav'd Rofe, with varie-

Rosa
Rosa

lutea fimplex.

C.B.P*
P.

gated Leaves.
6.

The

fingle yellow Role.

lutea multiplex. C. B.

Rosa

pimpinella minor Scotica,

23.

fioribus ex albo

cameo eleganter variegatis. Pluk. Aim. The ltriped

Scotch Role.
7.

&

The double
24.

yellow Rofe.
At/ft riaca, fore

Rosa fylveftris

phoeniceo. Park. Theat.

fylveftris, foliis odoratis.

The Aufrian
Auftriaca^

Rosa

Rofe.
25.

C. B. P.
lantine.
8.

The

Sweet-briar, or

EgEg-

Rosa

fylveftris

fore totum luteum.

fylveftris odora five
duplici.

The

yellow Ail-

Rosa

ftrian Rofe.
26.

lanteria,

fore

Park. Parad.
foliis odoratis,

Rosa

uno ramo luteos, ceteris

Sweet-briar with a double Flower.

9.

puniceos fores gerens fimplices. Boerh.

Ind. Alt. The Aufrian Rofe, with yellow Flowers upon one Branch, and purple Flowers on the other.

Rosa fylveftris,

fore plena. The Sweet-briar with a very double Flower.

10.
tis,

Rosa

fylveftris, foliis odora-

27.
28.

fempervirens, fore plena incarnabriar, with a

C. B. P.

to.

Ever-green Sweet double pale Flower.

1 1
.

Rosa alba vulgaris The common white Rosa alba minor. C.

white Rofe.

major.

Rofe.

B. P.

The
B.

leffer

The

Rosa rubra multiplex. C.B.P. double red Rofe. 12. Rosa Dmnafcena. Park. Parad.
five Hol-

29.

Rosa

The DamaLc Rofe. 1 3. Rosa Provincialis,

landica, Damafcena.

The femidouble white Rofe. 30. Rosa incarnata. Park. Parad. The Blum Rofe, or Maiden-bluih.

Candida femiplena. J.

The
pleno

Park. Pa? ad. Damafk Provence Rofe.

31. Rosa Prteneflina variegata plena. Hort. Eyft. The York and Lanc after

Rofe.

14.

Rosa

Provincialis major, fore

32.

Rosa

rubra

& albo variegata,

ruberrimo.

Boerh.

Ind.

Alt.

The

red Provence Rofe.

15.

Clufi H.

Rosa centifolia Batavica. The Dutch hundred- leav'd

Provincialis fpinofiffima,

Rofe.
16.

Rosa

pedunculo

mufco/o.

Boerh.

Ind.

Alt.

The Mofs
17.

Provence Rofe.
Provincialis rubra. Park.

Rosa

Rofa mundi vulgo did a. Raii Hift. The Rofe of the World, or Rofa mundi. urtenfis. Park. 33. Rosa Franc of Parad. The Frankfort Rofe. 34. Rosa fempervirens. Park. Parad. The ever green Rofe. 35. Rosa omnium calendarum. H. R. Par. The monthly Rofe.
36.

Rosa

e ;

R O
calendarum, 36. Rosa omnium fore variegato. The ilriped monthly

R O
The
fecond,
third,

and fourth

Sorts alfo

grow wild

in divers Parts

Rofe.
37. Rosa fine /pint's, Jlore minor e. C. B. P. The Rofe without Thorns. 38. Rosa fine fpinis, fore major

of England ; and are rarely preferved in Gardens, untefs for Variety-fake.

The

third

Sort

is

a very

tall-

growing Shrub, having ftrong upright Shoots

;

The royal Virgin Rofe. Rosa fyhefiris Virginienfis. Rati Hifi. The wild Virginian Rofe. 40. Rosa fyhefiris Virginiana, Jlore majore pallido. The wild Virgiruberrimo.

the Flowers are fingle,

39.

nian Rofe, with a larger pale Flower.

41.

Jlore minore.

Rosa Americana mofchata, The American Mufk

odorat ijp.ma

and of a bright -red Colour; the Fruit is very large, and is by fome Perfons made into a Sweet-meat ; fo the Plant is cultivated in many Gardens on that account. The fourth Sort is of humble Growth, feldom rifing much above
three Feet high
;

the Leaves are like

;

Rofe, with a fmaller Flower.

42.

thofe of Burnet

Rosa Americana

white,
Scent.

fingle,

the Flowers are and have a mufky

ferotina, fiore pallido pleno. The mod fweet-fcented American late-flower-

ing Rofe, with a double Flower.

Rosa mofchata, fimplici fiore. The fingle Mufk Rofe. 44. Rosa mofchata, fiore pleno. C. B. P. The double Mufk Rofe. 45. Rosa mofchata fempervirens. The ever -green Mufk C. B. P.
43.
C. B. P.

is a Variety of the preferved by fome for the Beauty of its flriped Leaves. The fixth Sort is found wild in

The

fifth

Sort

fourth,

and

is

Rofe.
Belgica, five vitrea, Jlore rubro, Rea. Flor. The red Belgic

and has been by many fuppofed to be the fame as the fourth Sort, but only differing, therefrom in having variegated Flowers; which is a great Miftake for I have obScotland,
;

46.

Rosa

Rofe.
47.

Rosa

Belgica,

five

vitrea,

where the two Sorts were cultivated on the fame Soil for many Years, and yet retain'd a confiderable Difference in the Size of the
ferv'd,

fiore rubicante. Rea. Flor.

The Blum
Rea. Flor.

Plants, the Scotch Sort being not half

Belgic Rofe.
48.

Rosa marmorea.

The
plici.

marbled Rofe.

49.
50.
plici.

Rosa Provincialis, fiore fimThe fingle Provence Rofe. Rosa Damafcena, fiore fimThe fingie Damafk Rofe.
Rosa
livide

Flowwere much larger, the Leaves were lefs, and the Branches much weaker, than thofe of the fourth
fo large as the other; yet the

ers

Sort.

The
rais'd

lafl

Sort here mention'd

was

51.
Jlore

pimpinella minor Scotica,

rubente.

The Dwarf

Scotch Rofe, with a bluifh-red Flower.

altho' the Flowers were ; plain-colourM, yet the whole Appearance of the Plant cominues the

from Rofe and

the Seeds of the Scotch

fame
firft

as the original

Kind; which

is

Sort of Rofe grows wild in the Hedges in moft Parts of England : the Fruit of this Tree is made into a Conferve for medicinal Ufe

The

but

this

is

feldom cultivated

in

Gar-

dens.

a plain Proof of its being different from the fourth Sort. The Sweet-briar, altl-io' wild in fome Parts of England, yet is preferv'd in moll curious Gardens, for the extreme Sweemefs of its Leaves,

which

R O
\rhich perfumes the circumambient Air iq the Spring of the Year, elpeciaily after a

R O
But in order to continue thefe Beauties longer than they are naturally difpofed to lait,
it is

Shower of Rain.
this Sort,

The

proper to

being Angle, are not valu'd j but the Branches or the Shrubs are cut to intermix with Flowers to place in Batons to adorn Halls, Parlours, (Sc. in the Spring of the Year, the Scent of this Plant being agreeable to mo ft Per fens. Tne double-flower'd Sweet briar is preferv'd cn the account of its beaut:ful Flowers, as well as for the Sweetneis of its green Leaves. The other Sort, with very double Flowers, has been lately obtained from Seeds ; and as the Flowers of this Kind are much mors double than thofe of the other, it has obtained tile Preference with molt People the Flowers of this Sort have
:

Flowers of

plant

fome of the monthly Rofes

near a

warm

Wall, which will ocat

leaft

cafion their

Budding

three

or a Month before thofe in the open Air: and if you give them the Help of a Glafs before them, ic
will bring the r Flowers much forwarder, efpecialiy where the Dung is placed to theBackfide of the Wall
;

Weeks

(as is

pra&is'd in railing early Fruits)

by
of

this
this

Method 1 have
Kind blown
:n

feen fair Rofe

February

and

little

Scent.

be brought much fooner, where People are curious this way. You fhouid alio cut off the Tops of fuch Shoots which have been produced the fame Spring, early in May, from fome of thefe Sorts of Rofeswhich are planted in the open they
Air, and upon a firong Soil: this
will caufe

may

ever- green Sweet-briar, with a double pale Flower, has been very lately obtained "from Seeds the Leaves of this Sort commonly continue green till the Spring, which has occafion'd many Perfons to co:

The

them

to

which

will flower

make new Shoots, late in Autumn

as will alio the late

Plants in

vet the Plants but this is what has been obtained from Seeds feveral times, tho' not with a double Flow;

not fuffer veral times experienced, but particularly in the

removing the Spring, provided they do by Drought, as I have feYear 1718. when I remove a large ParPlants in May, j oft as
to
:

had Occafion
cel of thefe

er.

All the other Sorts of Rofes are originally of foreign Growth ; but
are hardy enough to endure the Cold

of our Climate in the open Air, and produce the molt beautiful and fragrant Flowers of any kind of Shrubs yet known this, together with the r long Continuance in Flower, has juftly render'd them the moil valuable of all the Sorts of flowering Shrubs befide, the great Variety of different Sorts of Roles make a Collection of Flowers, either for Bafons, or in the Garden, without any other additional Mixture and their Scent, being the melt inoiFenSve Sweet, is generally efteemed by moil Perfons.
:

they were beginning to flower in doing of which I cut off all the Flower buds and, after having opea'd a Trench in the Place where they were to be planted, I poured a large Quantity of Water, lb as to render the Ground like a Pap then I took up the Plants, and placed them therein as foon as poflible, thai and a^' their Roots might not dry ter planting them, I water'd the Ground well again, and covcr'd tha Surface over with Mulch, to preafter this 1 revent its' drying peated watering the Plants all ever t.vo or three times a Week, in the Evening, until they had taken Root:
-

Vol.

111.

4 rt

in

R O
in about three Weeks time the Plants
fhot out again, and produe'd a great

R O
Growth. The red Rofe and the Ro/a mundi commonly grow from
bat feldom exceed that \ but the Damafk, Provence, and Frankfort Rofes grow to the Height of feven or eight Feet ; fo
that in

Quantity of Flowers in Angujl and which were as fair as thofe produced in June. This is the only Sort of Rofe for this Purpofe, there being no other Sort which will flower early and late, except this. The next Sort of Rofe which flowers in the open Air, is the Cinnamon, which is immediately folJow'd by the Damafc Rofe then the Blulh, and York and Lancajhr ccme; after which the Provence, Dutch, Hundred -leav'd White, and moll and other Sorts of Roles, follow
September,
; ;

three to four Feet high,

planting them

great Care

mould be taken
ral

to place their feve-

Kinds, according to their various

Growths, amongft other Shrubs, that

they

may appear beautiful to the Eye. The yellow Rofe, as alfo the Au-

firian Rofe,

the

lateft

Sorts are the

if

two Mufk

Rofes, which,

planted in a fhady

Situation, feldom rlower until S/p-

Hmber\ and
mild,

if the

Autumn

proves
till

will continue often

the

Middle of October.

The

Platts

of thefe

two

Sorts

mould be

placed again ft a Wall, Pale,

are both Natives of America: thefe were originally brought from Canada, by the French: the other Varieties, which are now in the Gardens, of thefe Sorts, have been accidentally obtained, and are preferved by budding them on the other Sorts. The Shrubs of thefe Rofes feldom (hoot fo ftrong as moft of the other Sorts, efpecially in thfc light Land near London where they feldom produce their Flowers. Thefe
;

or.other Building, that their Branches

may

be fupported

otherwife they

are fo ilender and weak, as to trail thefe Plants upon the Ground
:

are efteemed for their Colour, being very different from all the other Sorts of Rofes but as their Flowers have
:

fhould not be pruned until Spring, becaufe their Branches aiefomewhat tender ; fo that when they are cut in Winter, they often die after the Knife. Thefe produce their Flowers at the Extremity of the fame
Year's Shoots, in large Bunches that their Branches muft not
ihorten'd in the
;

no Scent, and are of (hort Duration, they do not merit the Price they are
generally fold
at.

Frankfort Rofe is of little Value, except for a Stock to bud the more tender Sorts of Rofes up-

The

fo

on and
;

for

theFlowers feldom open fair, have no Scent but it be;

be

Summer, left thereby the Flowers mould be cut off. Thefe Shrubs will grow to be ten or
twelve Feet high, and muft not be check'd in' their Growth, if you info tend they mould flower well that they fnould be placed where they may be allowed room. The low^ft Shrub of all the Sorts here mentioned is the Scotch Rofe,
;

vigorous Shooter, renders it proper for Stocks to bud the yellow and Aufirian Rofe?, which will render them ftronger than upon their own Stocks ; but the yellow Rofes feldom blow fair within eight or ten Miles of London; tho' in the Northern Parts oiGreat Britain they rlower extremely well. This Sort muft have a- Northern Expofure ; for if it is planted too warm, it will
a not flower.

ing

which rarely grows above two Feet high fo that this muft be placed among other Shrubs of the fame
;

The Damafk and monthly Rofe feldom flower well in fmall confined Gardens,

R O
Gardens, nor
don;
in

R O
one upon the fame Plant but then muft be obferved, to bud fuch Sorts upon the fame Stock as are nearly equal in their Manner of Growth for if there be a Bud of a vigorous - growing Sort, and fome others of weak Growth, the ftrong one will draw all the Nourifhment from the weaker, and intirely ftarve them. The bed Sort for Stocks is the Fmnkfort Rofe, which is a vigorous Grower, and produces ftrong clean Shoots, which will take the Buds much better than any other Sort of Rofe but you muft be very careful to keep the Stock after Budding intirely clear from Suckers or Shoots at the Bottom for if they are permitted to remain on, they will, in
;

the
are

Smoke of Lon-

not proper to plant in fuch Places ; tho' they frequently grow very vigoroufly there: rhefe always begin to (hoot the firft of any of the Sorts in the Spring therefore frequently fufFer from
therefore
Froft, in Affile
all their

it

which often deiiroy

Flowers.

moft

The Provence Rofe, which is the common Sort in England, is by

them
all
;

far the molt valuable of

tho' moft of the other Sorts are preit on account of their Scarbut the Flowers of this Sort are the faireft, and have the moft agreeable Scent, of any Sort yet

ierr'd to

city

known

and
in

this

is

alfo very hardy,

flowering

many

Places

where
:

many of

the others will fcarcely live;

which renders it ftill more valuable and if it was as rare to be feen as fome other Shrubs, would be efteemed perhaps more than any other. There are at lead three Varieties of this Rofe, which are promifcuoufly fold by the Nurfery men, under this Title one of which is a low Shrub, feldom growing above three
;

a fhort time, ftarve the Buds.

beft

The

Seafon for budding of Rofes is in June the Manner of doing ir. being the fame as for Fruit- tre ec,
;

Feet high: the Flowers are much fmaller, and the Buds rounder, and even ; fo that before the Flowers open, they appear as if they had been clipp'd with ScifTars. This
{he dwarf red Rofe Thorns on the Branches The other Sort is taller, and the Flowcalls
;

Mr. Rea

there are few

ers are large, but not fo well fcented

common Pro-vence Rofe. All the Sorts of Rofes may be propagated either from Suckers, Layers, or by budding them upon Stocks of other Sorts of Rofes
as the

need not be repeated here. J f you would propagate them from Suckers, they mould be taken ofF annually \nOftobert and tranfplanted out either into a Nurfery in Rows (as hath been directed for feveral other Sorts of flowering Shrubs), or into the Places where they are to remain: forif theyare permitted to ftand upon the Roots of the old Plants more than one Year, they grow woody, and do not form fo good Roots as if planted out the firfc Year ; and fo there is more Danger of their not fucceeding. But the beft Method to obtain good-rooted Plants is, to lay down the young Branches in Autumn, which will take good Root "by the
are

which latter Method is only pradifed for fome peculiar Sorts, which do not grow very vigorous upon their own Stocks, and fend forth Suckers very fparingly or where a Perfon is willing tQ have more Sorts than
;

following (efpecially if theywatered in very dry VVeather), when they may be taken from the

Autumn

old Plants, and tranfplanted where they are to remain. The Flints which are propagated by Layers, are
4

ixo:

R O
rot fo apt to fend out Suckers from their Roots, as thofe which are from Suckers; therefore fhould be preferred before them ; becaufe they may be much eafier kept in Compaf> and thefe will alfo flower much
:

R O
ROSEMARY.
nus.

Vide

Rofmari-

ROSMARINUS,
1 he
// is

Rofmary.
;

Characters are
<vert;ci'late

Plant,

labiated
ivkofe

fiiotver, conf/iing

with a of one Leaf,

Thefe Plants may be tranfplanted any time from QQobtr to April but when they are defign'd to flower rtrong the flrft Year after planting, they fhould be planted
ikronger.
;

Uf per -lip cr Crejt is cut into two Parts, and turns up backward, with created Stamina, or Chives
but the Under -lip, or Beard,
is

divi-

ded into three Parts

the middle Seg:

early

tho\

as I faid before, if they late in

are planted
will

the

Spring,

it

ment being hollow like a Spoon out of the tixo or three tteth'd Flower- cup
arifes

caufe them to flower in Autumn, provided they do not fuffer by Drought. Moll of thefe Sorts delight in a rich moift Soil, and an open Situation, in which they will produce a greater Quantity of Flowers, and

the Pointal,

attended,

as

it

Wit?, by fur Embryocs, which afterward turn to fo 77iany Seeds, that are roundijb, and are in c loft d in the Flower- cup.
1.

The Species are Rosmarinus hortenfis,

/at lore

than when they are upon a dry Soil, or in a fhady Situation. The Pruning which they require is only, to cut out dead Wood, and the Suckers cleared orf, which fhould be done every Autumn and if there are any very
thofe
fairer,
:

much

folio.

Mor. Hi ft. den Rofmary.

2.

Broad-leav'd Garhortenfs,

Rosmarinus

fiore folio.'C. B. P.

avguNarrow-leav'd

Garden Rofmary.
3.

Rosmarinus friatus, five auPark. Iheat.

reus.

The

Gold-ltriped

luxuriant Branches, which draw the Nourifhment from the other Parts

Rofmary.
4.

Rosmarinus

hortenfis,

of the Plant, they fhould be taken

out, or fhorten'd, to caufe
it

fiiore folio,

argent t us.

anguH. R. Par.

to pro-

The

duce more Branches,

cafion for

if there

be Oc-

narrow-leav'd Rofmary.

Silver -Itrip'd

them to fupply a Vacancy; but you mull avoid crouding them with Branches, which is as injurious
to thefe Plants as to Fruit-trees; for
if the Branches

5. Rosmarinus Almerienfs, fiore mojore fpicalo purpurafcente. Toum. Rofmary of Almtria, with a large fpiktd purplifh Flower.

have not an equal

6.

Rosmarinus

fpontaneus, folio

Benefit of the
will

Sun and

Air,

they

eleganter

<variegato.

Boerh.

Ind.

not produce their Flowers fo flrong, nor in fo great Plenty, as when they are more open, and better expos'd to the Sun ; fo that the

Air may circulate the more freely between them. ROSA "SINENSIS. Vide Ket-

mia

Sinenfis.

Broad-leav'd Rofmary, with an elegant llripcd Leaf. Dr. Lir.nrus has fcparated this Genus, with fome others, from the Clais where they have by all Botamfts been ranged, on account of their having but two Stamina in each Flower whereas the other Plants of
:

ROSE THE GUILDER.

Op'.-ius.

Vide

this Clals

have four, two long, and

:

two
Vidt Rofa.

Ihort

but this

is

not altogether

ROSE-TREE.

jullihable; fince in every other

Cha-

racter,

R O
rafter, they agree

R O
more favourable planted when there
;

with their Congeplentifully in

ners

for if they are are cold drying

Thefe Plants grow

the Southern Parts

of France, in Spain, and in Italy, where, upon dry rocky Soils near the Sea, they thrive prodigioufly ; but, notwithitanding they are produc'd in warm Countries, yet they are hardy enough to bear the Cold of our ordinary Winters very well in the open Air, provided they are planted upon a
poor, dry, gravelly Soil, on which they will endure the Cold much better than

Winds, they are apt to dry up their Leaves, and kill them but if there happen to be fome warm Showers foon after they are removed, it will
:

caufe them to take Root immediately ; fo that they will require no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds. Altho 1 thefe Plants are tender when planted in a Garden, yet when they are by Accident roo:ed in a Wall (as I have feveral times feen them), they will endure the greateit Cold of our Winters, tho'

upon a richerGround, where grow more vigoroufl in Summer, and fo be more fubject to Injury from Froft and they wiii
the Plants will
;

not have fo itrong an aromatic Scent as thole upon a dry barren Soil. Thofe Sorts with ftriped Leaves are fomewhat tender, and lhould either be planted near a warm Wail, or in Pots filled with frefb light Earth, and fheitered in Winter under a Frame, otherwife they will be
fubjecl to die in froily Weather.

expoied much to the cold Winds; which is occafion-d by the Plants being more {tinted and itrong, and their Roots being drier. The Flowers of the narrow-leav'd Garden Sort are uied in Medicine, as are alfo the Leaves and Seeds.

ROYEN A,
The

African Bladder-nut. Characters are ;

Ail thefe

Sort:;

may

be propagated

by planting
Bed of

Slips or Cuttings

of them

in the Spring

of the Year, upon a

frcfls light

Earth

and when

they are rooted, they may be tranfplanted into the Places where they are deflgn'd to grow ; but it will be

The E/np dement of the Flower is of one Le 'if, fwellinr out in a Belly, and blunt at the Brim, where it is indent td in f<ve Parts tb.: Flower is of one Leaf having a Tube the Length but fprends open of the Empalcmcnt at the Fop, where it is /lightly cut
: ;

proper to do this about the Beginning of September, that they may take Root before the frofty Weather

into f<ve Fat ts : in the Centre is fituated the hairy Point a I, which is attendid by ten Jhort Stamina the
:

Pointal afterward becomes an o-vat

Capfule,

having

fur

comes on
too
live

for if they are planted

ing in-one Cell, in

Furrows openwhich are contain;

late in

Autumn, they feldom

;

ed four oblong triangular Seeds,

1.

thro'

the Winter, efpecially if

Weather proves very cold fo that if you do not tran (plant them
the
early,
to let
til

The Species are R oven a foil is

Cliff.

ovatis.
-

Li v.
nut,

Hort.

Anican Bladder

it

will be the

better

Method

with a fiagle mining Leaf.

2.

them remain unremoved unMarch following, when the Froft

never
to
tranf-

Roylna ^/m

bris. Flor. Leyd.

lanceolatis glaAfrican Bladder -

is

over, obferving

plant them at a Seafon

Earl

when

the dry

Winds blow, but

it

rather defer

the doing of

until the

Seafon

is

with fmooth Leaves ; by fume Whortle-berry. 3. Roy en a fviiii

nut,

fpear-fhapM
cali'd

African
h;r'fitif.

lanceclati?

R.
fotit. Flor. Leyd.

U
time to lay
thefe Plants

R
down
is

TJ
:

African Bladder-

Caufe of their Scarcity

in

the beft

nut, with hairy fpear-ftiap'd Leaves.

the Branches

of

The

fir ft

Sort has been long an

Inhabitant of fome carious Gardens in England : but it is not very common here ; for it is very difficult to

Avgufl ; but the Cuttings mould be planted in July : they muft be planted in Pots, and fhaded from the Sun in Summer, and
flickered under a

propagate.

The fureft Method of doing it, is by laying down the young Branches, and theie will feldom take Root under two Years. I have alfo raifcd a few by Cuttings, but it was two Years before they put out Roots and it was three Years before they began to grow upward; and then they made but little Pro:

Frame

in

Winter.

RUBIA, Madder. The Characters

The Flower

are;

confifts

cf one fingle

Leaf, wbi:b is cut into four or five Segments, and expanded at the Top: the

Flower -cup afterward becomes a Fruit

compofed
the
to
oj

two

juicy Berries, clofely

joined toge'ber, containing Seed, for

gress.

This Plant will grow eight or ten Feet high, and puts out its Branches

moft p rt bellow''d like a Navel which may be added, The Leaves being rcugb, and fur rounding the
Stulhs in Wborles.

on up
are

eve. y
t
;

Side

fo

may

a regular

Head:

thefe

doatned with Leaves, which are placed alternately, and continue all the Year fo that it makes an agreeable Variety
;

be trained Branches oval mining

1.

P.
2.

C. B. Cultivated Dyers Madder.

The Speci s are Kubia iindcrum frdiva.

;

Ri B A five (Iris
I

afp?ra,

qutf

fylvejlris Diojcondis.
ivi adder.

C. B. P.

Wild

among
feafon
:

Green houfe,
from
tle

other Exotic Plants in the during the Winterthe Flowers are produced

the Wings of the Leaves, along

3. RuFIA fylvrftris Monfpffular.a mrjor. J. B. Great wild Madder of Montpelier.

but as they have litBeauty, few Perfons regard them. I have not obferved any Fruit produced by thefe Plants in England. This was defcribed and figured by
the Branches;

The firft of thefe Sorts was formerly cultivated in divers Parts of England, for the Dyers Life; but of late Years it has been wholly neglected; fo that at prtfent
is
\

believe there

Dr. Herman, who was Profefibr of Botmy at Lfydtn, under the Title of
Stapbylvdendrcn Africanum, folio f.n-

fcarce anv of

it

cultivated, except

:n

fmall Quantities
:

for

medicinal

Ufe

gulari lurido.

much
two
Sorts are at pre;
:

Plant came to be fo negiecled in England, I canthis

how

The

otner

fent rare in the Englijh

but in land they are in greater Plenty. They are all of them Natives of the Cape of G cod Hope fo are hardy enough
\

Gardens the curious Gardens in Hol-

not imagine, fmce it will thrive as w ell here as in any Country in Eu-

to live in a
theie Plants

common Green -hufe,

and

with Myrttes

Orange

trees

may be

treated in

the

fame way Thefe two

propagate

Sort? are as difhcuit to

iirlfc

as the

which

is

the

and the Consumption of it in ; England is pretty large ; for I have been informed, that we pay upwards of 30,000 /. annually for this Commodity, .which might be eafdy fav'd to the Nation, were it cultivated h e re At p e fe n 1 1 he g rea te ft Quantity of is is cultivated in Flanders and Holland from whence we are annually fumjfiiM with it, in
rope
. ;

three

R U
three different Manners, and
the Branch,
diftiii-

R U
Ihoots,

which extend themfelves hopreferying

as

guihYd by the Names of Madder

in

rizontally, juft under the Surface of

Madder

in

the Bundle,

the

and Madder unbundled. The firft Sort is brought to us in the Root, as it corner out of the Ground, without any other Preparation than that of being dried. The fecond Sort is that of Bunch Madder, or fuch as is made into Bundles, which is Madder in Branch, firft freed from the Bark and the Pith, then ground by a Mill into grofs Powder, as we buy it. The third Sort is the Madder unbundled, that is, the Branched Madder ground into Powder but the Bunched Madder, or that in Bundles, is the beft, which, for its
;

Ground, Root to tiiem

much
they

as poflible: thefe

the about a Foot apart, obferving always to do this when there are iome Showers, becaufe then the Plants will take

tranfplant

immediately

upen
at

Tops of the new Ridge%

Root

in

a few Days, and will rethe Plants

are
the

quire no Water.

When

growing,

they careful y keep hoed, to prevent the

Ground Weeds from

coming up between them ; for if they are fmotrured by Weeds, efpecially

when young,

it

will either defo

ftroy or

weaken them

much, that

"Excellency,

when
;

it

is

frefh,

is
:

made
'tis

into Bales, or put into Cafks

of a pale Red
:

bur, as

it

grows
a fine

cider, increafes
-

its

Colour

to

they feldom do well after. In thefe Ridges they let the Plants remain two Seafons, during which time they keep the Ground very clem ;

of Zeala?id is efteemed the beft for the Dyers Ufe. In the Year 1727. I obferv'd a great Quantity of this Plant cultivated in Holland, between Helvottand it being Jluice and the Brill the firft time I had ever feen any con lider able Parcel of it, I was tempted to make fome Inquiries about its Culture, and take fome Minutes of it down upon the Spot, which I (hall here infert, for the Ufe of fuch as may have Curiofity to attempt the Culture of it. In Autumn they plow the Land,
that
;

Red

and at Michaelmas, when tht Tops of the Plants are decay 'd, they take up the Roots, and dry them for Sale. This is what I could learn of their

Method
which

of cultivating this P'ant

to

where they intend to plant Madder, in the Spring, and lay it in Iv'gh Ridges, that the Froft may mellow it m March they plow it again and at this Seafon they work it very deep, laying it up in Ridges eighteen Inches afunder, and about a Foot
;

few Obfervations of my own, which I have fince made upon the Culture of Madder in England. And, firft, I find there is no NeceiTity for laying the Ground up in Ridges in England, as is practifed by the Dutch (especially in dry Land), becaufe the Places where I faw it were very wet Land, which is often floated in Winter fo that if the Plants were not elevated upon. Ridges, their Roots would rot in r inter. Secondly, They mould be
I will fubjoin a
;

planted at a greater Diftance,

in
at

England-,

the

Rows mould be
Diftance,

lea ft three Feet

and the

high

then about the Beginning of April, when the Madder will begin to (hoot out of the Ground, they
;

Plants eighteen Inches afunder in the Rows for as they e?:ter.d themfelves
;

pretty far under-ground, fo, where they are planted too near, their

open the E3ith about Roots, and take off all

their

old

the Side-

And.

Roots will not have ror.m to grow. thirdly, I rmd, that if all the * harizoa4 4

R.

R U
Plant,

Vorizontal Rcots are deftroyed from time to time, as they are produc'd,
it

wdl cauie the large downright Roots to be much bigger in which the Goodnefs of this Commodity chiefly confifts for if the upper Roots are f.iffered to remain, tney will draw off the principal Nourifnment from the downright Roots, as I have experienced ; for I planted a few Roots upon the fame Soil and Situation, which were of equal Strength, and rooted equally well half of thefe I hoed round, and cut off the horizontal Roots the fegkl other Half I permitted the horizontal Roots to remain on and when I took them ail up, thofe which I had hoed about, and kept clear from horizontal Roots, were almoft as large again as the other, and theRoots were double the Weight; which plainly
;
:

might eafily inform themfelves, by going over to Holland at theSeafon of taking up the Roots.
from the Peoconverted in lidland on this Affair, was, that they pared off the outfide Rind of the Roots, which is dried by itfelf, and
ple with

What

I could learn

whom

is

called Mull-madder. Then they pared off another flefhy Part of the Root, which is made into another

Madder, and
is

is

called

Number

but the Jnfide, or Heart of the Root,

called
is

Crop- madder.

The

firft

Sort

not worth above fifteen or

iixteen Shillings per

hundredWeight;
about forty

the fecond Sort

Shillings
;

is

fold at

but

the third Sort will

fell for five

Pounds per Hundred. I have fince been inform'd, that there

is

proves

it

neceffary to cut

oft thofe

itiperficial

Roots
is

fo that

where

this Plant

cultivated in Quantity,

jt will be

an excellent Method to ule Hoeing - plough, to ftir the Ground, and deftroy the Weeds
the
:

for, with

this

Inftrument, a

large

Quantity of Ground may be kept clean, at a fmall Expence and as

:

this will

ftir

deeper than a cut off the fuperficial Roots, and thereby improve the principalRoots. This Crop of Madder fhould be
fliifted

Ground much common Hoe, it will

the

into

frtfti

Land

for

the

Ground which
will not be
lefs

has had one Crop,

no Neceftity of dividing it into Ufe for if the Whole is dried, and ground toge^ ther, it will anfwer the Dyers Purpofe full as well. Theie Roots muff be dried on a Kiln, before they are ground to Powder for which Purpofe, I fuppofe, the fame as are ufed for drying of Malt might be made ufeful for this Commodity. By feme few Experiments which I made, I imagine that one Acre of good Madder, when fit to take up for Ufe, will be worth above one hundred Pounds fo that if it were to ftand three Years in the Ground, and to be planted on Land of three Pounds pir Acre, it would pay exthefe three Sorts for
;
:

fit to receive another in than four Years; during which time any other annual Crop may be

ceeding well confidering the annual Culture (if perform'd by a Piough)

;

will

cultivated

The

on the Laud. manner of drying and pre-

cipal

paring thefe Roots for Ufe, I am not acquainted with, having never had an Opportunity of feeing that Part, fo can give no Inftruclions concerning it; but "Whoever {hall have CuliofKV enough to cultivate thi? ufeful

the prinbe no great Expence Charge being in the firft preparing of the Land, and the planting: but whoever has a mind to
;

cultivate

this

Plant,

might

rent

very good Land for this Purpofe, for twenty five or thirty Shillings per Acre, at a Difta rice from London t
but near feme Navigation*

The

R U
The two Sorts of wild Madder though their Roots are of no Ufe feem to be of the facie Quality with and as they are the manured Sort never cultivated in Garden?, it is needlefs to fay any thing more of
;
;

R U
7.

Rubeola

Cretica fastidijfi.

fmtefcens myrtifolia, fiore magnw fuave - rubente. Tourn. Cor. The

ma

them in this Place. Thefe Plants love

molt linking flirubby Petty-madder of Candy, with a Myrtle-leaf, and a large pale-red Flower. 8. Rubeola Orient alts fcetida
folia, fore par<vo fuafruticofa ferpylli ue-rubente. Tourn. Cor. Shrubby

a loofe Soil, nei;

ther too dry nor over-wet but will do better on a dry than on a wet fuch Places the in Soil, becaufe

(linking Eaflern Petty-madder, with a Mother-of-thyme-leaf, and a fmall

pale-red Flower.
9.

Roots are apt to

RUBEOLA,
The
It
confifiing

rot in Winter. Petty-madder.

;

Rubeola

Character: are

galHi, fore

Orientafis, foliis multiplier ex <viridi fla*vc-

Eaftern Pettyhath a funnel jhapcd Flower, fcente. Tourn. Cir. madder, with many greenifh-yellow of one L"af, which is fight ly Flowers. cut into four Parts at the Brim ; The firft, fecond, fourth, and ninth rejling on the Empalement, which is Sorts are annual Plants, which decay fometimes double\and fomttimn fingle : foon after they have perfected this Empalement afterward becomes a Fruity compofd of two naked their Seed. Thefe are preferved in the Gardens of thofe Perfons who Seeds, are curious in Botany, for the fake The Species are of Variety. They are very hardy la.'ion folio. Inf. 1. Rubeola R. H. Broad -Jeav'd Petty - mad- Plants, which require no other Care than to clear them from Weeds for derif they are permitted to fcatter their 2. Rubeola anguftiort folio. Inf.
;
:

H.
3.

Narrow- lea v'd Petty -mad-

Seeds, the Plants will

come

up, and

der.

Rubeola
y

vulgaris

quadrifo-

lia

lwis

fioribus purpurajcentibus

Inft.

R. H.

Common

fmooth four-

leav'd Petty-madder,

Prowers, commonly cy-wort.

4.

with purplim called Squinanafpera,

maintain their Place, if they are not overborne with larger Weeds. The Seeds of thefe Plants may be fown either in Spring or Autumn, in the Places where they are to remain, which may be in almolt any Soil but they love an open Situation.

Rubeola

Lufitanica
Inft.

fori bus purpurafcentibus.

R. H.

Rough Petty-madder of Portugal, with purplifn Flowers. Rubeola Cretica fax at His 5 fruticofa, gallii fclic, fore purpureo wiolaceo.! ourn. Cor. bhrubby rock ^etty- madder of Candy, with a Ladies-beditraw-ieaf, and a violet purple Flower.
.

grows wild on. of England. where the Branches trail on the Ground, and produce Tufts of purplifh Flowers from the Joints where the Leaves are fet on which open in Jur.e, and the Seeds are ripe
third Sort

The

chalky Hills,

in divers Parts

in Jugu/t

6.

Rubeola

Cretica

far at His

but the Roots abide maThis Plant is elteemed efficacious in the Cure of Quinfeys, either raken inwardly, or outwardly
;

ny Years.

fruitefcens,

fore favefcente. loum. Q'.r. Sr.rubby rock Petty -mrdder j Candy, w;ui ayeliowifli Flower,

applied.
)

he

fifth,

fixth,feventh.and eighth

S^r^ were diicover'd by Dr.Tourrefort

R U
fort in the Levant. Thefe are abideing Plants, which become fhrubby, and, by their different Appearance?, make an agreeable Variety in a
C.

R U
Rub US Ida us
The
rubra. J. B.
6.
alio.

fpinofus, fruclu Rafpberry-bufh,

Framboife, or Hind berry.

Garden. They may be propagated by lowing their Seeds on a Eed of frefh unounged Soil, in the Spring ; and when the Plants come up, they mufl: be kept clear from Weeds, and in very dry Weather hey (hoold be retiefiied with Water ; and when the Plants ar<' about three or four Inches high, ih*y mould be tranfplanted,
ic:

Rubus Ida us fpinofus, fruclu The Rafpberry-bulh, J. B.

with white Fruit. 7. Rubus Idaus fpinofus, fruclu ruhro ferotino. The Rafpberry-bufh, with late-red Fruit.
8.

B.

Rubus Ida us non fpinofus. J. The Rafpberry-bufh, without

Thoras.
9 Rubus Idaus, fruclu nigro, Vtrgmianus Banifier. The Virginian Rafpberry - bum, with black
Fruit.

ihatthey may Jftot- bed-frame m Winter; and rhe others into dry warm Borders of poor Earth for in fuch Places where the Plant? grow ftowly, they \vi!J live through the Winter, better than when they are planted in a rich
;

each Sort, intoPotr, be meker'd undor an

10. Rubus odoratus.Cornut. Virginia* flowering Rafpberry, vulgo. 11. Rubus Americanus, magis
ereStus, fpinis rarioribus,fiipite cceruleo.

Pluk.

Aim.

The Upright
or

Soii.

fyiwama Bramble,
Bramble, or Rafpare
bufh.
12.
;

PenRafpberry

RUBUS, The
berry- burn.

Rubus

Alpinus

humilis .
the Alps.

J.

The Ch a rati en

B.
rens.

Dwarf Bramble of
13.

It hath a Flower confifing of five he av a, which are placed circularly, and expand in form of aRofe: theFlow-

Rubus

vulgaris, fpinis ca-

H. R. Par.
without Spines.

Common

Bram-

ble,

er cuf ii divided into five Parts containg many Stamina, in the Bofom of

14.

Rubus fpinofus, foliis & fore

elegant er laciniatis.

the Flower
fifes

in the

Centre of which

the

Pointaly

which afterward

R. H. Inf. Prickly Bramble, with Leaves and Flowers elegantly jagged.

1

becomes the Fruity con fifing of many Protuberances, andfull of Juice.

5.

Rubus /for*

albo pleno. H. R.

The
.

Species arc

Par. The Bramble white Flowers.

16.

with double

Rub us major, frutlu nigr*. J. I The common Bramble, or B. blackberry bum. 2- Rue us minor, frufiu cceruleo, J. B, The Dewberry - bum, or iefTer Bramble. 3. Rub us vulgaris major, rutin albo. Rati Syn. The common greater Bramble-bufh, with white Fruit. 4. Rue us vulgaris m.for, folio

Rubus

non fpinofus, fruclu

nigro major c, Polonicus. Barr. Icon.

elegant er veriegato.

The

greater
ftri-

Bramble-bu&, with a beautiful

j>ed Leaf.

Poland Bramble without Thorns, and a larger black Fruit. The firH and fecond Sorts are very common in Hedges, and upon dry Banks, in molt Parts of England, and are rarely cultivated in Gardens. The third Sort was found by Mr. Jacob Bobart, in an Hedge not far from Oxford ; and hath fmce been cultivated in feveral Gardens as a Curicfitv, This does not onlv differ

R U
fer

R U
the Sort without

from the common Bramble in the Colour of the Fruit, but alfo in that of the Bark and Leaves, which, in this Sort, are of a lively Green; whereas thofe of the common Sort The are of a dark-brown Colour. fourth Sort is a variety of the com-

Thorns

is Iefs

com-

mon at The
ties in

prefent than the other. ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth Sorts are preferv'd as Curiofi-

mon

Bramble, differing therefrom only in having firiped Leaves, for which it is preferv'd by fome Persons

Gardens near London ; of no Value, they are fcarcely worth cultivating, except in Botanic Gardens for Vafeveral
as their Fruits are

riety.

who

are curious

in collecting

variegated Plants.

All the Sorts of Bramble are eafily propagated by laying down of their Shoots, which in one Year will be
fufficiently rooted to tranfplant
;

The
cepting
are no

thirteenth Sort

is

in all re-

fo

fpects like the

commonBramble,

ex-

in this Particular, that there

Thorns on the Branches or

this Sort.

Leaves of

The fourteenth Sort differs from the common Bramble in having the
Leaves and Flowers curioufly jagged.

The

fifteenth Sort produces large

then be cut off from the old Plants, and planted where they are defign'd to remain ; which fhould be in Wildernefs-quarter?, or other abjeel Parts of the Garden, where they may have room to fpread,without incommoding other Plants. The Rafpberry is always cultivated in Gardens, for the fake of the
Fruit.

may

Spikes of Flowers, which are verylarge and double, fo that they

There

is

a Variety of this

make
as

a fine Appearance, being

large

almod

and double

merits a Place in
;

This every good Garas Rofes.

which produces two Crops of Fruit every Year one in the ufual Seafon in July, and the fecond Crop in Ofiober ; and when the AuPlant,
;

den becaufe it may be planted in any abject Part of the Garden, under Trees in Wilderrefs quarters ; where it will thrive and flower as well as v. hen planted in a more open Situation.

tumn proves favourable, the fecond Crop will ripen extremely well; and,
in

fome Year?, have been in as great Plenty as the 6#ft Crop.

The Rafpberries are always propagated by Suckers, tho' I mould

prefer fuch Plants as

The fifteenth Sort is not very com men in England, but is a Native of Poland. This produces mnch Lirger Fruit than the commonBramfo is preferv'd in the Gardens ; of fome curious Perfons for the fake of Variety,

ble

are ra fed by becaufe they will be better rooted, and not fo liable to fend out Suckers as the other ; which generally produce fuch Quantities of Suckers from their Roots, as ro fill

Layers

The Rafpberry-buih is alfo common in divers Woods in

very
the
;

Ground and where they are not carefully taken out, or thinn'd, caufe the Fruit to be frnaJl, and in
the
;

Northern Counties of England but v cultivated in all curious Gardens

ti e fake of its Fruit. Of this there are three Kinds, which arecul-

lefs

Quantities

especially

when

for

the Plants are placed near each other, which is too often the Cafe ; for
there are
thefe Plants firnc:ent

fivated

commonly
;

in

Gardens near

few Perfons who allow room.

London

late- re.',

which are the common red, and the white Sort? 3 but

In

Fibres (Lou id be fr.ortened

preparing thefe Plants, the'r but the ;

Buds,

R U
Bugs, which are placed at a fma!l Diitance from the Stem of the Plant, mull not be cut off", becaufe thofe produce the new Shoots the following Summer. Theie Plants fhould be planted about two Feet afunder in the Rows, and four or five Feet
Diitance Row from Row ; for if they are planted too clofe, their Fruit is never fo fair, nor will ripen
fo kindly, as
thofe of the
little

R U
common Sort ; but had Flavour. Thefe were ripe in September, and the Plants on which they produe'd, grew on a ftrong
Soil
;

but

it is

very rare to fee any

Fruit upon thefe Plants.

The eleventh Sort frequently produces Fruit in England, which are in Appearance very like the common
Blackberry but have a different Flavour. Thefe ripen late in the
;

when
to
Soil

they have
in

room

for

the Air

pafs

Rows.

The
is

between the which they

Autumn, and are not worth cultivating for their Fruit.

thrive belt,

a frelh fandy Loan),

er,

RUDBECKIA, Dwarf
vulgo.

Sunflow-

neither too moift nor over dry; the Extreme of either being injurious to
thefe Plants.

The
It

Characters are

The

time for drefiing of them

is

in October,

when

all

the old

Wood,

which produced Fruit the preceding Summer, (houM be cut down to the Surface of the Ground, and the

young Shoots muit be fhorten'd to about two Feet in Length ; then the Spaces between the Rows mould be well dug, to er.courage their Roots and if you bury a very little rotten
;

Dung
fhoot
fairer.

therein,

it

vigoroufly

lowing, and their

make them Summer folFruit will be much

will

the

During the Summer-feafon

hatb Male and Hermaphrodite Flowers inclos'd in one common Empalement : the Empalement is composed of two Orders of Leaves : the Flower has a Border of Rays, and the Middle is occupied by a gnat Number of Hermaphrodite flowers, which form a Cone : the Hermaphrodite Flowers are tub ulcus, and cut into five Parts at the Brim thefe have the Pointal f.tuatid in their Centre,which is attended by five Jlender Stamina the Male Flowers, which grow rcuud the. Border, and form the Rays, are fir etched out on one Side like a Tongue ,
; :

tbey mould be kept clear from Weeds, which, with the before-menticn'd

Culture,
will

is

ail

the
:

Managebut
it

ment they

require

is

which is cut into two or three Parts, and is plain : thefe are barren but the He rmaphrodite Flowers have each a Jingle oblong Seed, which is four;

proper to make new Plantations once in three or four Years, becaufe thofe are better than where thePiants are fufFefd to remain longer. The Virginian flowering Rafpberry is commonly propagated in the
Nurferies a? a flowering Shrub.

cornered, fucc ceding th.m.

This Genus of Plants was by MonVaillant titled Obtlifcotheca ; but this being a compound Name, Dr. Linnaus has altered it to this of Rudbecha, in Honour to Dr. Rudfieur

The

beck

who was

Profeiior

of Botany

Flowers of tin's Scrt are as lar^e as and there is a Succeffmali Rofes fion of them for two Months or more, fo that they make an agreeable Variety during their Continuance This Sor; has produe'd Fruit in England which were larger tfean
;

at UpfaJitX

Sweden,
;

I.

The Species are Rudbeckia foliis

i'ndivifis,
is.

lanceola'iO-

cvatis alternis
in teg,

pi talis radii

Fior.

Virg,

Dwarf Sundajrik

flower, w;#b yellow Rays, and a

Middle,
2.

RVD-

R U
2.

R U
Plants valuable.

Rudbecki a
Flor.

foliis lanceolatis
bifi-

As

this Sort rarely

alternis indin)ifis, petalis radii

dis,

Vir.

Dwarf American

Sunflower, with purple Rays, which are bifid. compojitis 3. Rudbecki a foliis
laciniaiis.

produces good Seeds in England, the Plants are commonly propagated by parting their Roo:s. The bell time
for this
is

in
;

gin to fhoot

March, before they bebut there muft be Care

Roots into fmall
ii.rong

Lin.

find.

American

had not
pected

to part the

Sunflower, with Leaves which are compofed of many Parts, and deeply
cut.
4.

Head's, efpecially where they are exto;

flower

the

fame

Summer

but

in

the Nurferies they

Rude ec ki a

foliis

compoftis

anguflioribus

laciniatis

American

are ufually divided very fmall for the Increafe of the Plants. But the
Plants which are railed from Orr-fcts

Sunflower, with narrow cut compound Leaves. compofitis 5. Rudbecki a foliis American L*yd. Flor. integris.
Sun-flower, with whole

never flower fo flrong as thoie pro-

duced from Seeds;

compound
lan-

fo that where the Seeds can be obtained, it is by much the bed Method to propagate them

Leaves.
6.

that

way.

Rudbecki a foliis oppofit is

petalis

ceolato-onjatis,

radii

bifidis.

Flor.

American Sunflower, Vir. with oval fpear-ftiap'd Leaves plac'd oppofite, and the Petals bifid. The firft Sort has been many
Years preferv'd
in

lecond Sort is alio a Native of Virginia and Carolina, and is more rarely to be found in the Englijb Gardens than the firil. The Leaves of

The

feveral

curious

Gardens
this Sort

in

England.

The

Seeds of

were fent from Virginia, under the Title of C, j,anihemu)n Americanum, doronici folio, fore luteo, This is a umbone atro purpureo. perennial Plant, which has rough oval Leaves growing clofe to the Ground ; from between thefe, in the Spring, the Footftalks of the Flowers come out, which grow about two Feet high, having two or three fmall Leaves placed alternately on each. The Top is crowned by a Angle Flower, about the Size of a large Marigold, having a Border of yellow Rays, and a conical dark Middle or Umbone. Thefe Flowers are of long Duration ; each Angle Flower will continue a Month in Beauty ; and as there is commonly a Succeflion of them on the fame Plant, they continue from the Middle of July to the Middle of Otlober in Flower; which renders thefe

and more pointed, and are not fo hairy. The Stalks of the Flowers are taller, and are frequently naked, having no Leaves coming out. The Flower has a Border of narrow long purple Rays, which are reflexed ; fo tnat thefe Flowers make not any great Appearance. However, as it is a
this are longer,

than the

firft,

fcarce Plant,

it

is

generally fold at

a good Price by thoie

who

deal in

curious Plants.

This Sort is propagated in the fame manner as the former but doth
;

not produce fo great Plenty of OfFfets as the firft,

which occaiions the

prefent Scarcity of the Plants.

When the Seeds of thefe Plants can be procured, they fliould be fown in Pots fided with frefh light
Earth, and placed where they may have only the morning Sun, and fre-

quently watered in dry Weather. Some of the Plants may probably come up the nrft Year; but the greateft Part of them will not appear till the Spring following ; io'that the

Eartu

R U
Earth mould not be diflurbed ; and any of the Plants fhould come up, they may be drawn out, and planted
it"

R U
alfo

perfeft their See^s in

fixth

England

in favourable Years.

The
in the

Sort fnouid be treated

but the each into feparate Pots Seed-pots mould be placed under a Frame, where they may be fhelterM from fevere Froft, but in mild Weather have a large Share of free Air
; ;

fame manner as the two firft but it is fomewhat hardier, and will perfed its Seeds in good Summer in England, fo may be propagated in
greater Plenty.

and in the Spring following thePlants willcome up when they have obtained Strength,they may be planted out into a Border of light Earth, about
:

RUELLIA.
The Ck arc c7er s
It
conjif.iug
to fed

are

hath a funnel jhap.d Flower,

of one Leaf which

is

cut int

In four Inches afunder each Way. this Bed they may remain until the Autumn following, when they fhould be tranfplanted where they are to

eral Parts at the

im from

whofe Empalcmcnt

arifes the Pointa/,

which

is

fxed

like

a Nail in the Bot-

Hand
if the

for Flowering,

which mould
;

be in a

warm

Situation

otherwife,

Winter proves
:

fevere, they
it is

tom cf the Flower, and afterward bePod, which opens into federal Parts, and is filed with fmall Seeds.
comes a membranaceous

will be deftroyed

therefore

ad1

The
.

Species are

vifeablc to plant a few

lants of each

Sort in Po^s, that they may be placed under an Hot bed- frame in Winter, to fhelter them from hard Froft, in

Americana hum;' I is, afpbodeli radice. Plum. Nov. Gen. Dwarf American Ruellia, with an Afphodel root.
2.

Rue LLI a

order to prelerve the Kinds.

Ruellia

Caroliniana, foliis

and fifth Sorts are very hardy Plant', though they came orginally from the fame CounThefe grow fix try as the others. or eight Feet high, and produce a great Number of Flowers in a fort of Umbel on the Tops of the Branches which are in Shape like fmall Sunflowers, fo have been by many ranged in that Genus. Thefe Plants flower in July and Avgufi, and are
third, fourth,

The

oblongis angufis,fore purpureo.

Houf.

Carolina Ruellia, with narrow oblong Leaves, and a purple Flower.

3.

Ruellia Americana
fore
cceruleo,

humilis,
tereti-

par<vo
bus.
lia,

capfulis

Houft.

Dwarf American Ruel-

with a fmall blue Flower, and a

firft

taper Pod.

The

Sort was difcovered

by

proper Furniture for the Borders of They are propalarge Gardens. gated by Ofr-fets, which the Roots lurnifh in plenty ; and fhould be
planted in October, that they

may

get good Root before the Froft fets in j and then they will flower ftrongfor when ly the following Summer
:

the Plants .are removed in the Spring, they will not get good Root in the Ground before they put out fo cannot protheir Flower-ftems
;

Father Plunder in America, who gave this Name to the Genus, in Honour of Dr. Ruellius, who was a very learned Perfon in Natural Hiftory, and lived about two hundred Years pait. The fecond Sort grows plentifully in South-Carolina, from whence it was brought into the EngUJh Gardens. This Sort grows much ullei than the other two.

duce

their

Flowers

fo large.

Thefe

was difcover'd by in Jamaica, who fent the Seeds into England. The Flowers of tnis Kind ar
third Sort

The

the !atC Dr. William Hcufcun

much

R U
much
Sorts,

R U
blue Colour
;

{mailer than thofe of the other

fo that
it

it

makes a
;

fine

and are of mort Duration, feldom continuing above one Day. Thefe Plants are propagated by Seeds, which muft be fown early in

and as the Plants are fmall, 'they may be kept in a little Com pal's, and are as well worth preferving, as moft tenflowers

Appearance when

the Spring in Pots filled with light rich Earth, and plunged into a moderate

Hot-bed

and when the Plants

up, they muft be tranfplanted each into a feparate imall Pot filled with rich Earth, and plunged into

come

an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, where thev muft be (haded from the Sun, until they have taken new Root ; after which time they muft have frefh Air admitted to them every Day in warm Weather, and be conftantly watered three or four times a Week If the during the Summer-feafon.
Plants thrive well, thofe of the
firft

der Exotic Plants. When this Plant is miffed (which mould be the Beginning of April, before the new Leaves are put out), great Care Ihould be taken, that the Roots are not broken or bruifed for as they confift of many thick Tubers, if theie are injured, the Plant is frequently
;

deftroy'd.

RUSCUS,
chers-broom.

Knee-holly, or But-

The

Characters are

The Flower- cup co-fjis ofone Leaf, which is cut into federal Di-vi/ions,
out

of which

is

produced a globular

and third Sort will produce Flowers the July following, and will perfect their Seeds in Auguji but the Roots
;

9 bell-foaped Flower, conffling a If

provided they are plunged into the Bark bed in the Stove, and kept in a moderate Temperature of Heat. The fecond Sort, which rifes much higher than cither of the other, will require to be fhifted into larger Pots, by the Beginning of June and then they ftiould be remov'd inwill

continue,

of of which arifes the Pointal, which afterward becomes a foft roundijh Fruit, in which are inched tor* or two hard
one

Leaf

in

the Ct?itre

Seeds.

The
1.

Species are

Ruscus TKyrtifolius acuLatus. Town. The common Knee-holly,

or Butchers-broom.
2.

Ruscus

anguftifolius,

frutin

folio

innafcente.

Taunt.

Narrow-

to the Stove, or a Glafs-cafe,

where

lcav'd Butchers-broom, or Alexan-

a larger Share of Air ; otherwife they will draw up very weak, which will prevent their

they

may have

drian Laurel, with the Fruit grow-

ing on the Leaves.

3.

Ruscus

latifalius, fruclu folio

Flowering. This Sort dies to the Root every Winter ; but if the Pots are placed in a warm Stove, their Roots will live, and put out again the following Spring, fo may be continued feveral Years. This Sort will ripen Seeds- very well, provided the Plants are fhelter'd when they are in Flower.

innafcente.

Toum.

Broad

leav'd

Butchers - broom, or Alexandrian Laurel, with the Fruit growing on the Leaves.
4.

Ruscus

angujlifalius, fruclu
innafcente.

fummis ramulis

Toum.

Narrow-leav'd Butchers - broom, or Alexandrian Laurel, with the Fruit growing upon the Tops of the Branches.
C.

The

firft

Sort

is

by much the moft

beautiful Plant, the Flowers being

Ruscus
e crenis

latifolius

erenatvs,

four times as large as thofe of either

fruclu

foliorum prodeuntihus

of the other

Sorts,

and are of a

fine

Broad leav'd

Alexandrian

Laurel,

with

R U
with the Fruit growing upon the Edges of the Leaves. 6. Ruscus vulgaris, folio ampliore. Hart. Paf.

R U
Thefe Plants may be propagated by parting their Roots in the Spring of the Year, before they begin to

Butchers- broom

with a larger Leaf.

7.
fiiore.

Ruscus vulgaris folio anguNarrow leav'd Butchers,

broom.
the

The firft Woods

and
is

Sort

is

very

common

in

make new Shoots; obierving, if the Seafon be dry, to water them until they have taken Root after which they will require no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds obferving not to transplant or d;i;

in divers

Parts of Eng-

Gardens. The Roots of this Kind are fometimes ufed in Medicine and the green Shoots are cut, and bound
rarely cultivated in
;

land,

turb their Roots oftener than once in thrte Years ; for when they are often remov'd, they feldom mri\e
well, and rarely produce Fruit.

into Bundles, and fold to the Butchers, who ufe it as Befoms to fvveep
their

the

Name

Blocks from whence of Butchers-broom.

;

it

had

The

fecond, third, fourth, fixth,

Sorts are hardy Plants;
not:

and feventh and though

Sort ;s tender, and mult be placed in Pots filled with frefli Earth, and in Winter put into the Green houfe; but it mould be placed where it may have free Air in mild Weather, and be conltantly watered which Management in
fifth

The

therefore

Natives of England, yet may be preferv'd in Gardens, if planted in a fhady Situation, as in Wildernefs-quarters, i5c. where they ferve to intermix with other Woodplants, to make Variety. The fecond and third Sorts are fometimes ufed in Medicine. The fecond Sort has fmall Leaves growing out of the Middle of the
larger
;

fend forth Stems fix or eight Feet high, furnilh'd with Leaves from Bottom to Top; and in
this Plant will

Junew'il] be clofely fet with Flowers

upon

their

Edges, which

make a

a very beautiful and odd Appearance, and renders

Place in

lb it

is

called Bis -lingua

by

it worthy of a every good Collection of Plants. This is alfo propagated byparting the Roots, as the former, which mould not be done very of-

fome Writers.

The

other Hands in

the Difpenfaries under the Title of Laurus Alexandrina. Thefe Plants produce their Flowers and Fruit on the Middle of their Leaves, which are of the Size of fmall Cherries ; and being of a fine red Colour, make a pretty Appearance, efpecially when there is plenty

becaufe, if the Roots are not ; permitted to remain fome time to get Strength, they will produce but weak Shoots, and very few Flowers: and in the Strength of their Shoots,
ten

and
er!:

Number

of Flowers, the great-

of the Fruit on the Plants. The Fruit is ripe in Winter ; fo that there are fome Perfons who cut the Branches with their ripe Fruit, to put into Bafons, for adorning their
at

Rooms

that Seafon,

when

there are few

;

will

and thefe keep frefh a long time, when put into Water,
other Plants in Beauty

Beauty of thefe Plants confitb, This Sort grows plentifully at Madeira, from whence the Seeds may be procur'd ; but this commonly lies in the Ground a Year before the fo mould be (own Plants come up in Pots filled with freih Earth, and placed under an Hot-bed-frame in Winter, to fcreen the Seeds from the Froft; and the following Spring
;

the Plants will appear.

It
is

generally fuppofed, that

it

was

R U
Was one of
fjnce
thefe Plants

R U
which the

The
that

antient Victors were

crownM with;

firft Sort here menticn'd is which the College of Phyficiar.s

from the Pliablenefs of their Branchef, whereby they are very proper to wreathe into any Figure,
as alfo from the

have directed to be uied in Medicine, and is the moil commonly cultivated

in England.

Refemblance thofe

The

fecond Sort

is

propr.gared
;

Coronets, which we fee furrounding the Heads of fome antient Bulb,

have

to

the Leaves of thefe Plants,

but in few Gardens in England tho' the third, which is a Variety of tne iecond, and only differing from it in

is

a probable

Conjecture at

leaft.

RUT A,
The

Rue.
mofl part con-

having White,
thofe

Characters are

Leaves variegated wicii very commmon in England, being greatly cultivated by

its
is

The Flcnver for the

placed orbicularly,

ffls offour bolknu Leaves,

which are and expand in form

of a Rofe
becomes

out

arijes the Pointed,

of whofe Flanker-cup which afterward

Gardeners who fupply the London Markets with Plants in the Spring-feafon ; at which time this Plant makes a beautiful Appearance but as the Seafon advances,
:

which is generally four-cornered, and composed effour Cells fx V to an Axis, andfull

a
roundijb Fruit,

offmall angular Seeds.

and the Plants increafe in Vigour, the Variegation of the Leaves goes off, and they appear almoit green ; but their Colour returns in Winter.

The
1.

Species are

major hortenfs latifdia. Mor. Hijl. The common broadleav'd Garden-rue. 2. Rut a hortenfs minor tenuifolia. Mor. Hijl. The letter Garden-rue, with narrow Leaves. 3. Ruta hortenfs minor tenuifolia.
.

Ruta

The two Sorts of Aleppo Rue are only prefer v'd in fome curious Gardens, being rarely ufed in Medithough of late Years the broadwas become fo plenty, as to be brought to the Markets inllead of the firlt Sort but being much ranker, and of a more offenfive Smell, it was neglected. The greater wild Rue is lefs comcine
;

leav'd Sort

foliis

variegatis argent eis.

Boerh.

Ind.

The

narrow White.
4.

Garden-rue, with Leaves, variegated with

letter

mon

in Engla?ui than either of the

Ruta

Chalepenfs latifolia, flo<villis

T'tm pet a lis

fcatentihus.

H. L.

The
5.

broad-leav'd Aleppo Rue, whofe

befet with

Flower leaves are

Down.

This I raifed from Seeds, which were fent me by my honoured Friend Mr. Henry Hopkey, from Gibraltar, where this Plant grows upon the Hills in great Plenty.
former.

Ruta

Chalepenfs

tenuifolia,

forum

Mor. Hijl. Narrow -leav'd Aleppo Rue, whofe Flower-leaves are befet with
prtalis villis fcatentihus.

The fmaller wild Rue is alfo uncommon the Leaves of this Sort are
:

fmall, and neatly fet

fo as to

make
this,
;

a very pretty

Down.
6.

ance
fylvefris major. C. B. P.
fylvefris minor. C. B. P.

but

on the Branches, Appearand the former Sort?,

are frequently de->

Ruta Ruta

are

tender

fo

Greater wild Rue.

7.

Smaller wild Rue.

8.

Ruta
v.

fylvefris linifolia Hi-

fpanica.

Bocc
ith a

Muf
leaf.

Spanjb wild

Rue,

Flax

by Cold in the Winter. Thefe two Sorts produced plenty of Seeds in the Phy fic-garden at Che If a .which. feemed very perfect ; but not one of them came up v/hen fown. The eighth Sort is alfo tender, and
ftroy'd

Vol.. III.

comes

R U
comes from the fame Country
;

R U
there-

prefent they

are chiefly cultivatej

the

fore thefe three fhould be planted in

for medicinal Ufe, or to furnifh the

Pots, and (helter'd in Winter

from

Balconies

for

Citizens in the

fevere Froft

but they mult have free Air in mild Weather. All thefe Plants may be propagated either by fowing of their Seed?, or
;

Spring.

RUTA CANINA.
phularia.

Vide Scro-

RUTA MURARIA,

Wall-rue,

by planting

Slips or Cuttings;

both

of which muft be done in the Spring. of propagating them from Cuttings being the fame with Rofmary, &c. I mall not repeat it here, but refer the Reader to that Article ; and if they are propagated by Seeds, there needs no farther Care but to dig a Bed of frefh Earth in

The manner

or White Maiden-hair. This Plant is found growing out of the Joints of eld Walls in divers
-Parts o{ England,

for medicinal

where it is gather 'd Ufe ; but as it cannot

be cultivated in Gardens, fo as to grow to Advantage, I fball not fay any thing more of it in this Place.

RUYSCHIANA.
Characters are hath a lahiated Flower cgvfifing of one Leaf whofe Upper-lip ( or Creft J is divided into two Parts ; but
It

the Spring,

making
:

it

level

then to

The

fow the Seeds thereon, and rake the Ground fmooth after which you
muft obferve to keep the Bed clear

from Weeds until the Plants are come up about two Inches high when they mould be tranfpianted out
into frelh Beds,

the

Beard

is

cut into

three Segments^

the middle Segment being divided into Parts, and is twijled like a Screw: of the Empaiemcnt arifes the Pointal fixed like a Nail in the hinder Part of the Flower, attended by four Embryoes ; which afterward become fo many Seeds inclofcd in the Empaleout
t

two

where they may

re-

main

for Ufe.

have a dry Soil, otherwife very fubject to be deftroy'd ter. The two Aleppo Rues, wild Rue, are fomewhat

All thefe Plants muft they are

in

Win-

and the
tenderer

ment.

than the common Sort ; but thefe will endure our ordinary Winters very well in the open Air, efpecially if they are planted on a dry Soil. The firft Sort was formerly ufed to plant for Edgings on the Sides of Borders ; it was then called Herb of Grace ; but was by no means proper for this Ufe for the Plants
j

is no keeping them within the Bounds of an Edging ; befides, when they are kept clofely mear'd, they appear very ragged and ftumpy and their Roots fpread fo far, as to exhauft the Goodnefs of the Soil, fo that the other Plants would be deprived of their Nourimment j which Reafons have caus'd them to be wholly neg-

ihoot fo vigoroufly, that there

have but one Species of this which is, Ruyschiana fore cceruleo magno. Boerh.Ind. alt. Ruyfchiana with a large blue Flower. This Name was given to this Plant by the learned Dr. Boerbaave, ProfefTor of Botany at Leaden, in Honour to Dr. Ruyfcb, who was ProfefTor of Anatomy and Botany at AmIt was by fome Writers in fierdam. Botany ranged among the Hy flops ; by others it was made a Groundpine ; and by fome a Self-heal ; to neither of which it exactly agreed: which occafion'd Dr. Boerhaave to conftitute a new Genus of it by this
Plant
;

We

Name.
This
is

a perennial Plant, which

lected for this Purpofe

fc that at

dies to the

Root

in

Autumn, and

rifes

again

R U
again the following Spring. It commonly grows about two Feet high, and has long narrow Leaves, fomewhat refembling thofe of Rofmary ;

by Hand, and
form'd.
are
#

is

much

fooner

per-

At Michaelmas, when
tranfplanted
for

the Plants

on the Topsof the

ers

Stalk, the
in

Flowthick

are produced

a clofe

Spike, growing in Whorle^ round the Stalk ; which are of a fine blue

Colour, and make a very pretty Appearance during their Continuance in .Beauty ; which in a cool Seafon is fometimcs fix Weeks, beginning in

May, and
It is

lafting

till

July.

propagated by Seed, which mould be fovvn in the Middle of May-chy in a Bed of frem light Earth, in an open Expofure; and in about

Weeks after the Plants will apwhen they fhould be carefully cleared from Weeds and if the Seafon mould prove dry, they muft be
five

pear,

now and-then with Water, which will greatly promote their Growth. When the Plants are about two Inches high, they mould be carefully tranfplanted into a Bed or Border of frem light undunged Earth, obferving to (hade them from the Sun until they have taken Root; as alfo to refrefh them frequently with Water, until they are well eftablim'd in this Bed after which time they will require no farther Care, but to keep them conftantly clear from
refrefhed
\

Weeds,

till

Michaelmas, when they

into the Places
to

are to be
for good.

removed

where they are defigned

remain

good, they fhould be carefully taken up with and Balls of Earth to their Roots they muft be planted in the Middle o the Borders in frefh light Earth, intermixing them with other hardy Plants of the fame Growth ; where they will make a pretty Appearance, when they are in Flower, and will continue three or four Years ; and in fome poor flony Soils I have known the Roots live fix or feven Years ; but thefe did not produce fo large Spikes of Flowers, as thole younger and more vigorous Planes. It will be proper to have fome of the Plants in Pocs, which, in cafe of a fevere Winter, may be fhelter'd under a Frame, for fear thofe Plant* which are exposed mould be deftroyed ; and thefe Plants in Pots, if they are duly fupply'd with Water in dry Weather, will flower very ftfong ; wherefore they may be placed among other Plants, to decorate Courts, &c. where they will have a good Effect. But as thefe Plants do not continue many Years, it will be proper to raife a Supply of young Plants to fucceed them for the old Plants will produce Seeds plentifully, which are ripe in Augujl, when they mould be gather'd in dry Weather, and kept in a warm dry Room, till the time for fowing them.
; i

When the Plants are firfl tranfplanted from the Seed-bed into a
Nurferybed, they mould be planted about
for
fix

Inches afunder every

will be fufficient

Way, which

room

A
;

them the firft Seafon ; and this will admit of the Hoe to come between the Plants to deftroy the Weeds, which is by much a better Method than the pulling them out

ABINA, The Savine-tree. The Cbaraclers are

//
ly

bath company rigid, attd prickever -green Leaves: the Fruit is

I 2

fmally

A
their

S
Roots
will greatly

A
their

fnmll, fl>hir\cal) and ivar/ed ; and the ivhole Plant has a 'very rank
flrong Smell.

every Spring,

promote

which Growth.

The
1
.

Species arc

S a in N a folio tantarifci Diofcori-

dis.

C.B, P. The Male

or

common
C.B. P.

Savine.
2.

Sabina folio

CUprtffl.

The
vine.
3.

berry-bearing, or upright Sa-

Thefe Plants are ufually ranged with the Junipers ; to which Genus they properly belong by their Characters but as they have been long known by the Title of Savine in the Shops, I have continued this Name to them.
;

The
Sabina
folio evaritgato.

firft:

Sort feldom

produces

The
culti-

Berries in this Country, r.or in

many

fhiped Savine.

other Places

which has occafion'd

Thefe Plants are commonly

many

vated for medicinal Ufc, and are rarely planted in Gardens for Pleafure, becaufe their ill Scent renders them difagreeable in frequented Places ; but yet they may be admitted
for planting in Clumps, or to form Amphitheatres of ever- green Trees where, if thefe are intermixed among other low growing Plants, they will add to the V ariety. Thefe Plants may be propagated by laying down their young Branches in the Spring; which, if duly watered in dry Weather, will take Hoot in a Year's time, and may then be tranfplanted out either into a Nurfery, or the Places where they are to remain they may alfo be propagated by Cuttings, which mould be planted on a moift Soil about the which, if J^eginning of October duly water'd in dry Weather, will take Root, and the Autumn following may be removed, as was directed
:

Perfons to give it the Epithet of Male, and to the upright Sort that of Female, from its bearing plenty of Berries ; and from hence fome have fuppofed them to be but one Species ; but they are certainly
differ in the

Plants ; for they totally mariner of their Growth, as alfo in their Leaves. I have fometimes found Berries on the firft Sort; but thefe are produe'd fparingly, and
diftincl:

two

never but on old Plants. The firft feldom rifes above three or four Feet high ; the Branches fpread horizontally to a great Diftance from the Stem fo thefe Plants are very proper to plant for covering of Rocks, or to hang over Water, where the dark Green of the Leaves will have a very good Effect and being extremely hardy, is an;

other

Recommendation

for in the

fevere Froft in the Year 1739-46. when there were few Plants efcap'd,
thefe
retain'd
their

Verdure,

and

for the Layers.

were not

isjur'd.

time for tranfplanting thefe is the fame with Laurels, Laurus Tinus, &e. obferving to do T eather, laying a little it in moift Mulch upon .'the Surface of the Ground about their Roots, to prevent their drying after they are
Plants

The

The

other Sort grows more erect,

rife to the

and will

Height of ten or
this

twelve Feet.
dar,

The Leaves of

referable thofe of the Virginian

Ce-

rooted, they will require no farther

Care, but to

and have the fame rank Scent common Savine but this is not common in England at prefent however, it deferves to be propaas the
; :

keep them

clear

from

gated, as

it

makes

a Variety

among

\Vj;eds, .and ro dig the

Ground about

other ever-green Shrubs.

SAFFRON.

A
Vide Crocus.
or
Ih.

S
Toum. Cor.

A
Candy Willow"

SAFFRON.
Spiked
'The

SAGE. Vide Salvia. SALIC ARIA, Willow- wort,

Loofe-ftrife.

wort, with a Pomgranate-leaf.

very
are;

The two Sorts firlt-mention'd are common by the Sides of Ditches,

Places,
in divers

The Char after s

Flowers

and other moid

federal
tivated in

conf;Ji

of

Parts of England, and are rarely cul-

and expand

Leaves, <vohicb are placed circularly, in form of a Rofe : theft

Gardens yet, for the Beauty cf their long Spikes of pur:

Leaves are producedfrom tbelncifures of the Flower-cup : from the Centre of the Flower-cup rifes the Point al, which afterward becomes a Fruit, or c-val Hujh, confining of two Cells, and generally full of fmall Seeds, which adhere to the Placenta, and are commonly wrapped up in the Flower-cup.

ple Flowers, they deferve a Place in

good Garden, as a'.fo for their long Continuance in Flower: however, if there happens to be a moilt boggyPlace in a Garden, where few other Plants will thrive, thefe may be placed there to Advantage, and will
a

The

Species are

foliis cblongis.

i.Salicaria vulgaris purpurea, Toum. Purple fpiked

Willow-herb, or Loofe-ftrife, with long Leaves.

2.

rotundis.

Salicaria purpurea, foliis/ubPurple fpiked Toum.

afford a great deal of Pleafure. They propagate themfelves very fait by their creeping Roots and if they delight in the Soil, will in amort time multiply exceedingly. Thefe produce their Flowers in June and^Vy, and often continue till Augujl in Beauty.
;

Willow-herb, or Loofe-itrife, with

roundifti Leaves.
3.

The two next Sorts are found wild

in England,

on moift
{lands
in

Salicaria

hyjfopi folio latiore.

the

Water

Soils, where Winter but

;

Inf.

Broad hyflbp - leav'd H. Willow-wort, or Hedge-hyflbp.

4.

Jiiore. In/I. R.

Saliqaria H.
Salicaria
folio.

hyffopi folio

an^u-

Narrow
Lufitanica,

hyflbp-

ieav'd Willow-wort, or Grafs poly.

5.

fliore

Inf.

R. H.

anguPortugal
hyjjbpi

Willow-wort, with a narrow Leaf.

6.

they are pretty rare near London. Thefe are feldom preferved in Gardens, but are here mentioned to introduce the next Sort, which is a very beautiful Plant, and deferves a Place in every curious Garden, for its long Continuance in Flower This Sort is a Native of Portugal-, but is a
.

Salicaria Hi [panic a,

folio, foribus
ruleis.

oblongis, faturate cae-

Spanijh WiilowUfi. R. H. wort, with an Hyfibp-leaf, and oblong deep blue Flowers. 7. Salicaria minima LupAanica, The nummularis? folio. Inf. R. H.
leal!

tolerable hardy Plant, and wiil endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters in the open Air ; but in very fe-

vere Frolt,
fo that

is

fometisnes uer\royed

;
'

Portugal Willow- wort, with a Moneywort-leaf.

8.

fome Plants of this Kind may be planted in Po:<, which may be fheher'd under a common Frame in Winter, where they ihould have as
free Air* as
poilible in

much

miid*

Salicaria Orientals,
rjf

falicis

Weather;

for they only require to

folio acutijjimo

glabro.

Tourn. Car.

be protected from very hard Frofh.

In Summer they may be placed abroad with other flowering Plants; but in dry Weather- they mutt be duly
i-

Eaftern Willow-wort, with a fharp-

poimed imooth Willow- leaf. 9. Salicaria Cnti-:a t funic*fa<

watered.

; ,

A
is

watered, otherwife they will not flower ftrong, nor continue fo long in Beauty. Thefe Flowers are pro-

duced
Leaves,

from

the

Wings of
the

the

beginning at

Bottom

of the Stalks near the Root, and are continued all the Way up to the Top of the Stalks, which are about two Feet in Length ; for this Sort feldom the Flowers are rifs any higher pretty large, and of a bright purple Colour. This Plant begins to flower the Beginning of June, and continues
:

very hardy, and may be propagated either by Seeds, or by parting of the Roots, which is the furtlt way ; becaufe the Seeds do not ripen every Year in this Climate. The beft time to part the Roots is in Autumn, that they may be well fixed in
the Ground before the Spring ; becaufe thofe which are parted in the Spring, feldom flower very ftrong,
efpecially if the Seafon proves dry.

till

As
ripe

Auguft. this Sort very rarely produces

Seeds in England, it muft be propagated by parting of the Roots, or by laying down the Branches, which will take Root in a few

This Sort may be intermix'd with the two large Kinds firft-mention'd, and will grow in almoft any Situation, provided they are watered in diy Weather.

Months

(provided they are conftant]y watered in dry Weather) ; and may then be taken from the old Plants, and planted into Pots, that

SALICORNIA, Jointed Glaffwort, or Saltwort. The Characters are It hath an apetalous Flower, ivantEmpaUment ; for the Stamina ( or Chives ), and the Emhryoes, grow on the extreme Part of the Leaves : thefe Embryoes afterward become Pods or Bladders, which far the mofi part
ing the
contain one Seed.

may be flielter'd in Winter and the Spring following, fome of them may be fhaken out of the Pots and planted into a Border, where they may have the morning Sun ; and in dry Weather, if they are wathey
tered conftantly, they will flower very well, and make a fine Appearance.

The Species
1.

are

Sa li corn i a geniculata femper virens. Toum. Cor. Jointed evergreen Glaflwort.

2. Salicornia geniculata annua* Toum. Cor. Annual Jointed Giaff-

The

fixth Sort

is

alfo a

very beau-

wort.

and well deferves a Place in every good Garden. This grows about the fame Height with the former fo may be interfpers'd with it
tiful Plant,
;

Thefe Plants grow on the Seamany Parts of Europe, and upon the Shores in feveral Places in England^hich are waihed everyTide
coaft in

in the Borders of the Flower-garden ; as may alfo the feventh and

eighth jSorts, for Variety, tho' they are not near fo beautiful as either of
the former Sorts. treated in the fame

with the Salt-water ; but are rarely planted in Gardens, becaufe it is very difficult to make them grow in any
other Situation, tb.2n in Salt-marfhes, and on the Shores, where the Salt-

Thefe may be manner as hath

water frequently flows.

Of

thefe

been directed for the fifth Sort ; with which Management they will thrive very well. The eighth Sort grows much taller than either of the other ; fo mould be plac'd asn6ngft larger Plants. This

Plants there feem to be two or three Varieties, which appear remarkably

different
;

but are not Juppofed to be

diftincl Species.

The
coaft;

Inhabitants

where

thefe Plan;; grow,

near the Seacu:

: ;

them up toward the Latter-end of 6. Saltx folio auricula to fplenSummer, when they are fully dente, fiexilis. Cat. Cant. The grown and after having dried them round-ear'd mining Willow. in the Sun, they burn them for their 7. Salix folio longo fubluteo, non Ames, which are ufed in making of auriculato, viminibus luteis. Raii Syn, Glafs and Soap. Thefe Herbs are, The long-leav'd yellowifti Willow. by the Country-people, call'd Kelp ; 8. Salix latifclia rotunda. C.
and are promifcuoufly gather'd
Ufe.
for

B. P. Round-Ieav'd Sallow.
9.

Salix

latifclia rotunda

varie-

From

the Allies of thefe Plants

is

gata.
10.

The

ftriped Sallow.
latifolia,

extracted the Salt, called Sal Kali,

Salix

folio fplen-

or Alkali, which
the Chemifts.

is

much

ufed

by

Raii Syn.

Broad

iriining-leav'd Sal-

low.

The manner

of gathering and

11.

Salix Or ient alls,

pulchre

fiagellis de>.

burning of thefe Herbs is already mention'd under the Article of Kali

fo I mall not repeat
it

orfum
12.
folio.

pendent ibus

T, Cor,

The weeping Willow.

Salix
caprea, acuta hngoque

in this Place.

In fome Parts of England thefe Herbs are gather'd and pickled for Samphire, though it is very different from either of thefe.

Raii Syn. Mountain Willow, with a long-pointed Leaf.

13.

Salix minime
Raii Syn.

fragilis, folii:

longijjimis utrinque <viridibus

non fer-

SAL1X, The
tree.

Sallow, or Willow*

ratis.

Smooth longgreenlongijjima.

leav'd Willow.

Characters are ; It bath amentaceous Flowers, conJifling

The

14.

Salix

folio

Cat,

Cant.
15.

The

Ofier.

offederal Stamina, wbicb are a Spike, but are barren tbe Embryces are produced upon difcollected into

Salix

bumilior, foliis anguftis

fubcaeruleis

Syn.
16.
lio,

The
repens.

ex ad-verfo btnis. Raii yellow dwarf Willow.

alni rotundo fo-

ferent Trees

from

tbe

Male Flowers,
or Hujk,
in

Salix Alpina,

and afterward become a Fruit

jhaped
like

a Cone, opening

two

Mountain, creeping Willow, with a round AlBocc. Muf.

der-leaf.

Parts, and containing downy Seeds,

The
1.

Species are

There
white

are a greater

Number of
of
in-

Salix

vulgaris alba arbor e-

Species to be found in England than

fcens. C. B. P.

The common

are here mention'd, the

efpecially

Willow.
2. Salix folio laureo,feu lata glabra odorato. Pbyt. Brit. The bayleav'd fweet Willow. 3.

Sallows,

as

have been
judicious
are
at

formed

by a
:

very
there

Baleaft

fket-maker

Salix

folio longo utrinque <vi~

rente odorato.

The

long-leav'd fweet

Willow. 4. Salix
Willow. 5. Salix
que aurito
Syn.
y

folio longo latcque fplen-

dente,fragilis. Rail Syn.

The Crack
utrin-

thirty Sorts, which they diltinguifh by Name, commonly in Ufe in their Trade and befides thefe, there are a great Number of mountain Willows, which grow upon dry Grounds, and are cultivated as Under-wood,
;

in
folio amygdalino,

corticem aljiciens.

Rait

many Parts of England. The firft Sort here mention'd is the common white Willow, which
grows to the
Sorts.

The almond -leav'd Willow,

tin: calls its Bark,

Th?
1

of all the Shoots of this are bri:largeft Size

tl?,

S
tie,

A
for the Bafkct;

S
njafit,

A
is

fo are not

fit

makers or Gardeners out the Wood of this Tree was much efleem'd by the Shoemakers for Heels of Shoes,
being a light fmooth Wood fo that this Sort is only proper for fuch Plantations as are defigned to grow tali, either for Shade or Shelter ; therefore is generally planted in low marthy Lands, for that Purpofe. The fecond Sort flioots very ftrong, bat is not inclinable to grow to a large Size ; fo k chiefly planted for the Ufe of Bafket- makers theTwigs of this being pliable. The Leaves of this are as large as thofe of the Baytree, and have an agreeable Scent ; for which Reafon many People plant this in the low wet Parts of Plantation?, where better Things will not
:

a Native. The Branches of this Sort are very {lender, and always hang downward ; which occafion'd this Title of weeping Willow. This is very proper to plant at the Termination of Water,

where

it

where the Head isdefign'd to be hid, and the Sight deceiv'd, by the Water being loft under the Boughs of the Willow. The eighth, ninth, and twelfth Sorts are frequently planted in Copand are ofpice?, for Underwood ten cut for Hoops, as alfo for makeIng Hurdle - fences about Fields. Thefe Sorts grow upon dry chalky Lands, where few other Kinds will
;

thrive.

thrive.

The ninth Sort is only a Variety of the eighth, having variegated Leaves, which in the Spring make
a pretty Appearance
in
;

The

third Sort hath alfo an agree;

fo

is

preferv'd

by many preferved in their Gardens and Plantations. The Twigs of this are pliable, which renders them fit for the Bafk.et-makers and Gardeners.
able Scent
fo is
is brittle, fo unThis grows to be a large Tree; therefore may be planted for Shade and Shelter.

of thofe who are curious in having Plants with variegated Leaves.

the Gardens

The
ble

iixteenth Sort

is

of very

hum-

The

fourth Sort

Growth, feldom rifing to be one Foot high. The Roots of this Kind
creep in the Ground ; fo it propagates very faft in a cold moift Situation. This grows plentifully in the mountainous Parts of Wales and

fit

for Ufe,

The
teenth,

fifth,

fixth,

feventh,

thir-

fourteenth,

and

fifteenth
;

Sorts have pliable

Twigs

fo

are

Cumberland, as alfo upon the Alps ; and I have alfo received it from Da*uis*s

planted in the Ofier-grounds for the Haskec-makers; but the thirteenth

Streights
in

fo that I believe

it is
:

common

moft cold Countries

Sort

is

efleem'd the belt.

The

Tvvio;s

of this may be tvviiled about like Thread, being exceeding tough and
pliable
;

therefore thefe'are the befl

Sort for the Gardeners Ufe, and particularly for fattening of Fruit-trees
to the Efpalier; fo that
is

but it is difHcult to get this to thrive in the South ; for where fome curious Perfons have procurM Plants of it from the Places of its Growth, they have not been able to keep it

many Years

for

it

delights to

grow

Room
The

where there and Conveniency, a few of

thefe (hould be planted, becaufe they

where the Soil is of a peaty Nature. But as this Plant is of no Ufe or Beau-

upon Moors and Swamps,

are very ufefu! in a Garden.

ty,

it is

rarely preferved in Gardens.

not a Native of this Country ; but has been introduced cf late Years from ihsJLeeleventh Sort
is

There are. feveral of the which are planted in the

Sorts
Oiler-

grounds, and always kept low, that

when

A
all

s
the Filth and
tain'd

A
Weeds
will be dewhich will

tyhen they are not cut down, and have room to grow, will rife to a
confiderable Height, and become fo that they may be large Trees planted for the fame Purpofes as the
:

by the Plants, choak them up.

firft

Sort,

and

will

make
with

a Variety

when
their

intermix'd

it j

though
for

they are

commonly

cultivated

The bell Seafon for planting thefe Cuttings is in February ; for if the/ are planted fooner, they are apt to peel, if it proves hard Froft ; which greatly injures them. Thefe Plants
are always cut every

Twigs, which are annually cut, and produce good Profit to the Owner of the Land. All the Sorts of Willows may be eafily propagated by planting Cuttings or Sets in the Spring, which readily take Root, and are of quick Growth. Thofe Sorts which grow to be large Trees, and are cultivated for their Timber, are generally planted from Sets, which are about feven or eight Feet long thefe are Iharpen'd at their larger End, and thrylt into the Ground by the Sides of Ditches and Banks, where in which Plathe Ground is moiit ces they make a confiderable Progrofs, and are a great Improvement
:

Year

and

if

the Soil be good, they will produce

a great

Crop;

fo

that the yearly-

Produce of one Acre has been often fold for fifteen Pounds; but ten Pounds is a common Price, which is much better than Corn-land fo that it is great Pity thefe Plants are not more cultivated, efpecially upon moift boggy Soils, upon which few other Things will thrive. s
;

SALVIA, Sage. The Characters

//

are

to fuch Eftates
will be
fit

becaufe their

Tops

to lop every fifth or fixth

hath a labiated Flower, confining of one Leaf whofe Upper-lip is fometimes arched, and fometimes hooked ; hut the Under- lip, or Beard, is divided into three Purts, hunching out, and not hollowed, as the Clary: cut of the Flower -cup
rifes the Pointal, attended, as it

Year.
is

The

larger

Wood,

if

found,

were,

commonly

fold for

making wood-

by four Embryocs,

alio to the Turners, for

en Heels or Soles for Shoes ; as many Kinds of light Ware.

The
ed

Sallows are

in Cuttings

commonly plantmade from itrong

:

which afterward become fo many Seeds, which are roundijh, fiut up in an Hufk, which was before the Flower- cup : to which may be added, That the Stamina fomewhat refmble the Os Hyoidis.

Shoots of the former Year, and are thefe are about three Feet long

The
1.

Species are;

commonly

thruft

down two

Feet

deep into the Ground, and are one Foot above it. The Soil mould always be dug or plow'd before they are planted, and the Cuttings plac'd about three Feet Rcw from Row, and eighteen Inches afunder in the Rows; obferving alwavs to place the Rows the Hoping Way of the Ground (fpecially if the. Tides overflow the Place) becaufe if the
;

major, Theophrafi. C. B. P. or common Sage.

2.

Salvia

an Sphacelus

The

greater

Salvia
Salvia

nigra.

C.B.P. Com-

mon
3.

red Sage.

major, foliis ex wridi

Iff

albo mariegatis, Boerh. Ind.

The

greater Sage, with Leaves variegated with

4.

White and Green. Salv/a foliis <verfic:loribus. C.

Party-colour'd Sage.

B.

P
5.

Salvia Iatif alia /errata. C. B.

Broad- leav'd notched Sage.
6.

Rows

are plac'd the contrary

Ways,

P.

The

Salvia

S
6.

A
fol'iis

s
Ujh Gardens
;

a
is

Salvia

latifolia /errata,

but the red Sort

molt

ex albo n/ariegatis. Broad - leav'd Sage, with variegated Leaves.

7.

commonly
try,

cultivated in this

Coun-

which many Perfons fuppofe to

B.
8.

abjinthium redolens. J. Wormwood Sage.

Salvia

be only a Variety of the

but Difference
;

common
its

Sort
as I

it

Salvia minor

aurita,

&

conftantly preferves

non

aurita. C. B. P. Sage of Virtue.

9.
tis.

when raifed from Seeds, have two or three times experi;

Salvia

minor, foliis n/ariega-

mented

fo that I don't fcruple to

diftincl Species,

H. R. Par.
10.

Sage of Virtue,
folia lati

make
much

it

fince its
is

with ftriped Leaves.

Difference

from

the

common

Salvia Orient alts

gna. Boerh.

abjinthium redolent, fiore cameo maBroad - leavM Eaftern Sage, fmelling like Wormwood,

greater than in fome of the other Sorts of Sage, particularly the Sage of Virtue, and the Lavenderleav'd Sage; both which, when cultivated in a

with a large flefh-colour'd Flower.

ir.

good

Soil, are fo nearly

Salvia

Orient alis

lati folia

alike, as not to be diftinguihYd by*

hirfutijjima <vifeofa pimiata,

fore

iff

the beft Botanifts. This red Sage, the

ralyce purpureis, inodora. Boerh. Ind.

Wormwood
for

Sage, and Sage of Virtho' the

broad hairy clammy wing'd Leaves, with a purple Flower and Flower-cup, without
Eaftern

Sage,

with

tue, are the principal Sorts cultivated

Ufc

in

England
is

Broad-

leav'd Sage

Smel!.
12.

Salvia Africa na

frutefcens,

to the Sage of Virtue for Tea, it giving the Water a much more grateful Fla-

much

preferable

folio feorodoni<e> fore nj'wlaceo.

H. A. Shrubby African Sage, with a Woodtage-leaf, anda violet colour'd Flow13.

vour, and is efteemed to be of a lefs drying Quality ; fo that moll Perfons, who are Lovers of Sage-tea 4
prefer this for that Purpofe.

er.

Salvia Africana

frutefcens,

folio-

fub rot undo glauco, fore aureo magna. H. A. Shrubby African Sage, with roundim fea-green Leaves, and a large golden Flower.
14. Salvia Orient alis abfinthium reddens, foliis pinnatis, fiore carneo, elatior. Sher. Eaftern upright Worm-

All the Sorts of Sage, except the eleventh Sort, which is but annual,

Sage, with wing'd Leaves, and a flefh-colour'd Flower. panic a, folio laven15. Salvi a Hi f Spanijh Sage, with a dultf. Tourn.
Lavender-leaf.

wood

be propagated by planting CutSlips, during any f the Summer-months, obferving to water and (hade them until they have taken Root ; after which they may be taken up, and planted where they aredefigned to remain, which mould always be upon adry Soil, and where they may have the Benefit of the Sun
tings or

may

There
or at

are feveral other Species,

on a moift Soil, or in a ftiady Situation, they are very fubjeft to be deftroyed in Winter ;
for if they are planted

leaft Varieties,

of

this

Plant,

nor will thefe Plants endure the Cold

fo well,

which are prefer ved in fome curious but thofe Botanic Gardens abroad here mentioned are what I have
;

when planted upon

a rich

which have a barren, dry, rocky Soil, which is the Cafe

Soil, as thofe

obferved.in the Englijh Gardens.

The firfl Sort, tho' the moft common in many Parts of Europe, yet
is

of moil of the verticillate Plants. The Side fhoots and Tops of thefe

bat rarely to be feea in the Eng-

may be gathered in the Sum mer, and dried, if deHgned for Tea
Plants

othcr^

S
from

A
Segments,
Rofe
:

S
thefe are,

A
haw

otherwife they are bed taken green the Plants for moft other Ufes.

and expand

The

twelfth, thirteenth,

teenth Sorts are

and fourfomewhat tender ;

freih light

collected into

in form of m for the mojl part, an Umbel, and are fuc~

ceeded by foft fucculent Berries,

therefore thefe muft be planted into

ing three Seeds in each.

Pots

filled
;

with

fandy
1
.

Earth

and in Winter muft be removed into the Confervatory, where they mould be placed as near the

The Species are Sambucus fruelu

;

in umbellct

nigro.

C. B. P.

Common
Common

Elder,

with black Berries.

2.

Windows

as poffible, that they

may

Sambucus
B. P.

frutlu in umbellct
Elder,

have a great Share of frelh Air whenmild ; for if they are too much drawn, they feldom flower well, and make but an indifferent Appearance in Summer they muft be expofed amongft other Exoever the Seafon
is
:

wiridi. C.

with greenifh Berries.

3.

The
4.

Sambucus fruflu alho. white-berried Elder.

Sambucus

Lob*

racemofa rubra. C,
red-berried

tic Plants in

fome well-fheltered

Si-

B. P. Elder.
5.

The mountain

tuation

for they are pretty hardy,

and only require to be meltered from the Froft, and ftrong Winds. Thefe Plants muft be often refrefoecT with Water, efpecially in warm Weather, otherwife they will mrivel and deand they mould be tranfplantcay
;

B. P.
6.

Sambucus laciniato folio. C. The Cut or Parftey-leav d

Elder.

Sambucus

vulgaris, foliis ex

luteo<variegatis.

The blotch'd-Ieav'd
humilis,

Elder.
7.
lus.

Sambucus
C. B. P.

fiveEhuElder,

ed at

leaft

twice every

Summer, be-

Dwarf

or

caufe their Roots will greatly increase ; which, if confin'd in the Pots too long, will turn mouldy, and deThe other Oriental Sorts are cay.

Danewort.

The firft of thefe Trees is very common in the Hedges in moft Parts
of England ; but the fecond and third Sorts are more rare : thefe are propagated for the fake of their Berries, which are by fome Perfons ufed for

hardy enough to endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters in the open
Air, provided they are planted in a dry Soil, and a warm Situation. Thefe Plants may alfo be propagated by fowLig their Seeds in the Spring upon a Bed of frefh Earth,

making Wine, and

poses.

for other Puris lefs

The

fourth Sort

com-

mon

obferving to keep the

Ground

clear

from Weeds until the Plants are come up ; when they mould be tranfplanted into Beds of frefh Earth, and treated as thofe raifed from Cuttings
or Slips.

England than either of the former, it being only to be found in fome curious Gardens at prefent. The fifth and fixth Sorts are preferv'd for the Variety of their Leaves, hy
in

SALVIA AGRESTIS.
Scordium.

Vide

Elder- tree. Characters are The Branches are full of Pith, hawing hut little Wood : the Flowers

SAMBUCUS, The
The

fuch as are curious in collecting the various Kinds of Trees and Shrubs. All thefe Sorts may be eafily propagated from Cuttings, or by fowing their Seeds ; but the former, being the moft expeditious Method, is generally pra&ifed. The Time for planting of their Cuttings is from September to March ; in the doing of

are monoid ale us, divided into federal

which, there needs no more Care than

A
It

than to thruft the Cuttings about fix or eight Inches into the Ground, and they will take Root faft enough, and may afterward be tranfplanted where they are to remain, which may be upon almoft any Soil or Siacration they are extreme hardy ; 2nd if their Seeds are permitted to
:

hath a wheel - Jhaped Flower, conftfting of one Leaf, which is cut into fweral Segments: the Point al arifes from the Empalement, and is

fxed like a Nail in

the Centre of the Flower ; which, uniting with the Empalement, is turn "d into a Fruit or

Pod, opening at the Top, and inclofing

upon the Ground, they will produce Plenty of Plants the fucceeding
fall

many fnall Seeds.

We
Plant
;

know
which

but one Species of this

is,

Summer.
Thefe Trees are often planted for making; Fences, becaufe of their quick Growth ; but as their Bottoms become naked in a few Years, they are not fo proper for that Ufe Tit: >er would I recommend them to
: u

Valerandi. J. B. Round-leav'd Water-pimpernel. This Plant grows wild in fwampy

Samolus

he planted near Habitations becaufe at the Seafon when they are m Flow;

where the Water ufually Winter; and is feldom preferved in Gardens it is an annual Plant, which flowers in June, and
Places,
ftands in
:

the

Seeds are ripe in Augujl

at

er, they emit fuch

a ftrong Scent, as
the

will occafion violent Pains in

Heads of thofe who abide long near them belides, the crude Parts which
:

tW

are continually perfpired thro' their Leaves, are accounted unwholfome ; the Leaves, Bark, and other

which time, whoever hath a mind to cultivate this Plant, mould fow the Seeds on a nioift Soil, where the Plants will come up, and require no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds. SANGUINARIA, Puccoon.

Farts, are greatly efteemed for

tJIes in Medicine.

many

The

Characlers are
is

found wild in foiae Counties of England; but near London it is propagated in Gardens for medicinal Ufe ; tho* very often the Herb- women in the Markets give the tender Shoots of the Elder-tree inltead of this, to fuch Perfons as can*c diuinguiwhthem afunder. This Plant multiplies exceeding fail by its creeping Root, which, if permitted to run, will foon overfpread a large Spot of Ground the Ort-fets of thefe Roots may be tranfplanted any time from September to March, and will grow in any Soil or Situation ; but fliould be allowed room
is
:

The Dwarf Elder

a Sheath, compofed of two o<vai conca<ve Leaves

inclofed in

The Flower

which fall off : the Flower hath eight oblong Petals, which are alternately narrow : thefe fpread open; and in the
Centre is fit ua ted the Pointal, attended by feveral fhort Stamina the Pointal afterward becomes an oblong fwelling Pod, opening both ways, and
:

including

We have
Plant; viz.
Hort. El/h.

many round-pointed Seeds. but one Species of this

minor, forefimplici.

Sancuinaria

The

fmall Puccoon,

with a fingle Flower. There are fome other Varieties of

this Plant

mentioned in the Eltham

to fpread ; for if they are planted near other Plant?, they will overjvin

Garden

and deftroy tnem.

but they are not diibntt Species, for they vary annually ; therefore it is to no purpofe to men;

SAMOLUS,
ter Pimpernel.

Round-leavM Waare

tion their Variations.

The Charafters

in

This Plant was formerly ranged th* Genus of Celandine, by the

Title

S
denfe acaulon
;

A
maximum Cana-

S
h

A
eafily di-

Title of Ckelidonium

and

this

Name of San-

guinaria

Dillenius,

tany at per Englijh

was applied to it by Dr. who was ProfefTor of BoWe have no proOxford.

will be pretty difficult to fag them, after their Leaves decay ; for they are of a dirty-brown Colour on

the Outfide

fo are not

fiinguifhed

from the Earth.

is

Name

for this

but as
it

This Plant
with the

very proper to

mir

the Inhabitants of America call

by

DogMoth Violet,

the Indian Name Puccoon, I have continued it here. It is a Native of moft of the Northern Parts of America where it
,

grows

plentifully in the

Woods and
;

Cyclamen, Ptmfia* Iris, dium, Sifyrinchium, and fome othe? low- growing bulbous and tuberousrootcd Flowers, which require the lame Culture ; where thefe will add
to

Spring Bulbcco-

in the Spring, before the Leaves of

come out, the Surface of the Ground is in many Places coverthe Trees

ed with the Flowers, which have fomeRefemblanceof our Wood Anemone ; but they have mort naked Pedicles, each fupporting one Flower at the Top fome of thefe Flowers will have ten or twelve Petals; fo that they appear to have a double Range of Leaves, which has occafioned their being termed double Flowers but this- is only accidenin tal, the fame Roots, different Years, producing different Flowers: the Roots of this Plant are tuberous, and the whole Plant has a yellow Juice, which the Indians ufe to paint
:
:

the Variety when they are in Beauty: for when the Roots are ftrong, and grow in a good Soi3 # they will produce a gre:u Number of Flowers upon each Root: the Roots may be planted about four or five Inches afunder every Way.

SANGOTSOR8A,
by

Burnet, caliei the French Pimpernel.

The
'The

Characters are

Empalement of the Flower t/mk Jijis of two Leaves, whichfall away' the Flower is of cm Leaf, di vided into four Parts, which are joined at the Bottom : the quadrangular Pomtal,

bt:ccmes

which is fituated in the Centre, a fmall Capful', opening betJ? W ays, and inclafing fmall Seeds,

themfelves.

The
1.
;

Species are

This Plant is hardy enough to live in the open Air in England but it
fhould be Dianted in a loofe Soil, and a fhekered Situation, but not too

Sangujsorea

Common
2.

minor. C. B. P. Burnet, or Pimpernel.

pratevjis,

Sanguisorba mojar

Rupp. Flor. Great

3.

Meadow

Burnet.

much expofed

to the

Sun

it is

pro-

Sanguisorba Canadcnjh, fort

pagated by the Roots, which may albo fpicato. Rupp. Flor. Canada be taken up and parted every other Burner, with a white (piked Flower. Year the belt time for doing of 4. Sanguisorba major, foliis auriculatis glahris. Great Burnet, with this is in September, that the Roots may have time to fend out Fibres fmooth-ear'd Leaves. before the hard Froft fets in. The 5. Sanguisorba hirfuta, e?griFlowers of thrs Plant appear in monise foliis. Hairy Burnet, with April and when they decay, the Leaves like Agrimony. green Leaves come out, which will 6 Sanguisorba fpinofz, caule continue till Midfummer ; then they fruticofo. Prickly Burnet, with a decay, and the Roots remain un- woody Stalk.
:

adive

till

the following

Autumn:

7.

% A.N Oil

o r B A majot\Hifpinica,

fo that unleis the

Roots are marked ;

conglomerate flare.

Great Spunijb
Burnet,

;:

S
dofe Head.
8.

A
minor, femine

'

Burnet, with Flowers growing in a

I received the Seeds, which were

Sancuisorba

tnajore iff crajjiore.

Small Burnet, with a larger and thicker Seed. This Genus of Plants has been by
;

procured for me by my much honoured Friend the Chevalier Rathgeb. Thefe are all of them hardy
perennial Plants, which will eafily from the Seeds, if they are fown on a Bed of common Earth in the
rife

feme old Writers titled Sanguiforba, by others Pimpinella and by fome

both Titles have been applied to it but Dr. Linnaeus has divided the Species of this Genus, to fome of which he applies this Name of Sanguiforba,

Spring; and when the Plants are fit remove, they mould be tranfplanted into Beds the fmall Sorts may be planted one Foot afunder,
to
:
.

and

to the others Poterium

the

firft

Genus he
mina in

places in his Clafs of Te-

trandria, as they have but four Statheir Flowers

:

the other he

places in his Clafs of Monoecia Poly-

Male and Female Flowers in the lame Spike and the Flowers have many Stamina: fo, by his Method, thefe two Genera are feparated to a great Di (lance
andria, thefe having
:

but as thefe Species have been

al-

ways brought under one Genus before his time, I choofe to continue

them

together.
Sort grows wild in

The firft

many

Parts of England, particularly upon chalky Land, where it grows fo fmall, as to appear different from what it does when tranfplanted into Gardens. This is the Sort which is directed by the College for medicinal Ufe ; and it has been ufed as a cooling Herb in Drinks; but of late Yean the People cultivate it for Sallads the young Leaves in the Spring, being mixed with other fmall Herbs in Sallads, give a very agreeable Flavour to them. The fecond Sort alfo grows wild
:

and the large Sorts two Feet thefe Roots will abide feveral Years, and produce plenty of Seeds. The fifth Sort feldom lafts longer than two Years ; fo that when the Plants have perfected their Seeds, they foon after perim therefore whoever is willing to preferve this Species, mould annually fow fome of the Seeds this is hardy, and may be propagated in the fame manner as the former Sort. The fixth Sort grows with woody Stalks about three Feet high, which continue feveral Years and fends out many irregular Branches, which are furnifhed with Spines toward
: : :

their Extremities
fo

this

Sort
fo

is

not

hardy

as

the former;

mould

be preferved in Pots, and meltered

from fevere

Froft in Winter ; otherwife the Plants will be deftroyed ic may be propagated by Seeds, as the
:

ormer
:

Sorts, or

by Cuttings, which

may be
mer
and Root

planted any time in Sumand if they are duly watered fhaded, they wiil foon take
;

and

may

afterward be planted

into Pots.

SANGUIS DRACONIS.
Palma.

Vide

fome Parts of England. The third Sort was brought from the Northern Parts of
in
in

moid Meadow5,

SANICULA,
The
// is

Sanicle.
;

Characters are

America. The fourth Sort is a Native of the Mountains in Savoy. The

feventh Sort grows wild in Spain and Portugal) and the eighth Sort in
IJlria

an umbelliferous Plant, whofe

confijls of
;

Flower
back
ing

orbicularly
to the

jive Leaves placed but are generally bent

Centre of the Flower, reji-

and Dalmalia

from whence

on

the Empalement,

which

be-

comes

A
two
Seeds,

S
Tourn.
cotton.
5.

A
Lavenderrefens

comes a Fruit composed of

Cyprefs-leav'd

that are gibbous and prickly on one Side, but plain on the other : fame of
the Flowers are always barren.

Santolina

& canefcent*
.

Tourn.
6.

Creeeping and hoary La-

There is but one Species of this Plant at prefent in England ; Sanicula ojf.cinarum. C. B. P.
Sanicle, or Self heal.

vender-cotton.

Santolina foliis minus iircams

Town. Lavender-cotton with hoary Leaves.

7.

left

This

Plant

is

Woods, and fhady

Parts of England
dicinal Plant,
;

found wild in Place?, in moft

may
Ufe
:

but being a mebe propagated in

it

obfure c/ T Lavender-cotton with dark-green Leaves, and a golden Flower.

foliis

Santolina

rentibus, flore attreo. Tourn.

Gardens

for

may

be in-

8.

Santolina

foliis rorifmarini9

creased by parting of the Roots, any

major. Tourn.
cotton, with
9.
tica.

Greater Lavender -

time from September to March

it is

but
that

Rofmary- leaves.
<vermiculata Cre-

bell to

do

it

in

Autumn,

Santolina
Tourn.

the Plants

may be

well rooted before

the dry Weather in Spring comes on they mould have a moift Soil, and a (hady Situation, in which they
:

Vermiculated Lavender-cotton of Candy. The firft of thefe Plants is cultivated in Gardens for medicinal Uie;
as
is

will thrive exceedingly.

the third, for furnifhing Balco-

SANTOLINA,
ton.

Lavender - cot;

nies,

The
It hath
confijling

Cbaraclers are

and other little Places in and near the City, by way of Ornament; but die other Sorts are rarely to be

Flower, of many Florets, divided into federal Segments, fitting on the Embryo, contained in the intermediate little Leaves, hollowed like a Gutter, and a fquamous hemifpherical Empalement : the Embryo afterward becomes

globofe flo/culous

found, but in the Gardens of thofe who are curious in Botanical Studies. Molt of thefe Plants may be cultivated fo as to become Ornaments to
a Garden, particularly in fmall Bofquets of ever-green Shrubs; where,
if thefe are artfully

Seed, not
:

Down

to

at all furnijhed with thefe Notes muft be added,

Larger Flowers than thofe of IVorm wood and Southernwood, and alfo the whole Face of the Plant.

intermix'd with other Plants of the fame Growth, and placed in the front Line, they will make an agreeable Variety ; efpe-

cially if care

The
I
.

Species are

Santolina

foil is

teretibus

be taken to trim twice in a Summer, to keep within Eounds; otherwife Branches are apt to ftraggle,
in

them them
their

and,

Touvn.
ton.
,

Common

Lavender -cot-

wet Weather, to be borne down, and difplaced, which renders them

are kept and differentcolour'd Leaves will have a pretty
;

fjiUofn

S a N T o L i N A flore majore,- foliis iff iucanis. Tourn. Lavender-

unfightly

but

when they

in Order, their hoary

cotton, with a larger Flower, and

hoary Leaves. 3. Santo lin a foliis

hin<e. Tourn.

Effect in fuch Plantations.

erycte <vel fa-

Green -leav'd Laven-

der-cotton, with a Scent like Oint-

ment.
4.

Thefe Plants may be propagated by planting Slips or Cuttings of anv of the Kinds during the Spring, which mould be put into a Border of frefh
light Earth,

S A NT

OH N A

foliis

CUprrfil.

and water'd and fhaded

in

A
till

s
the

la hot dry Weather, until they have taken Root ; after which they will require no farther Care, but to keep

them

clear

from Weeds

Autumn,

v/hen they mould be carefully taken up, and tranCplanted where they are but if the defigned to remain Ground is not ready by that time to receive them, it will be proper to let them remain in the Border until Spring ; for if they are tranfplanted
:

Ends of the Branches, which arc fmall and white, growing in Clufters. Thefe are fucceeded by fpherical brown Berries, about the Size of Cherries, which have very little Pulp; but a brown Skin covering the Nut, which is round, black, and hard. Thefe Nuts were formerly
brought into England to make Butfor which Purpofe they were ; very proper, becaufe they never crack. The Skin which furrounds the Nut, wiil lather like Soap, and is ufed in America to warn Linen ; though many People fay it will burn
tons
it,

Autumn, they are liable to be deftroyed by a little Cold in Winter. Thefe Plants are very hardy, and
late in if planted in

a lean,

gravelly, or

when

it is

often ufed.

fandy dry Soil, will continue many Years, and refill the Cold very well but if they are in a wet or rich Soil, they are often deftroyed in Winter. SAP1NDUS, The Soapberry.

The
It

Characters are

hath a Flower, which, for the moji part, is compofed offour Leaves expanding in form of a Rofe : from whofe four-kan>d Empalement arifes
the.

This Plant is propagated by Seeds (which muft be obtain'd from the Countries where they naturally grow; for they do not produce Fruit in Europe): thefe muft be put into fmall Pots filled with freih rich Earth, and plunged into an Hot-bed of Tanners
Bark. The Pots muft be frequently watered, otjierwife the Berries, whole outer Cover is very hard, will not vegetate. In a Month or live Weeks the Plants will begin to appear, when the Glaftes of the Hot- bed fhould be raifed every Day in warm Weather, to admit frefli Air to the Plants, Jn three Weeks or a Month after the Plants appear, they will be fit to tranfplant when they muft be fhaken out of the Pots, and care;

Point a I, which afterward becomes a fpherical Fruit, having a thick o'ly Cover, inclofing a Nut of the fame

Form.

We
Plant
;

have but one

Species

of

this

which

is,

Sapindus foliis
fcentihus. Injh R.

cofla alatte inna-

H. Th'e Soapberry,
in

or Soap-apple-tree. This Tree is very common maica, Barbados, and molt

Ja-

fully parted, fo as not to injure their

other

Places in the IV..ft -hi dies, where it rifes to the Height of thirty Feet, or more ; but in Europe it is preferv'd

parate fmall Pot

Roots, and each planted into a fefilled with light rich

by

thofe Perfons

who

are curious in
for

cultivating Exotic fingular Structure

Plants,

the

of the Leaves, which are very long and narrow, having Borders on each Side, which,

Earth, and then plunged into the; Hot-bed again obferving to made them from the Sun every Day, until they have taken new Root after which time, they muft have free Air admitted to them every Day, when and will rethe Weather is warm
; ; ;

about every two Inches, have Pinna, or Wings, oppofite to each other, and terminated by an odd The Flowers are produc'd at one.
at

quire to be frequently watered. After the Plants are well rooted, they will make great Progrefr, foai
to
fill

thefe Pots with their

Root*

i 1

A
The

a few Weeks time; therefore they mud then be fhifted into larger Pots and as the Plants advance, they
fhould be inured to bear the open Air by degrees ; for if they are forc'd too much in Summer, they feldom live through the Winter. I have
frequently rais'd thefe Plants from
Seeds, to the Height of two Feet in one Summer; and the Leaves of thefe Plants have been a Foot and an half in Length, fo that they made a iine Appearance but thefe Plants did not furvive the Winter ; whereas thofe which were expos'd to the open Air in July, and thereby Hinted in their Growth, continued their Leaves frefh all the Winter. Thefe were plac'd in a Stove upon Shelves, where the Warmth was very moderare ;' with which thefe Plants
:

tied in the Wejl- Indies, fo far as I can learn.

mon
but

firft of thefe Trees is comabout Panama, and fome other

Piaces
is

in

the

Spanijh Weft-Indies

not to be found in any of the Englijh Settlements in America. The fecond Sort is very common in Jamaica, Barbados, and moft of the Iflandsin the Wejl- Indies, where the
their Fruit,

Trees are planted in Gardens for which is by many Per-

fons greatly eileemed.

Thefe Trees grow in America to the Height of thirty five or forty

Feet, having a ftrait Trunk, covered with an afli-coloured Bark. The Branches are produe'd on every Side,

form a regular Head thefe are befet with Leaves, which are a
fo as to
:

Foot

in

Length,

and near

three

will thrive better than in a greater

Inches broad.

Heat.

SAPONARIA. Vide Lychnis. SAPOTA, The Mammee Sapota.

which, are produced from the Branches, are of a Cream-colour ; when thefe fall

The Flowers,

The Charadcrs
//

are

hath a rofe-Jbaped Flower, conJifiing of federal Leaves, which are placed in a circular Order from vjhofe Empalement arifes the Point al, which afterward becomes a large oval foft jlifhy Fruity inclofng an oblong pointed
;

are fucceeded by large oval or top ftiaped Fruit, which are covered with a brownifli Skin, under which is a thick Pulp of a Rufiet-

away, they

colour, very lufcious, caiFd Natural

Marmclade,

from

its

Likcnefs to

Marmelade of Quinces. As thefe Trees are Natives of very

Countries, they cannot be prein England, unlefs they are plac'd in the warmeft Stoves, and
ferv'd
1

warm

Stone or Fruit , which

ed,

is finely poliflj-

having a rough Fijfure on one of the Edges, of an Afh-colour.

The
1.

Species are

pari.

S a POT A frudu turbinato miPlum. Nov. Gen. Sapota with a leffer Fruit, Ihaped like a Top.
2.

manag'd with great Care. They are propagated by planting the Stones but as thefe will not keep good long out of the Ground, the
;

fureft
is,

Method

to obtain thefe PIant3

Sapota frudu ovate majori.

Sapota
is

to ha\'e

Plum. Nov. Gen.

larger oval Fruit.

with a

Tubs of
placed
in

planted in Earth, as foon as they are

the Stones

taken out of the Fruit, and the

Tubs

The Name
America
;

of Sapota

what thefe

Fruit are call'd by the Natives of

to

which fome add tne Ap:

a Situation where they may have the morning Sun, and kept When the Plants are duly water d.

pellation of

no by

Mammee other Name given

#

bu; there

is

come

up, they mult be fecur'd

from

to thefe Fruits

the EngUJk, fince thev have fet-

Vol. HI.

Vermin, and kept clear from Weeds; but mould remain in the Country till 4 K

S
till

A
when

they are about a Foot high,

they may be (hipp'd for England: but they fhould be brought over in the Summer-feafon, and, if pomble,

time enough for the Plants to make good Roots after they arrive. During their Paflage, they muft have
in

done with Difcredon, according fo the State in which the Plants are. As thefe Plants grow in Magnitude, they mould be fhifted into Pots of a larger Size; but they muft not be
over-potted
;

for that will infallibly

dertroy them.

Water, while they continue but as they Climate come into colder Weather, they fliould have little Moilture ; and

Come
a

SARRACENA, The Side-faddle

Flower.

warm

The Charaders
It

are

they muft be fecured from fait Wawhich will foon deftroy the ter,
Plants, if
it

gets at

them

When
Earth to
into Pots

thefe Plants arrive in Eng-

hath a Flower confjiing of fe*veral Leaves, which are placed circularly , and expand in form of a Rofc 9 and refing in a many Icavd Empalemint : from the Middle arifes the
Pointal, which is membra?iacecus t and faped like an Hood, and after-

land, they mould be carefully taken out of the Tubs, prefer ving fome
their Roots,
tilled

and planted

ward
ded

becomes a roundifb

Emit divicontain ob-

with frefli Earth, and then plunged into a moderate Hotbed of Tanners Bark obferving, if
;

into five Cells,

which
;

long Seeds.

the Weather is hot, to (hade the Glades with Mats every Day, to fcreen the Plants from the Sun, until they have taken new Root ; obferving alfo, not to water them too

1.

The Species are Sarracena CanadenfiSy

iff auritis.

foliij

cavis

Inft.

R. H. Canady

Sarrac&na, withhoilow eared Leaves.

2.

Sarracena foliis longioriLus iff

Catefb.
Hijl,

angufioribus.

Carol*

much

at

firft,

efpecially if the Earth

is

Long

narrovv-leav'd Sarracena.

in which they come over becaufe too much Water

moift; very injurious to the Plants before they are well rooted ; but afterward they muft have plenty of Water in warm r eather: and they muft have a large Share of Air admitted to them, otherwife their Leaves will be infefted
is

Thefe ftrange Plants are Native3 of New-England, Virginia, and feveral Places in North- America^ where they grow on Bogs, and in fuch Places

where the

aters ufually ftand in

with

Infefts,

and become

foul

in

muft be warned with a Sponge, to clean them; without

which which

cafe they

the Plants will not thrive.

In the Winter thefe Plants muft be plac'd in the warmeft Stove; a?d in cold Weather they fliould have but little Water given to them, tho'
they muft be frequently refrefhed when the Earth is dry ; efpecially, if they retain their Leaves all the

Winter. The Leaves of the firft Sort arife from the Root every Spring, being eight or nine in Number ; which are fmall at. the Bottom, but fwell larger toward the Top, and are hollow like a Pitcher ; having a fort of an Appendage at the Top, fo fomewhat reiemblmg a Flap that in thefe Leaves there is commonly a large Quantity of Wacer
:

Winter, they will require a greater Share of Water, than when they drop fo that this mull be their Leaves
:

Thefe are feven or eight Length : between the Leaves arifes the Flower- ftem, which and each of thefe fuftains is naked one purple Flower, growing on the Top, which is fucceeded by a roundcontain'd.

Inches

in

ilh

Fruit.

Tke

S
The
grow near

A
When
;

Leaves of the fecond Sort three Feet high being fmall at the Bottom, but widening
gradually to the Top.

the Plants are brought over*

Thefe are

hollow, and are arched over at the Modth like a Friar's Cowl. Tae

grow on naked Pefrom the Root to the Height of three Feet thefe FlowFiowers of
this

dicles, rifing

ers are green.

The Name was given

by Dr.
Tour.-.efort, in

to this Plant

Honour of Dr.
Botanift,
to

Sdrrazi'i, a curious

who
Dr.

fent the Plant

from Canad.y

Icwncfyrt
is

at Paris.

As thefe Plants grow on Bogs, it very difficult to cultivate th'.m in

much more
nerally are

England: forakho' the Winters are fevere in the Places of

their natural

Growth, than they gein

they mould be planted into pretty which fnou!d be filled ; with foft fpongy Earth, mixed with rotten Wood, Mofs, and Turf, which is very like the natural Soil in which they grow. Thefe Pots mult be conftantly fuppiied with Water, and placed in a lhady Situation in Summer ; but in the Winter they muft be covered with Mofs, or fhelter'd under a Frame, otherwife they will not live in this Country ; tho* they have much more fevere Froft in the Countries where they naturally grow ; but there they are covered with Snow, which may be a great With this MaProtection co tnem. nagement I have kept fome of thefe Plants aiive two Years ; but they
large Pots

England; )et their

made

very litt'eCrogrfs.

Summers being much warmer, they thrive much better, and produce their
Flowers and Fruif annually ; whereas it is withgreat Difficulty they are kept alive for a Year or two in England ; and tney have not yet flowered in this Country, as I could learn. By the Appearance of fome Plants, which I receiv'd from New- England, which were taken up on the

SATUREIA,
The
//
is

Savory.
;

Characters are

a Plant of the verticillate Kind, with a laliated Flower, whofe upper Lip ( or Creji ) is divided into two Parts ; lut the lower Lip ( or Beard) is divided into three Parts, the middle Part being crenated : thefe Flowers are prcducd from the IVings of the Leav:s, in a loofe Order, end
not in

fame Spot,
mifcuoufly
fay.
;

the

two Sorts grow pro-

horles or Spikes, as are mojl

Lut whether they are

of this Teibe cf Plants,

i.

only accidental Varieties, I caniiot only Method to obtain thefe Plants is, to procure them from the Places of their Growth, and to have them taken up with large Balls of Earth to their Roots, ana planted in Tubs of Ear:h ; which muft be conftantly watered during their Paftage, otherwife they will de^ay before they arrive and there is little Probai. :lity of rainng thefe Plants from Se-.ds: fo that young Plants mould be taken
;

The Sprcies are Satureia fati-ua.

J. B. Gar-

The

den or Summer-favcry.
a.
T

Satureia mcntana. C.B.P. Satureia

firit

W inter-favory.
'3.

Vlrginiana.

Par,

Bat.

Virginian Savory.
is

of thefe Plants is annual, propagated by fowing the Seeds upon a Bed of frefh light Earth in March ; and when the Plants are come up, they muft be

The

and

up

to bring over,

which are

r..ore

likely to

Hand here, than thofe which have fiower'd two or three times.

tranfpianted into other Beds, placeing them about four cr five Inches afunder each Way; obferving to do this in moift cloudy Weather, be-

caufe

S
:

A
ed
to one

A
and
Fruit

caufe at fuch times the Plant will

added, The Flowers

arefx'

Toon take Root but if the Seafon fhould prove hot and dry, they mull be diligently watered until they have taken Root after which they will require no farther Care, but to keep
;

Axis, fo as to refemble the "Tail of a Lizard.

I.

The Species are Saururus racemofus,

tryites major.

feu boPlum. Nov. Gen. Greatracemofus, feu boPlum. Nov. Gen. Letter

them
they

from Weeds and in July ; at which time they will be fit to cut for medicinal Ufe but thofe Plants which are left uncut will produce ripe Seeds in September,
clear
;

er branching Lizards-tail,
2.

will flower

Saururus

tryites minor.

provided the Autumn be favourable. The Winter-favory is an abiding Phnt, and may be propagated by Slips or Cuttings ; which, if planted in a Bed of freih light Earth in the Spring, and carefully watered, will take Root in a lhort time, and may then be tranfplanted where they are to remain. There feem to be two Species of this, Offering in their manner of Growth, and alfo in the Size of their Flowers. This Plant fhould have a dry Soil, in which it will endure the Cold very well, as may be feen by its growing in fome Places upon the Tops of Walls,

branching Lizards-tail. cauda adunca. 3. Saururus Plum. Nov. Gen. Lizards-tail with a crooked Tail.
4.

Saururus

foliis plant agineis,

cauda breviori. Plum. Nov. Gen. Lizards -tail with Plantain - leaves,

and a
5.
liis

fhorter Tail.

Saururus

ho tryites major, fo-

Nov. Gen. Greater clufter'd Lizards-tail, with

plantagvieis. Plum.
6.

Plantain-leaves.

Saururus

foliis amplis ro fun-

dis Cif umbilicatis.

Plum. Nov. Gen.

Lizards-tail with large

licated Leaves.
7.
tis,

round umbi-

Saururus foliis amplis cor danon umbilicatis. Plum. Nov. Gen.

where it defies the fevereft Cold of our Climate. Thefe Plants were antiently more cultivated in England than at prefect, they being very little in Ufe to what they were formerly, when they enter'd moft Dilhes of Soups, &c. but at prefent they are very little
ufed in the Kitchen, being chiefly cultivated for medicinal Ule.

Lizards-tail with large heart-fhaped

Leaves, not umbilicated. 8. Saururus procumbens minor

botryites, folio carnofo cordato.

Plum,
heart-

Nov. Gen. Smaller creeping

Lizards-tail,

clufter'd

with

flelhy

fhap'd Leaf.
9.

Saururus

alius humilis, folio

camofo fubrotundo. Plum. Nov. 'Gen. Low Lizards-tail, with a roundifli

flefhy Leaf. 10.
culari,

SATYRION.
S A VINE.

SAVORY. SAURURUS,
The
It

Vide Orchis. Vide Sabina. Vide Satureia.

Lizards-tail

Saururus

repens, folio crbi-

Charafters are

hath an apetakus Flower, conI I Saururus repens triphyllus s two Chives, which open two ways, and are full of very fmall Pow- folio rotunda. Plum. Nov. Gen. Creepder ( or Farina) the Embryo rejls be- ing three-leav'd Lizards-tail, with a tween two Chives, which afterward round Leaf. 12. Saururus cauliculis maculebecomes an oval Fruit, inclofing a to Notes mujl repens. Plum. Nov. Gen. CreepSeed; thefe be fs fivgk t ing
fifing of
.

nummularis facie. Plum. Nov. Creeping Lizards tail, with Gen. a round Leaf, having the Appearance of Moneywort.

:;

S
ing Lizards-tail,
Stalk.
13.

A
with a
fpotted

S
tbem
Plants
in
;

A
Sir

Hiilory of American but feven of them were behis

Saururus
Houjl.

fr.utefcens, lauro-

fore defcrib'd
his

by

Hans

cerafi folio, fruStu breviore

Jlore.

& craf

Sloane, in

Natural Hiilory of Jamaica.

lad Sorts were difcover-

Shrubby
Fruit.

Lizards-tail,

The two

with a Laurel-leaf, and a fhorter

and thicker
14.
lia
<villofa,

Saururus
frutlu

arbor efc ens lati fogracili.

ed by the late Dr. Houjloun at La Vera Cruz, from whence he fent Samples of them into England. Thefe

Houjl.

two Sorts grow much larger than

either of thole before-mention'd.

Tree-like Lizards-tail, with a broad hairy Leaf, and a flender Fruit.

Some of

thefe Plants are called,

The
grow

feven Sorts

firll -

mention'd

to be flirubby, and rife to the Height of four or hve Feet, having Leaves plac'd alternately on their Branches. The lulus comes out from the Wings of the Leaves, which is lhap'd like a Lizard's Tail from whence they had their Names. By fome they are called long Pepper, from the Ref.mDlance their hit
;

by the Inhabitants of Jamaica, Spanifh Elder, from their being jointed, and their Branches having a great
deal of Pith in them. Others of them, efpecially thofe which have Leaves fhaped like an Heart, are caJPd Santa Maria Leaves. Thefe Plants moll of them grow
in moill Ihady Places, in the

warmed

bear to the long Pepper but the Fruit of thefe are not ufed, nor have they the Tafte of Pepper. Thefe Sorts were d.fcover'd to grow in
;

Jamaica, by the late Dr.. Houjloun and fome of thtm are defcribed by Sir Hans Sloane, in his Natural Hiftory of that
I

where many of them root into the decayed Trunks of Trees, and rotten Wood (efpecicially thofe which trail), and thereby they propagate fafter than by Seeds ; for as they emit Roots at almoft every Joint, each of thefe will
Parts of America
,

make
But

a feparate Plant.
as thefe Plants are too tender

(land.

and tenth Sorts are Plants of humbler Growth thefe trail on the Ground, and emit Roots from their Joints, which fallen themfelves into the Earth where-ever by which Method they it is Ioofe
eighth,
ninth,
;

The

open Air in this Climate, they mult be preferved in a Stove, where the Air may be kept in a moderate Temperature for Heat; and
to bear the

fpread

to

a great Dillance.

The

Leaves and Stalks of the ninth Sort are very thick and fucculent, and re-

main always green. The eleventh and twelfth Sorts are creeping Plants, which fallen themfelves to Trees by which means they rife to the Height of eight or
;

they are placed in the Bark -bed, and their Branches permitted to trail on the Surface of the Bark, the Plants will fend forth Roots at every Joint, and fallen themfelves flrongly into the Bark ; fo will thrive exceeding fall, and produce their Flowers and
if

Fruit.

ten Peer, fallen their Roots into the

Bark of the Tree?, and receive Part of their Nourishment from thence.
ver'd

All thefe twelve Sorts were difcoby Father Plumier in the WeftIniic:, WHO has figur'd and defcrib'd

The Seeds of thefe Plants, when brought from abroad, feldom fucceed in England; fo that the moil proper Method to obtain the Plants is, to have fome of their Cuttings planted into Boxes of Earth, in the
Countries

grow
4

where they naturally and when they are well raos3

S
cd, they

A
fent over to Engto the

S
the Flower
-

A
a roundijh Fruit,

may be

cup, into

land, with Directions given

Perlons to whofe Care they are intruded, not to let them have too much Water (efpeciaUy when they come into a cool Climate) ; becauie

which has likewife two Horns, and two Cells, which are full of fmall
Seeds.

The Species
1.

are
rotundifaiia alba.

Saxifraga

Moifture then will be very prejudicial to them. They mull alfo be carefully guarded againll the Saltwater, which will infallibly deftroy

C. B. P.
frage.
2.

White round-leavAd Saxifolia alba, rotunii

Saxifraga

fore
er.
3.

pleno. Boerh.Ind.

them, them.

if it

be fuffered to

come

to

leav'd Saxifrage, with a double

White rcundFlowerycoides,

When

the Plants arrive in

England, they mould be cireiully taken out of the Boxes, and each planted into a feparate final Pot filled with frefli light Earth, and then
1

Saxifraga Alpina

fore cceruleo. Tow n. IVIoun^iin heathlike Sengreen, with a blue Flower. 4. Saxifraga fediflio, fore clbo,
tnultifora.

plunged into a moderate Hot-bed of Tanners Bark obferving to lhade them from the Sun at nrft, until they have taken Root; after which time they fhould have frelh Air admitted to them, in proportion to the Warmih of the Seafon ; but in Winter -they mud be keDt pretty warm, othenvife they will not live in this
;

'Joum.

Many

flower'd

with an Houfleek -ieaf, ard a white Flower, commonly called Pyramidal Sedum. 5 S a X f R ag a fedi folio anguficre
Saxifrage,
.

ferrata. Toum.
row
6.
reus.

oaxih age with a nara.

ferrated Houfleek -leaf,

Saxifr aga
C. B. P.

folia hulbos ge-

Country

Saxifrage bearing Bulbs at the Wings of .v Leaves.

j.
lior.

Tne

furefi:

Method

to

make
to

thefe

Saxifraga
Inf. R. H.

c uerna

annua humi-

Plants thrive in England

is,

plunge

the Pots in o the Bark in the Stove,

nual
8.

Caxifra?^,

Dwari Spring ancommonly ^\U'd

and

to

fufFer

the Branches of the

Rue-leav'd Whitlovv-grafs".
lio.

creeping Kind.- to trail on the Surface of the Bed; where they will
itrike

Roots into the Tan, and will

Saxifraga mufcofa, tnf.o foMoffy Sr. afrage, Inf. R. H. with a trifid Leaf, ccrnmoi ly call'd
Mountain Cengreen,
fhion.
Q-

thrive

exceedingly. TCheJfe Plants merit a Place in every Cc'leftion of Plants, for their remarkable Leaves,

or

Lad

es

Cu-

Sax FRAG a
I

triduclylitfs

Alpha,

and the

lingular Structure of their

pallidc lutca

Branches ; as alio for the Oddnefs of their Flowers and Fruit, which are, for the moft part, prod-ue'd

MounInf. R. H. tain Saxifrage, of a pale yellow Coments.

10.

lour, with a Leaf cut into three Seg-

from the Wings of the Leaves.

Saxifraga

tridaclylites

Al-

SAXIFRAGA,
The

Saxifrage.

pina minor

&

villofa. Inf.

R. II,

Characters are

The Flower conftjls of federal Leaves placed orbicularly, which expand in form of a Rife : out of whofe Kuhifid FLwcr-rup rijes the Pcintal;

Small hairy Saxifrage of the Alps, with z Leaf cut into three Segments. petraa 11. Saxifraga alba Ron*. Inf. R. H. White Rock
Saxifrage.
12.

which commonly ends and afterward turns,

in

together

two Horns, with

Saxifraga

fedi flic,

Pyrenaicci

S
Tiaica /errata. Lift.

A
24.
foliis fubrotundis

R. H. Pyrenean Saxifrage, with a fawed Houlleekleaf.

Leaves partly intire, and partly cut into three Segments.

Pyrenaica minima The Inf. R. H. leaft yellow Saxifrage of the Pyre nean Mountains, refembling Mofs.
lutea, mufco

Saxifraga

13.

Saxifraga
Inf. R. H.

fmi

lis.

ferratis.

Saxifrage with

roundilh fawed Leaves.

14.

Saxifraga Alpha fedi foliis

,

H. Saxifrage of the Alps, with rough notched Leaves like Houfleek.

crenatisefperis. Injl. R.

25. Saxifraga annua Cretica minima, bederacco folio. Tourn. Cor.

The

leaft

annual Saxifrage of Can-

dia, with

an

Ivy-leaf.

15.

Saxifraga

folits

oblongo -ro-

26.

Saxifraca P enjylvanica, floSaxifrage

tunda dentatis, floribus ccmpattis. Raii Syn. Ed.Ty. Saxifrage with an oblong roundilh indented Leaf, and the Flowers growing in clofe Bunches. 16. Saxifraga montana pyr amiR. H. data, folio L giore. Injl. Mountain pyramidal Saxifrage, with a long Leaf.
17.

ribus mufcojis. Hort. Eltb.

of Penfyhani7, with greenilh Flowers, growing branchy. The firii of thefe Plants is very

common

in moift

Meadows

in di-

Saxifraga Pyrenaica

lutea

tninimn, fedi foliis denfijjime congeflis.

InJl. R. H.

The

lealt'

yellow Pyre-

nean
leave?
|.$.

Snxifrage,

with

Houfleek

growing very

clofe together.

Saxifraga
c&fiis,

Alpina minima,

folits

deor'um
lea'

R. H.

The

iiicur-vis. Inf. Saxifrage of the

Alp, With fky-coiour'd which btnei downward.

19.

Leaves,

Saxifraga

Alpina lutea, f di
Yeliovv Saxifrage
leaf.

folio, liji, R. hi.

of the Alps, with an Houfleek

20.

and is rarely cultivated in Gardens. This is what the College of Phyficians have directed to be ufed in Medicine, under the Title of White Saxifrage, to diftinguifh it from Meado-xv Saxifrage ; which is an umbelliferous Plant, of a very different Nature and Appearance from this. The fecond Sort is a Variety of the fir ft, which was found wild by Mr. Jofepb Blind, Gardener at Barns, who tranfplamed it into his Garden, and afterward diftributed it to federal curious Perfons fince which time it hath been multiply'd lb much, as
vers Parts of England,
;

Saxifraga Pyrenaica

trida-

to

become

a very

common
;

Plant in

ftylites lat folia. Inf.

R. H. Pyrenean cut
lati-

molt Gardens near London

is

where

it

Saxifrage,

with broad Leaves into three Segments. 21. Saxifraga Cantabrica

rigidior.

planted in Pots, to adorn Court-yards, &c. in the Spring.

commonly

folia tri;'a:l\lites

H. Bifay, with Leaves cut into three Segments.

22.

Inf. R. Broad ftiff-leav'd Saxifrage of

This Piant is propagated by OiFwhich are fent forth from the old Roots in great Plenty. The beft Seafon for tranfpianting them is in July, after their Leaves are dscay'd ;
fets,

Saxifraga

tri dactylites

Pyre-

naica, pallide lutea, minima. Inf. R.

H. Tbe lea ft pale-yellow Saxifrage of the Pyrenees, wuh Leaves cut into three Segments.
23. Saxifraga Pyrenaica, foliis parti m integris, par tint trifdis. If.

when they mult be put into frelh undung'd Earth, and plac'd in the Shade until Autumn but in Winter they mult be expos'd to the Sun, which will caufe them to flower fomevvhat ear'ier in the Spring. Jn
:

II

Pyrenean

Saxifrage,

with

April thefe Plants will flower ; and if they are in large Tults, will at

that

S
that time

A
feparate
after flowering

A
filled

make a very handfome

;

Halfpeny Pot

with

Appearance

for

People differ or four Years unremov'd, and when they are tranfplanted, always plant them in Bunches, that they may produce a greater Number of Flowers.
If thefe Plants are put into the full Ground, they muft have a fhady Situa*:on; othervvife they will not
thrive.

which Reafon molt them to remain three

rrefh Earth, in order to fuccecd the

older Plants, which generally perilh

:

thefe Off-fets will

;

produce Flowers the fecond Year

fo that there

mould be annually fome

to

of them
others.

planted,

fucceed

the

When

thefe Plants are ftrong

The

th rd Sort
;

is

Plant, which

lies

a low creeping upon the Surface

of the Ground, lomewhat like Mofs this grows wild J n the Northern Counties oi England; and is rarely cultivated in Gardens \ tho' it deferves a Place better than many other Plants, which are treated with

and healthy, they will produce a Stem of Flowers full three Feet high, which divides into Branches in a pyramidal Order, and are befet with Flowers from Bottom to Top, fo as to make abeautiful Figure: and as it
it is commonly placed in Chimneys of Hails, where it will continue in Flower a long time, provided it have Water duly given it ; and will afford an

ufually flowers in June,

great Care

for

in

the

Month of
is

agreeable Profpedt.

March
with

the w,ole Plant

covered

The

fifth

Sort

is

alfo a

Native of
well in

fine

blue Flowere, which

make

the Als y but will

grow very

Appearance on the Surface of the Ground. This Sort multiplies very faft, by its trailing Branches, which put out Roots at their Joints, and may be parted at AiYckaelmas, which is the proper Seafon This Plant to remove the Plants. jnuft have a fliady Situation, and ihou-d be duly watered in dry Wea-

beautiful

Gardens

and tho* the Flowers are

-

ther

otherwife
its

it

will not thrive.

is

The

fourth Sort

propagated for
:

the fake of

fpecious Flowers

this

brought from the Alps, and Pyretiean Mountains, where it grows

wild.
filled

It

is

ufually planted in Pots

light Earth,

with

frefr.

and in

not very beautiful ; yet, for the Variety of its fer.rated ever green Leaves, it may have a Place in every good Garden. This may be propagated by Off-fets, and requires the fame Management as the former. The fixth Sort is a Variety of the common white Saxifrage, from which it differs in bearing imall Bulbs at the Leaves. This is not common in England; but is found wild on the Pyrrnean Mountains, and in other moid Places in Spain and Italy ; and propagates very faff by the Bulbs; which grow on the Stalks in the

the Summer-feaion placed in the Shade ; but in the Winter it fhouid Hie expofed to the Sun ; and all the Off-fets fhouid be taken off, leaving the Plant fingle, which will caufe
to produce a
it

fame manner

as the firy Lily.

sets

flowering : about the old Plant, they cxhauft

much Wronger Stem for for when there are Off-

is a low annual which ufually grows on the Tops of Walls, and on diy rubbifhy Places, and flowers in April. This Plant has been efleemed a very good Remedy for the King's -evil, and

The

feventh Sort

Flant,

other fcrophulous Diforders.

Mr.

the Nouriihment from it, whereby Thefe it is rendered much weaker.

Boyle y in his Treatife concerning the

Ufefulnefs of- Natural Phiiofophy,

Qft

fcti

puft be each planted in a

has recommended this

Herb

to

be

infufed

A
good

A
and have a very
:

infufed in fmall Beer, and drank for fome Days ; which he fays will cure

the Joints of ruftic Buildings, where, if they are in the Shade, they will
thrive very well,
Effect to
will fucceed,

the King's-evil, without any fenfible Exacuation, by confuming the Humour, mitigating the Pain, difcuffing the Tumours, and drying up the UlThe Time for gathering of cers.
this

the Sight

for thefe

Herb

to dry,

is

in the
in

of April, when
it

it is

foon after perfects

Middle Flower ; for its Seeds, and

dies

away.
eighth Sort grows wild in

where Mofs cannot be planted ; and having fo much the Appearance of Mofs, will be by moll: People taken for it at a fmall Diand as thefe continue green ftance throughout the Year, they will much betler anfwer the Purpofe.
:

The

The
teenth,

twelfth,
fifteenth,

thirteenth,

four-

feveral Paris of Yorkjhire, and other cold Countries. This fpreads on the
itfelf into a

nineteenth Sorts have broader Leaves, and ap-

and

Surface of the Ground, and forms roundifh Tuft, which is exceeding clofe and foft, and has

pear very

the Appearance of Mofs at a fmall Diftance ; from whence fome of the Country-people give it the Name of Lady's Cufhion. This Sort may be propagated in Plenty by its trailing Shoots; which, if they reft on the Ground, will put out Roots, and
multiply exceedingly.
It

much like fome Sorts of Houfleeks. Thefe are very hardy Plants, being Natives of Northern Countries ; therefore they mult be planted in a mady Situation, and a poor Soil ; but they will grow on drier Places than the former Sorts.
Thefe Plants are eafily propagated by OfF-fets, which they fend out in great Plenty, and may be adapted to the fame Purpofes a* the former, to adorn Rock - work, &c and will
.

loves a
fe-

moid mady

Situation.

The

ninth, tenth, eleventh,

venteenth, twenty-fecond, and twenty-third Sorts are alfo fmall Plants,

make a pretty Diverfity. The twenty -fifth Sort is an annual

Plant, which was found by Dr. Toumefort in the Ifland of Crete, and
is

which lie clofe to the Ground, fomewhat like the eighth Sort ; by which means they propagate themfelves
plentifully:

by fome preferv'd
is
it.

Variety ; but there

in

for the fake of no great Beauty

they

are

all

hardy

Plants, being Natives of the J/ps's

The twenty-fixth Sort was brought

from Penfylvania
linfon
;

mountainous Places they require to be planted in a moift Soil, and a fiiady Situation ;
Pyrenees,
:

and

other

to Mr. Peter Col' hath diitributed it to feveral Perfoas who are curious in

who

for if they are too

much

expofed to

the Sun, they will not thrive ; nor will they continue long, if they are
planted on a rich Soil.

As thefe Plants do not produce very beautiful Flowers, they are feldom regarded ; and are rarely planted in Gardens, unlefs by fome Perfons who are curious in Botany, for the fake of Variety. But yet thefe Plants may be introduced to jplant about Rock- work, or between

This Sort hath long Leaves, which fpread on the Surface of the Ground ; from between which arife the Flowerftems, which grow about two Feet high, and branch toward the Top, bearing Clutters of fmall greenifh This is propagated by Flowers. parting of the Roots, and mould be planted in a fhady Situation; where, if it is duly water'd in dry Weather,
preferving rare Plants.
it

will thrive

and flower every Year

plenti-

s
plentifully
;

c
Q.

s
Edinb.

c
prolifet-Q.

and may be allowed a

Scabiosa bidica

H.

Place in a fhady Border, for Variety

Indian childin.g Scabious.

SCABIOSA, Scabious. Tbe Characters are

;

10 Scabiosa Africana frutefcens. Par. Bat, Ic. Africa?/, fhrubby Scabious.

1

a fiofculaus FlagWff, csnJijfmg of many unequal Florets, contained in a common Emblement : fome cf thefe, which occupy the Middle, are
It hath
reft,

1.

Scabiosa Africana frutef ens,

fore al-

folio rigido fplendente ferrato

bicante.

act info four or f-ve Segments the which are placed at th-e Edge,
;

Africa fhrubby Scabious, with a ftiff mining terraced Leaf, and a whitifh Flower.
12.

H. A.

Scaijiosa Alpina, folio cenAlpine Sca-

each of thefe fit on the %sp of an Embryo, which is crowned

<sre if labia ted:

taurii majoris. C. B. P.

bious,
leaf.

with

greater

Centaury-

4*d

is

contained in a proper

Empaka

wsu&t,

which afterward

becomes

13.

Scabiosa

fruticans lati folia

Capfule, either Jimple, or funnel-jhaped+ pregnant with a Seed crown d,

alba. C. B. P.

White broad-leav'd
latifolia,

fhrubby Scabious.
14.

winch
1.

before

was

the Embryo.

Scabiosa fruticans

The Species
Scabiosa

are

pratenfis

hirfuta,

f&e otfiicinarum.
lield Scabious.
2.

C. B.P.

Common
glabra,

fotibui ad c^ruleum incltnantibus. C. B. P. Broad-leav'd fhrubby Scabious, with Flowers inclining to

blue.
1*5.

Scabiosa

in tegrifolia

H. L. Whole-ieav'd Scabious, or DevilVbit.

rmtdice prtemorfa.

lia alba.

Scabiosa frutefcens a ngufifoC. B. P. White narrowScabiosa mult ifdo folio, fore R ? Scabious with

leav'd fhrubby Scabious.

16.

Scabiosa fella :a

folii non

dif

Starred Scahioi^, ptBb. C. B. P. With an undivided Leaf.

4.
niiato^

Jiavefccnie. .

Scabiosa
major.

jiellata, folio laci-

a varioufly-d- vided Leaf, and a yellow: fix Flower.

C. B. P.

Greater

17 S a b o s
( :

mc^tcna glabra, fo-

ftarred Scabious, wich a cut

5.

Leaf

fits fcabi

,c

vulgaris. C. B. P.

Moun-

Scabiosa peregrina rubra, capitals oblango. C. B. P. Red Indian Scabious, with longifh Pleads, commonly called Mufk Scabious. 6. Scabiosa perrgrina, cupitulo
ehlongo, fore cameo, ti. R. Par.

tain fmooth-leav'd Scabious.

1

3.

Scabiosa montana
CSf

latifolia

In-

tteavGr

Mufk

Scabious, with longifn

perrgrina,
capitulo

Heads, and a'ftefh-c.^our'd Flower.

7.

Scabiosa
fore

prima. C. B. P. The firft red broad-ieav'd mountain Scabious, not jagged. 19. Scabiosa latifolia rubra non laciniata, fecunda. C. B. P. The fecond red broad-leav'd Scabious, not jagged.

non Iaciniat a, rubra

H. R. Par. Indian or Mufk Siab-ous, with long: (h Heads, and a dark -purple Flower.
eblomgo,
8.

atro-purpweo.

20 Scabiosa argent ea angufti folia.

C. B. P.

Narrow

filver-leav'd

Scabious.
21. Scabiosa Sicula fruticans, laureola folio,- fubtus incano. Inf. R.

3cabiosa

peregrina,

capitulo

fore "jariegato. H. R. Par, Mufk Scabious, with oblong Heads, and a variegated Flowthlongo,

Indian or
er.

H. bhrubby Sicilian Scabious, with a Sparge-lauTel-leaf, hoary underneath.

22. Scaeiosa frutefcens,

Jfcfitt

leucoii

hucoii bortenfis. Hort. Cath. Shrubby Scabious, with Stockgilly - flowerleaves.

34. Scabiosa fiellata annua prolU fera. H. Par. Annual proliferous ftarred Scabious.
35.

23.

Scabiosa

Cretica frutefcens,

Scabiosa Orientails fellata,

auricula

urfi folio.

Tourn.

Cor.

Shrubby Candy Scabious,

BearVear-leaf.
24.

with

fra

Scabiosa frutefcens, foliis fore cceruleo. Bocrb. Shrubby Scabious, with the Ind. lower Leaves intire, and a blue
integris,

cameo, femifofculis a forumfimbriatis. Eaftern ftarred Scabious, with variable Leaves, and a flefh colour'd Flower, whofe Halfinfoliis <variis,flore
florets are fringed.

Flower.
25.
cilian

Scaeiosa perennis
Boerb. Ind.

Sicula, flore

fulphureo.

Perennial Si'

Scabious, with a brimftone-

colour'd Flower.
26.

Scabiosa fella ta
Flor. Bat.

frutefcens,

leucoii folio minori,

incifo.

una alterdwe crena

The firft Sort here mentioned grows wild in divers Parts of England, upon arable Land; as doth the fecond in Woods, and fhady Places, almoft every-where. The firft of thefe is what the College of Phyficians have directed to be ufed, under theTide of Scabious; tho the People who fupply the Markets gene1

Shrubby
with

ftarry-

rally bring

the fecond Sort inftead

feedt-d

Scabious,

fmaller

Stochgillyflower-leaf.

thereof ; but it therefrom by

may be
its

eafily

known

27. Scabiosa Africana frutefcens maxima, foliis rugofs iff crenatis,

minor. Par. Bat.

Greateft fhrubby

divided The fecond Sort the ColLeaves. lege have directed to be ufed under the Title of Devils-bit ; which

hairy

African Scabious, with rough and lefs notched Leaves-. 23. Scabiosa Africana frutefcens

Name

it

received from

the lower

Part of its Root being commonlyeaten off.

maxima, foliis
Ind. alt.

tenuijjimeincifs. Boerb.

Greaterl ihrubby African

Scabious, with Leaves

very finely

mon may

jagged.
29.
liis

agrimonite nonnibil fmilibus.

Scabiosa altijfma annua, foH.

talleft

L.

The

Leaves fomething like

annual Scabious, with that of Agrifraxinella? foliis.

mony.
30.

~caeiosa
H.

hji. R.

Scabious

with

white

Dittany-leaves.
31.

C. B. P. Scabious with a lefler

fel-leaf.

SCABIOSA uirgee paf oris folio. Tea-

Both thefe Plants are very comin the Fields and Woods; but be propagated in Gardens, by fowing their Seeds in the Spring upon a Bed of frefh Earth and when the Plants are come up, they muft be tranfplanted into other Beds of frefh Earth, at about eight or ten Inches Diftance ; obferving to water them until they have taken Root; after which time they will require no farther Culture, but to keep them clear from Weeds ; and the
;

fecond
abide

Summer
:

they will flower, and

produce Seeds

but their Roots will

32.

Scabiosa Luftanica, Indict

fmi

lis. Inf. R. H. Portugal Scabious, like the Indian one.

Years, and may be parted to propagate the Species. The third Sort will grow to the

many

33.

Scabiosa fella ta Hifpanica,

Inf. R. H.

Height of four or
ferved in

five
:

Feet,
is

and
pre-

atnplijjimo folio.

Spanijb

have a woody Trunk

this

ftarred Scabious, with a very large

X-eaf.

Green
as are

hoiifes in

Winter,
Plants.

by fuch

curious in foreign

s
Plants.
It

c
The

propagated by planting Slips or Cuttings in Pots of frefh Earth, during any of the Summer-monrhs ; which, if placed in a moderate Hot -bed, watered and fhaded, will take Root in a fhort time ; after which they may be inured to the open Air by degrees, into which they mould be removed to continue abroad until Odobir, when they muil be carried into Shelters

may be

Seeds of thefe Plants mould be fown upon a fhady Border of frefh Earth (for if they are fown up-

on a Place too much expofed to the Sun, and the Seafon mould prove dry, few of them will grow). When
thePlants are come up, they may be tranfplanted into other Beds or Borders of frem Earth, obferving to

but mu ft have as much free Air as poUible in mild Weather ; for they cnly require to be protected from

water and fhade them until they have taken Root ; after which they will require no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds till
Michaelmas,

when

they

may be

and frequently watered. This Plant produces Flowers moft Part of the Year, for which it is chiefly preferved ; tho' the Flowers have not more Beauty nor Scent than the common Field fort. The fourth Sort is an annual Plant, which is preferved in the Gardens of the Curious ; but the FlowJbard Frolt,
ers of this are very like thofe of the

tranfplanted into the Middle of the Borders in the Pleafure - garden ;

where the ftveral Sorts being intermix'd, will make an agreeable Variety.

They are extremely hardy, being rarely injur'd by Cold, unlefs they have mot up to flower before Winter ; but feldom continue after
ripening their Seeds.

former Sort, and have no Scent.

The Indian or Mufk Scabious's

are

preferv'd for the Beauty and fweet Scent of their Flowers, wnich conThefe are protinue a long time. pagated by fovving of their Seeds ; the bcfl time for which is about the Latter-end of May, or the Beginning of June, that the Plants may get Strength before Winter ; for if they are fown too earlyin theSpring, they will flower the Autumn following ; and the Winter coming on focn, will prevent their ripening Seeds befides, there will be fewer
:

The two African Tree Scabious's are abiding Plants, which are preferved in Pots, and houfed in Winter, as the third Sort thefe may be propagated by Slips or Cuttings, as
:

the third, and require the fame

Ma-

nagement.

The twelfth Sort is preferved by fuch as are curious in collecting Varieties

of Plants ; but the Flowers have no Scent: however, as it is an hardy Plant, requiring no other Cul-

ture than the

common

Field Sort,

it

Flowers upon thofe, than if they had remained fcrong Plants thro' the Winter, and had fent forth their Ffower-ftems in Spring ; for thefe will branch out on every Side, and produce a prodigious Number of Flowers, ajfid continue a Succeffion of them on the fame Plants from June toSeptember, and produce good
Seeds in Plenty,

be admitted, for Diverfity, into the Pleafure-garden ; becaufe it will thrive in fhady Places, where few other Plants will grow.

may

The

thirteenth,

fourteenth,

fif-

teenth, Sixteenth, feventeenth, eigh-

teenth, nineteenth, twentieth, twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth, thirtieth,

thirty- firft

and

Sorts

are

all

of

them

abiding Plants,

enough

to

live in the

which are hardy open Air in, England \

s
England;
hath been Sorts of Scabious.

c
;

may be managed as directed for the common

fo

in a

mady Situation, till they have taken new Root after which time they may be placed amongft other

The
twenty
-

twenty-firft,

third, alfo

and

twenty -fecond, twenty - lixth

;

Sorts, are

abiding Plants

but

are fomewhat tenderer than thofe fo fome Plants before mention'd of each Kind mould be kept in Pots,
:

hardy Exotic Plants, in a fhelter'd Situation, where they may remain until the End of Ocloitr, when they muft be removed into Shelter. In

fome favourable Seafons will produce good Seeds

fo that

thefe Plants
in

Englani%
be raifed

Winter under a common Hot-bed-frame and the others muft be planted in

that they
in
;

may be ihelter'd

the Plants

may

Borders, othcrwife they will not live thro' the Winters in this Country and if the Soil in which thefe are planted, is poor and dry,
:

warm

from thefe, by fowing them in an open Border of light Earth about the Middle of March ; and if the
Spring fliould prove very dry, it will be neceflary to water the Ground

grow Hinted, and bear the Cold much better, than thofe which are planted in a rich Soil, and grow freely. Thofe Plants which are in
they will
Pots, and are placed in Shelter in

now-and-then, which will forward the Vegetation of the Seed ; fo that the Plants will appear in about three

Weeks

after

the Seeds are

fown.

When

they

come

up, they muft be

Winter, muft have as much free Air as poifible in mild Weather ; otherw'ie they will draw up weak, and appear very unfightly ; fo they fhculd only be cover 'd in very hard

kept clear from Weed?, and in dryWeather duly water'd ; and when they are ftrong enough to tranfplant, they fhould be planted in Pets, and managed in the fame manner as
thofe Plants which are propagated

and continually expos'dwhcn the Weather is mild. The twenty-feventh and twentyeighth Sorts were brought from the Cape of Good Hope fo are more tenFrofts,
;

by Cuttings.

The

twenty-ninth, thirty-fecond,

thirty-third, thirty-fourth, and thirty - fifth Sorts are annual Plants,

der than the former

therefore thefe

muft always be kept in Pots, and in Winter fhould be placed in an airy Glafs-cafe, where in mild Weather they may have as much free Air as partible they mould be frequently
;

which are only propagated by Seeds, Thefe may be managed in the fame manner as hath been directed for the
Indian Scabious's.
All the Sorts of Scabious continue a long time in Flower, for which
they are regarded ; for there is no very great Beauty in many of their Flowers but as moft of the hardySorts produce Flowers near three
:

water'd, for they are very

Plants.

thirlly

In fevere Froft they mull be carefully guarded but they will bear a little Cold pretty well. All the mrubby Sorts of Scabious
;

Months

fucceffively,

they

may be

be propagated by Cuttings, which may be taken off during any of the Summer-months and mould be planted in a mady Border, and duly water'd in dry Weather, which will promote their taking Root; and then they may be potted, and placed
;

may

allowed a Place in the Borders of large Gardens, becaufe they require very little Care to cultivate them. Ar.d as the fhrubby Kinds continue in Flower moft Part of the Year, they make an agreeable Variety amongft hardy Exotic Plants in Winter,

SCAN-

c
;

SCANDIX,
Or Venus-comb.

Shepherds Needle,

The
It

Characters are

hath a rofe-Jhaped v.?nhellated Flower, conjtfting of federal Petals, nvhich are ranged orbicularly, and reft on the Empalement ; nvhich becomes a Fruit confijiing of tvjo Parts,

they will perfett their Seeds, and foon after decay. But if their Seed: are permitted to fcatter, the Plants will come up without any manner of Care, and become Weeds in the

Garden.

SCILLA, Squills. The Characters are;

It

having

tvoo Seeds,

which
;

refemhle

hath a large,
:

acrid,

bulbous

Needle, when joined. The Species are

1.

Root, like an Onion

the Leaves are

broad
roftrato,

Scandix

vul-

Omitbogalum,
cinth
:

the Flowers are like thofe of or the Starry Hya-

garis.

Common ShepC. B. P. herds Needle, with beaked Seeds.

2. Scandix Cretica major. C. B. P. Great Shepherds Needle ofCrete.
3.

they

grow

in

a long Spike, and

come out before the Leaves,

The
1.

Species are

Scandix
Scandix

Cretica minor.

C.BP.
maShep-

Smaller Shepherds Needle of Crete,

4.

Orientalis,flore

Needle, with a very large Flower. The firft of thefe Plants grows wild amongft Corn, in molt Parts of The fecond and third England. Sorts grow wild in the Ifland of Candia; and the fourth Sort was discovered by Dr. Toumefort in the Levant.

xima. herds

Tourn. Cor.

Eaftern

S c 1 l l a vulgaris, radice rubra. C. B. P. Common red Squill. 2. Scilla radice alba. C. B. P. The white Squill. Thefe Plants are very common

upon

the fandy Shores of Spain, and

the Levant, from

whence theirRoots

are annually brought to England, for

medicinal Ufe : but altho' thefe Roots are brought over chiefly for medicinal Ufe, yet are they worthy of being cultivated in every good Garden, for the Beauty of their flowers ; which make a very hand-

Thefe Plants are preferv'd by the

Curious in Botany, for the fake of Variety ; but are feldom admitted The Fruit of into other Gardens. thefe Plants, having Beaks greatly refemblingCranesBills, may be taken for them at a fmall Diflance ; but being ranged fomewhat like the Teeth of a Comb, occafion'd the

fome Appearance when

flrong Roots,

they are

The
Roots
is

beft

time to tranfplant thefe

May, when their Leaves are decay'd and if the Roots are brought from Abroad, if they can
in
:

Name

given to

it.

They may be propagated by Seeds,

which mould be fown
in

Autumn,

be procur'd firm at that Seafon, or little after, they fhould be planted in Pots of light fandy Earth, and placed in the Windows of theGreenhoufe ; where, if they are blowing Roots, they will flower the July
a
following.

foon after they are ripe, in the Place where they are delign'd to remain, which mould be in a fliady Situation ; and when the Plants are come up, they will require no farther Care, but to keep them clear from In May the Plants will Weed's.
flower, and in the Beginning oijuiy

Thefe Plants mutt be preferv'd in

Shelter during the Winter
-

feafon

becaufe, if their Leaves are deflroy'd

by Froft in Winter, the Roots are

fubjeft
to peri!h but in Summer they mould be expos'd to the open Air, and in dry Weather muft be
:

frequently

c
9.
:

c
folio

frequently <vaterM ; efpecially daring the Seal on their Leaves are on, but or "that rhey are in Flower

Sclarea Or ten talis,

If

tonics acutifflmo, cc?na purpura iemte* T. Cor. Eaftern Clary, with a

when
Keft,

the Roots

are in

a State of
little

marp
10.

pointed Betony

leaf,

and a

they
;

mould have but

for

purplifh

Moifture
lot them.

Wet

at that

time will

Top. Sclarea

They

are pretty hardy,

ratis, fiore fua<ve

pratenfis, folih f*r~ - rubtnte. Tonne.

and only require to be Ihelter'd from hardFroft; but mufi have as much free Air as poffible in open Weather.

Meadow Clary,with
and a

ferrated Leaves,

foft-red Flower.

The common Garden

chiefly cultivated in

Clary is England for me-

SCLAREA,
The
It
is

Clary. Charailers are a <vtrticilhte Plant, with a

dicinal' U(e ; but the other Sorts are preferv'd in Botanic Gardens for the

labiatcd Flow\r, cOnfijllng of one Leaf, ivhofe Upper- lip ( or Creft J is hooked ;
but
the Under- lip
into

fake of Variety, with many otheT Sorts of lefs Note : however, thole here mention'd are worthy of aPlace
in large Gardens, where, if they are

(or Beard)

is di-

vided

three

Parts,

the middle

intermix^ among other large growing Plants, they will afford a pretty Variety efpecially the fifth, eigfcta,
;

Segment being hollovj and hi fid : out cf the Flswer-cup rifes the Point a I, attended by four Embryoes, txbich af-

ninth, and tenth Sorts, which proers,

terward turn to fo many roundifhSeeds inclofedin an Hufi, which was before

the Flower-cup.

duce long Spikes of beautiful Flowand continue a long time in

Beauty.

The
1.

Species are

mon
2.

Sclarea. Tabern. Garden Clary.

Ic.

Com-

The Flowers of the fevemth Sort are us'd in Holland, to give a

Flavour to the khenijh Wines.which are brew'd at Dort. All thefe Sorts may be propagated by fowing their Seeds upon a Bed of frefh Earth in March or April ; ard when the Plants are come up, they mould be tranfplanted into Beds of frefhEarth, about eight Inches afutider, obferving to water them until they have taken Root; after which they will require no farther Care, buc to keep them clear from Weeds until Michaelmas, when they

Sclarea

njulga ris fa n uginrfa

emplifjimo folio.

Tourn.

Common

downy Clary, with a large Leaf. 3. Sclarea laciniatis foliis.Tourn.

Clary with a jagged Leaf.
4.

Scla"Ea

Lufitanica glutinofa,

cmplijjjmo folio,

Tcurn.
Indica,

Portugal

Clary, with a large glutinous Leaf.

5.

Sclarea

fore var le-

gato. Tcurn.

Indian Clary, with a

rugofo, uerrucofo,

variegated Flower,
6.
c

clare a

&

laciniato folio.

Clary with a rough, warted, and jagged Leaf.

7.

Tcum.

mould

be

tranfplanted

into

the

Sclarea

glutinofa, fijr is lutei

Places where they are to remain, placing them at a large Diftance ;

for they fpread pretty iar, provided

*variegati

barba anipla cava. Boerb. Lid. Glutinous Clary, with a yellow variegated Flower, having a large hollow Beard, commonly calFd
Jupiter's Diftaff.

the Soil be good.

are planted for a

If thefe Plants

Crop intended

for

Sclarea

folio falviee, minor,

medicinalUle, they ihould be planted in Rows two Feet and an half aiunder, and the Plants eighteen
Inches dittaat in the

five glabra. Tcurn. Lefler or ihiOQtll Clary with a Sage-leaf.

Rows

but the
other

other Sorts to be placed in Borders

fnould be planted eight or ten Feet diftant, being intermix'd with other Plants. Some of thefe Sorts will endure many Years, provided they are planted on a frefn Soil, not over-

up, they fhould be kept from Weeds ; and where they grow too clofe, fome of them mould
clear

are

come

be pulled out, fo as to leave thofe

moid or rich ; bat others rarely continue longer than the fecond Year, perifhing foon after they have
perfected their Seeds
therefore be often
:

which are defign'd to remain, about two Feet afunder. This is all the Culture which thefe Plants require ;
as they fend forth Tap-roots, they do not bear tranfplanting well 5 therefore they mull bs fown where they are to remain ; and if they

for

thefe

mould

renewed from Seeds, to have a Continuance of them; but the other Sorts may be increafed by parting their Roots, the beft time for which is atMichaelmas, when their Stems begin to decay.

are kept clear from Weeds, theywill

very well ; and when the Seafons prove dry, will perfed their Seeds in Autumn; but in wet Seathrive

fons they rarely

Seeds

in

ever produce good England ; which renders it

SCOLYMUS,
thiitle.

The Golden-

The Char afters are ; The whole Plant hath the Appearance of a Thiflle : the Flower confvjis of many Half-florets, which rejl on
each of thefe are fepa; rated by a thin Leaf ; and on the Top of each Embryo is fajiend a little
the Embryocs

difficult to continue the Species,without procuring frelh Seeds from Abroad. ThefePlants are preferved by thofe Perfons who are curious in Botany, for Variety - fake ; but are rarely planted in other Gardens.

SCORDIUM,
der.

Water-german;

Leaf: thefe are contain 'd in a fcaly Empalement , which inclofes the
Seed.

The

Characters are

The Species are; Scolymus chryfanthemus. C. B. P. The Golden-thiftle. 2. Scolymus chryfanthemus an1.

The Flowers are like thofe of Germander, which are producedfrom the Wings of the Leaves : the Flowercup is tubulous ; and the whole Plant
fmells like Garlick.

The
1.

Species are

nuus.

H. R. Par.

Annual Golden
chryfanthemus

ihhtle.
3.

mon
Scolymus
2.

C. B. P. Water- germander.

Scordium.

Com-

Scordium
C.

alteram, fi<ve falvia

Africanus procerior. H.R. Par. Taller African Golden-thiftle. The firlt and fecond Sorts

agrejlis.

B.

P.

Wild

fage,

fuulgo.

grow

3.

Scordium frufefcens, folio

an-

wild in the South of France, and in Spain ; but the third Sort is a NaThe nrft and third tive of Africa. Sorts arc biennial Plants ; but the fecond is an annual, and pennies
foon after
it

guflo fclwse,flore luteolo. Boerh. bid.

Shrubby Wild-fage, with a narrow Sage-leaf, and yellowilh Flowers. The firlt. of thefe Plants grows wild in moift Places in the lfle of
Ely, in

has perfected

its

Seeds.

They

are propagated

which mould be fovvn in a Bed of frefh undung'd Earth, in an open Situation ; and when thtPIar/iS

by Seeds, March, on

but near Lon; propagated in Gardens for medicinal Ufe. This Plant is increafed by parting the Roots, of
great Plenty

don

it is

from Cuttings or

Slips

the beft

time

mull be planted in Beds of moiit Earth, about four or five Inches afunder, obferving to water them well until
Slips
aft^r which they have taken Root they will require no further Care but to keep them clear from Weeds, and in July the Plants will be fit to cut for medicinal Ufe, being at that time in Flower ; but it is not proper to tranfplant them every Year, for then the Crop will be fmaller; therefore every other Year will be
;

time for of March.

s this Work
Thefe

c
is

the Beginning

mild ; for if they are too much drawn, they are fubject to mould and decay. In the Summer-fealbn they fhould be expos'd to the open Air, with Myrtles, and other foreign Plants; and mull be frequently refrefh'd with Water.

SCORPIURUS,
The

Caterpillers.

Characters are ; It hath a papilionaceous Flower,

fufncient to

renew thefe Beds

nor

Ihould they be planted again upon the fame Ground, but upon a frelTi

of whofe Evipaletnent rifes the which after^vard becomes a jointed Pod, convoluted like a Snail or Galcrp 'dL r, having a Seed in each Joint, which is, for the moji part, of an o-jal Figure.
out

Polntal,

The
1.

Species are

Spot

other wife

they
is

will

not

Scorpiurus

bvpleuri folio.

C.

thrive.

B. P.

The

great rough Caterpiilupleuri folio, cor-

The
in

Wild-fage

very

common
is

ler.
2.

Woods, and lhady

Places, in di;

ScorpiurUo
Mar.

vers Parts of England

and

rarely

nicults afperis, magis in fe contort is <of

ccn-jolutis.

cultivated in Gardens, except by chofe who are curious in Botany.

^Hijl.

Prickly Ca-

terpiller.
3.

This may be propagated by fowiag the Seeds in the Spring upon a Bed of frefh Earth and when thePlants are come up, they fhould be tram;

SCORPIURUS
Caterpiller.

bupleuri folio, /i'I heat.

liquis le-jiLus.

Park.

Smoothtraffa

podded
4.

Scorpiurus
Emac.

fliqua

planted out, at about a Foot afander, pon a frefh light Soil, obferving to
they have taken Hoot ; after which they will require no farther Care but to keep

Boelii. Ger.

Thick

podded

Caterpiller.
c.

water them

until

& firiata
Pod.
6.

Scorpiurus

Jiliqua cochlcata

Ohjfponenfis. H. R. Par.

Caterpiller with a twilled furrowfd

from Weeds ; for t-hey are extremely hardy, and will abide many Years in almoil any So;l or

them

clear

Scorpiurus foliis
Hijl.

<via'sr,

mini*

ma. Mor.

Situation.

fmalkil Caterpiller, with Vetch-leaves.

The

The third Sort is of a more tender Nature, and requires to be melter'd

it

Thefe Plants
ral curious

are preferv'd in feve-

from fevere Froft

it is

to

which

if

be expos'd,

often deilroy'd.

This may be propagated by lowing

the Seeds as the former ; but when the Plants come up they mould be plac'd in Pots of frefh Earth, and in Winter put in an airy Part of the Green-houfs, where they may enjoy the free Air when the Weatksr is

Gardens, for their Oddnefs more than for any great Beauthey are all of them annual ty Plants, which are propagated by fowirg their Seeds upon a Bed of frefh light Earth ; and when the
:

Plants are
ten Inches

come

up,

they fhould be

thinned, fo as to leave

them about

came

or a Foot afunder;, betheir Branches trail upon the

Vol. Hi.

4 %

Ground

s
Ground
;

c
if

they have not room, they are apt to overbear each other, and thereby are very often rotted, efpecially in moift Seafons. The Weeds mould alfo be diligently clear'd from them,otherwife they will grow over and deflroy them: in June thefePlantswill produce fmall yellow papilionaceous Flowers, which are

and

The Species are; 1. Scorzonera latifolia Jtnuatal

C. B. P. Common or broad-leav'd Vipers - grafs, with an indented
Leaf.
2.

Scorzonera
P.

folia altera; lati

C.

B.
3.

Another broad-leav'd
laciniatis foliis.

Vipers-grafs.

Scorzonera

Succeeded by Pods, which of the firft Sort are fo much like Caterpillers, that a Perfon, at a fmall Diftance, would imagine they were real Caterpillers feeding on the Plants ; and it is for this Oddnefs of their Pods
that
thefe Plants are chiefly
will feldom
;

Toum.
Leaves.

Vipers-grafs with jagged

firft

The

of thefe Sorts
;

is

what

the College

of Phyficians have difor the

rected for medicinal

alfo cultivated

prethrive

Kitchen
don
;

in

Ufe and it 13 Ufe of the divers Gardens near Lon-

ferv'd.

Thefe Plants
fore the
bell

well, if they are tranfplanted

there-

put in three or four good Seeds in each Place where you would have the Plants remain (which may be in the Middle of large Borders in the Pleafure-garden, where being intermix'd with other Plants, they will afford a
is,

Method

to

it is not fo much propagated as it hath been fome Years fince, when it was more commonly brought to the Markets. The fecond Sort is equally as good as the firft for all the Purpofes for which that is cultivated ; but as it is lefs common, it is rarely found in England, except in Botanic Gardens;

tho* at prefent

v/here the third Sort ted for Variety, but

to

is
is

alfo cultiva-

pleafing Variety).

When the Plants

never appl) 'd

come

up, there mould be only one of the moft promifing left in each Place, which mould be ccnftantly kept clear from Weeds and when their Pcds are ripe, they mould be gather'd and prefervM in a dry
;

any Ufes. Thefe Plants may be propagated

Place till the following Spring, in order to be fown.

The firft,

third,

and fourth Sorts

are the belt worth cultivating, their

by fowing their Seeds in the Spring upon a Spotoffrefh light Soil. The befc Method Of fowing them is, to draw {hallow Furrows by a Line about a Foot afunder, into which you fhould fcatter the Seeds, thinly covering them over about half an Inch thick with the fame light
Earth; and when the Plants are come up, they fhould be thinned where they are too clofe in the Rows, leaving them at leaft fix Inches afunder ;

Pods being large, and more vifible than the other,and are more in form of a Caterpilier.

SCORZONERA,
The Char after s
It

Vipers-grafs.
;

are

and, at the fame

hath afemifiofculous Flower, con-

fining of many Ha if-florets, which refi upon tbcEntbryoes, which are in-

time, you fhould hoe down all the Weeds to deflroy them and this muft be repeated as often as is neceflary ; for if theWeeds
:

cluded in

one

common Empalement,
:

are permitted to
Plants, they will

grow among

the

which

is

fcoly

the Embryoes afterSeeds, nvbich are

ward become oblong

draw them up weak., and prevent their Growth.

fwnijVd with Down,

There

s
There
are

many People who Tow

thefe Seeds promifcuoufly in a Bed, and afterward tranfplant them out

the Point al rifes out of tl e Flowercup, which afterward turns to a Fruit or Hujk, with a roundijh -pointed End,

Diftance they would have but this is not fo well as the former Method, becaufe their Roots commonly fhoot downright,
at the

opening into
to

them grow

two

tit ion,

Di<vifiom, parted inan intermediate Parandfull of Jmall Seeds, which

Cells by
to

two

adhere

Placenta.

The Species are which, in being tranfplanted, are 1. Scrophularia nodofa faetlda. often broken ; fo that they never C. B. P. will make fuch fair Roots as thofe Stinking knobbed-roctwhich remain in the fame Place ed Figwort. 2. Scrophularia aquatica mawhere they are fown for when the extreme Part of the Root is broken, jor. C.B.P. Greater Water Figwort. it never extends itfelf in Length afterward ; but only moots out into 3. Scrophularia Hijpanic a, fammany forked fmall Roots, which are buci folio glabra. Tourn. Spanijb not near fo valuable as thofe which Figwort, with a fmooth Elder are large and ftrait. Thefe Roots leaf. may be taken up when the Leaves 4. Scrophularia maxima Lufibegin to decay ; at which time, they ian>ca,fambuci folio lanuginofo.Tou have done growing ; tho' they may Greatefc Portugal Figwort, with a remain in the Ground until Spring, woolly Elder- leaf. and may be taken up as they are rut a car.ina 5. Scrophularia ufed but thofe which remain in the die! a vulgaris. C. B. P. Figwort,
:

Ground
their

after

March
-

will fhoot
;

Flower

Items

after

up which

commonly called Dog's-rue. 6. Scrophularia fax at His

luci-

they are not fo good, being fticky

da, laferpitii Majjilienfs foliis. Boc.

and

ftrong.

If you

intend

to fave Seeds of

Muf. Shining Rock Figwort, with Leaves like the Marfeilles Laferwort.
7. Scrophularia glauco flio, amplas lacinias di-vifo. Tourn. Figwort with a fea-green Leaf, divided into large Segments.

thefe Plants,

you mould let a Parcel of the beft remain in the Places where they grew and when their Stems are grown to their Height,
;

in

they ihould befupported with Stakes, to prevent their falling to the

In "June Ground, or breaking. they will flower and about the Be;

8.

Scrophularia
lacinintis,

foliis

flirt's

modo
folia.

Vel ruta canina latiC. B. P. Figwort with Leaves

ginning of Augufl their Seeds will

ripen,

when they mould begather'd,

till

jagged after the manner of Fern, or broad leav'd Dog's-rue.

9. Scrophularia five lutco. C. B. P. Figwort with a yellow Flow-

and

preferv'd dry

the Spring fol-

lowing, for Ufe.

SCROPHULARIA,
The
//

Figwort.
:

er.

Characters are

id.

Scrophularia folio

itrtic&.

hath an anomalous Flower, conJtfiing of one Leaf^ gaping on both Side Stand generally globular ,cut\ as it

C. B. P.
leaf.

Figwort with a Nettlebetonic^ foFjgwcrt-vvith a

12.

11.
lio.

Scrophularia
R. H.

ivy e,
per one

into

two Lips under the upof which are two fmalILeases:

;

Inf.

Betony-leaf.

4 L 2

Scro-

s
IZ.
fclio.

c
fcarodunite

s
major,
it is

c
preferved in

Scrophularia
Mor.
Hifl.

by fome

Figwort with a
pcregrina

their Phyfic-gardcns.

YVood-fage-leaf.
13.

Scrophularia

The fecond Sort is alfo very common inmoiitPhces, and by theSides

of Ditches almoft every-where this is alfo an officinal Plant, and ftands in the Catalogue of Simples, under the Title of Betonica aquatica, i. e. Water-betony, becaufe the Leaves are fomewhat like thofe of Be:

frutefcens, foliis teucrii crajjiufculis.

Breyn. Cent. Foreign ihrubby Figwort, with a thick Tree Germander-leaf.

14.

Scrophularia

Lufitanica

frutefcens^ njerbenacec foliis. Inf. R.

H. Shrubby Portugal Figwort, with

Vervain-leaves.
15.

tony.

Scrophularia

Cretica fru-

tefcens, folio <vario

craffori. Tourn.

Cor.
16.
tefcens

Shrubby Figwort of Candia,

with a thicker variable Leaf.

Scrophularia Gra'ca fru-

folio. Tourn. Greek Ihrubby and perennial Figwort, with a Nettle-leaf.

& perennis,nrtic<e
SCROPHURARIA

Thefe two Plants may be eafily propagated in Gardens, by fowing their Seeds early in the Spring upon a Bed of frefh Earth, in a fhady Situation ; and when the Plants are come up, they mould be tranfplanted out into a ftrong moift Soil,about

Cor.

17.

JLph(fiH 9

lu-

two Feet afunder, obferving to water them until they have taken Root ; after which they will require no farto hoe down the Weeds between them, from time to

nariee folio, flore rubro.

Tourn.

Cor.

ther Care, but

Epbefan Figwort, with a Moonwort-leaf, and a red Flower.

iS.

Scrophularia

Oricntalis,

time, as they are produced. fecond Year thefe Plants will

The
moot

fcliis c.innabinis.

Tourn. Cor.

Eaft-

up

to flower

and

if their

ern Figwort, with

leaves.
19.

Ballard -hemp-

fuffered to remain, they

Stems are will prois

duce Seed: but the Herb

general-

Scrophularia

Orient alls,

ly cut for Ufe, juft

er, the

as

the Flowers

titnplijTwio folio,

cattle a la to'. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Figwort, with a large Leaf, and a winged Stalk. 20. Scrophularia Orientalis, tili<e folio.

begin to open ; for if it Hands longLeaves change, and the whole Plant contains much lefs Juice.

Tourn.

Cor.

Eaftern
Orient a lis,

Figwort, with a Lime-tree- leaf.

21.

Scrophularia

thryfantbemi fol io, fore niinimo <vaEaftern Figriegato. Tourn. Cor.

Thefe Roots will abide many Years without renewing but it will be proper to tranlplant them every other Year, otherwife their Roots will fpread over each other, and
:

wort, with a Corn-marigold -leaf,and the leaft variegated Flower. The firft Sort here mentioned

thereby deftroy themfelves. The third and fourth Sorts are very beautiful Plants, being worthy of aPlacc in every goodGarden: thefe.
are fomewhat tenderer than the for-

grows wild in great Plenty inWoods, ;md other fhady Places, in divers Parts of England, and is rarely culbut this being tivated in Gardens the Sort which the College of Phy:

mer

Sorts

tho'

the Cold of our

if planted in

they will endure ordinary Winters,

light Soil,

and a
be

warm

Situation.

Thefe

may

ficians

have directed for medicinal Ufe, under the Title of Scrophularia

propagated by fowing
the Spring,

their Seeds in

upon a Bed df

frefh

s
Earth
;

c
Seeds.

c
and

and when the Plants are

they mould be often renew'd froia

come

up, they Ihould be tranfplant-

ed into Bedsoffrelh Earth, at about fix Inches Diftance from each other, obferving to water and {hade them until they have taken Root after
;

The

ninth,

tenth, eleventh,

twenty-firft Sorts are biennial Plants,

which they

will

require no farther

Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds, and in very dry Weather to refrefh them with Water. At Michaelmos fome of them may

which very rarely live longer than two Years. Thefe feldom flower the fame Seafon their Seeds are fown ; or if they do, it is generallypretty late in

Autumn

fo that they

be tranfplanted into the Middle of

do not produce good Seeds: but when the Plants grow Ihort, and do not put out their Flower-ftems the
firit.

warm
den
;

Borders

in
reft

the Pleafure-gar-

Year, they flower very ftrong

and the
fill'd

maybe

planted in-

early in the following

Summer, and

with freih light Earth, which in Winter ihould be (heltered under a common Hot-bed-frame, where they may be covered in frofty Weather ; but in mild Weather they fiiould have as much free Air
to Pots
as poiiible.

produce good Seeds. Thefe Sorts are hardy enough to endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters very well, provided they are planted in a dry undunged Soil.

The

twelfth,

thirteenth,

four-

Thefe

Plants, thus fhel-

teenth, fifteenth, fixteenth, eighteenth,

ter\i,wiii flower very ftrong

iaMajs

nineteenth, and twentieth Sorts are

daiy watered in dry Weather, will produce ripe Seeds in July, whi< a may Degatner^d in the Pods, The and preserved for fowing. Roots ofthefe Plants will abide three

and

if

abidingPIantf, theirRoots continuing

many Years

and the eighteenthSort

it

creeps at the Root, fo that

pro-

or four Years,
great Cold
increafe
;

unleis deftroyed by and may be parted, to

:

way, as alfo by Seeds. This is an extreme hardy Plant, and will live in almolt any Soil and Situation ; but mould not
pagates very
fail

that

but thefe Plants them which are propagated from Slips,

be planted too near other Plants, becaufe

ic

creeps fo far, as to interfere

feldom flower lb itrong as thole produced from Seeds ; fo that it is the

belt

Way

to raife every

Year fome
the

with fuch Plants as grow near it. The other Sorts will endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters very
well, if they are planted
in

from
Koo:s.

Seeds

co

fucceed

old

a lhel-

tered Situation
fifth,

and when they are

The

fixth,

feventh, and
tender,

planted
will not

in

eighth Sorts are alio

and

grow too

a lean rubbifhy Soil, they freely, but will be

will rarely endure the Cold of our Winters without Shelter, unlefs in

Hinted, and endure a

much

greater

fome very warm

fore thefe mould

Situations

there-

be planted in Pots fill'd with ftefh light Earth, and fheltered in Winter as the two former

Sorts. Thefe may be propagated from Seeds, as the former Sorts. Thefe Sorts feldom abide longer than two Years, and mult be defended from Frofl in Winter fo that
j

Share of Cold, than when they are planted in a rich Soil,where they become very luxuriant. All thefe Sorts ^re propagated by Seeds, which fno ;ld be fown on a Bid of lightEarth in the Spring; but it often happens, that the Seeds will lie in the Ground a Year, or longer,
before the Plants
ths

Ground 4 L 3

come up ; fo that (hould not be d&urbed,

if

s
if
:

c
firft

s
Flor.

c
and

the Plants do not appear the

Leyd.

Scull-cap with blunt

Year bat it mould be kept clean from Weeds, and wait until the Plants come up and when they are fit to remove, they mould be tranfplanted where they are to remain. Thefe Sorts are preferved by thofe
;

heart-lhaped fawed Leaves, leafy Spike.

7.

Scutellaria

foliis

cordata-

oblongis acuminatis ferratis, fpicis fubnudis.

Flor. Leyd. Scuil-cap with oblong pointed heart-fhaped Leaves, which are fawed, and the lower Par; of the Spike naked.
8.
dis.

curious in the Study of but are rarely propagated in other Gardens.

Plants
;

who

are

Scutellaria

foliis pinnatif-

SCUTELLARIA,
The
of
t.-,e

Scull-cap.
;

Characters are

Lin. Hort. Cliff. Eaftern Scullcap, with elegant cut Leaves.

9.

The Empaletnent of the Flower

Lip-kin J
;

is

Scutellaria

incana, foliis

the up^er

Segment

magi j
cut.

laciniatis, fore luteo.

tabling an Helmet ; and is diviref ded into three Seg7ne?its ; the middle being broad and concave ; but the
other tv:o are

Eaftern Scull-cap, with Leaves

Hoary much

narrow and plain

:

the

is divided into tbeCdXyx, having aC over, contains aFruit refmbiing the He el of aS Upper or Shoe, vuhichChar a tier is fujfeient to difinguifb itfrom

Beard, or lower Lip,

tvjo equal Segments

The fecond Sort is a common V/eed, which grows plentifully by the Side of Ditches, in moft Parts of England-, therefore is not admitted into Gardens this was formely ti:

all the other

Genera of

this Clafs.

Lyfmachia galericulata. The nrft Sort grows plentifully in Italy, and other warm Countries, in
tled
is a Plant of no but is kept in Botanic Gardens for the fake of Variety. The third and fourth Sorts are Natives of the Alps ; the Branches

The
I.

Species are

moid

Places:

tfcis

Scutellaria foliis ova t is fer[pica

great Beauty

interrupta. Lin. Hcrt. Scull-cap with oval fawed Leaves, and an interrupted Spike.
Cliff.

ratis,

2.

Scutellaria

foliis

cordato-

of thefe
at the

trail

upon

the

Ground
is

and

lanceolatis crenatis.
JVlarlh
3.

common

Lin. Hort. Cliff. Scull -cap,

foliis

End of each

there

a Spike

Scutellaria

ovatis

(renatis, fpicis imbricatis. Lin.

Cliff. Alpine Scull-cap,

Hort. with a large Flower, and an imbricated Spike.

4. Scutellaria foliis incifo-ferratis utrinque glabris,ftica tetragona.

Lin. Hort, Upfal. Alpine Scull-cap,

of large Flowers, which in one Sort with yellow Falls ; and the thofe of the other are white Flowers of thefe Plants continue a long time ; fo a few Plants of each Sort may be admitted to have a Place in large Gardens, where they thefe perwill add to the Variety
are blue,
: :

with
5.

fawed Leaves, and a large Fiower with a fquare Spike.

fn-.coth

fect

their Seeds very well

in

Eng-

Scutellaria
Flor.

foliis

cordc.to-

Idnctolatis fcrratis, pedunculis multijioris.

heart

many
6.

Scull-cap with Leyd. fhaped fawed Leaves, and long Flowers growing upon
foliis

each Fc otftalk.

Scutellaria

cordatis

fbtyftf obiufe

jenatis, Jpicis fofiofis.

land ; fo that they may be propagated in plenty the Seeds may be fown upon a Bed of common Earth about the Latter-end of March ; and when the Plants are fit to remove, they may be either planted in the Borders of rhe Pieafure- garden, or into Nurfery-beds, where they may iiay tiii the following Autumn ; and
:

: ;

E
jr

then they fhould be planted where which was before the Flower- cup they are defign'd to remain : they this differs from Wheat, in having a are very hardy Plants ; therefore flatter Spike, the Awn larger, and will thrive in any Situation, and conmore naked.
tinue feveral Years.

The
1.

Species are

and feventh Sorts have upright Shoots ; and the Flowers of thefe are produced in long Spikes; but they are fmall, and have little Beauty ; fo the Plants are only preferved in the Gardens of the Curious, for the fake of Variety they are hardy perennial Plants, and perfect their Seeds in plenty every Year; fo may be propagated in the fame
fifth, fixth,
:

The

manner as

the former.

The eighth

and ninth Sorts have

which are garnifhed with elegant Leaves ; thofeof the eighth Sort being fhaped like Germander, and are hoary underneath thofe of the ninth Sort are deeply fawed, and are hoary on both Sides thefe produce Spikes of yellow Flowers, which make a pretty Appearance, and continue long in Beauty fo that they deferve a Place
trailing Branches,
: ;

Sec ale bybernum, vel majus. C. B. P. Common or Winter Rye. 2. Sec ale vcrnunt iff minus. C. B. P. LefTer or Spring Rye. The firft Sort is what the generality of Farmers propagate, and is ufually fown in Autumn, at the fame Seafon with Wheat and in many of the Northern Counties, as alfo in Wales, they are often mixed together tho' I think it muft be very bad Hufbandry for the Rye will always ripen fooner than Wheat;
: : ;

fo that if the latter

is

permitted

to

itand to be fully ripe,the former will

matter

nor can

this

be praclifed

in every curious Garden thefe Sorts are pretty hardy, inrefpeft to Cold ;
:

but they mould be planted on a dry

will not live nor do thefe Plants thrive well in Pots ; therefore they mould always be planted
Soil, otherwife

they
;

thro'

the

Winter

they perfect every Year ; fo young Plants fnould be annually raifed, becaufe they feldom continue longer than two Years.
:

in

the full

Ground
well

where the People are not accuftom'd to eat Rye-bread ; for altho'it is by fome accounted good when mixed, yet it being fo very clammy, few People, who have been fed with Wheat, will ever care to eat the Bread made of this. It is generally fown on poor, dry, gravelly, or fandy Land, where Wheat will not thrive ; and in fuch Places may anfwer very well: but on fuch Land as will bear Wheat, it is not proper to fow Rye fince of
;

their Seeds

late

Years that Wheat has been at a low Price, the other has been worth

little.

When Rye

is

fown,

the
;

Ground

SECALE, Rye. The Char a tiers

are

The Flowers have no Leaves, but conjijl offederal Stamina, which are produced from the Flower-cup : thefe Flowers are coiled ed into a fiat Spike , and are difpofed aimofi Jingly : from the Flower - cup rifes the Pointal which afterward becomes an oblong fiendcr .$dt an liujk, inclofed in

mould not be too wet and if it mould happen, that much Rain falls before the Rye is come up, it often but it is not rots in the Ground long in coming up, it being much fooner out of the Ground than Wheat.
;

The

fmall

Rye may be fown

the fame
is

in

the Spring, about

with Gats, and

time ufually ripe asioon

as
i

4 L 4

E
ply the
ter
:

?s the other Sort : but if the Seafon proves wet, it is apt to run much to

Straw

and the Grain

;

is

generally
the only

lighter than the other

fo

low upon fuch Lands, where the Autumnal Crop

is

Ufe of this Sort

to

Want of Turneps in Winand if fome of the Ground, which was fown late with Turneps, which had failed, was fown in Autumn with Rye, that would be proper to fuppiy the want of Cole-feed

may have mifcarried. The general Ufe

;

afterward.

of

Rye

is

fcr

SECURIDACA, Hatchet- vetch.

Cbaratlers are ; hath a papilionaceous Flower, out of nvhofe Empahmr.nt rifts the
//

Bread, ekher aione, or mixed with Wheat but (as was before observed) it is only fit for fuch Perfons who have a ways been ufed to rhis Food, few other Per ions caring to nor have I ever heard of cat of it its having been exported; fo can never be worth cultivating in general tho I have been informed it will yield aiirong Spirit, whic v, haps may occaiion its being more
!

The

Painful, uubicb

afterword becomes an
Joint

upright, plain, articulated Pod, con-

taining in
.

carh

rhomboid
inner

Seed, having a
Side.

A otch

on the

have but one Species of this Plant is Mi/gland ; viz.

We

Securidaca
P.

lutea major.

C. B,

cultivated,

fince

the

pernicious
is

The

greater yellow

Hatchet-

Ule of

Spirituous Liquors
alfo

now
to

vetch.

tolerated.

fown afford green eed

is

Rye

in

Autumn

Corn

for

Ewes and
is

This Plant grows among the in Spain, Italy, and other warm Countries ; but in England it is pre:

Lambs

in the

Spring, before there

:

plenty of Grafs when this tended, the Rye mould be

early in

is

in-

fown
:

Autumn,

that

it

may have

the Strength to furniih early Feed great Ufe of this is, to fuppiy the

want of Turneps, in thole Places where they have faikd as aifo after the Turneps are over, and before the Grafs is grown enough, to fuppiy green Feed fcr the Ewes fo
;
:

ferv'd in Botanic Gardens, for the fake of Variety this may be propagated Jay fowing the Seeds in Borders of frefli light Earth in the Spring, in the Places where they are to abide for they feldom fucceed well, if they are tranfplanted : they mould be allowed at h aft two Feet Dillance, becaufe their Branches trail upon the Ground. Jn June
;

thefe Plants will flower,

gufl .their

and

in

Au-

that in thofe Seafcns,

r.f

when theTur-

fail, it is very good fow the Land with efpecially where there j ye, are blocks of Sheep, which cannot be well fuppcrted, where green Feed is wanting early in the v pr.ng therefore thofe Farmers, who have large live S ocks, mould have feveral Ivie-

ps in general
to

Seeds will ripen, when they mould be gathered, and pre-

Hufbandry

ferved for Ufe. A few of thefe Plants may be admitted into every good Garden for Variety ; tho*
there
is

no great Beauty

in

their

Flowers.

SEDUM, Houfleek.
The
Leagues,
ly,

Characlers are
confijls

f fupplying themfelves with r cier.t Feed, left fome mould fail fu j for as Turneps are a very precari-

thecs

The Flower

of federal

which are placed orbicular' and expand in form of a Roj'c ; cut

F/o-uC'er-cup rifes the

Crop % fome Land mould

with 'Cole- feed,which

be

of <rxbofe

Point al,

ibwi.

will fup-

which afterward

turns

to

a Fruit,
com/ofedi

E
like the

S
common
a Rofe.
14.
il is

E
montanum, fo-

compofed, as it were, of many Seedvejl-h, refembling Hujks, ivbicb are

collected into

Sort, collecled like

a fort of Head, and full

Sedum Afrum

offmall
1
.

Seeds.

fubrotundis, dentibus albis ferratis

The

Species are

Sedu m majus

njulgare .C.B.P.

Common
2.
ta.

great Houfleek.

confer tim natis. Boerb. Ind. African mountainHoufleek, with roundindented feirated Leaves, with ifli

Sedum
C. B. P.

minus luteum, fclio acuThe molt ordinary

yel-

white Edges.
15.

Sedum

Prickmadam, or Sharp-pointed low Houfleek.

3.

folio lengo

Africanum frutefcensy ferrato conferiim nato.

African fhrubby Houffemted Leaves.
den-

Boerb. Ind.
16.

minus luteum, ramulis Yellow Stonerefiexis. C. B. P. crop, with reflex'd Branches. 4. Sedum par*vum acre, fore luWall-pepper, or Stonetto. J* B.
crop.
5.

Sedum

leek, with long

oEdum mojus montanum,

tatis foliis, altcrum.

C. B. P. Another great mountain Houfleek,wita indented Leaves. 17. Sedum majus ncntanum, foliis

Sedum

minus, a rupe
Syn.

Sancli

non dentatis, foribus rubentibus.

Vincentii.

>>i

Stonecrop

of

St. Vincent's Rock.

6. Sedum minus teretifolium al18. Sedum teretifolium majus, bum. C. B. P. White - flower'd Mo>\ Hort. R. BUf. flore albo. Stonecrop, with taper Leaves. GreaterHoufleek, with taperLeaves, 7. Sedum minus, circinato folio. Lefter Stonecrop, with and a white Flower. C. B. P.

B. P. The great mountain Houfleek, with indented Leaves, and redifh Flowers.
C.

round Leaves.
8.

Sedum

majus vulgari frnile,

caule,

glehulis

Mor. Hijl. decidentibus. Houfleek like the common Sort, throwing off the young ones. 9. Sedum montanum foment ofum. Mountain woolly HoufC. B. P.
leek,
10.

Sedum minus, lato iff crank Portlandicum Bdgarum. H. Small Portland Houfleek, R. Par. with a broad and thick Stalk. 20. Sedum Alpinum rofum medium, acuto folio, barmatodes majus. H. R. Par. Greater bloody Rofe
19.

commonly

called

Cobweb

Houfleek of the Alps, with a

pointed Leaf.
21.

ftiarp-

Houfleek.
B.
$ edu M majus arborefcens. J. Greater Tree Houfleek. 11. Sedum majus arborefcens, foelegant ijfime
-oariegatis tricolor7-

Sedum Alpinum
ruberte.

rbfeum medi-

H. R. Par m Middle Rofe Houfleek of the Alps,

um, aculeo

liis

with
nus,

rediili Prickles.

bus.

Boerb.

lr.d.

Greater

Tree

22.

Sedum Alpinum
CfT

rofeum mi-

Houfleek, with beautiful variegated Leaves. 12. Sedum Ca?:arinun:,foliis ommaximis. H. A. The greateft
t
..

divide

Par.

fubbirfutum. H. R m Small Rofe green and hairy

Houfleek of the Canaries. u. Sedum Afr um faxatile, folio lis fedi vu farts, in rofam 'vere compofitis.

Houfleek of the Alps. 23. Sedum Alpinum fubbirfutum, folio longiore. H. R. Par Hairy Houfleek of the Alps, with a longer
y

Leaf.

Pcprb.
;

bid.

Afican Rock
fmall

24.

Sedum Alpinum

fuhbirfutum t
<vi-

Houfieek

with

Leaves,

corcna for,': purpurafcents, difco

r.idi

E
may
Off-fets

B. R. Par. Hairy Houfleek of the Alps, with the Borders of a purplifh Colour, and the Middle
reen.
minus teretifolium luteum. C. B. P. Small taper-leav'd yellow Houfleek.
25.

be propagated by planting the ( which are produced in

great Plenty

from the old Plants)

any time

in

Summer.
;

It

requires
will rot

Sedum

to

be placed very dry

for if its

in cold

Roots are moift, the Plants Weather.

minus teretifolium P. Another fmall tBper-lcav'd Houfleek.

clta-um. C.

26.

Sedum

The

fecond, third, fourth, fixth,

B.

27.

Sedum

longifolhim,

eitrho

pro.

Mor. H. R. Blaf. LongleaVd Houfleek, with a citron-coy Jour d Flower. 28. Sedum minimum lutettm, non we. J. B. The fmalleit yellow Houfleek, which is not acrid.
29.

and feventh Sorts grow in plenty upon Walls and Buildings in divers Parts of England, where they propagate themfelves by their trailing
Branches, fo as, in a fliort time, to cover the whole Place, provided they are not cut off. The fixth Sort is alfo prefcribed by the College of
Phyficians, to enter

fome

officinal

Sedum minimum
Hift.
is

no7t

a eye,
ieaft

fore alb*. Raii Houfleek, which a white Flower.

The

not acrid, with

Compofitions ; but the People who fupply the Markets, commonly fell the Wall -pepper inflead of this :

which

A'pinum, fore pallid>. C. B. P. Alpine Houfleek, with a pale Flower.

31. Sedum Alpinum,rthra magna Alpine Houfleek, fare. C. B. P. with a large red Flower. 3 2v Sedu m Hi[fpantim, folio glauco ccuto, fiove albida. Boerb. bid. alt. panijh Houfleek, with a pointed fea-

3a Sedum

is a very wrong Practice ; becaufe the fixth Sort is a very cold

accordingly directed cooling Ointments and the Wall- pepper is an exceeding fliarp acrid Plant (from whence
is

Herb, and

to be put into

it

received the

Name
it

of Wall-pepcontrary to
:

per),

which renders
of

the Intention

the Phyfician

therefore whoever
thefe Plants, fhould
to

makes

ufe

of
bet-

green Leaf, and a

3-3.

whitifli

Flower.

be very careful
is

Sedum

palujire fubbirfutum

have the right

otherwifeit
fo liable

ptrpurxum. B. P. Hairy purple aaarfli Houfleek. 34. Sedum echinatim, <velfellatunt,fore albo. J. B. Starry Houfleek, with a white Flower.
3
J~.
.

ter to ufe the

common

great Sort, in
to

which they are not

impos'd on.

be

The
whence

fifth

Vincenis
it

Sedum

ecbinatutn, fore lutes.

Sort is a Native of St, Rock in Cornwall, from hath been taken, and dif-

Prickly Houfleek, with a yellow Flower. The firft Sort is very common in England being often planted upon

B.

tributed into the feveral

Gardens of

fuch Perfons as are curious in preferving a Variety of Plants.

the Tops of Houfcs, and other Buildings ; where, being prefe rvM dry, it will endure the greateft Cold

This is directed by of our Climate. the College of Phyflcians to be ufed

ia Medicine, as a great Cooler.
It

Thefe Plants are all extreme hardy, and will thrive exceedingly, if planted in a dry Soil, and an open Situation, where they will propagate themfelves by their trailing Branches, which take Root whereever shey touch
:i;e

Ground.

The

'

S
The

S
fpiration of thofe

E
damp
;

eighth and ninth Sorts pro-

pagate themfelves by Off-fets, in the znanner as the common Sort ; tho' the eighth throws off the young ones from the Top of the old Plants, which, falling on the Ground, take Root, and thereby areincreafed very Thefe are both very plentifully. hardy ; and if planted in a dry rubbilhy Soil, will thrive, and endure the feverell Cold of our Climate. The tenth Sort is propagated by planting Cuttings during any of the Summer-months, which mould be laid in a dry Place a Fortnight after they are cut

ranges, Myrtles, and other Trees, in a Green- houfe ; becaufe the Per-

Air of the Place

the

Trees renders the and when

;

Houfe

is

clofely (hut

up, this

from the old Plants,

Parts

that their

wounded

may

heal

over before they are planted, otherThefe wife they are fubjecl to rot. ihould be planted in Pots filled with freih light fandy Earth, and placed in a fhady Situation (but not under the Drip of Trees), obferving to give them now-and-then a little Water, when the Earth is dry but you mult be very careful not- to let them have
:

Air is often rancid which, being imbibed by the Houfleeks, wit! caufe their Leaves to fall off, and the Plants will decay foon after 5 whereas, in an open airy Glafs-cafe, where there are none but fucculent Plants, there will never be near fo much Damp in the Air; and inYuch Places they will thrive and flower almoll every Winter, when the Plants have gotten fufficient Strength. Thefe Plants, in moift Weather, will fend forth long Roots from their Branches, four or five Feet from the Ground and if the Earth is placed
:

near to thefe Roots, they will ftrike into it, and the Branches may be afterward feparated from the old
Plants.

The

eleventh Sort

the tenth,

too

much

Moifture, which will rot

them.

When they have taken Root, they may be removed into a more open
Situation,

placing

them
in a

amongft

other Exotic Plants,

Place where

obtained in Duchefs of Beaufort at Badmingtcn9 from a Branch which broke off from one of the plain Sort of Houfleektrees by Accident ; and being planted 111 Lime-rubbim afterward, be

is a Variety of which was accidentally the Gardens of the late

be defended from ftrong which Situation they may remain until Autumn, when they mult be removed into the Conservatory, to be preferved from Cold in Winter, which will deftroy them. Tho' they do not require any artificial Pleat, but only to be protected
they

may
;

came

Winds

in

beautifully variegated from which Plant there have been vali Numbers raifed, and diitxibuted intQ
;

many

curiousGardens, both at

home

from Froft; yet do they require as rnuch free Air as pofiible in mild Weather ; therefore the beft way of preferving thefe Plants is, to have an airy Glafs-cafe ; in which many Sorts of Ficoides, and other fuccuJent Plants,
thefe,

and abroad. This is propagated in the fame manner as the former, and requires the fame Management in Winter but the Soil in which it is planted fliould be one Half frefli fandy Soil, and the other Half Limer rubbifh and Sea-fand, equally mixed, in which it will thrive much berter than in a rich Soil you muft
:

alfo be very careful not to give

it too,

may be
if

intermixed with

much Water
caufe
cay.
it

in Winter,
its

where they
than

will thrive

better

placed amongft

much O-

to caft

which will Leaves, and dethefe

Plants.

With

this

Management

S
Plants will

E
The

s
thirteenth

E
and
fourteenth
:

be eight or ten Feet high, and will produce beautiful Spikes of Flowers every Year, which are commonly in Eeauty in Winter ; and are thereby more valuable, for coming at a Seafon when
to

grow

Sorts are of a fmaller Growth thefe rarely rife above fix Inches high;

few other

Plants do flower.

Some-

but fend forth a great Quantity of their Sides ; which, if taken off, and planted in frefli light fandy Earth, will take Root, and

Heads from

times thefe Plants will produce ripe Seeds, which, if permitted to* fall upon the Earth of the Pots, will

make

frefli

Plants,

preferved

in

Pots,

which may be and houfed in

come up

the

Summer

following,

fromr whence a great Stock of the Plants may be produced ; tho' as they fo eaiily take Root from Cuttings, there will be no occafion to propngate them any other way. The twelfth Sort feldom produces any Side-branches, but grows up to one fingle large Head, with very large Leaves. This is only propagated from Seeds ; for when the Plants produce their Flowers, they always decay as foon as the Seed is ripe ; therefore the Seed mould cither be fown in Pots filled with light fandy Earth, as foon as it is yipe, or permitted to fried upon the Pots where they grow ; which mutt be fheitered from the Froft in Winter ; and the Spring following the

Winter with the other Sorts beforementioned, aud require to be treated in the fame way. The fifteenth Sort grows to be fhrubby, and may be propagated by
'

manner Tree Houfleek, and muftalfobe hous'd in Winter, and treated in the fame manner as hath
planting the Cuttings in the
direcled for the

been already direcled for that Sort. Thefe are all of them very ornamental Plants in the Green-houfe, and add greatly to the Variety, when placed amonglt other curious Exotic
Plants.

The other Sorts of Houfleek are very hardy Plants, which will thrive in the open Air in England and may be eaiily propagated by Off fets
;

or Branches, which will re-:dily cake

Root.
the
will

Thofe Kinc
(as

ivl

:fi

trail

on

young

Plants

Plenty ; planted into Pots fitted with frefti light Earth, and exp^fed in Sum mer, with other Exotic Plants, in fome well - fhelterM Situation, where they may remain until October, when they mould be hou ?, d with
the foregoing Sorts, and managed in
the fame manner as hftth heen diThefe Fiants will reeled for them.

come lip in when they mould be transwill

Ground

many of

theft do),

pulh out Roots from their Branches, and thereby fpread themfelves to a gre. Diftance but the
:

thirty

fecond,

thirty

fourth,

and

thirty-fifth Sorts are

annual Plants, which are only propagated by Seeds;, but if their Seeds are permitted to
fcatter

on

the

Ground, the Plants

in

<

will

come up

Autumn, and

re-

flower in four or five Years from Seed, provided they are well maringed after which (as was before ferrd) thev ufually decay ; therefore
;

quire no other Care, but to clear them from great Weeds, which, if

it is

young

necefTary to have a Succ'eflion of Plan:;, that there may be an-

permitted to grow amongft them, would overbear and deftroy them. Thefe Plants are preferved in the Gardens of fome Perfons, who are curious in Botany ; but are very rarely

nually feme to flower.

This Sort

admitted into other Gardens

too*

rather belongs to the Saxifrage than

this

they

may

be very ornamental,

when

Genus.

S
lightly difpofed
;

E
for there are

S
no

Plants fo proper to plant on the Walls of Ruins, or other runic Buildings, where they will thrive

Leaves, producing their Flowers cm the Tops of Shoots, which are fel-

dom above

without any Trouble, and endure the greateft Drought, and are never And as there is injured by Frofts. a great Variety of Species, which differ greatly from each other, not only in their Flowers, but alfo in the whole Face of the Plants ; fo they will afford an agreeable Variety, if they are properly difpofed. In
planting of thefe Plants, there is no other Care required, but to lay a little moift Earth on the Joints of the Walls or Buildings where they
are defigned to grow, and therein to plant fome of the Plants in fmall Bunches,- which will foon take Root, and in one Year's time will fpread to

three or four Inches highv but fpread and form into clofe large Bunches ; and where they fcatter their Seeds, if there is but a fma3 Share of Earth, the Plants will come up, and multiply fo fall, as to cover the Top of an Houfe in a fevr

Years.

The

fixteenth, feventeenth, nine-

teenth, twentieth, twenty -frril,

and

twenty- fecond Sorts grow in clofe Heads, fomewhat like the common

Houfleek, and are propagated by

OrF-fets in the

may be

difpofed on the

fame manner : thele Tops of

Walls and Buildings, intermixed with the common Sorts of Houfleek, where they will make a pretty Diverfity, being very different in their

a confiderable Diftance. The beft Seafon for this Work is a little before Micbaebnas, that the Plants may be rooted before the hard Froft comes The annual Kinds will alfo on. grow in the fame manner, and will ihed their Seeds, and maintain themfelves without any Trouble, when they are once hYd in the Place. Thefe Sorts will moil of them grow from the Joints of Walls, which are where fcarce any perpendicular, other Plants will live ; which renders

Appearance, and producing a great Variety in their Flowers. SEED The Seed of a Plant confills of an Embryo, with its Coat or Cover. The Embryo, which contains the whole Plant in Miniature, and which is called the Germ or Bud, is rooted in the Placenta or Ccty/e:

den,

lucru?n )

which makes the Coat or In<$nand ferves the fame Purpofes

i.

as the Secundines,

e.

the Chorion.

and Amni:
ha<ve

in

Animals.
Shells

A Aletbodfor raip.ng fucb Seeds nvbiri

bard Coats or
<very difficult y

them more
they are fo

valuable, efpecially as
eafily

fur-

propagated.

rounding tbcvi y and that ha<ve been

The eighteenth, twenty-fifth, and twenty -fixth Sorts produce long Branches, which hang down from the Walls where they grow ; therefore mould be difpofed near the Edges ot Buildings, or on the Tops cf ruitic Houfes, and near the Sides, where they will trail, and make a pretty Appearance.
The twenty
and
thirty
-

eighth, twenty-ninth,

fecond Sorts have

the
:

Appearance of the Stone - crop thefe have fhort Branches, and fmall

if not imfofEngland. In the Year 1724. I had a Parcel of freih Cocoa-nuts given me, whick was brought over from Barbados : Part of thefe*Nuts I diverted of their outward Coat or Hulk, and the other Pare I left intire, as I received them. Both thefe Parcels J planted in large Pots filPd with good frefh, Earth, and plunged the Pots into Plot- beds made of Tanners Bark, giving them gentle and frequent Waterfbt'e, to be raifed in

judged

Waterings, as the Earth in the Pots feem'd to require ; but not one out f the whole Number had made any Attempt to fboot, as I could perceive ; and upon taking them out of the Pots, I found they were rotten.

I then cover'd the Nuts over with the Bark two or three Inches thick,

and plac'd the two Pots over them in their former Station.
In this Place I

main

for fix

let the Nuts reWeeks; v/hen remove-

About four Months after, I received another frefh Parcel of Cocoa - nuts from Barbados, which I treated in another manner : from Part of thefe I cut off the outer Coat
intire, as before

ing the two Pots, and uncovering

the Nuts, I found them both (hot from the Hole in the Bale of the Fruit an Inch in Length ; and from the other End of the Fruit were feveral Fibres emitted two or three

or Hufk, and the other Part I left but fuppofing it :

to

Inches in Length.

was owing
Parcel
with

my

planting the other

in Pots, that they did

not

fucceed, I

made a

Horfe-dung,

frefh Hot-bed, and covered it

Upon finding them in fuch a Forwardnefs, I took them out of the Bark, and planted them in large Pots filled with good frefh Earth
plunging the Pots down to the Rims in Tanners Bark, and covering the Surface of the Earth in the Pots half an Inch with the fame ; foon after which, the young Shoots were above two Inches long, and continued to thrive very well.
I communicated this Method to fome of my Acquaintance, who have tried it with the fame Succefs and if the Nuts are frefh, fcarce any of them mifcarry. This led me to try, if the fame Method would fucceed as well with
;

frefh Earth about eighteen Indies thick, in which I planted the Nuts; obferving, as before, to fupply it with convenient Moifture, as

over with

keep the Hot-bed in an equal of Heat, which I was guided to do by a Thermometer, graduated for the Ufe of Hot-beds but, with all my Care, I had no better Succefs than before, not one of the Nuts making anEffay towards mootalio to

Temper

ing.

The Year

following, I had ano-

ther Parcel of Cocoa-nuts given me, which, confideiing my former ill

Succefs, I planted in a different

Other

hard

fhelPd Exotic

Seeds

man-

ner, as follows

Having an Hot-bed, which had been lately made with Tanners

Bark, and which was fiii'd with Pots of Exotic Plants, I remov'd two of the largeft Pots, which were plac'd in the Middle of the Bed ; and, opening the Tanners Bark under the Place where the two Pots Hood, I plac'd the two Cocoa-nuts therein, laying them fide-ways, to prevent the Moiiture (which might defcend

which 1 could not, by any Method I had before tried, get to grow as the Bonduc or Nickar tree, the Abrus
;

or Wild

Liquorice, the Pbafeolus

Bra fill'art us /obis cvilloJis pu?igentibus i Maximus Hermamii, or Horfe-eye

Bean, with feveral others and I have found it both a fure and expeditious Way to raife any Sort of
;

hard-mell'd Fruits or Seeds. For the Heat and Moifture (which

are abfolutcly neceflary to

promote

from the Pots) from entering the Hole at the Bale of the Fru.t, and
%

Vegetation) they here enjoy in an equal and regular manner, the Tanners Bark
three
(if rightly manag'd) keeping near an P.quality of Heat for

thereby rotting the feminal Plant upon its nrlt germinating.

Months

and the Water which

deicends

E
5.

S
Senecio

E
purpura*

deicends from the Rots, when they dctain'd are water'd, is by tRe Bark from being too foon diflipated; which cannot be obtairrd in a common Hot-bed, the Earth in fuch be-

Bonarienfl.s

fcens, foliis imis coronopi. Hort. Eltb m

Purplilh Groundfel of Buenos

plantain.

Ayns9

with Under-leaves like Bucldhora-

ing work'd away by

the Vv'ater,

and

thereby leaving tae Seeds often deftitute of Moifture. Some of thefe Seeds I have had {hoot in a Fortnight's dine ; which,

The firft Sort here mention'd i& one of the molt common Weeds upon Dunghils, old Walls, and Gardens, that we have in England; fo that, inftead of cultivating it, it requires fome Pains to deltroy it in Gardens for if it be fuffer'd to feed in a Garden (which it foon do, if permitted to ftand), it will be very difficult to extirpate it. This is fometimes ufed in Medicine ; but its chief Ufe in England is to feed Birds. The fecond Sort is an annuai Plant, which grows three or four Feet high; having large Leaves, which are /lightly cut on the Edges, This is in plenty in the warm Parts
;

am

inform'd,
in a

done
I

would not have fo Month, in their natural

this to

Soil ana Climate.

have alfo found

be an ex-

cellent

Method

to

reftore

Orange

{or any other Exotic) Trees, which have fuffer'd by a tedious PafTage, in

being too long out of the Ground ; infomuch that I recovered two
Orange-trees, which had been ten Months without either Earth or Water.

SENECIO,
The

Groundfel.

Characters are ; It hath a flofculous Flower, coninto ftjling of many Florets, divided

Jevcral Segments, fitting on the Embryo, contained in an Empalement,

of one Leaf, and di-jided inmany Parts, aferward becoming cf a conical Figure the Embryo afterward becomes a Seed, furnif/od with Down at which time, the EmpahPient is reflex 'd, to make way for the
fling conf,
to
:
;

of America, as well as hi Africa : in both Places it is a troublefome Weed but in England it rarely produces good Seed.<, unlefs the Plants are raiied on an Hot-bed and being a Plant of no Ufe or Beauty, it is rarely cultivated in Gardens. The fourth and fifth Sorts are alfo annual Plants the fourth is a Native of Egypt, and is of hum hie
; ; :

Seeds to efcape.

The
1.

Species are

Senecio minor

vulgaris. C. B.
altifimus,

P.
2.

Common
Senecio

Groundfel.
Aft icav.us

Growth the fifth Sort was brought from Buenos Ayres : this grows upward of two Feet high. Both thefe are very hardy Plants and if their Seeds are permitted to fcatter in a Garden, the Plants v. ill come up, and become Weeds there.
:

blattarite <vcl hieracii folio.

H. L. B.

African Groundfel, with a Mothmuliein-lcaf. 3. Senecio Maderafpatanus, rapt folio, floribus maximis, cujus radix a
Tallelt
tionnullis

The third Sort hath large tuberous Roots, which are order'd for medicinal Ufe, under the Title of
China Root. This is a perennial Plant, whofe Roots remain feverat Years ; but the Sraiks and Leaves decay annually in the Autumn ; fo that the Roots remain in an unatfive S:ate ail the Winter and Spring, and in May the new Leaves and Stalks

China

dicitur. Hart. Elth.

The
4.

China Root.

Senecio

tricar i a:. Boerh. bid. alt.

AEgyptius, folio maEgyptian

-itaf.

Gioundfel, with a Feverfew

come

S
come

E
the

out; but the Flowers do not appear till the Middle of July ; and
if the Seafon proves favourable,
:

have been ranged in this Genu?, moft of which are now plac'd under that of Caffw, under which Title
they are mention'd
cinal Species of this
;

Seeds will ripen very well however, as the Roots increafe pretty fail, the Seeds are feldom fown.

but as the

offi-

Genus

has been

This Plant is too tender to live abroad in the Winter fo the Roots muft be^planted in Pots filled with
;

long known in the Shops by the Title of Senna, I have chofen to continue it under that Name here* viz.

Earth ; and, during the Summer-feafon, the Plants may be cxposM in the open Air, with other Exotic Plants, in a fnelter'd Situation ; but in Winter they muft be
light rich

Senna
acutis. C.

Alcxandrina,

five fo/iis

placed in a

warm

Stove.

During

B. P. Alexandrian Senna, with pointed Leaves. The Leaves of this Plant are annually imported from the Levant, being much us'd in Medicine j and
in the
ly

the Summer-feafon, when the Plants are growing, they will require conftant Watering in dry Weather ; but after the Leaves and Stem decay,

fame Bales, there are frequenttheir Seeds

many of the Pods with

they lhould have but little Water ; much Moifture will rot the Roots, while they are inactive. The bedtime to part the Roots of this Plant is in the Spring, about the Middle of April, before they begin to fhoot ; but if the Stalks of the Plant are earthed up, while they are growing in the Summer-time, they fo that it may will put out Roots be propagated in plenty. Thefe Plants, having no great Beauty in their Flowers, are feldom admitted into Gardens, unlefs by
for too
;

intermix'd with their Leaves: fo that from thefe Seeds the Plants may be rais'd in England, by fuch as are curious in Exotic Plants.

The
in

Seeds mould be fown early

upon a good Hotand when the Plants are come up, and are ftrong enough to tranfthe Spring,
;

bed

plant, they fhould be each planted in a fmall Pot filPd with. light rich

Earth, and plung'd into a frefh Hotbed, in order to bring the Plants for-

ward

for as this

is

an annual Plant,

unlefs the Plants are brought forward

in the Spring, they will not flowcrin

thofe

who
:

are curious in Botanical

third,

Studies

however, the
Plant,

being

a medicinal

may be allowed

a Phice in fuch Gardens where there are Conveniences for preserving Exotic Plants.

SENNA.
The
fijls

Characlcrs are

Country therefore they muft be conltantly kept in the Hot-bed all the Summer, obferving to admit plenty of Air in warm Weather by which Method I have frequently had this Plant in Flower but it is very rare that they perfect their Seeds in England. If the Seeds of this Plant were
this
:

Tie Flozucr,for

the mojl part, con-

fent

to

South-Carolina,

,the

Plants

cf'five. Leaves, which arc placed orbicularly, and expand inform of a

might be propagated tiiere, fo as to fumifh plenty of the Leaves, to fupp!y the Coiifumption of Great-Bri*
tain.

JRofe : the Pcintal afterward beco7nes c plain incurved bivalve Pod, which is full of Seeds, each being fepara ted by a double thin Membrane* There are ieveral Plants which

In the Weft
ants

Indies, the

Inhabit-

make

ufe of the Leaves of fe-

veral Species cf Caftia, inftead

of
this

S
this Plant;

E
of thofe of the
call'd the true

S
drils

E
either
for
if

and

alfo

Poinciana, or Flower-fence, which

is

to whatever Trees

by which they fatten themfelves grow near them.

from Layers
;

frequently by

them

They may be propagated

by
Seeds, or
their Branches are laid in the

Senna.

SENNA THE BLADDER. Fide

Colutea.

in the Spring,

SENNA THE SCORPION.

Vide Emerus.

Roots before taken of? from the old Plants, and

;

Ground they will make good Winter. To may be

SENSIBLE PLANT.
mofa.

Vide Mi-

planted into feparate Pots If they are propagated by Seeds

SEPTINERVIA.
g-

Vide Planta-

This

SERJANIA. Name was

Plants

(which mcfl be obiam'd from the Countries of their natural Growth, for they do not perfect them in England),

given

to

this

by Father Plumier, who dil'cover'd them in America, in Honour to the Reverend Father PhiHp Serjeant, who was of the Order of the Minims, and a Perfon well verfed in the Knowlege of Botany and Phyfic. The Charters are It hath a rofe-jhoped F/o~ver, confining cffour or more Leaves, which are placed in a circular Order : from
;

Genus of

they mult be fown on an Hot- bed early in the Spring ; and

when
are
fit

the Plants are

come

up,

to tranfplant, they fhould

and be

each put into feparate Pots fill'd with frefh light Earth, and plung'd into a moderate Hot - bed of Fanners Bark, obferving to lhade them until they have taken new Root; after

w hich time

they fliould have a large Share of free Air admitted to them every Day, when the Weather is

*whofe Flower-cup arifcs the Pointal,

twhich rftervuard becomes

compofed of three Cells IVings, and each Cell containing one

a Fruit having three

warm, otherwile they will draw up too weak. As thefe Plants advance,

round Seed.

The
!.

Species are

Plum. Nov. Gen. Climbing and branching Serjania, with many Leavejs.
racemo/a.
2.

&

Serjania Jean dens

polyp hylla

mud be fupported byprevent their trailing over other neighbouring Plants ; and when their Shoots are too tall to remain under the common Frames, they mould be fhifted into larger
their Branches

Stakes,

to

Pots, and plung'd into the Bark-bed

in the

Stove; where they mult be

Serjania

feandens en::eaphylla

placed on the Backnde, with GranadiHa's. and other climbing Plants;

Pluin. raccmofa. Nov. Gen. Climbing and branching Serjania,

&

with nine Leaves.

3.

Serjania

fcandens,

triphylla

Plum. Nov. Gen. Climbing and branching Serjania, with three Leaves. Thefe Plants were found by the late Dr. William Houjloun, at La Vera Cruz and Campechy ; where they grow to a great Height, whenever they grow near large Trees to Support them ; for they have Tenracemofa.

which mould be fupror.ed by an on which they will climb to the Top of the Stove, and make a Variety, as their Leaves always remain green. In the Summer feafon, when the Weather is warm, they mould have a great Share of free Air admitted to them, by drawing down the
Efpalier,

Giafies of the Stove every Day ; but they are too tender to thrive in the

open Air

in E.vgland,

even

in

the

Yol.

III.

Middle

E
Places of

E
are upon fmall
;

Middle of Summer ; fo they mould be conftantly kept in the Stove, where they mould have a moderate Degree of Warmth in Winter ; in which they will thrive better than in
a greater Share of Heat.

Growth

Hillocks, where the

and uncultivated
time,

they

Ground is dry where, in a fhort propagate themfelves

plentifully, both

their trailing Branches,

SERPYLLUM,
thyme.

Mother-of-

The Char a Hers

are

from Seeds, and by which take Root at their Joints, and extend themfelves every way. There are but two of thefe Spe-

It hc.th trailing Branches, vjhich

cies

commonly

cultivated in

Gar-

are not fo vjoody and hard as thofe of Thyme ; but in every other rcfpecl is the fame.
1.

dens; viz. the Lemon-thyme, ?nd that with flriped Leaves ; the firft
for
for

The Species are Serpyllum vulgar e

;

majus,

agreeable Scent, and the other Beauty of its variegated Leaves. Thefe were formerly plantits

the

fore purpurea. C. B. P, Greater common Mother-of thyme, with a

purple Flower.
2.

ed to edge Borders ; but as they are very apt to fpread, and difficult to preferve in Compafs, they are difufed
at prefent for that Purpofe.

Serpyllum
P.

vulgar e

minus.

C B
of3.

Common

fmaller Mother-

thyme.

All thefe propagate themfelve, very fall by their trailing tranches,

Serpyllum

vulgare,flore atn~

which

ftrike

flo.

Mother-ofth\ me, with a large Flower.

4.

Raii Syn.

Common

Joints into the Earth, and

out Roots from their thereby

Serpyllum
Serpyllum

citratum.

Ger.

make new Plants ; fo that from a Root of each there may foon be a
large

Emac.
5.

Lemon- thyme.
odove juglandis.

Stock increas'd. They may be tranfplanted either in Spring or

Situa-

jf.B.
6.

Mother -of- thyme fmelling

Autumn, and love an open

tion,

like Walnuts.

Serpyllum
Serpyllum

vulgare hirfutum.
la t if

Raii Syn.
7.

Hairy wild Thyme.

and a dry undung'd Soil; in which they will thrive and flower exceedingly, and continue feveral
Years.
It may not be improper here to take notice of a common Miftake, which generally prevails concerning

Hum

hirfu-

tum. C. B. P. wild Thyme.

8.

Broad -leav'd hairy

vulgar e minus, Greater wild Thyme, with a white Flower. vulgar e majus, 9. Serpyllum folio ex alio Cif viridi vario. L. LeflVr wild Thyme, with variegated Leave?. The e;ght nrft - mention'd Sorts grow wild upon Heaths, and other large open Flaces, in divers Parts of England where, in the Summer-

Serpyllum

fore

o.lbo.

C. B. P.

Plant ; which is, that the Sheep which feed upon this Plant, afford the fwect^ ft Mutton : whereas it is very certain, that the Sheep will not
this

eat it ; nor, fo far as I have been capable of obferving, is there any Animal that will, it being extremely bitter to the Tafte.

SERRATULA, Saw
The
1c hai'b

wort.

Characlers are

are in Flower, they an agreeable Profpect and being trod upon, emit a grateful
afford
;

time,

when rhey

fl fculous Flavoer, eonfift-

ing of fveral Florets, divided into many Parts r (fling on the. Embryo, and
contained in a fccly Empahmev.t, like
to

aiomarjc

Scent.

Their

common

S
to the greater

E
their

this differs in

Centaury ; from which having /mailer Hrads ;

are eafily propagated

the Knapweed, in having the Borders of the Leaves cut into /mall /harp Segments , refembling the

and from

by parting of Roots in Autumn, fo as that they may be well-rooted before Spring otherwife they will not flow:

er very ftrong the following Seafon.

third and fixth Sorts are Naof Korth-America, where they are very common in the Woods. Thefe are hardy Plants, and will endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters very well; but if they are planted in the full Ground, tney flrould have a moift light Soil otherwife they will perifh in dry Weather, unlefs they are duly watered. The third Sort feldom rifes above two Feet high in this Country but the Gxth Sort will fometimes grow to the Height of five or fix Feet, if it is planted in a moift rich Soil ; but this laft Sort is very late in Flowering fo that if the Seafon proves cold, it
tives
;

Teeth of a

Saw.
;

The

The Species are 1. Serratula purpureo. C. B P.

2.

vulgaris,

Common

fore Saw-

wort, with a purple Flower.

Serratjla fore

B. P.

Common
Serratula

candido. C. Saw-wort, with a

white Flower.
3.

Virginiana, foliis

rigidis.

Par. Bat.
ft

Saw

wort

of

Virginia, with
4.

iff

Leaves.
altera,

Serratula praalta

c.ngufo plantaginis folio. Bocc.

Muf

The talleft Saw-wort,

Plantain- leaf.
5.

with a narrow
centauroi-

Serratula prspalta

des 77iontana Italica.

talleft Saw-wort Mountains, refembling Centaury.

Bocc. Muf. The of the Italian

many

times will not flower in this

6.

Serratula

Noveboraccnfs al-

tijfma, foliis derive mollibus fubinca?iis. Par. Bat. The talleft Saw-wort of New Tori:, with foft Doria-leaves, which are white on the Under-fide.

Country. Thefe are both abiding Plants, which may be propagated by parting of their Roots ; the beft time for which is in the Spring, juft before they begin to moot ; for as
thefe continue

growing

in

Autumn,

annua, femine ciliari elegant i/Jimo. Boerh. Ind. alt. Annual Saw wort, with Seeds fur7.

Serratula

until the Froft puts a

it

Stop to them,

niuYd with elegant Hairs, commonly calTd Crufiina Belgarum. 8. Serratula annua, /e minibus
Tiitidi/Jimis,

Chelf.

ad bafn comprefis. Hort. Annual Saw-wort, with very

comprefted
at

would be dangerous to tranfplanc them in Winter. The fourth and fifth Sorts grow wild in the mountainous Parts of Italy and Spain but are hardy enough to refill the Cold of this Climate ; fo may be intermix'd with
;

neat
Bafc.

Seeds,

their

the other Sorts in

will

Woods,

or under

Plantations of Trees,
firft

where they

The
pretty

and fecond Sorts are

in

common

the
;

Woods,
;

in

divers Parts of England

fo are fel-

dom

admitted into Gardens

but as

make an agreeable Variety. Thefe Plants may be propagated by Seeds, which lhould be fown early in the Spring on a Border of freih
and when the Plants appear, ; they mould be carefully weeded, and, in very dry Weather, mult be frequently water'd ; which will bring them forward, and make them foon Earth
fit

they are Plants which will grow in the clofeft Shade, they may be introduce to plant under Trees in large Planta' ions ; where they will thrive and flower extremely well, and add to ;he Variety. ThefePlants

to tranfplant.

When

they are re'

mov%

fnovM, they

be planted in a glove : the Point al, which rifes in the about fix Inches apart, Middle of the Flower, afterward beand kept duly watered, until they have comes an oblong four- corner d Pod, ditaken new Root ; after which time vided into four difiincl Cells, which they will require no farther Care, are replete with efculent Seeds.
fliady Border,

S mud

but to keep them clear from Weeds,

till

The Species
1.

are

Michaelmas,

when
,

they

mould

Sesamum. J. B.

Common

be tranfplanted where they are defign'd to remain.

Oily-grain.
2.

The fevemh and

annual Plants,
three Feet high.
into

eighth Sorts are

which grow The Leaves of

are fine-

Sesamum alterum, foliis irifi* Orient ale, femine obfeuro. Pluk. about _Phyt. Another Eaftern Oily-grain,
dis,

thefe Plants are very curioufly cut

with tnfid Leaves, and dark-colourM Seeds.

3.

many Segments, which

their
:

Sesamum

Edges thofe of the eighth Sort are the molt beautiful, being coverM with an hoary Meal, and the Seeds flatted at their Bafe. The Flowers of thefe Plants are {mall; fo make no great Appearfawed on
ance; but the Seeds are clofely furniuYd on their Crowns with fine foft Hairs, which expand at the Top, and appear like the Hairs of a Painter's Pencil fpread open; fo that when the Seeds fall on the Ground, they are moved about by the leall Motion of the Air ; and when they
are laid upon Paper, it h difficult to clofe them up ; for by moving of the Paper, the Seeds are apt to creep out, by their Hairs moving each

flore ni<veo.

Hort. Compt.
trifid

Orient ale trifdum, Eaftern

Oily-grain, with

Leaves, and

white Flowers.

Thefe three Sorts are often promifcuoufly cultivated in the Fields of Syria, Egypt, Candia, &c. where the Inhabitants ufe the Seeds for
and of late Years the Seeds have been introdue'd in Carolina, where they fucceed extremely well. The Inhabitants of that Country make an Oil from the Seed, which will keep many Years, and not take any rancid Smell or Tafte, but in two Years becomes
;

Food

of

this Plant

quite mild

fo that

when

the

warm

other

from whence the Dutch have

Tafte of the Seed, which is in the Oil when fidl drawn, is worn ofF, they ufe it as Sallad-oil, and for all
the Purpofes of Sweet-oil.

titled the Seeds Creepers.

If thefe Seeds are

fown upon a
March,
in the

Bed of light Earth

in

The Seeds cf this Plant are alio ufed by the Negroes for Food; which
Seeds they parch over the Fire, and then mix them with Water, and flew other Ingredients with them ; which makes an hearty Food. Sometimes

Place where they are to remain, they will require no other Culture, but to thin them where they are too
In Jvh they will flower, and ripen their Seeds in September. Oily-grain.
clofe.

SESAMUM,
The

Characlers arc

Pudden is made of thefe fame manner as with Millet or Rice, and is by fome Pera fort cf
Seeds, in the

The Flowers are produced from the

fons efteem'd
call'd

but

is

never ufed for

Wings of
Toot-fialk
:

the Leaves, without any

the Flower- cup conf.Jlx of diw'dtd into f%<c long fen:

thefe Purposes in Europe.

This

is

Benny or Bonny

in Carolina.

one

Leaf
in

In England thefe Plants are preferv'd in Botanic Gardens, as Curiofities.

der Segments

the Flower
like thofe

Leaf

Shape

cf one of the Foxis

Their Seeds mull be fown in

the

E
2.
longiori.

s
Vaill.

E
folio

the Spring upon an Hot-bed ; and when the Plants are come up, they

Seseli perenne,

glauco

Perennial

Wild-

mutt be tranfplanted into a frefh fpignel, with a longer fea - green Hot- bed, to bring them forward. Leaf. After they have acquir'd a tolerable 3 Seseli, qii(tferuhe facie, ThapDegree of Strength, they mould be fia Jive Turbith Gallorum. J. B. Wild -fpignel with planted into Pots hll'd with rich Boerh. Ind. alt. the Face of Giant-fenel, tuppo^d light fandy Soil, and plung'd into another Hot-bed, managing them as to be the Turbith of the Gauls. hath beendirefted for Amaranthus's; 4. Seseli qu<e Saxifraga PannoBoerh. Ind. alt. to which I mall refer the Reader, to nica. Cluf tiift.
.

avoid Repetition for if thefe Plants are not brought forward thus in the former Part of the Summer, they will not produce good Seeds in this Country; though after they have flower'd, if the Seafon is favourable, they may be expos'd in a warm Situation with other annual Plants.
:

Wild-fpignel, or the Portugal Saxifrage of Clufius. The three firft Sorts are abiding
Plants,

whofe Roots

feveral
is

Yean
it

will continue but the fourtn Sort

a biennial Plant, which periflies

has perfected
its

foon after

Seeds.

When

thefe Plants have perfected

and never continue longer than one Seafon. The Seed of the firft Sort is mention'd in the Lilt of Officinal Simples in the College Difpenfatory ; but is rarely us'd in Medicine in England. From nine Pounds of this Seed,
their Seeds, they decay,

Thefe may be propagated by fowing their Seeds, whicn is bell: done in the Autumn for when the Seeds are fown in the Spring, they
;

frequently

lie in

the

Ground

till

the

which came from Carolina, there were upwards of two Quarts of Oil producM which is as great a Quan;

tity as

known to be drawn from any Vegetable whatever ; and

hath been
this, I

next Year, before the Plants will appear; whereas thofe which are fown in Autumn, always rife the following Spring. Thefe Seeds mould be fown in Drills, about eighteen Inches afunder, in a Bed of frefli Earth, where they are defign'd to remain ; and in the Spring, when
the Plants

come

up, they

mould be

fuppofe, might occafion

its

thinn'd where they are too c!ofe,

being

cali'd Oily-grain.

leaving them about

france in the

fix
;

Inc.es Di-

SESELI,

Wild-fpignel.
;

The
It

Characters are

this the Plants will require no farther Care,

Rows

after

er, confining

batb a rofe and umb ellat cd Flowoffederal Leaves, placed

in a Circle, and rcfting on the

paletnent,
,_

Em-

but to keep them conftantly clear from Weeds and the fecend Seafon they will produce Seeds. Thefe
;

which afterward becomes a Fruit composed of two long Seeds, which are chamlled : to thefe Notes
be added, That the Leaves are broader andjrjorter than thofe of Fetnujl

Sorts,

which are permitted

after they

to

re-

main

rn/.

have feeded, mould have the Ground gently dug every Spring between the Rows, to loofen the Earth but there mould be Care taken not to injure their R.oots with
;

The
I
.

Species are
i

the Spade.
Soil
;

Sesel

perenne, folio glauco bre-

for

when

Tire Plants love a moiit. they are fown on a

ruiorc.

Vtuil.

Perennial Wild fp-g-

dry Soil, they do not thrive near ib

well
;

ael,

wuh

a ihorcer lea-green Leaf.

and

feldoia psrfett their Sc:d?,

uniefs

S
unlefs. the Seafon

H
with Flowers Heads.
4.

H
in

proves moift, or they are duly watered.

collected

round

SHERARDIA.

Srerardia

nodi flora, fioechadis

This Name was given to this Ge- ferrati folii folio. Vaill. Nov. Gen. r nus of Planes by Monfieur l aillant y Round-flowering Sherardia, with a who was Profeflor of Botany at Paris, Leaf like the fawed-leav'd Stcechas. in Honour to Dr. William S her art}, 5. Sherardia ocymi folio lanugiu ho was the moft famous Botaniit of nofo,flore purpurea. Vaill. Nov. Gen. Woolly Sherardia, with a Bafil-leaf, Hs Age. and a purple Flower. Ti:ere have been feveral Plants, to 6. Sherardia teucrii folio, for? which rhis Name has been applied by various Perfons ; one of which is purpureo. Vaill. Nov. Gen. Sherardia but that wich a Tree germander-leaf, and a near ;/ akin to the Bikes purple Flower. Plant has been fmce named Galenia, Another is very like the Aparine or 7. Sherardia futefcens, teucriifo Goofc-grafs fo that there requires I' 0, fore caeruleo purpurr.fcentc ampliffome other Epithet to be apply 'd to fimo. Vaill. Nov. Gen. Shrubby SheBut as this rardia, with a Tree-germander-leaf, diftinguith each Genus. Genus of Plants has been long efta- and a large purplilh-blue Flower. 8. Sherardia teucrii folio, fere Htth'd by Monfieur Vaillant, I have chofen to continue it under that coccineo. Vaill. Nov. Gtn. Sherardia with a Tree germanuer-leaf, and a Title, notwithftaiiding Dr. hinnaus has join'd this to the Vervain ; but fcarlet Flower. 9. Sherardia fpicata, folio anas thefe have but two Seeds, and the Vervain four, they may be fepara- gifo ferrato, fore cccruleo. Houfi. Spiked Sherardia, with a narrow ted. fawed Leaf, and a blue Flower. The Charaaers are ;
1 ;

It

fining of one Leaf, which into five Parts at the Brim

the Under -lip
into

bath a lahiated Flower, conis divided

;

10.

Sherardia fpicata,

flare pur-

pureo, feminibus mnjoribus,

longiori-

the

per-lip being divided into tivo,

Upand
the

three Parts

bus,l$ laxius digtflis. Houfi. Spiked Sneraidia, with a purple Flower, and larger longer Seeds, which are loofely difperfed in the Spike.
1

Ovary, which is at the Bottom of the Flower-cup, afterward becomes a dry Capfule, containing two oblong Seeds to thefe Notes may be added, That the
Leaves grow
oppojite by
;

1.

Sherardia

verbenee folio fub-

rotunda craffo, fori bus coeruleis, fpica

longiffima cif craffiffma. Houft.

She-

Fairs,
nodi flora,

The
1.

Species are

rardia with a thick roundi'hh Vervain-leaf, and blue Flowers, grow-

Sherardia

rcpens

ing in a very long Spike.

12.
ratis,

Vaill.

dia,

Nov. Gen. Creeping Sherarwith Flowers growing in round

Sherardia fohis
fore

oblongis fer-

caeruleo, fpica longiffima.

Pleads.
2
.

Houfi,
rcpens, folio fu bro-

Sherardia
croffo,

Gin,

nodi flora. Vaill. Nov. Creeping Sherardia, with a rour.difti thick Leaf, and Flowers collected in round Heads. for a. 3. Sherardia incana nodi Hoary Sherardia, VailL Nqv, Gen.

tundo

Sherardia with oblong fawed Leaves, a blue Flower, and a very long Spike.

13.

Sherardia

arborefcens nodi-

flora, foliis ritgofis Cif ferratis,

fore

purpuric. Houfi. Tree-like Sherardia,

with rough fawed Leaves, and purple Flowers growing in a round Fiead.

H
Place
in

S
every

H
good
Collection.

The firit of thefe Plants, being a Native of Europe, will thrive in the open Air in this Country. The Seeds of this Kind mould be fown in the Spring, on a Bed of frefh light Earth, in a warm Situatiou, where the Plants are defign'd to remain (for they do not bear tranfplanting.unlefs thePlants are very young): and when the Plants are come up, they mould be thinned, fo as to leave and if they them a Foot afunder are kept clear from Weeds, they will
;

This produces long Spikes of large blue Flowers, which continue a long time, and make a fine Appearance. This is alfo an annual Plant, notwithstanding
flowers the
it

has the Epithet of

it
;

Shrubby given to
but
if it is

for

it

always
rais'd:

fameSummer

it is

not brought forward early in the Spring, and conftantiy kept in the Stove or Glafs-cafe, it will net per fed Seeds in this Country.

Tne

require

no

farther

Care.

The

Seeds of this Kind were fent to England'by Mr. Robert Millar, Surgeon,

Branches of this Plant trail on the Ground, and fend forth Roots from their Joint?, whereby they may be propagated ; but if they are not confin'd, they will not produce ma-

who gatherM them near Panama. The thirteenth Sort riles to be

nine or
ten Feet high, and hath a

woody Stem.
a

This
it

will abide
is

ma-

ny Years, provided

prelerv'd in

ny Flowers.
All the other Sorts, beingNatives

of
are

the

warm

Parts

of

America,

too tender to thrive in the open Air in England; butasmoftof

them are annual, they may be rais'd by lowing of their Seeds on an Hotbed and if the Plants are brought forward early in the Spring, they will flower, and produce ripe Seeds
;

Stove in Winter. During the Summer-feafon, this Sort may be plac'd in the open Air in a warm Situation and in hot Weather rauft be frequently water'd but in Autumn, when the Nights grow cold, the Plants mail: be remov'd into the Stove, and in Winter they mould have a moderate Share of Keat ; with which Ma agement the Plants
;
:

before Winter,

will thrive very well.

The

fecond Sort was found by Dr.

All

thefe Plants are propagated

William Houjloun, growing plentifulJy in Jamaica. This Plant trails its Branches on the Ground, and emits Roots from the Joints, as the former therefore doth not produce many Flowers. The fourth Sort was found in great Plenty at La Vera Cruz, by Dr. Houjhun ; as were the ninth, tenth,
;

by Seeds, which fhould be fown early in the Spring on a moderate Hot-bed and wnen the Plants are
;

come

up, ttaey fhould

be each tranf-

planted into a feparate fmall Pot filled with light rich Earth, and plung'd

eleventh,

twelfth, Cavipcchy,

Sorts

at

and thirteenth by the fame

Gentleman.

The
ot'ner

plentifully in

and fixthSort grow Jamaica, and feveral Places in the Weft-In Hes from
third, fifth,
;

Hoi bed of Tanners Bark obferving to fhace them from the Sun every Day, until they have after which time taken new Root they mould have a large Snare of free Air admitted to them in warm Weather, and muft be frequently When the Plants have water'd.
into a moderate
; ;

fili'd

whence

have received their Seeds.

is

thefe Pots with their Roots, they muft be fhifted into largerl'ots;
if there is rGcm ior the Plants grow under the GiaiiH of the Hot4 4

The
Oiis

leventh Sort

a very fpeci-

and
to

Piant,

and therefore merits a

s I
they may climb up, or be allowed a conquerable Share of room ; otherwife they will run over the Plants which are near them. When the Plants are come up, they will require no farther Care, but to keep

Hot-bed, without being fcorched by the Sun, they fhould be plcngM into the fame Bed again but if there is not room, they muft be placed in the Stove, where they may have
:

room

to

grow

in Height.

In July

which are annual wiil begin to flower, and their Seeds wiil lipen the Beginning of September.
thofe Torts

them clear from Weeds, and thin them where they grow too clofe together.

In June they will produce

SICYOIDES,
cumber.

Single-feeded
are;

Cu-

The Charafter:
It

bath an expanded lell -fiap'd Flower, conffting of one Leaf which

Jeveral Segments at the of thefe Flowers, fome are Male, which adhere to no Embryo ; and others are Female, which reft on the young Fruit, which is afterward inlarged to the Size of an Almond-keris

and in Auguft the Seeds will ripen; which, if permitted to fcatter, will produce a Supply of young Plants the following Spring, without any Care.
their Flowers,

cut into
:

Brim

SIDERITIS, Ironwort. The Characters are ;

It is a Plant with a lahiated Flower, conffting of one leaf, whofe

Upper-lip or Crejl
three Parts

is

upright, but the

is

Under- lip or Beard

:

divided into

and is fat and prickly, containing one Seed cf the fame Shaft*
vel,

The
1.

Species are

Sicyotdes Americana, fruclu chinatn,foliis angulatis. Inf. R.H.

American Sicyoides, with a prickly
Fruit, and angular Leaves.
2.

echinato, fofiis laciniatis. Plum,

Sicyoides Americana, fruclu Ame-

of the Flower-cup rifes the Point al, attended, as it were, by four Embryoes, which afterward turn to fo many oblong Seeds, Jhut up in an Hujk, which was before the Flower-cup: to thefe Marks muft be aaded, The Flowers growing in Who les at the Wings of the Leaves,
out

rican Sicyoides, with a prickly Fruit,

which are cut like a Cnf, and differ from the other Leaves of the Plant.

and jagged Leaves. Thefe Plants are preferv'd

curious Gardens, for
riety
;

The Species are

in
1
.

fome the fake of Va-

C.

Sideritis hirfuta procumbent. B. P. Hairy trailing Iron-

but as they have little Beauty, and are not ufeful, they are not much cultivated in England. They are both annual Plants, which may be propagated by fowing their Seeds in the Beginning of April, on a Border of frefh Earth, in the Place where they are defign'd to remain ; and in about a Fortnight's time the Plants will appear ; which at firft are very like Cucumber-plants, and, as they grow, will trail on the Ground, and fallen themfelves to whatever Plants grow near them, by their Tendrils ; fo that they mould

wort.

Sideritis Alpina, hyffopi foC. B. P. Hyilbp-leaVd Ironwort of the Alps. 3. Sideritis Orient a lis, phlomidis folio. T. Cor. Eaftern Ironwort, with a Phlomis-leaf.
2.
lio.

4.

Sideritis Anglica, frumofa

Park. Theat.
Englijb Iron-

radice.

wort, with a itrumofeRoot, ly calPd Clowns All-heal.

common-

Sideritis arvenfs rubra. 5. Park. Theat. Narrow-leav'd Allheal or Ironwort. 6 S I D E R it I S foliis hirfutis pro^
.

be either fown near an Hedge, where

funde

crenatis* C.

B, P.

Ironwor

S I
or All-heal, with hairy crenated Leaves. 7. Sideritis Hifpanica erecla, UpInf. R. H. folio augujliore.
right Spanijb All-heal, with a nar-

s 1
and will foon over-run a large Spot of Ground, if they are not confin'd. This Plant receivM the Name of Clowns All-heal from Mr. Gerard, who was looking for Herbs in Kent, where he faw a Man who had cut his Leg to the Bone with a Scythe, as he was mowing the Grafs, to whom he offer'd his Aliiilance to cure his Wound; which the Country-man churliihly refuting, crept to the Ditch-fide, where there was plenty of this Plant growing ; fome of

row
8.

Leaf.

Sideritis Hifpanica crenata

frocumbens,flore a/60, major. Inf. R. H. Greater trailing Spanijb Ailheal, with a white Flower.
9.

Sideritis Hifpanica
angujlifoiia

bit urn: -

no/a

crenata. lnji.

R.

H. Spanijb Ali-beal, with a bituminous Scent, and a narrow crenated Leaf.

10.

which hegather'd, and bruifed,and

applied
it

to the

Wound,

tying it

Sideritis Hifpanica

faeti-

clofe with his

Handkerchief; which

dijjima glabra, jlore purpurafcente,

coma cunefctnte. Inji. R. H. Spanijb (linking fmooth All-heal, with a purpliih Flower, and whitilh

&

in few Days healed the Wound, without any o.her Application ; for which Reafon Gerard has recorded the Story in his Herbal, for the Benefit of

Top,.
II*

Mankind.

Sideritis Hifpanica frute-

fceus,feu lignofior. Inji.R.H. Shrubby or more woody Spanijb All-heal.

12. Sideritis Pyrena ica h \fopi~ folia minima procumb ens. hijl. R.H. The leaft trailing hylTop-leav'd All-

heal of the Pyrenees.

13.
folio.

fifth Sort is alfo a Native of England, and grows amongft the Corn, or other Crops on arable Land. This is an annual PJanr, which perilhes foon after it has ri pen'd Seeds. The other Sorts are molt of them

The

Sideritis

montana, trifdo

biennial
perfect,

Plants,

which commonly

Barrel. Icon.

Mountain

All-

their Seeds the fecond

Sum-

heal, with a trihd Leaf.

14. Sideritis Cretica

ocymafiri Valentini facie.

maxima, Town. Cor.

The

greater

All

with the Face Untinum.

- heal of Candy, of Ocymajlrum Va~

feldom continue much longer. Thefe may be all propagated by Seeds, which fhould he fown in Autumn, foon after they
are ripe
often
;

mer, and

for

when they
till

of the Ground
fail.

are kept out Spring, they very

15. Sideritis Cretica tcmentofa candidijfima,fiorelutco. Tourn. Cor.

The

whiteft

woolly

All-heal

of

Candy, with a yellow Flower. The fourth Sort here mentioned grows plentifully by the Sides of Ditches, and in other moift Places,
in divers Parts of England \ fo
is

ve-

Thefe Seeds mould be fown on a Bed of frefh undung'd Earth, in an open Situation ; and when the Plants come up, they fhould be thinned where they grow too clofe ; and if they are kept clear from Weeds, it is all the Culture they require.
If,

ry rarely introduced in Gardens, becaufe it is a very bad Weed' where it once gets Place: for the Roots creep very far under-ground,

when

thefe

Plants arc

eftablifh'd in a

Garden, their Seeds

ever

are permitted to fcatter, the Plants will come up, and maintain their
Place,

S
Place,

s 1
the others are not
:

provided they are not overborne by large Weeds. AH the orts of Ail-heal are fuppos'd to have an aftringent Quality, and are accounted good to heal Wounds, and may be applied either inwardly or outwardly. SIDEROXYLUM, Iron-wood.

but as

this

Plant

The

Characters are

The Empalement of the Flower torfsjls of one Leaf, 'which is cut into five Segments : the Flower is bellJbaped, and divided into fve?arts at the Brim : in the Centre of the Flower is ftuated the roundijh Pointal, attended by five Stamina the Pointal afterward becomes a roundijh Berry, having one Cell, containing four
:

been joined to them by other Botanifts, I have chofen to continue it here, as I have not been able to examine the Characters myfelf. Thefe Plants areNatives of warm Countries fo cannot be preferv'd in England, unlef> they are placed in a warm Stove. They are propagated by Seeds, when thefe "can be procured from abroad. Thefe muft be fovvn in Pots fiird with rich light Earth, and plung'd into a good Hot- bed in the Spring, in order to get the Plants forward early in the
has
;

Seafon.

When

the Plants are

fit

to

tranfplant, they

mould be each put

into a feparate fmall Pot filled with

Seeds.
>

The Species are 1. Sideroxylum

2.

inerme.

Lin.

Hort. Clifftis

Smooth Iron wood.

foliis lane tola-

Side roxylum

Iron- wood with ex adverfo fitis. fpear fhap'd Leaves growing oppo-

good Earth, and plung'd into a frefh Hot-be^. In the Winter they muft be plung'd into the Tan-bed in the Stove, and treated in the fame manner as hath been directed for feverai tender Plants from the fame
Countries.
hardily,
Strength-, they

fite.

As the Plants obtain may be treated more

.

3.

Siderox Yivui fpinofum.

Cliff.

Lin.

by placing them

in the

dry

Hort.

The

Prickly Iron- wood. Wood of thefe Trees being

folid,

has given ocbeing applied to them, it being fo heavy as to fink in Water ; and the Title of Ironwood having been apply'd to the

very clofe and

cafion for this

the Winter, and giving them a greater Share of free Air in Summer ; but they muft not be pla-

Stove

in

Name

Wood, by

Countries where

the Inhabitants of the it grows, has occa-

Genus by

fion'd the Botanifts to conftitute a But as the this Name.

Characters of the Plants have not been fo well examin'd as could be wifh'd^ccafion'd by their not flower-

ced abroad; for they are too tender to live in the open Air in the Sum-? mer-feafon in England. The firft and fecond Sorts I have propagated by Layers; but thefe were two Years before they had made good Roots and fometimes they will take from Cuttings ; but this is a very uncertain Method of propagating them: nor do t. e Plants
:

fo rais'd ever

grow

fo vigoroufly as
;

very probable, that the three Species here mention'd may not agree in every Part ; as I for in think the third will not fome dried Samples of the Tree,

ing in Europe,

it

is

thofe which come from Seeds that when thofe can be procur'd,
is

i'o

it

the beft

Method

to

propagate

which I'have received from America; \t appears, that this is Male and Female in different Plants, which

them. The' firft Sort hath large oval Leaves, fhaped iomewhat like thole of the Bay-tree but fmoother, and
;

blunter at the End.

Tr.de are placed

s I
are rais'don anHot-bed,and brought forward in the Spring : then they

ced on the Branches without Order ; as the Branches alfo are produc'd.

This rarely flowers in England but the Leaves continue all the Year green. The fecond Sort grows more upright and regular ; the Leaves, which are fmaller,and more pointed,
than thofe of the firft,are plac'd opand thefe pofite on the Branches continue green through the Year. The third Sort has pennated
;

may be

planted out in

warm Bor-

ders the Beginning of June : and if they are fupply'd with Water in dry

Weather, they will grow near four Feet high, and fend out manyBranchThe Flowers are produc'd at es. the Extremity of the Shoots, which are fmall, and of a yellow Colour; fo> make no great Appearance ; therefore it is only preferv'd in the Gardens of thofe Perfons who are curious in the Study of Plants.

thofe of the Maftich-tree;

fomewhat like and the Branches are armed with Spines, which are produc'd in Clufters, and
Leaves, which are
are fmall.

SILAUM, Meadow- faxifrage.

The
It

Characlers are

The Leaves

of thisTree

fall off in the

the

new

Spring, a little before Leaves appear, when the

rofe and umbellated Flower, conffirrg of federal Leaves, placed circularly, and refing upon the

hath a

Flowers come out ; but it has not produc'd any Flowers in Englnad.

Empalement

which afterward

be-

SIGESBECKIA. The Characters

It

are

comes a Fruit composed of two Jhort chanell'd'Seeds : to which Notes mufi be added, That the Leaves are very

hath compound Flowers, which have an Empalement compos 'd of jive narrow Leaves, which fpread open, and extend beyond the Flower : the Hermaphrodite Flowers are tubulous, which are placd on the Dijk : the Female Flowers, which are fituated on
the Border, are
by
one oblong
is

narrow, and theFhwers are of afaleyellow Colour.

1

lo.

The Species are Si laum quibufdam, fore luteoJ. B. Common Meadow faxi;
.

frage.

f retched
narrow

out

like

la folio.
fenel.

Tongue: each of thefe are fucceeded

black
Seed,

liguficum, feruR. H. Boerh. Ind. alt. Saxifrage with the Leaf of GiantInji.

2.

SiLAUM quod

which

inclofed in the
bu*.

We have
Genus
;

Empalement. one Species of this

Lttt.

3. Si laum quod liguflicum Cretzcum, folio faeniculi, caule nodoJo.Tourn.

n/iz.

Cor. Boerh. Ind.

SlGESBECKIA.
Sigelbeckia.

Hort.
:'

Clijf.

faxifrage, with a Fcnel-leaf,

We
this

Candy Meadowand a

have no Englijh
this

knobby
4.
alt.

Stalk.

Name

for

Plant

here

Silaum

quod ligufiicum, acuBoerh. Ind.

-

mention'd was apply'd to it by Dr. Linnaeus, in Honour to Dr. Sigefbeck, who was Profeflbr of Botany at
Feterjburgh.

ta folio,

glabriiTs. Touni.

Meadow

faxifrage,

with

fmooth Hemlock-leaf.

This Plant is an Annual, periling at the Approach of Winter. The Seeds of it were brought from the Erf -Indies, where it is a troublefome Weed but in England it will not produce ripe Seeds, unlefs thePlants
;

The firft Sort is directed by the College of Phyficians to be us'd in Medicine this grows wild in Meadows, and other moift Paftures, in divers Parts of England; but the other Sorts, not being Natives of thia Country, are only to be met with in
:

Botanic

SI
Botanic Gardens
-

s I
The
firft,

where they are

preferv'd for the fake of Variety.

fecond Sort differs from the in being fomewhat lefs, and

:

All thefe Sorts are propagated

Seeds, which may be fown in tumn on a Border of frefh Earth in

by Au-

a fhady
Plants

Situation

and when the

up.

having narrow Leaves this is found wild in Auftria, and the former Sort grows on the Alps and Apennines ,and other mountainous Parts of Italy and
Spain.

are

come

they will

require no farther Care, but to keep

them

clear

from Weeds; and, where

clofe, to

they grow too

thin them,

fo as to leave them about eight or ten Inches afunder ; which may be

Thefe Plants maybe propagated by Seeds, which fhould be fown in Autumn, foon after they are ripe, on a Border of frefh undung'd Earth ; and in the Spring, when the Plants

done by hoeing them, in the fame- will appear, theyfhould be kept conmanner as is pra&is'd for Carrots. ftantly clear fromWeeds; and in very Thefe Plants will flower and feed dry Weather mould be watered, which will greatly promote their the fecond Summer, and the Roots of the three firftSortswill abide fome Growth. Where the Plants come up too clofe together, they mould be Years; but the fourth Sort commonly perifhes foon after it has pro- thinned, fo as to leave them three or duced Seed. four Inches apart ; which will be fufficient room for them the firft SILER, Sefelior Sermountain. Seafon and at Michaelmas, when The Charatlevs are and umbellated their Leaves decay, fome of the It hath a rofe
:

Flower, conjijling of /enteral Lea-ves, ivbich are ranged orbicularly, and reft on the Empalement, which becomes a Fruit co7npofed of two large oblong furrowed Seeds, having foliaceous Ridges

on one Side

to

thefe

Notes may be added, That the Lobes of the Leaves are large, long, and intire,
excepting their Extremity,

where

they

be carefully taken up, break theirRoots, and tranfplanted into a moift fhady Border, about eighteen Inches afunder, where they may remain for Continuance. If thefe Plants thrive well, they will produce Seeds the fecond Seafon ; otherwife it will be the third Summer before they flowPlants
fo as not to cut or

may

arefiightly cut into three Parts. The Species are 1. SiLER tnontanum ma] us. Mor. Umb. Greater Sermountain. folium: 2. S I L E R tnontanum angujii Park. Narrow-leavM Sermountain. The firft Sort is ufed inMedicine, by the Direction of the College of Phyficians.The Seeds of this Sort are the Semen Sefeleos of the Shops,which
enters in Compofitions green Herb is alio ufed
; ;

er and feed
will abide

after

which the Roots

Years, and greatly increafe in their Size, and will pro-

many

duce Seeds every Year. The Culture which thefe Plants require, is only to kexp them clear from Weeds ; and every Spring* juft
before thePlants put out theirLeaves, to dig the Ground between them
gently,
fo

as

not to

injure

their

and the for which

the

Roots ;and when

their Flower-ftems

are advanced, to place fome Sticks

fome of the People, who fupply

down by them,

Shops, often impofe on their Cuftojners the Mountain Ofier, which, by

fcartflating S4ler

an Ofier,

may

afford

to which their Stems mould be fattened with Bafs, to fupport them from being broken down by Winds for as thefe Stems rife
;

them fome Pretence.

to the

Height of four or

five feet,

S I
fo,

s 1
arc

when

their

Umbels of Seeds

formed, which 'are generally pretty large and heavy, they often occafion their Stems fulling to the Ground,

where they are not fupported. Thefe Plants Mower the Latter-end of June ; and tneir Seeds ripen toward the Latter- end of Augujl, or
the Beginning of September. SILiQUA. Vide Ceratonia.

Thefe Plants are Natives of America : the firft, third, and fifth Sorts I received trom South Carolina', but the fecond Sort, which has been long in England, came from Virginia : this grows much taller than either of the other Sorts,

nfmg

to the

SILIQJASTRUM.
SILPHIUM,
Chryfanthemum.

Vide Cercis.
Baftard

Shrubby

Cbaraclers are // bath a compound Flower, compofed offederal Florets, which are in*
cluded in one

The

mcnt

thofe

common fcaly Empale Florets in the Middle he-

Height of ten or twelve Feet, with many flender Branches, which are garniiVd toward their Tops with whitiih filky Leaves the Flowers are produced at the Ends of the Shoots, which are yellow thefe make no great Appearance ; fo that the Plant is kept for the fake of Variety, more than for its Beauty this is too tender to live in the open Air
:
: :

i vg Hermaphrodite ,

fjaped,
rets,

which are funneland indented at the Brim : hut

is

the Border

occupied by Female Floccmpoje the Rays

:

which
t

the

Hermaphrodite Flowers are barren ; but the F male Flowers ba-ve each one membranaceous Seed fuc reeding them,

which
1.

is /but

up in the Empaletnent.

The Species are

Silphium
wridibus
fruticofum,
leucoii

foliis

&

fplender.tibus

Shrubby Baitard
er-leaf.
2.

Chryfanthemum,

with a green mining Stock-giliirlow-

England; therefore it mull: be kept and placed in the Greenhoufe inWinter,withMyrtles,01ives, and the hardier Sorts of Green-houfe Plants, where it may have as much free Air as poffible in mild Weather, otherwife the Shottts will draw up weak, and render the Plants unfightly: this Sort is apt to out out Suckers from the Root, by which it may be propagated in plenty; as alio by Cuttings, which will eaf:lv tike Root, if planted, during any of the Summer-months,.in a ihadyiiorin

in Pots,

der.

Silphivm
jericeis
Cif

fruticofum,
incanis.

leucoii

The
enough

fourth Sort
to live in the

is

alfo

hardy-

foliis

Shrubby

Green-houfe in
:

Chryfanthemum, with a whits lilky Scock-giiliflower-leaf.

Ballard
3.

Silphium

fruticofum angufli-

folium
ftard

Shrubby BaCif incanum. Chryfanthemum, with a narhumile,

row hoary Leaf. 4. Silphium fruticofum

foliis leucoii

latioribus minus incanis.

Dwarf Shrubby

Baftard Chryfar;the-

Winter, and may be treated in the fame manner as the former this creeps very much at the Root, and fends up a great Number of young Plants, which fill the Pots whica mould be frequently taken ofF, otherwife they will draw away the Nourilhment from the old Fiant, and ftarve it this Sort feldom grows more
;
:

with broad Stock-giiiiflowerleaves, which are lei's hoary. Silphium herbaceum, corona 5 foils facie. Ballard herbaceous Chryfanchemum, with the Appearance of Sunflower.
.

mum,

than three or four Feet nigh ; the Leaves are broader and greener than thole of the third Sort, and are not Father Plumier calls this fo thick. Plant Corona foils frutefcens, laureoLe*
folio,

S I
folio, In
:

Catalogue of American Plants the Seeds of this Plant were fent me from La Vera Cruz, by the late Dr. William Heuftoun. The firft and fecond Sorts are Ihrubby Plants, but of humbler Growth than either of the former thefe never rife above two Feet high and produce many in England, Branches on every Side the Stem ; but do not put out S uckers as the two former Sorts the Leaves of the firft Sortare narrow, and very thick, being full of Juice, and covered over with a mealy Powder, fo as to be very white the Flowers are yellow, which are produced at the Extremity of the Branches ; thefe are larger than thofe of the other two Sorts ;
liis
:

during any of the Summer-months j but thefe fhould be planted in Pots, and plunged into a moderate Hotbed, to promote their putting out

Roots.

The fifth Sort is herbaceous this hath an annual Stalk, and a perennial Root the Shoots rife near three Feet high, when they grow in a moift rich Soil, and produce their Flowers at the Top, which are fhaped like thofe of thefmall Sunflower: thefe appear the Latter-end of July, and continue till September : the
: :

Plants are hardy; fo will thrive in the

Ground, and may be propagaby parting of the Roots in October : this grows in Virginia in the
full

ted

Woods.
Thefe Plants have been ranged under the Genus of Aferifcus, by fome Writers, and by others, under that of Corona folis ; but Dr. Linnaus has taken them away from both, and conflicted a Genus for them by this Title of Silphium therefore I have given the Englijh Name of Baftard Sunflower to it. SINAPI, Muftard.
;

and the Plants growing regular, and

in lefs

Com pats,

it

deferves a Place

among

other Exotic Plants.

The Leaves of the firft Sort are much broader, and are very fuccuof a mining-green Colour ; the Branches of this are fucculent, and never become fo woody as thofe of the Flowers are fomethe fecond what larger ; but of the lame Shape and Colour as thofe of that Sort.
lent,
:

The

Characters are
confijls

Thefe Plants grow in South- Carolina, and alfo in the Bahama- Iflanis, from whence I have received their
but thefe are much tenderer Seeds than the other Sort:.; fo will not live through the Winter in England, unlefs they are placed in a warm dry Green-houfe for if they are placed
; ;

offour Leaves, which are placed in form of a Crofs ; out of whofe Flower-cup rifes the Pointal, which afterward becomes a
Fruit or Fad, divided into
by
the Valves adhere on both

The Flower

an intermediate Partition,

two Cells to which Sides, and

5n a mnift

damp

Situation, their fuc-

ore fll'd with roundijh Seeds : thefe Pods generally end in a fungous Horn,
containing the like Seeds
:

culent Branches
rot off in

become mouldy, and Winter fo that I have

;

to

thefe

always found, that thefe Plants fucceed beft, when they are placed in a dry airy Glafs cafe, where there is Con ven iency of Fives, in very cold, f'rofty, or damp Weather, to dry and

?nuf be added, An acrid burning Tcfte, peculiar to Mu/lard.

Marks

The Species
1.

are

Sinapi

Jiliqua latiufcula gla-

bra, ft mine rvfo,f-je <vulg are. f. B.

Common
2.

or*Red Muftard.

warm

the Air.

Sinap-I hortenfe, femine albo.

Thefe are propagated by Cuttings

C. B. P.

Garden or White Muftard.

3.

Si-

I
left

s 1
too thick, they draw up weak, and the Seeds are never fo large, and well nourifhed; and if the Weeds mould grow again before the Plants have gotten Strength enough
to bear

la Slue* folio. 3. SlN API Indicum, Tar. Bat. Indian Muftard, with a

Lettuce-leaf.
4. Si n a p
nigro.
1

ar<venfe precox, femine

Hot. Hift. Early Field Milliard, with a black Seed. pumilum al5. Sin API Hifpa nicu m Low white Spabum, lift. R. H. mlb Muftard. 6. Sin aviHifpanicum, nafturtii foSpanijb Milliard, R. H. lio. In ft.
with a Crefs leaf. The firft Sort is very

them down, they muft be hoed a fecond time; after which they will require no farther Care,
until the Seeds are ripe,

Haulm
it

Ihould be cut
lie

when the~ down, and

fpread upon the

common

in

the

of Ely in Cambridgejhirc, and in many other Places, where the Land has been flooded with Water for many Years ; but upon being
JJle

drained, this Plant comes up in a moll plenteous manner ; which has given Occafion for fome Perfons to

Imagine, that it was produced fpontaneouily. without Seeds; but the contrary of this has been fully pro-

Ground to dry; but long on the Ground j for the Pods will foon open, and let out the Seeds, efpecially after a Shower of Rain, if the Sun Ihines warm therefore the Seeds fhould be threfn'd out as foon as poffible. The fecond Sort is chiefly cultivated in Gardens for a Sal Jad- herb in the Winter- feafon. The Seeds of this are commonly fown very
mull not
;

thick in Drills, either upon a warm Border, or in very cold Weather

ved by feveral learned Gentlemen, and therefore would be needlefs to

repeat here
;

upon an Hot-bed, with

Creffe?,

and

other fmall Sallad-herbs, which are

for

the Rcafon

thefe Seeds remain good for fo

why many

commonly

fit

for

Ufe

in ten
;

Days
for if

or a Fortnight from lowing

Years, when cover'd with Water, is, becaufe they abound with lb fharp an Oil, that it prevents the Water

they are large, thr'y are too llrong to put into Sallads. In order to
fave the Seeds of this Plant, a Spot of Ground muft be fown with it in the Spring, which mould be mana-

from prevading its Body ; and, being kept from the Air, is prelerved from
Corruption.

inGardens, as a Salhd-herb, by fome Perfons ; tho' in general the Sort with white Seeds is preferr'd to it for this Purpofe and in Fields, in divers Parts of England, for the fake of its The Method of cultivating Seeds. this Plant is, to fow tne Seeds upon an open Spot of Ground, which has been well dug or plow'd, in the Spring and when the Plants are come up, they mould be hoed, in order to dellroy the Weeds, as a'fo to cut out the Plants where they ar r

This Sort

is

alfo cultivated

ged in the lame manner as the former. The third Sort may alfo be ufed in Sallads, when it is very young, at which time it has no difagreeable Talle but as it grows large, fo its Strength increafes, and a certain Bitternefs, which renders it very difagreeable. This is very hardy, and, when allow'd fuffi ;ient room, will fpread very Far, id produce iarge Leaves. This Sort is eaten hy che
;

C:
ti

as a boiled Sallad r.crb

and

oeeds have b?en frequently wrought to Europe, for an elculent

too thick, leaving them about Inches afunder j for when they are

Herb.

The

'

s
;

The Seeds of the two firft Species we order'd for medicinal Ufe but
for

Ieav'd Egyptian Sinapiftrum, with a flefh -colour'd Flower.

3.

the third Sort is feldom cultivated Ufe in England.

Sinapistrum Zeylanicumtri-

phyllum

& pentapbyllum

<vi[cofum,fiore

The fourth Sort is a pretty com- favo. Boerb. Three and five-leav'd mon Weed on arable Lands, in molt vifcous Sinapiftrum from Ceylon,
Parts of England:
early in the Spring,
this

comes

up

with a yellow Flower.

4. Sinapistrum Lufitanicum triphyllum,flore rubro,ftliquis corniculatis. II. L. Three-leav'd Portugal

among theCorn;

fo flowers and feeds in May : therefore where it is not weeded out, the Seeds will fcatter long before the Corn is ripe, and the Ground will be the Leaves flock *d with the Weed of this Sort are large, and, for the mod part, inure : the Flowers are yellow ; and it is generally taken for Charlock, by moil Country-peo:

Sinapiftrum, with an horned Pod.

5.

Sinapistrum Or lent ale

tri*

phyllum, ornithopodii fliquis. Tourn. Cor. Three-leav'd Eallern Sinapi-

itrum, with Birds-foot-pods.

very

ple.
It is

The firft and fecond Sorts are common in Jamaica, Barbados, and other warm Countries in the
Weft- Indies-, but the third Sort I received from Dr. Boerbaave, who

that the

feed

is

from the Seeds of this Sort Durham Flower of Muftardmade and it is there culti;

had

it

from Ceylon, with many other

as

vated for

this

Furpofe.

curious Seeds.
riofities

The
ferred

fifth

in the

fom, who

and fixth Sorts are preGardens of fome Perare curious in Botany, for

Thefe Plants are preferved by thole who delight

Cu-

in Bo-

the lake of Variety ; but they are not cultivated for Ufe.

SINAPISTRUM,
ftard.

Ballard

Mu-

tanic Studies ; but as they are not very beautiful, nor of any great Ufe, they are rarely cultivated in other Gardens. They are annual Plants,

The
'The

Charatlcrs are
coufijls

Flower

offour Leaves,

nvhicb are placed in form of a Crofs, but are erected: under tbefe Petals

are placedfx Stamina, nvhicb occupy the under Fart of the Flower out of nvhofe Flower -cup rifes the Pointed ; nvhicb afterward becomes a cylindrical Pod, with two Valve 5, and fiWd
;

foon after their Seeds and in England mull be raifed in an Hot-bed in the Spring ; and when the Plants have acquired Strength, they mould be planted into Pots, and managed as hath been
perifli

which

are ripe;

directed for the

to

Female Balfamines ; which Article the Reader is di-

*wiih roundifh Seeds. The Species are

1. Sinapistrum Indicum pentafhy Hum, fore carncc, minus non fpino Indian five-leav'd Sifum. 11 L. napiftrum, with a flefli - colour'd

avoid Repetition. In July thefe Plants may be placed in the open Air, at which time they will flower ; and in St pt ember their Seeds will ripen ; when they fhould be gather'd, and preferv'd in their Pods, until the Seafon for fowing them.
fired to turn, to

The

fourth and

fifth

Sorts will

Flower, and not prickly." 2 S n a p s t R u M 7gjptiacum he. i

ptcphyllum\fore carnto, mojus fpinofum. H. L. Greater prickly feven-

open Air; fo the Seeds of this may be {own on a Bed of light Earth XSiApril, where the Plants are to remain ; and will require no
thrive in the

other

S I
other Culture, but to keep
clear
:

S I
them
pra&ifed for Carrots, Weeds, and to cut out the Plants where they are too clofe, leaving them the firft Hoeing about three Inches afunder ; but at the fecond Hoeing, which mould be performed about a Month after the firft, they mould be cut out to fix Inches apart at leaft, obferving to cut down all the Weeds and, during the Summer-feafon, the Weeds mould be diligently hoed down, as fair, as they are produe'd ; for if
is

hoed over, as

in June they from Weeds will flower, and the Seeds will ripen in Augujl ; and the Plants will foon
after perifli.

to deftroy the

SISARUM,
The
bel,

Skirret.

Characlers are

Flowers in an Umof federal Leaves placed circularly and expand in form of a Rofe : the Empalement afterward
It produces its

which

confijl
',

becomes a Fruit , eompofed of two narrow Seeds, that are gibbous and fur-

rowed on one
other
:

Side, but plain

on the

thefe

Plants are they feldom

their

ftifled

by Weed*,

to thefe

Marks mufl

be added,

&e.

come

to

good

That the Roots are Jhaptd like long Turneps, and are joined to one Head. We have but one Species of this
Plant; viz.
Sis arum Germanorum. C. B. P.
Skirret.

Leaves are deca^ 'd, their Roots may be taken up for Ufe ; but this mould be done only

When

This is one of the wholfomeft and moft nouriming Roots that is cultivated in Gardens ; and yet it is at prefent very rare to meet with it in the Gardens near London : what may have been the Caufe of its not being

more commonly

cultivated, I can't

imagine, fince there are many Kitchen-gardens which are proper for
this Plant.

It

may

n>i%. either

be propagated two ways ; by fowing the Seeds, or

planting the Slips.

The

former

Me-

thod

is
;

what

v\

ould chiefly recom-

becaufe the Roots which mend come from Seeds are much larger

than thole produced from Off-fets,

and are much tenderer.

fon for fowing the Seed

The
is

Seathe

in

Beginning of April, and upon a moid rich Soil, which mould be well dug and looiened ; and being laid level, the:eeds mould be fown thereon,

wanted ; for if they are kept long above-ground, they will be good for little. The Leaves common, y decay in Oclober ; fo that from that time, till the Beginning of March, when they begin to moot aga:n, they arc in Seal on but after they have mot forth green Leaves, the Roots become fticky, and are not fo good. The Method of propagating this Plant from Off-fets is as follows: About the Latter-end of February, or Beginning of March, you mould dig a moift rich Spot of Ground, in Size proportionable to the Quantity of Plants intended ; then you lhould carefully dig up the old Roots, from which you lhould flip off* all the Offfets, prefer ving their Buds on the Crown of each intire ; after this you fhouM open a Drill crofs the Spot of Ground with a Spade, in a llrait Line, about eight or nine Inches deep; into which you mould place the Off-fets, about fix Inches
as they are
;

and then trod

in,

after the

common

apart, as upright as poffible

fill

then

Method of lowing Radifhes, raking the Ground over them fmooth. In May the Plants will come up, at which time the Ground mould be

Dnil up again with the Earth which came out of it ; and at a Foot Ditfancefrom thefirit, make another Trench, laying the Off tets therein
the

Vou

III,

.31

S I
as before
;

S
whole
Seafon

and

fo

continue the Drills

at a Foot Diftance, thro' the

ftliqua afpera. Inf. R. H. The lelTer Marfti-rocket, with a rough Pod.

7.

Spot of Ground

and

if the

Sisymbrium

eructe Jo Ho gla-

mould prove verydry,it will be proper to water them until they have taken Root in the Ground after which they will require no other Care, but
j

bro, fiore luteo. Inf. R.

H.

Common

Winter-crefs.
folio glaWinterR. H. crefs with a double Flower. 8.
bro, fiore pleno. lnft.
9.

Sisymbrium eruc&

to keep the

Weeds

conftantly de-

ftroyed as they are produced, in the

Sisymbrium

eruca? folio gla-

manner before
ling Plants
5

directed for the feedtheir jLeaves

bra, minus

&

pr&cocius. Inf. R.

H.

and when

Small early-floweringWinter-rocket
10.

decay, they will be fit for Ufe, as before ; but after any of thefe Roots have feeded, they are fticky, and good for nothing ; fo that the Off-fets Ihould never be taken from Plants more than one Year old.

Sisymbrium

erucee folio af-

pero, fiore luteo.

ter-crefs

Inf. R. H.

Win-

SISYMBRIUM,
The

Water-crefles.

Characlers are

It hath a Flower compofed of four Leaves, which are placed in form of

Crofs

cut

of wkofe Empalement

rifes

the Point al^

which afterward
is

becomes a Fruit or Pod, which

di-

vided into two

diate Partition

Cells, by
;

an intermethe

to

which

Val<ves

adhere on both Sides } and fumijhed

with Seeds that are roundifo to thefe Marks mujl be added, That the
:

whole Appearance of the Plants

is

pe-

culiar to the Species of this Genus.

The
1
.

Species are

ym brium aquaticum.Matth. Common Water- creHes.

Si
s

2.

Sisymbrium
.

aquaticum, foliis

minor ibus, pr^cocius RaiiSyn. Earlyfiowering Water-creffes, with fmaller Leaves.

3.

Sisymbrium

aquaticum,

ra-

with a rough Rocket-leaf, and a yellow Flower. The firft and fecond Sorts of Water -crelles grow promifcuoufly in Handing Waters in mod Parts of England, and are indifferently gathered for Ufe. Thefe Plants have of late Years been generally ufed as Sallad-herbs in the Spring of the Year, and are by many People preferred to all other Sorts of Sallads, for the agreeable warm bitter Tafte and being accounted an excellent Remedy for the Scurvy, and to cleanfe "the Blood, as alfo a good Diuretic, they have generally obtained with moft People. Thefe are generally gathered in the Ditches, and in other Handing Waters near London, to fupply the Markets but whoever hath a mind to cultivate them, may eafily do it, by taking fome of the Plants from the Places of their natural Growth, early in the Spring, being careful to preferve their Roots as intire as poliible, and
;

phani folio, ftliqua bre r Jiori. Inf. R. H. Water- radifh.

4.

plant them into

the

Water

Sisymbrium
Inf. R.

aquaticum, foliis

When
large

Mud, and then let upon them by degrees. they have taken Root, they
in

in profundas lacinias divifis, filiqua

will foon ftourilh,

Water-radifh with deeply jagged Leaves.

bre<viori.
e.

H.

Compafs

and fpread over a they of Water

:

mould not be cut

will fall into the

the

firft

Seafon,

Sisymbrium

paluf.re

repens }

but fuftered to run to Seed, which

nafiurtii folio. Inf.

R.

II.

Water

Water, and furnifh

rocket.
6.

Sisymbrium

falufre minus.

a fufHcicnp Supply of Plants afterward.

But

s r
exhauft the Root too much to fend forth any Side -heads for parting.

But where the Water is fo deep, that it will not be eafy to plant them, the befl; Method will be to get a Quantity of the Plants, juft as their Seeds are ripening, and throw them on the Surface of the Water, where they are defign'd to grow j and their Seeds will ripen, and fall to the Bottom, where they will take Root, and produce a Supply of the Plants. Thefe Plants produce Seed the Latter-end of June, or the Beginning of July, which is the proper Time for
this

time to tranfplant and part is at Michaelmas, when they mould be planted into a Bed or Border of frelh undunged Earth, in an open Expofure. The tenth Sort is very like the
belt,

The

thefe Roots

feventh,

from which
;

it

differs

in

having a rough Leaf but may be cultivated in the fame manner tho* thefe are rarely allowed a Place in any Gardens, unlefs for the fake of
;

Work.
third, fourth, fifth,

Variety.

and fixth Sorts are Water-plants, which grow in landing Waters ; but are not admitted into Gardens, except for the
fake of Variety.

The

SI
It
Iris,

YRINCHIUM, Spani/hNut.
The
Characters are
;

hath a Flower refemhling the

from which

it differs in

having

double Root, one lying over the other ,

The feventh and ninth Sorts grow wild on dry Banks in feveral Parts of England: thefe were formerly iifed as a Winter Sallad ; but fmce there have been a great Number of other Herbs introduced into the EngUJh Gardens, they have been inThefe may be protirely rejected. pagated by Seeds, which mould be
{"own fdon after they are ripe
;

after the fame manner as thofe of the Crocus and Gladiolus.

1.

majus,flore lutea macula notato. C. B. P. Greater Spanijb Nut, with a Flower mark'd

The Species are Sis yrinchium

with a yellow Spot.

2.

Sisyrinchium

majus , Jlore aU

and

when

the Plants are

come

up, they

mould be hoed, to feparate them where they are too clofe, as alfo to deftroy the Weeds, which is all the

The SumCulture they require. mer following they will produce Seed, and the Plants perifti foon after. But if the Seeds are permitted
to fcatter, the Plants will

come

up,

and become troublefome Weeds.

The eighth Sort

Seeds
;

is

a Variety of the

feventh, which accidentally arofe from

ha macula notato. C. B. P. Greater Spar.ijh Nut, with a Flower mark'd with a white Spot. 3. Sisyrinchium medium. C. B. Middle Spanifh Nut. P. 4 Sisyrinchium Creticum mantanum, angufiffmo folio. Toum. Cor. Mountain Sifyrinchium of Candy, with a very narrow Leaf. 5. Sisyrinchium Africanvm, fchis longijpmis, fore aibo, radice venenata. African Sifyrinchium, with very long Leaves, a white Flower, and a poifonou? Root.
.

and

is

preferved in fome cu-

rious Gardens, for having a double

Flower. This is propagated by parting the Roots ; fo that in crder to preferve the Kind, the Plants mould

not be fuffered to fend forth too rcany Flower- ftems, left they mould

The three firft Sorts grow wild in Portugal and Spain, where the Roots are fought after; and dug up by Children, and the Shepherds, who eat them, as alio the Hogs ; for they zrt fweet, and in Tafte refemble the Earth-nut. The fourth Sort wa
4.N
t

fa

S I
difcovered in the Ifland of Crete

s I
by
the

warm

Br. Tournefort,

who

fent it to

Royal Garden at Pan's. Thefe Plants are preferved by the

Curious, for the fake of Variety ; for they make no great Appearance: the time of their flowering is commonly in May, or the Beginning of 'June, about the fame time with the Bulbous Iris the Flowers come out alternately from their Sheaths or Coverings, after the manner of the Iris; fo that there is feldcm more than one Flower open upon each Stalk at one time ; but they fucceed each other ; for there are commonly four or five Flowers produced on each Stalk, when the Roots are ftrong thefe Flowers are in fome of a fine blue Colour, fpotted with yellow ; and in other Sorts they are of a pale -purple Colour, fpotted with White but the Flowers feldom continue a whole Day
: :
:

Country,is too tender to live in this Climate, unlefs it is preferved in a good Stove ; for which Reafon
the Roots fliould be planted into Pots

with light rich Earth, and plunged into the Bark-bed in the Stove ; which if it is preferved in a kindly Warmth, the Roots will greatly multiply. The Leaves of this Sort die away in Winter, and new ones arife in the Spring wherefore the belt time to transplant the Roots is, juft before they put out new Leaves, which is commonly in the Beginning of April \ at which time the Bark- bed fhould be ftirred up, and renewed with fome frefh Tan; and the Pots muft be plunged again, and frequently refreshed with Water in warm Weather; which will make them grow very vigorous but
filled
: :

open; but.clofe up when the Sun

is

warm.

The four firft Sorts are hardy Plants,

which are multiplied by
Off-fets,

and

may

be treated in the fame manner as the Bulbous Iris ; to which the

during the Winter-feafon, while the Leaves are decay'd, they muft not have much Wet, left it rot the Roots. Altho' this Plant thrives very well in England, yet it has but once flowered here;. and then but one Flower appeared, which foon decayed.

Reader
both

is

dehred to turn;

where

SIUM, Water- parfnep. The Characters are

:

there are full Directions exhibited,

propagating them by and Seeds ; with which Management thefe Flowers may be
for the

Off-fets

hath a rofefhaped umhellated Flower, cenjifiing of federal Petals, which are commonly equal, and
//

placed orbicularly,

rejling

upon the

cultivated.

The fifth Sort was brought from Jfrica, where the Inhabitants ufe the Root to fuddle the Fifh in the Rivers, in order to catch them in
green Leaves of this Sort are poifonous ; for as a Tub of thefe Plants, which were bringing to England, was plac'd on the Deck
plenty.

Empalement ; which afterward becomes a roundifii Fruit, compofed of which are gibbous and tn.^o Seeds, furrowed on one Side, but plain on the
other
:

to

thefe holes

muf

be added,

The

That the Leaves are joined together, and adhere to the Rib, with an odd
Lobe at the End.

The Species
1.

are

of the Ship, fome Hogs, getting

it,

to

Sium

five

Jpi urn

pnhflre, fa*

eat

down

all

the Leaves

>

w hich
killed

His oblongis.

C. B. P.

Water- parf-

fwelled

two of the Hogs, and

a

them.

nep, with oblong Leaves. 2. Sium umbellatum repens. Ger,

Ltnac.

This Plant, being

Native of a

Creeping Water- parfnep.

3.

SiUiS

S
3.

M
it

SlUM

latifolium.

C. B. P.

vent any Mifchief which

may
1

Broad-leav'd Water-parfnep. 4. Sium palujlre alterum, foliis

ferratis. Inji. R.

pen by Perfons ufing

rance.

thro

hapIgno-

H.

Another

Wa-

ter-parfnep, with fa wed Leaves.

5.

Sium

foliorum conjugationibus

R. H. Water-parfnep with the Wings of the Leaves

laciniatis. Infi.

jagged.
6. Sium aquaticum, ad alas foriWater-parfnep dum. Mar. Umb. with Flowers growing at the Wings

and fixth Sorts Waters in France, Germany, and fome other Parts of Europe but are not Natives of this Country. Thefe are fometimes preferved in Botanic Gardens, for Variety-fake i and are not ufed in Mefourth, fifth,

The

grow

in flanding

dicine.

of the Leaves. 7 Sium minimum umbellatum, foThe leaft liis varus. Pluk. Aim.
Water-parfnep, with variable Leaves.
8.

The ninth and tenth Sorts grow on dry Banks, and under Hedges,
in feveral Parts of England; but are

rarely cultivated in Gardens.

The

Sium

alterum, olufatri facie.

ninth Sort has been by fome Writers greatly efteemed for difcufling hard

Lob. Icon.

Long

leav'd

Water-

hemlock.
9.

Sium

arn)enfe t fi--vc figetum.lnjl,

Corn- parfley or Hone wort. 10. Siu-M aromaticum, Sifon ofi:i~ Stone parfley, varum. Infi. R. H. or German Amomum.

R. H.

Swellings of the Face; which by fome Country - people are called Hones ; wherefore the Name of Honewort was given to this Plant, on account of that Quality. The

The

firlt,

fecond, third, feventh,

and eighth Sorts grow pretty common in Ditches, Ponds, and other Handing Waters, in divers Parts of England bat are not cultivated, becaufe they will not live on dry Ground. The fecond Sort is directed to be ufed in Medicine by the College of Phyficians, and is efteemed very good in fcrophulous Cafes. The firll Sort s by feme People mifand is taken for Water- creffes, fometimes gathered as fuch, and
;
;

Seeds of the tenth Sort are ufed in Medicine, as one of the leffer warm Seeds. This is called Amomum by the Germans, tho' it is not what the
Antients meant by that Name. All thefe Sorts may be cultivated

by Seeds, .which mould be fown

in

Autumn foon
thofe Sorts

after

they are ripe

in (landing

which grow

Waters, muft be fcattered into fuch Places ; but the other Sorts may be fown on a fhady Border, where the Plants will come up in the Spring, and require no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds ; and

eaten, tho'
Plants.

they are very differnt

is

where they grow too

clofe together,

to thin them, fo as to allow

them

The

eighth Sort

a very poifon-

room

ous Plant, which was by Dr. PFepfer taken for the Hemlock of the Antients ; who has written a Treatife of this Plant, in which he has mentioned a Number of Inftances of the noxious Quality thereof: fo that it mould be extirpated from Places
near Habitations, in order to pre-

fecond Year thefe Plants will produce Flowers and Seeds ; foon after which the

to grow.

The

Roots

will perifh.

SMALL AGE.
The
'The

Vide

Apium.

SMI LAX, Rough

Flower
5

Bindweed.

Cbara5iers are
confifts

of feveral

Leaves, which are placed circularly^,

fN

and

S
'find

M
Berry,
containing

expand in form of a Rife, mubofe IPointal afterward becomes a Fruity

or
foft

weed, with broad Leaves, having Spines on their Edges, and a fmootli
fquare Shoot.
10. Smilax afpera Bermudenfis, grandioribus foliis cordtformibus, ra
dice furculofa.

roundijh

o<val fhaped Seeds.

The
1.

Species are

C. B. P.
2.

Smilax afpera, fruclu rubente. Rough Bindweed, with a

Smilax
angufiis
^viti cults afperis, foliis

Pluk. Pbyt.

Rough

led Fruit.
longis

Bindweed of Bermudas, with larger heart-fliaped Leaves, and a Root full

of Shoots.
folio, tota lesuis, e

mucronatis

Lsnjibus,
.

auriculis

ad bafm

rctundioribtis

Pluk.

Pbyt.

Rough Bindweed, with long narrow - pointed fmooth Leaves, having round Ears at the Bafe.
3.

bedera Terra Mariana. Pluk. Pbyt. Smooth Bindweed, with Tendrils, and an Ivy - leaf, from
I

I.

Smilax

clamiculata,

Maryland.
I

Smilax
folio

-viiiculis afperis,

Virgi-

2.

Smilax

viticulis afperis, Vir*

niana,

hederacco l&oi,

Zarxa

nobilijfimn nolis. Pluk. Pbyt.

Rough
Zarza-

giniana, foliis angufiis Isevibus, nullis auriculis pradita. Pluk. Pbyt. Vir-

Virginian Bindweed, with a fmooih

Ivy-leaf,
parilla.
4.

ginian Bindweed, withrough Shoots,

common!/

called

and fmooth narrow Leaves, having

no Ears.
Orient alis, farmentis
Tourn. Cor.
13. nocuis

Smilax

Smilax
armata,
Pbyt'.

Virginiana, fpinis inlatis

aculeatis, altifjunas arbores fcandenti-

canelles foliis,
Cjf

bus, foliis

non jpmojis.

radice arundinacca craffa

carnofa.

Eaftern

rough Bindweed, with prickly Shoots, and fmooth Leaves.

5.

Pluk.

Virginian Bindweed,

armed wilh innocent

Smilax

l<z-vis,

lauri folio, bac-

eis nigris.

Catefb. Bijl.
Berries.

A at.

Carol.

Smooth Bindweed, with a

and black
6.

Bay-leaf,

Spines, broad Cinnamon-leaves, and a thick flefliy Root, call'd baftard China. 14. Smilax Americana lee<vis,

canellx foliis, baccis rubris.

Smooth

American Bindweed, with Cinnamon-leaves, and red Berries. liis Dwarf fmooth Car. Hiji. Nat. afpera Americana, 15. Smilax Bindweed, with a Birthwort - leaf, ariflolochia foliis longioribus, ad baRough American and red Berries. fim auriculatis. Bindweed, with longer Birthwort7. Smilax bryoniee nigra foliis, leaves, with Ears at their Bafe, whofe caule fpinofo, baccis nigris. Catefb, Bindweed with Root is the Zarzaparilla of the Bid. Nat. Carol.
nonfpinofa burnt lis, foariftolockitf, baccis rubris. Catefb.

Smilax

black Bryony-leaves, a prickly Stalk, and black Berries.

8.

Shops.
16.

Smilax Americana
cla^viculis

l<e<vis,

Smilax

Carolinian*,

ftipite

tamni folio,
donato.

longioribus

quadrato
auriculis

lent, foliis

angufiis afperis,

ad bafim

angulofs. Pluk.

with Carolina Bindweed, Pbyt. fquare fmooth Shoots, and ro^gh narrow Leaves, which have cornered
Ears at their Bafe.
9. Smilax foliis latis, in margine fpinofs, Carolinians, fipite leni qua-

Smooth American Bindweed, with a black Bryony -leaf, fending forth long Tendrils. 17. Smilax Americana la<vis, latijjimo folio,

tnndioribus.

auriculis ad bafim reSmooth American Bind-

weed, with a very broad Leaf, having round Ears at the Bafe.
1

drato. Pluk. Pbyt.

Carolina Bind-

8.

Smilax

unifjlia

bumilUma.

O
inf. R. H.

IV A

U
of the former.

IV A

The

loweft Bindweed or

One-blade.

Thefe Plants are preferred in the Gardens of fuch as are curious in Botany, for their Variety
;

Thefe Sorts were difcovered at Campecby by Mr. Rcbtrt Millar, Surgeon, who fent Samples of them to England the Root of the
;

but there
in

is

fifteenth

Sort

is

the Zarzaparilla,

no great Beauty or Ufe

them

fo

which

is

directed by the College of

that they are not very

commonly

cultivated in other Gardens.

Phyficians to be ufed in Medicine Thefe Sorts are propagated by

The

fourth Sort here mentioned

was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in the Levant. This is a very rambling Plant, which climbs up Trees, and rifes to a great Height in the Places of its natural Growth ; but is an humbler Plant in this Country. This may be propagated by Seeds, or from Off-fets taken from the old Roots; and is hardy enough to live in the open Air in this Country, provided it is planted under Trees, where it

Seeds or Off-fets, in the fame near as thofe before-mentioned

fheltered in

man;

but

thefe mull be preferved in Pots,

will not live in

and

Winter, otherwife they this Country. As thefe Plants rarely produce Seeds in
England,
they are

commonly
;

in-

creafed by parting their Roots

the

bed time for doing of this is in March, juft before they fend forth new Shoots from their Roots for although the old Shoots abide, and re;

may
ter.

be a

little

protected in
third,

Winfifth,

The
fixth,

firft,

fecond,

their Leaves throughout the Year, yet there are every Spring new Shoots fent forth from their Roots,
tain

feventh,

eighth, ninth,

ele-

venth, twelfth, and thirteenth Sorts are Natives

and

the

other Northern

of Carolina, Virginia, Parts of

America, where they grow in the

Woods in the greateft Snade. Thefe may alfo be propagated by Seeds, or

Off-fets from the old Roots, as the former. Moft of thefe Plants are preferved in Pots in the Gardens of the Curious ; but they will endure the Cold of our Winters in the open Air very well, and may be rendered clofe and thick. ornamental by planting them under When the Seeds of thefe Plants Trees in Wildernefs-quarters, where are obtained from abroad, they fhould they will fill up and cover the be fown in Pots filled with frefh light Ground ; and may be difpofed fo as Earth, and plunged into a moderate to make an agreeable Variety. Thefe Hot - bed, obferving to water the Plants require a Soil rather moi/l Earth frequency to keep it moiir; than dry j and if it be tolerably becaufe the Seeds, being hard, will light, they will thrive much better not vegetate without a confiderable than in a very itrong one. Share of Moifture; and many times The tenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, remain in the Ground a whole Year, fixteenth, and feventeenth Sorts are before they grow ; fo that if the Natives of the warmer Parts of Ame- Plants do not come up the firft Searica j lb are mote tender than either Ion, the Pots fhould be kept clean

which come up like the fmall Shoots of Afparagus, with a naked Stem ; but afterward they fend forth Sidebranches, which are befet with Leaves. Some of thefe Sorts greatly multiply by their creeping Roots, which will extend to a great Dillance, provided they are not cenfin'd ; but when they extend their Roots very far, they feldom produce very ftrong Shoots ; nor do they make fo good an Appearance as when they grow

from

;:

from Weeds all the Summer ; and in Winter they ihould be iheltered from
Frolt under a common Frame ; the following Spring they muftbe again plunged into the Hot-bed, which will bring the Plants up very foon.

tranfplant this Plant

is

in the

Au-

tumn, when the Leaves are decay'd.

SMYRNIUM,
The
bels,

Alexanders.

Characters are the Flowers are produced in

con

Um-

When the Plants are come up, mud be conftantly kept clear
;

ft in

of federal Leaves,

they

from

Weeds, and frequently watered in warm Weather and toward the End of May they mould be enured to
the open Air by degrees ; and in June they may be removed out of the Bed,

which are placed orbicularly, and expand in form of a Rofe : thefe reft up' on the Empalement, which afterward
becomes an almoji globular Fruit, compofed of two pretty thick Seeds, fometimes Jhaped like a Crefcent, gibbous,

and freak" d on one

the other.

Side,

and plain on

and placed abroad in a iheltered Situation, where they ihould remain till the Frolt comes on in Autumn ; when they mull be removed into Shelter. Thefe Plants ihould remain untranfpknted in the Seed-pots, till
the following Spring, when they Ihould be turned out of the Pots, and carefully feparated : the tender Sorts ihould be i lanted in Pots fill'd with
frefh

1.

The Species are Smyrnium. Matth. Common

Alexanders.
do folio.

peregrinum, rot unC. B. P. Foreign Alexanders, with a round Leaf. 3. Smyrnium peregrinum, folio oblongo. C. B. P. Foreign Alexanders, with an oblong Leaf.
.

Smyrnium

Earth

and

if

they are plunged

4.

Smyrnium
T. Cor.

Creticum, paludapii

into a very temperate Hot- bed, it will caufe them to take new Root

foliis.

Candy Alexanders,

very foon,

and greatly ilrengthen But the hardy Kinds the Plants. may be planted abroad under Trees, where (if they are kept clear from Weeds, until they have obtained fufricient Strength to overbear the
will make an agreeable Variety, amongft other hardy Wood-

Weeds) they
plants.

with a Smallage-leaf. The firft of thefe Sorts (which is that order'd by the College for medicinal Ufe) grows wild in divers Parts of England, and at prefent is feldom cultivated in Gardens ; tho* formerly it was greatly ufed in the Kitchen, before Celery was fo much
cultivated,

which hath taken place of Alexanders, in moil Peoples Opinion.

The

eighteenth Sort dies to the

The

other Sorts are preferv-

Root every Year, and rifes in the Spring it is a very humble Plant,
:

ed

feldom rifmg above four Inches high this increafes by its creeping Root for it rarely produces Seeds in this Country. Jt is a very hardy Plant,

Gardens for Variety ; them be cultivated for the Ufe of the Kitchen. The
in Botanic

but

may

either of

fecond Sort
the
tried
firft
;

is

much

preferable to
I

for blanching, as
will

have

and

be tenderer, and not

and grows

in

Woods;

but

it

is

not
it

quite fo ftrong.

a Native of England.

I obferved

All thefe Plants

ted

may be propaga-

growing
Soil
;

plentifully in a

Wood

near
cultiit

the Hague, in a moift lrght fandy

fo that

by fowihg their Seeds upon an open Spot of Ground in Jiugufl, as

foon as they are ripe; for if they are till Spring, they often miicairv. or at
leafl;

whoever would
fnould plant

vate

this Plant,

in

preserved

(uch Situations.

The

bell

time to

do not come up

ufit-

s
til

o
whereas thofe

so
fed this to be the fame with Father

the fecondYear;

fown inAutumn rarelyfail of coming up foon after Chrif mas, znd will make

much

ftronger Plants than the other.

In the Spring thefe Plants mould be hoed out, fo as to leave them ten Inches or a Foot apart each Way and , during the following Summer, they muft be conftantly cieir'd from Weeds, which, if permitted to grow amongtt them, will draw them up flender, and render them good for In February following the little.
Plants willl
roufly
lhoot up again

Plumier% Genus of Rivina j fo he has applied Plumier\ Title to thefe Plants ; and acufesPZwwwVr of makeing a Blunder in his Figure, in putting eight Stamina to each Flower ; whereas thefe Plants have but four : but the Miftake is Idnnauii ; for the Flowers of Plumier's Rivina have eight Stamina ; but thofe Plants are very different from thefo of the Solanoides.

vigo-

at which time the Earth ; muft be drawn up to each Plant, to blanch them ; and in three Weeks after, they will be fit for Ufe; when they may be dug up, and the white Part preferved, which may be ftew'd, and eaten as Celery.

Thefe Plants are Natives of the Parts of America, from their Seeds have been brought into Europe and the Plants are now become pretty common in They the Gardens of the Curious.

warmer whence

SNAP-DRAGON.
rhinum.

Vide AntirVide
Ptar-

SNEEZEWORT.
mica.

SNOWDROP. ^Galanthus.
SOLANOIDES,
fhade.

Baftard Nightare

The Chara Hers

It

hath a rofe-Jhaped Flower, eonJi'fling of five Leaves, whofe Fointal

afterward becomes a roundijb Fruit, having one hard Seed, which is co*verd with a thin Pulp, fo as to have the Appearance of a Berry.

The
1.

Species are

Solanoides Americana,

cir-

ceee foliis canefcentibus.

Tourn. Ame-

rican Solanoides, with hoar}' Inchanters-nightihade-leaves.

2.

Solanoides Americana,

cir-

ceee foliis glabris. Tourn.

American

Solanoides with fmooth Inchantersnightftiade leaves.

This Genus of Plants blifhed by Dr. Tournefort

racters of

was
;

efta-

the

Cha-

which are publiln'd in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences at Paris ; but Dr. Idmaus has fuppo-

propagated by Seeds, which, iovvn on an Hot-^ed earjy in the Spring ; and when the Plants are come up, they mould be tranfplanted each into a lep irate fmal! Pot fillM with frefh got Earth, and plunged into a moderate Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, obferving to (hade them from the Sun, until they have taken new Root ; after which time they muft have a large Share of Air admitted to them in warm Weather, and they muft be conftantly watered: when the Plants have obtained Strength, they Ihould be enured to bear the $pen Air by degrees ; and in June they mould be mifted into larger Pots, and removed either into the Stove, or an airy Glafs - cafe, where they may have a large Share of Air in warm Weather ; and if they are duly watered, they will thrive, and produce Flowers in July, and their Fruit will ripen in September ; but there will be a Succeftion of Flowers and Fruit all the Winter, provided the Plants are preferved in a moderate Temperature of Heat ; fo that the Fruit of thefe Plants afford an agreeable Variety in the Stove in Winter ; for being of a
are

mould be

bright

S
bright red Colour, and growing in long Bunches, they make a fine Ap-

mard. C. B. P. Perennial climb*, ing Nightihade, commonly called

Bitter-fweet.

pearance.

Thefe Plants

will abide

feveral Years, and produce plenty of Flowers and Fruit : but they mould

mara, fore

conftantly remain in Shelter; for if

they are expofed in Summer, they

will lofe their large Leaves, and appear (tinted ; nor will the Fruit con-

feu dulcaC. B. P. Perennial climbing Nightihade, with a white Flower.

5.

Solanum/Ww,
albo.

tinue on the Plants

fo that the beft

them remain always in the Stove, giving them a large Share of Air in Summer, which will keep them in Vigour, and, render them beautiful.

way

is,

to let

[can dens, foliis va R. Par, Perennial climbing Nightihade, with variegated Leaves.
6.
riegatis.

Solanum
H.

7.

Solanum

fruticofum

baccife-

rum. C. B P. Shrubby berry-bearing Nightihade, commonly called

The
a
it

Fruit of thefe Plants afford

Amomum Plinii. 8. Solanum Guineenfe,fruclu magna injlar ceraft nigerrimo umbellato, Boerh. lnd. Nightihade from Gutney, with large Fruit, refembling black Cherries, which grow in an

Colour, whenbruifed; but foon fades on Paper ; which renIf a Quantity ders it worth little. of thefe Fruit is fqueez'd into a Glafs of fair Water, fo as to colour
fine red

Umbel.
9.

and a Stem f Flowers of the Tuberofe put into the Glafs, it will in one Night imbibe fo much of the Liquor, as to variegate the Flowers with a Rofethe

Water of a deep

red,

Solanum fpiniferumfiutefcens,
Americanum. Pluk. Phyt.

fpinis igneis,

Shrubby and thorny^mVaNightfhade, with fire-colour'd Thorns.

10. Solanum fpinofum, maxime tomentofmn. Bocc. Rar. Plant. Thor-

colour.

SOLANUM,
The

Nightihade.
;

Characters are

ny Nightihade, very much covered with a Wool or Down.

11. Solanum Americanum fpi?ioThe Flower confifts of one Leaf which is divided into five Parts, and fum,fcliis melonge>nce, frudu mammoThorny Ameexpands in form of a Star : from the fo. D. Lig. Toum. rican Nightihade, with Leaves like Flower-cup rifes the Pointal, which

afterward becomes a routed or oval foft fu ecu lent Fruit, containing ?nc.ny

thofe of Mad-apple, and

a Fruit lhaped like an inverted Pear, com-

fat

Seeds in each.
;

monly
pear.
acinis

called in Barbados Bachelors-

The Species are 1. Solanum ojf.cinarum,

mgricantibus.
Fruit.
2.

12.

Solanum

pomiferum

frute~

Common C. B. P. [Nightihade of the Shops, with black

Solanum
of.civ arum,

feens Africanum fpinofum

nigricans,

fore boraginis, foliis profunde laciniatis. H. L. Shrubby African appie-bearing Nightihade,

acinis

with black

puniceis. C. B. P.

Nightfnade with
cficinarum,
acinis

red Fruit.
3.

Thorns, a Flower like Borage, and deeply jagged Leaves ; commonly

called
13.

Solanum

Pomum

Amoris.
fpino-

lutein.

CB.

P.

Nightihade with
fcandt ns, feu du ka -

Sola"num Americanum
folio,

yellow Fruit.
4.

fum herbaceum, acanthi

amplo
ceeruleo. Houft.

fore

Solanum

Prickly herbaceous

o
er.

o
arbo*

baceous American Nightlhade, with a Bears-breech-leaf, and a large blue

Flower.
14.

underneath, and a large blue Flow22.

Solanum Americanum

Solanum Americanum
Houji.

fpino-

fijpmum berbaceum,
fiore luteo.

The

anguria folio, moft prick-

Jy/fomV<j>iNightlhade,with aWatermelon-leaf, and a yellow Flower.

15.
fcens
cis

fruclu flanefcente majori. Plum. Tree-like American Nightlhade, with a Mulleinleaf, and a larger yellow Fruit.
refcens, <verbafci folio,

23.
like

Solanum

Bonarienfe arbor e--

Sol \uvuAmericanum,firutequercus folio, bacHoufi.

fcens, papas fioribus. Hbrt.Eltb.Tizc-

& fpinofum,

rubris.

Shrubby

and

prickly American Nightlhade, with an Oak-leaf, and red Berries.

16.

Solan u m Americanum

bacci-

ferum, caule
fpincfis,

&

foliis

tomento incanis

luteo, fruclu croceo. Berry- bearing American Nightfhade, with hoary Stalks and Leaves, a yellow Flower, and

fiore

Sloan.

Cat.

Nightlhade of Buenos Ayrest with Flowers like the Potruo. 24. Solanum Babamenfe arborefcens, folio finuato. Hort. Eltb. Treelike Nightlhade from the Bahama Ifiands, with a finuated Leaf. 25. Solanum UgnofumAfricanum femper-jirens, laurinis foliis. H. Amfi. Woody ever-green African Nightlhade, with Bay-leaves.
26.

faffron-colour'd Fruit.

Solanum Americanum

fcan-

17. S o L A N u

II

Americanum firuti-

dens, foliis tomentofis. Plum.

cofum bacciferum fpinofum, fiore cccruShrubby berry- bearing Icq. Sloan.

ClimbingAmerican Nightlhade, with woolly Leaves.

American Nightlhade, with a blue Flower. 18. Solanum Americanum, finitefcens tsf

27.

Solanum Americanum

fcan-

dens, aculeatum, hyofcy ami folio, fiore

intus albo,

fpinofum, fiore magno albo.

Houfi.

Prickly and Ihrubby American Nightlhade, with a large white Flower. can19. Solanum Americanum, f

extus pwpureo. Plum. Climbing prickly American Nightlhade, with an Henbane leaf, and a Flower white within, and purple oa

the Outfide.
28.

Solanum Americanum fruti-

magno caeruHoufi. Shrubby leo, fruclu rubro. climbing vfer/:tfNightfnade, with a large blue Flower, and a red
dens
GS?

frutejeens, fiore

cofum, ptrficts foliis, aculeatum. Plum.

Shrubby and prickly ^mVNightIhade, with. Peach- leaves.

Fruit.

20.
tefcens,

Solanum Americanum
zaeruleo.

fru-

nan fpinofum, lauri folio, fiore

Houfi.

AfriHort. Eltb. Climbing African Nightlhade, with hairy thick Leaves.

29.

Solanum dulcamarum
foliis
crajp.s
hirfutis.

canum,

racemofo

Smooth

fhrubby American Nightlhade, with a Bay-leaf, and blue Flowers growing in Clutters. 21. Solanum Americanum, firutefcens
tofis,

refcens,

arbonon fpinofum, flore parvo rubente, fruclu aureo. Houfi. Smooth

30.

Solanum Americanum

American

& fpinofum,
magno

tree -like Nightlhade, with a fmall redifh Flower, and a gold-

foliis infra

tomenHoufi.

colour' d Fruit.
31.

fiore

casruleo.

Solanum Americanum

arbo -

Shrubby and prickly American Nightlhade, with Leaves which are hoary

refcens, non fpinofum, lauri folio afpcro,fii-ribus umbellatis albis. Houfi.

Smooth

s
Smooth

o
Night-

o
the
various

tree-like American

curious in collecting

and white Flowers growing in Umbels. The firft Sort is now very common upon Dunghils, and on rich
cultivated Soils, in

fhade, with a rough Bay-leaf,

many

Parts of

England ; where

it

often becomes a

troublefome Weed. This is the Sort which the College of Phyficians have directed to be us'd in Medicine, under the Title of So/anum hortenfe :

Kinds of Plants. Thefe may be eafily propagated by laying down their Branches, or by planting their Cuttings in the Spring upon a moift Soil where they will foon take Root, and may afterward be tranfplanted where
;

they are to remain.

The Amomum Plinii

in great Plenty,
its

is

propagated

for the Beauty of

and although it is now become a very troublefome Weed in many

Gardens near London, yet it is not a Native of this Country, but is fuppos'd to have been brought originally from America ; from whence the
greater Part of the Species of this
into Eufecond and third Sorts are very near to the firft, differing
rope.

which is always Winter ; fo that when the Trees have plenty of Fruit, they make a veryhandfomeAppearance in
large red Fruit,
in

ripe

Genus have been introduc'd

The

from it in the Colour of their Fruits, and the Plants being woolly. The third Sort I have received from the Jfland of Barbados two or three dif-

Weed

fo I fuppofe it to be a Country. The eighth Sort produces much larger Fruit than either of the former, and the

ferent times

of that

Plantswillgrowprpportionablylarger.

The
woody

fourth Sort
Plant,

is

climbing

which grows in the Hedges in divers Parts of England and is by fome planted in Gardens, to cover Arbours, or fhady Walks, in London, and other clofe Places, where few other Plants will thrive. This
Plant
is

alfo ufed in Medicine,

for

fome

particular Preparations; but

the Herb-folks in the Markets often fell this inftead of the Garden Nightmade, which is a cooling Plant, and
this

aGreen-houfe, when intermix'd with Orange, Myrtle, and other Exotics. This Plant may be propagated by fovving its Seeds in a Pot of rich Earth in the Spring, placing it upon a moderate Hot-bed, which will greatly facilitate the Growth of the Seeds the Earth in the Pot fhould be frequently watefd for if it is kept too dry, the Seeds will not grow. When the Plants are come up, you fhould make a gentle Hotbed, which muft be cover d with rich Earth about fix Inches thick ; in this they fhould be planted about fix Inches Diftance each Way, and the Bed arch'd over with Hoops, Cifr. and covered withMat?, to fhade them from the Sun and Cold ; obferving frequently to water them. When the Plants have acquired Strength, and the Seafon becomes favourable, you muft enure them to bear the open Air by degrees, to which they fhould be fully expo: ;

fed

in

June

when
up,

fhould be

taken

an hot acrid one

it

which ren-

contrary to the Intention of the Ointrrient, wherein Nightftiade is one of the Ingredients. The Sort with white Flowers is a Variety of the former, as alfo that
ders

with variegated Leaves

are preferv'd by thofe

who

both which are very

of Earth to the Plant, and plac d feparately in Pots fili'd with rich Earth; which mult be fet in a fnady Situation, and frequently water'd until they have taken Root ; after which they may be remov'd into a more open Expolure, and

alfo they with a Hall Root of each

s
and
placed

o
other Exotic

among

Plants; but they require a great Plenty of Water in dry Weather ; without which they feldom produce

much

Fruit.

next the Pot, they mould be placed in Pots a Size larger, which muft be filPd with frelh rich Earth, and plunged into a frefh Hot-bed, to bring the Plants forward, obferving to

In Winter they muft be remov'd into the Green-houfe, and placed in the coldeft Part of the Houfe,where they may have as much free Air as

Weather ; being fo f ollible in mild hardy, as many times to endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters abroad, when planted in a warm Situation ; fo that they only require to be fhelter'd

water them frequently ; for they will not thrive without plenty of Moifture in warm Weather. In July thefe Plants may be enured to bear the open Air by degrees, into which they may be remov'd, if the Seafon be warm but ofnerwife they muft always be preferv'd either under GlafTes, or in the Stove ; and
;

from fevere Froft. Thefe Plants fhould be annually

their

fhifted

when

about theLatter-end of April, Roots mould be pared

all

round, cutting off

the

mouldy Fi-

bres which were next the Pot, and the Pots fill'd up with frefh. rich

Earth ; which will ftrengthen their Flowers, and caufe them to produce plenty of Fruit ; which (as I faid before, ripens in Winter, and being of the Shape and Size of Cherries, are commonly call'd Winter Cherries by the Gardeners.

they are placed in the open Air, they mould not remain there longer than the End of September left the Nights, growing cold, fhould hurt them. During the Winter fea fort they muft be preferv'd in the Stove, obferving to water them frequently ; and the fecond Year they will produce Flowers and Fruit.
if

The

tentn and twelfth Sorts are

not fo tender as the laft ; but require an open airy Glafs-cafe, or a

warm Green-houfe in Winter but in Summer may be expos'd in the

;

The ninth and eleventh Sorts are open Air with other Exotic Plants. much tenderer than the former, be- Thefe may be propagated by fowing ing brought from the warm Parts of their Seeds on an Hot-bed, as the
America. Thefe are alfo propagated by fowing their Seeds in the Spring

upon a good Hot-bed; and when the Plants are come up, they fhould be each tranfplanted into afeparate
fmall Pot
fiU'd

former ; and fhould be manag'd as hath been directed for them, with this Difference, that they may be much fooner expos'd to the open Air, and fhould not be bred fo
tenderly.
their

with rich Earth, and

plung'd into a frefh Hot-bed, obferving to water and fhade them until they have taken Root ; after which they mould have Air and Water in proportion to the Heat of the Seafon, and the Bed in which they are placed ; and when their Roots have filled thePpts in which they were planted (which they will do in a Month's time, if they thrive), they muft be

Thefe are preferv'd for odd Appearance, by fuch as are

:

curious in cultivating ExoticPlants

their Fruits, being ripe inWinter, af-

ford a Variety in the Green-houie ; and theirLeaves and Flowers, being very remarkable in their Colour, Shape, &c render them worthy of a Place in every good Collection of
.

Plants.

and after having genfhaken out tly pared o.T the Fibres which grew
;

There is alfo another Variety, which differs very much from the
tenth Sort, though
call'd

by that

Nam*

Name in moft of the Englijh Gardens where it is preferv'd ; which I believe came from Virginia, and being fomewhat like the Figure given by Pere Boccone of the tenth Sort, I fuppofe was taken for the fame Plant ; but they are very different from each other, as appear'd by fome Plants which I rais'd from Seeds fent me by Signior 77///, Profeflbr of Boy tany at Pifa, of Boccone s Plant, and others rais'd from the old Sort, which came from Virginia', both which, being cultivated together, retain'd a

removed into the Stove, where they mull have as much free Air as poffible in warm Weather; but as the Cold approaches in Autumn, they muft be carefully protected therefrom ; and in Winter they fhould be kept in a moderate Temperature of

Warmth,

orherwife they will

thefe Sorts will

not

live in this Country.

Some of

bear to

be expos'd in the open Air, in the

Heat of Summer, provided they are

warm Situation ; but if the Seafon fhould prove cold, they

plac'd in a
will not thrive abroad;

fpecific Difference.

wherefore

The
tieth,

thirteenth,

fourteenth,

fif-

it

will

be better to

let

them remain

teenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twenthirtieth,

in the Stove, in Front,

and

thirty-firft Sorts

toun, near

were difcover'd by the late Dr.HoufLa Vera Cruz in America, from whence he fent their Seeds to England ; many of which have fucceeded in feveral curious Gardens, where the Plants are now growing.

The

thirteenth, fourteenth,

and

Sixteenth Sorts, being annual Plants,

rarely produce ripe Seeds in England but the others are abiding Plants,

which flower every Year, and fometimes perfect their Fruit in this Country. Thefe, being Natives of a warm Country, mult be rais'd on an Hotbed early in the Spring and when the Plants are fit to remove, they uft be each planted in a feparate
;

and open the Glafles and at the Top of the Stove, every Day, to admit as much Air as poffible in hot Weather; with which Management they will thrive much better than in the open Air. The fixteenth and feventeenth Sorts were difcover'd by Sir Hans Sloane in Jamaica, where they grow in plenty. The Seeds of thefe were alfo fent to England by the late Dr. William Houjloun. The twentieth Sort was difcovered by the late Dr. William Houjloun, at Campeeby, where it hath been found in great Plenty by Mr. Robert
Millar, a Surgeon, Seeds to England.

who

fent

the
-

The twenty
venth,

fecond, twenty
-

fe-

and

twenty

eighth

Sorts

fmail Pot

fill'd

with frefh rich Earth,

and plunged into a moderate Hotbed of Tanners Bark, obferving to fhade them from the Sun until they have taken new Root ; after which
time, they fhould have a large Share

were difcover'd by Father Piumier in fome of the French Settlements in the Wejl-lndies ; and have fince been found by Mr. Robert Millar\ near Cartbagena in America, from whence
he fent their Seeds.

of

frefh

warm

Air admitted to them in Weather, and may be plenti-

fully water'd.

Toward

the Latter-

The twenty-third Sort was fent from Buenos Ayres and the twelfth Sort is a Native of the Bahama
;

end of June it will be proper to harden the Plants to endure the open Air ; and foon af:?r they fhould be

ljlands.

All thefe, being Natives of

warm
the
lain*

Countries,

muft be treated

in

Green-houfe, efpecially in the Winfame manner as hath been directed ter *feafon ; at which time they comthey for the former Sorts ; otherwife monly have plenty of Fruit, which will not thrive in England. make a pretty Appearance, whea twenty-fixth The twenty- fifth and there are not many other Plants in Sorts, being Natives of the Cape of Beauty. And fome of thefe Sorts, any than tender lefs Good Hope, are whofe Flowers are large, and of of the other Kinds. Thefe muft be beautiful Colours, make a fine Appreferv'd in Pots, and plac'd in a pearance, and are worthy of a Place where good Green-houfe in Winter, in the Stove, tho they do not conthey mould have a large Share of free ftantly produce Fruit in this Clibe muft but Air in mild Weather ; mate; efpecially the thirteenth Sort, fecur'd againft Froft, during the whofe Flowers are very large, and require will They Winter-feafon. of a fine blue Colour and the twento be frequently refrefh'd with Watieth Sort, whofe Flowers, though, ter ; but in cold Weather it muft be fmall, yet being produe'd in long Quantigiven to them in moderate Clufters, and being of a fine blue Coand in Summer the Plants ties; lour, make a beautiful Appearance ; Air, open in the in lhould be plac'd and thefe frequently flower in the a warm-fhelter'd Situation, during Winter-feafon. which Seafon they will require a more The thirteenth, fourteenth, and plentiful Supply of Water in dry fixteenth, being annual Plants, the Weather ; for they are thirfty Plants, Seeds (hould be fown early in the as are all of the Tribe. The climbing Sorts of Nightfhade Spring ; and the Plants muft be may be propagated by Cuttings, brought forward in Kot-beds, otherwife they will not produce ripe Fruit which mould be taken off in May; in this Country for they feldom and thofe of the tender Kinds mould flower until the Middle of July, and with frefh be planted in Pets filled the Plants perifh on the firft ApEarth, and plunged into an Hot-bed proach of Cold in the Autumn. they lhould where Bark, of Tanners
1 ;
;

be carefully fcreen'd from the Heat of the Sun every' Day, until they have taken Root ; after which they may be treated in the fame manner as thofe Plants which come from But the twenty-ninth Sort, Seeds. which is more hardy, will not require fo much Care ; for if the Cuttings of this Kind are planted in a
Root, (hady Eorder, and may be afterward taken up, and potted, and placed in a warm Situation in the open Air till Ocloher, when they muft be remov'd into the Green-houfe for the Winter-feafon. Thefe Plants, when they thrive well, and produce plenty of Fruit, make an agreeable Variety amongft cth^r Exotic Plants in the Stove and
they will take

SOLDANELLA,
The
It

Soldanel.
;

Characters are

hatb a bell-jbaped Flower, ton-

fifting
tnoji

of one Leaf, which

is,

for the

part, fringed: the Pointal,

which

arifes

from

the

lower Part of the

Empalement, afterward becomes a Fruit of a cylindrical Figure, opening

at the Top,

andfull

of Seeds,

which

adhere

to

a Placenta.
rotundifo-

1.

The Species are; Soldanella Alpina

C. B. P.
Alps.

lia.

Round-leav'd SoldaAlpina rotundifo P. Round-

nel

of the

2.
It a,

Soldanella

flore nivco.

C. B.

leav'd Soldane! of the Alps, with a

fnow-white Flower.
3

Soldanella

Alpina, folio mi-

nus

o
Soldanel
lefs

s
of
round.

*us rotnndo. C.B.P. the Alps, with a Leaf

them to flower firongly, and make a good Increafe.

any Perfon
If the Seeds ripen in England, and is defirous to propagate the Plants that way, they mould be

Thefe Plants grow on the Alps, and feveral other mountainous Places of Italy, Germany, and Hungary ; from whence the Plants have been obtain'd by fome curious Perfons, who preferve them in their Gardens
for the fake of Variety.

fown in Boxes or Pots fill'd with freflt loamy Earth, foon after they are
ripe

They

are

humble Growth, feldom above three or four Inches high. Their round Leaves grow dole to the Ground, from between which the Flower-items arife ; each of which have four or five Flowers,
Plants of
rifing

and the Boxes muft be plac'd and frequently water'd in dry Weather. The Plants will fometimes appear the fame Autumn the Seeds are fown but more frequently they do not come up till
,

in a fhady Situation,

the following

which

in the
;

firft

blue Colour

Sort are of a fine but the fecond of a

Spring ; fo that the Earth muft not be difturb'd, nor Weeds permitted to grow in the
Boxes.

When

the Plants

come

up,

Snow- white, which hang down, and

are fhap'd like BellsThey flower the Latrer-end of April, or the Be-

they muft be

duly water'd in dry

Weather, and conftantly placM in a

fhady Situation.

ginning of

The

following

Au-

_y,

and

their Seeds are

ripe in July.

the Plants fhould be taken out of the Boxes, and planted in a fhady

tumn

The
Roots
ripe,
;

belt

Method
is,

to

propagate

thefe Plants

by parting of their bjcaufe their Seeds do not

unlefs

Border, about fix or eight Inches afunder, where they may remain to flower; or they may be intermix'd

fucceed,

they are perfectly

and well nourilh'd ; and this Nor do rarely happens in England. the Seeds which are brought from abroad, fucceed; for they feldom grow, unlefs they are fown foon after they are ripe.

with other low Alpine Plants in North Borders, where they will make an
agreeable Variety.

SOLIDAGO, Woundwort.
The
It

Characters are

The

Seafon for tranfplanting and

is

parting thefe Roots

that they

in September,

may have

time to
;

make
for
if

good Roots before Winter

they are remov'd in the Spring, they never flower very ftrong ; and if the Seafon fhould prove dry, the Plants will decay, unlefs they are conftantly fupply'd with Water.

bath compound radiated Flowers, which are fome Female, and others Hermaphrodite : the Female Flowers compofe the Rays, being Jiiuatcd round the Border, and each having a Segment Jlretched out like a Tongue, which is trifid : the Hermaphrodite Flowers
are tubulous, and divided into five Farts at their Brim thefe occupy the Dijk in the Middle : they are many of them included in a common cylindrical fcaly Empalement : thefe Florets are each fucceeded by a Jingle comprefs"d
;

The

Soil

in
is

which

thefe Plants

a ftrong cool Loam, and they mull have a fhady Situation ; for if they are expos'd to the Sun, they will not live ; nor will
thrive belt,

Seed,

which

is

crown d with a downy

Suhjtance.

The
I.

Species are

thrive in a

In dry Weather thefe Plants fhould be frequently watered ; which will caufe
light Soil.

warm

Soli dago
Saracens

Saracenica.

Dod.

Pempt.
z.

Woundwort.
ahijjima, foliis cb-

Soudago

o
on on

s
their Surface,

o
and

hngis ferratis, ra dice rcpente. Tall eft Woundwort, with oblong fawed Leaves, and a creeping Root.
3.

Solidago

altijjima, foliis ob-

fllghtTy fa wed The Flowers grow in Bunches on the Top of the Stalks, which are yellow, and ib me what like

their Edges.

hngis glabris, marginibus deniatis. Talleft Eaftern Woundwort, with oblong fmooth Leaves, indented on the

Edges.
4.

Solidago

foliis o<vato-lanceo-

latis, inferiuribus petiolatis y fuperiori-

bus amphxicauiibus.

Low Woundembracing

Ragwort ; but the Rays are not fo long. The fecond Scrt has been found growing wild in fome Places in England. This doth not grow above four or five Feet high ; the Leaves are deeply fawed on their Edges,
thofe of

wort, with oval fpear-fhap'd Leaves; tfce lower having long Pedicles, but
the

and the Root creeps

fo that
it

in the

Ground;
Roots

will fpread over a large

upper

cloiely

the

Trad

in a fhort time, if the

Stalk.
5.

are not confin'd.

foliis cordatis petio-

Solidago

iatis ferratis.

Flor.

Lugd.

Alpine

Woundwort, with
6.

heart fhap'd Taw-

third Sort is a Native of the from whence Dr. Toumefort fent the Seeds to Paris. This is like
Eaft,

The

ed Leaves, having Footftalks.

the
fo

Solidago

foliis

reniformibus

firft Sort but the Leaves are not broad, and the Edges are very
;

fuborbiculatis denticulatis, caule pro-

fl'ghtly
taller,

indented

the Stalks

grow

cumbente. African

Woundwort, with

and the Bunches of Flowers

three are very hardy
in a moift

roundifh Ground-ivy-leaves.
7.

are clofer.

Solidago

foliis ob-verfe o<vatis

All thefe
Plants,
Soil
;

carnofis crenatis^ caulefruticofo, corym-

and delight

rich

bo ramofo. Lin. Hort. Cliff.

(hrubby

Woundwort,

African with oval

for they naturally

grow by the

Sides of Rivers, or Handing Waters.

which are crenated, and branching Flower heads. 8. Solidago foliis fagittatis amflefhy Leaves,

They
into

are too large to be admitted

Gardens

fo

are

rarely pre-

ferv'd but

in Botanic

Gardens, for

plexicaulibus dentatis, caule fruticofo.

the fake of Variety.

is a Native ofAmewas firft brought from NenaYork ; but hath fince been found in Penfylvania, and other Northern Parts of America. This Sort feldorri grows three Feet high, nor do the Roots fpread in the Ground like either of the former Sorts fo defences a Place in all large Gardens, where there is room to admit Plants of the fame Growth. The lower Leaves of this Plant are pretty thick and fucculent thefe have long Footftalks but thofe which come out toward the upper Part of the Stalks are much fhorter, and have no Footftalk, but clofely embrace the Stalks. The Flowers are produced in large Bunches 4 O

Shrubby African Woundwort, with arrow - fhap'd Leaves embracing the Stalks.
Lin. Hort.
Cliff.

The

fourth Sort

rica-,

it

9.

Solidacc
bre<vijJimo.

foliis linear i bus

in-

teger rimis,

csrymbis

radio

ramofs, Lin. Hort.

forum
Cliff.

African Woundwort, with narrow whole Leaves, and branching Flowers, with very mort Rays, commonly call'd African Groundfel. The firft Sort grows wild about
Strajburgb, as alio in Silefia. This hath a perennial Root, and an annual Stalk, which grows five or fix

Feet high ; and if it moift rich Ground,

is

planted in
will

it

grow
this

much

taller.

The Leaves

of

Sort are a Foot in Length, fmooth

Vol.

III.

o
grow

o v

Bunches on the Top of the Stalks, and are fomewhat like thole of the Golden rod, but larger. Thefeare produced toward the End of Augujl, and continue in Beauty all September ; which renders this Sort more valuable. This is as hardy as the other Sorts, and is propagated by parting of the Roots the beft time
:

fo tall : the Stalks are more herbaceous, and the Leaves are long,

it

this is in OElober,

foon after the

Flowers are paft, that the Plants may have good Root in the Ground before the dry Weather of the Spring;
Otherwife they will
well.
Soil.
It

narrow, and hairy. Thefe are product very clofe on the Branches, without any Order, as are alfo the Branches. The Flowers grow in clofe Cluflers at the End of the Shoots thefe appear in Auguji and September, and continue to the End of Ofiober, and fometimes till near Chrifmas.
:

Thefe four Sorts are eafily propagated by Seeds or Cuttings; but the
latter

not flower fo

Method

is

generally prattis'd

delights in a rich moift

in

England ; for it is much the (horter way, as every Cutting will grow 5
if

The
fhorter,

fifth
;

Sort

is

fomewhat

like

they are planted in a ihady Bor-

the iecond

but the Leaves are

much

der, either in Jung, July, or Auguji

Heart.
three

and Ihap'd fomewhat like an This is very hardy, and requires no other Treatment than the
f.ril

and when the Cuttings have made good Roots, they fhould then be taken up, and planted in Pots; for
if

Species.

they are permitted to remain long

The

fixth, feventh, eighth,

and

in the full

ninth Sorts are Natives of Africa, growing near the Cafe of Good Hope t io thefe are too tender to live in the pen Air in Winter, and are always preferv'd in the Green -houfe in

England. The fixth Sort hatrrtrailing Branches, which lie upon the Ground where they are not fupported ; nor do thefe Branches ever grow to be woody. The Flowers have no great Beauty, which makes this Plant of little Eileem ; fo it is feldom preferv'd, but in Botanic

Ground, their Roots will extend to a great Dillance, and the Plants will ihoot very vigoroufly; fo that, if they are then remov'd, there will be great Danger of their fucceeding ; and if they mould live, the Plants will not be fo handfome
as thofe

Gardens.

which were early potted. In the Winter-time thefe Plants mult be houfed ; but they Ihould have as much free Air as polTible inmild Weather, and alfo plenty of Water ; for they are very thirfty Plants ; nor do they require anyother Care in Winter, but to preferve

The

feventh, eighth, and

ninth

Sorts are fhrubby Plants , which

grow

about four or five Feet high, and divide into many irregular Branches. The Flowers are generally produc'd at the Ends cf the Branches, which
are yellow, and in Shape like thofe

them from Froft. In Summer they Kiult be often fhifted into other' Pots ; for their Roots will ftrike thro' the Holes of the Pots (if they unremov'd) into the ftand long Ground and then the Plants will
;

grow

of

the. Ragwort

to

thefe Plants were ufually plac'd

which Genus by

luxuriantly, and r upon being remov'd,. will often die. As thele

Plants do not continue long, Cuttings fhould be annually planted t<y

the Botanilts.

The

ninth Sort

is

not fo ihrubby

fecure'the Species.

as the other two, nor do the Plants

SONCHUS,

Sowthifflc.

The!

s
England,

o
The manured
Fruit.
8.
lio.

Thefe are moft of them Weeds in and are not planted in Gardens ; for if their Seeds are once permicted to fcatter upon theGround,
they will foon (lock
it

Service, with the leaft

Sorbus

Tourn.

Cor.

Orient alis, fraxini foEaftern Service,

with Plants

with an Afh-leaf.
9.

for which Reafon, they

mould

al-

Sorbus Orien talis, fruclu ma-

ways be extirpated
Parts near
it
;

not only thofein

the Garden, but alfo thofe

in the becaufe their Seeds,

gno, comprefo, iff fla<vefcente. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Service, with a large,
flat,

yellowifn Fruit.

being furnihYd with Down, are wafted in the Air to a confiderable Diitencc,

10.

Sorbus

aucuparia. J. B.

The

where

falling

on

the

Ground,

wild Service, or Quick - beam, by fome cali'd The Quicken-tree.

11.

they foon come up, and prove troublefome.

Sorbus fy/vefri-, foliis cx

lu-

teo varicgatis.

The wild

Service or

SORBUS, The Service-tree. The Characters are

;

The Flower conftjls of federal Leaves, which are placed orbicularly,

Quick-beam, with ftriped Leaves. The manured Service was formerly laid to be growing wild in England-, but this 1 believe was a Miltake
;

and expand in form of a Rofe ; whofe Flower-cup afterward becomes a Fruit Jhaped like a Fear or Medlar: to
which mujl
iike thoje

for

feveral

curious Perfons

be added, Rcnnated Leaves,

of the AJb.
Species are

The
1.

have uri&Iy fearch'd thofe Places where it was mention'd to grow, and could not find it nor could they learn from the Inhabitants of thofe Countries, that any fuch Tree had
;

So r bus fativa. C. B. P. The

pyri-

grown
In
riety

there.

manured Service-tree. 2. Sorbus fativa, fruclu

Italy thefe

Trees are very coma great

mon, where they have

Va-

formi, medio rubente. H. Cath. The manured Service, with pear-fhap'd Fruit, red in the Middle. 3. Sorb us fativa, fruclu ferotino
minor i turbinato rubente. Tourn.
lefier late-ripe Service,

of Sorts, which were obtain'd from Seeds ; but I have not obferv'd in the Englijh Gardens more than
the three Sorts
firft

mention'd, and
;

The

thofe are yet very fcarce

for I

have

with a iMedo<vato,

lar-lhaped Fr
4.

.it.

not feen more than one large Tree of the true Service in England, which

Sorbus fativa, fruclu

was

larely

growing

in

the

Gardens

medio rubente. Hort. Cath.

The ma-

nured Service, with an oval Fruit,

which
5.

is

red within.

Sorbus fativa, mag no fruclu

turbinato, pallide rubente. Inf. R. H. The manured Service, with a large

formerly belonging to John Tradefcant at South -Lambeth, near Vauxhall in Surry, who was a very curious Colle&or of rare Plants in King Charles the Second's time which
;

Tree was near

forty Feet high,

and

turbinated Fruit of a pale-red Jour.

6.

Co-

did produce a great Quantity of Fruit annually. There are, indeed,

Sorbus

fati-va,

magno fruclu
H.

ticnnibil turbinato, rubro. Inf. R.

The manured Service, with a large red Fruit not turbinated.

7.

Sorbus

fati<va, fruclu turbi-

nato, omnium

minlmo.

Injh

R.

H.

fome Trees of middling Growth in the Gardens of Henry Marjh, Efq; at Hamerfmith, which produce Fruit (from whence feveral young Plants have been raifed of late in the Nurferies near London) but thefe are

4O:

fmall,

s
fmall,

o
in

s
John
;

compared to that Trade/cantos Garden.

mould be kept constantly clear fro m. Weeds and in Winter there mould There are great Numbers of large be a little Mulch laid upon the SurTrees of this Service growing wild face of the Ground about their Roots, from to protect them from being injur'd about Aubigny in France whence his Grace the late Duke of by Froft; but in the Spring the Ground between them fhould be Richmond brought a great Quantity of the Fruit, and from the Seeds dug, burying the Mulch therein in doing of which, you muft be careful raifed a great Number of young
; ;

Plants in his Gardens at Goodwood in

SuJJex.

not to cut or injure the Roots of the

Plants.

Thefe Fruits nearly Medlars in their Nature, a very auftere Tafte, till when they have rotten
;

refemble being of they are

a

In this Nurfery they

three
their

or

may continue four Years, according to

more

agreeable Flavour ; but in England their Fruit does not ripen fo well as in warmer Countries, and is therefore

efteem'd ; however, the lefs Trees are propagated by fuch Perfons as are curious in collecting

the

various Kinds of hardy Trees and

Shrubs, for

the Oddnefs of their Leaves and Fruit. They may be propagated by fowing their Seeds on a moderate Hotbed in the Spring; and when the Plants are come up, they lhould be carefully kept clear from Weeds, and in dry Weather watered ; but they fhould be expos'd to the open Air ; for the only Reafon of making an Hot-bed is, to forward the Growth of the Seeds but if, when the Plants are come up, the Bed is kept co:

Growth, when it will be proper to tranfplant them out where they are to remain ; the belt Seafon for which is in Oclober, or in the Spring, juft before they begin to moot. The Soil mould be warm in which they are planted, and the Situation defended from cold Winds ; in which Place they will thrive, and produce Fruit in a few Years ; but
as

the Fruit will vary from thofe from which the Seeds were taken (as is the Cafe of moft Sorts of Fruit), the fureft Method to have the particular Sorts which you intend to cultivate, is, to bud or graft them either upon their own, or the wild Service Stock ; upon which they will take, and produce Fruit in a few Years.

vered,
fpoil

it

will

draw the

Plants,

and

them. In this Bed the Plants fhould remain until the Middle of Ofiober, when there lhould be a warm light Spot of Ground prepaid to receive them ; into which they fhould be planted in Rows two Feet afunder, and a Foot diflant in the

Rows;

carefully,

obferving to take them up and to plant them as foon

as poffjble, that their Roots

may

not

cry.

During the Summer,

the

Ground

The four Sorts next-mention'd are very common in the Italian Gardens^ and of late Years they have been brought into England by the Perfons who bring over Orange-trees, cifr. fo that in a few Years they may be common in England. But the great Difficulty is in keeping of the Sorts; becaufe when thefe Trees are propagated by Seed, they vary as much in their Kinds as Apples and Pears and it is very difficult to propagate them by grafting or budding ; for they feldom fucceed when grafted on Pears, Apples, or Medlars ; and it is not eafy to rails Stocks of their own Kind,

o
where

Kind, unlefs the Seeds be procur'd from abroad ; for the Fruit does not always ripen in this Country. The fifth and fixth Sorts weredifcover'd by Dr. Tourncfort in the Levant ; but at prefent they are not in Thefe Sorts the EngUJh Gardens. may be all propagated by Seeds, after the manner dire&ed for the for-

thefe Trees are planted, they

will greatly frequent.

The
is

Sort with variegated Leaves

preferv'd by fuch as are curious in collecting the feveral Sorts of flriped

in

mer

Sorts.

The

beft

way

to pro-

cure good Seeds of thefe Plants is, to have the Fruit, when duly ripen'd abroad, put up in Boxes of Sand, and fent over, in which Method they may be brought over very well for
;

but there is no great Beauty This may be propagated by Layers, or by being budded on the but they become plain plain Sort again, if planted on a very rich Soil. Thefe Trees fnould have a moift
Plants;
it.
;

if the
will

mould rot, the Seeds remain good by being preferv'd

Fruit

ftrong Soil ; but will grow in the molt expofed Places, being extremely hardy ; which renders them worthy of Care, fince they will thrive where few other Trees will fucceed.

SORREL.
brotanum.

Vide Acetofa. Vide

in Sand.

SOUTHERNWOOD.

A-

wild Service or Quick-beam grows wild in divers Parts of England ; but it is often cultivated in This proGardens, for Variety.

The

SOWBREAD. Vide Cyclamen. SPARTIUM, The Broom-tree.

The
It

duces large Bunches of Flowers at the Extremity of its Branches in May, which are fucceeded by large roundifh Fruit, which change to a beautiful fcarlet Colour in Autumn, when they afford an agreeable Variety in
Wildernefs-quarters.

Characlers are ; hath a papilionaceous Floiver9

-

ivhofe Point al,

Flower
Jbort,
taining,

cup,

which rifes from the afterward becomes a

roundijb,

fw elling
are

Pod,

con-

for the mof part, one kidneyeach.

Jhafd Seed in
1.

There are few of thefe Trees in any of the Counties near London, which are more than twenty Feet high; but in the Northern Counties,

The Species Spartium

alterum monofper-

mum, femine rem Jimile. C. B. P. Another Spanifb Broom, with Pods containing one kidney-fhap'd Seed.
2.

as alfo in Shrofjhire

I have feen

many

of thefe

and Wales, Trees of

C. B. P.

a very large Size ; fome of them near 3. two Feet Diameter in their Stems, fruclu <vil!ofo 13 rojlrato. Tourn. Cor. and upward of forty Feet high. It Dwarf Eaftern Broom, with an hairy beaked Fruit. is called the Roane-tree in the North ; and in fome Places the Wicken-tree; 4. Spartium Orient ale, filiqua which is probably a Corruption of comprefa, glabra annulata. To.tra. Quick-beam. Cor. Eaftern Broom, with a fiat The Wood of this Tree is much fmooth, circular Pod. commended by the Wheelwright for 5. Spartium Americantm* porbeing all Heart and it is of great tulacte foliis, aculeatum, ebeni maUfe for Hufbandmens Tools, Goads, trrie. Plum. Prickly America*. Broom, &c. The Flowers of this Tree fmell with Purfiairi-leaves, whofe Woodis very fweet, and the Fruit is extraor- taken for Ebony. dinary Food for Thrume> ; fo that 6. Spartjvli Am.xkanunt i'can-

Spartium tertium, fore alba. The white Spanijh Broom. Spartium Orient ale hum He,

&

dtMj

S
atltit

P
fortius alhis,

s
ad
fome Mulch
laid

p
about their Rootf,

cltrl fillis,

nodos

confertim nafcentibus. Plum. Climbing American Broom with Citron-leaves, and white Flowers, which are produe'd in Bunches at

to prevent the Froft penetrating the

Ground
Froft
ters,

; for thefe Plants are fo tender, as not to live abroad in hard

the Joints.

and fecond Sorts grow plentifully in Spain and Portugal ; from both which Countries the Seeds may be eafily procur'd. Thefe Seeds fhould be iovvn in the Middle of April, upon a Bed of frelh light
hrft

The

though, in moderate Win; they will do very well but it is always neceflary to have a Plant or two of each Sort in Pots, that they may be fhelter'd in Winter to pre:

ferve the Sorts.

The third and fourth Sorts were diTcover'd by Dr. Tournefort in the
Levant, from whence he fent their Seeds into France ; but thefe are at
prefent pretty rare in England. Thefe are as hardy as the other Sorts ; fo
v

way will be to fow about an Inch deep the Drills mould not be lefs than one For t afunder, and the Seeds may be laid in the Drills at about three Inches Dillance; which will allow
Earth
:

the beft

them

in Drills

may be

room

for

the

Plants
;

to

grow

till

fame way. All thefe Sorts grow to the Height of fix or eight Feet, and have the Appeartreated in the

Michaelmas following before which time it will not be fafe to remove them. Nor mould they be fuffer'd to Hand longer ; becaufe they moot downright Roots very deep into the Ground ; and if thefe are cut or broken, when they are grown large, the Plants frequently mifcarry. Although I have here directed the fowing of thefe Seeds in Aprils yet it muft be understood, if the Seafon

ance of the Spanijh Broom ; but their Branches are much flenderer, and
the Leaves are very fmall, as are alfo their Flowers
:

Sorts have

been of

but the two firft late Years intro-

due'd in plenty into the Englijh Gardens, where, being intermix'd with
other Shrubs of the fame Growth, they add to the Variety.

Thefe flower in July

very

and, in

warm

Seafons, they fometimes

be

proves favourable; otherwife it will better to defer it longer for thefe Seeds are as fubject to perim in the
:

perfedl their Seeds in England.

The

third Sort

is

very

common

in

Ground, by Cold or Wet,

Kidney-beans
;

as are the

therefore

when

the

Seafon is favourable to thefe, the Seeds of the Brooms may be fafeJy

fovvn.

At Michaelmas fome of the Plants of each Kind may be taken up,v and potted, to be fhelter'd in Winter and others may be planted in a warm Situation, and on a dry Soil where, if the Winter mould not prove fe;

Jamaica, and feveral other Places in the Weft- Indies ; where the Wood is cut, and fent to England, under the Title of Ebony ; though it is not the true Ebony, which is a Native of the Eaftem Country, and is a Plant of a very different Genus. The Wood of this American Ebony is of a fine greenifh brown Colour, and
polifhes very well
;

fo

is

much

co-

It vere, they wnll ftand very well. will alfo be proper to leave fome of

veted by the Inftrument - makers j and is ufed for feveral Purpofes, being of a very Lfrd, durable Nature.

The
in

fourth Sort

is

pretty

common

the Plants in the Seed-bed, where, if the Winter mould prove fevere, they

may

be fhelter'd with Matt, and

from whence I have receiv'd the Seed-, which were collected by Mr. Robert
the
Spani/b
Weft-Indies,

5
Millar.

This is a climbing Plant, which will twift round whatever Trees grow near it, and will rife to a great Height. The Leaves of this Plant are thick and ftrong, fomewhat refembling thofe of the Citrontree; and continuing green the whole Year, they make an agreeable Variety in the Stove, amongft other
tender Exotic Plants.

be carefully fhifted into Pots one Size larger, before they are plunged ; but as thefe Plants are not of quick Growth while young, they do not require to be often {hifted out of the Pots. During the Winter-feafon thefe Plants muft be kept very warm (efpecially the firft Year), and muft be frequently refrefh'd with Water; but in cold Weather it muft be given to them in fmall Quanti-

Thefe Plants are propagated by Seeds, which muft be procured from the Countries of their natural

Growth ; for they do not produce Seeds in this Climate. Thefe Seeds fhould be fown in Pots filPd with frefh light Earth, early in the Spring, and plungM into a good
Hot-bed of Tanners Bark. In about a Month after the Seeds are fown,
the Plants will appear,

Leaves fhculd conthey muft be wafhed with a Sponge to clean them, otherwife the Plants will not thrive. As thefe
ties;

and

if their

tract Filth,

when they

muft be carefully treated (being very tender while young) : they muft have
frefh

are very tender, they will not live in the open A r in this Country, even in the warmeft Part of the Year ; therefore they muft be conftantly kept in the Stove, and mould be plung'd in the Bark-bed ; obferving in the Summer-feafon, wht n the

Plants

Air admitted to them every

Day, when the Weather is warm ; and mould be frequently refrefh'd

with Water, when the Earth in the Pots appears dry. In about five or

is warm, to admit a large Share of frefh Air to the Plants; but in Winter they muft be kept very warm. With this Management

Weather

the Plants will thrive very well, and in a few Years will produce their

Weeks after the Plants appear, they will be fit to tranfplant when they mould be carefully fhaken out of the Pots, and feparated, planting each into a fmall Pot fill'd with light rich Earth, and then plunge them into the Hot-bed again \ being careful to fhade them from the Sun every Day, until they have taken Root after which time they muft be treated in the fame manner as other very tender Exotic Plants, by giving them Air every Day in warm Weather, and watering them every other Day gently and, when the Nights are
fix
;

Flowers

when they

will

make 3

pretty Appearance in the Stove.

SPERGULA,
The

Spurrey. CbaraSiers are ;

hatb a rofe-Jhafd Flower, conffiing of finje Leaves, which are in* eluded in a five lea<vd Empalement :
in the Centre of the

Flower

arifes the

which afterward becomes a roundijh membranaceous Fruit, which opens in three Parts, and is filled with fmall Seeds, which in fome Species bwve a Border round them.
Point a!,

The
1.

Species are

Spercula. J. B.
Spurrey.

The com-

In this Hot-bed the Plants may remain till Autumn, when they muft be remov'd into the Stove, and plung'd into the Bark-bed. Thofe of them, whofe Hoots have filled the Pots, mould

cold, to cover the Glafies.

mon
2.

B.

Spergula marina nofras. J, The Sea Spurrey. 3. Spergula purpurea. J. B.

Spergula minima, fmimlm

Purple Spur-ey.
4.

S
marginatis.

P
Spurrey, with
in feveral
is

The

leaft

botder'd Seeds. Thefe Plants

grow wild
:

the low Country fow this Seed after a Crop of Corn is taken off the Land. The fourth Sort is now

Parts of England

the fecond Sort

much
it

cultivated in Flanders,

though

found on the Sea-fhores, where the

Salt-water ufually flows ; but the Other Sorts grow on fandyCommons, an amonglt Corn, in great Plenty.
1

is

much lower

Plant than the

common Sort; but much better Grafs.

The
:

hrft Sort

is

cultivated in Hoi-

land and Flanders, for feeding their Cattle the ufuai time of fowing the Seed is in Auguft, that the Planes

it a Seeds of this Kind arefmaller and flatter than thofe of the common Sort, and have a white Border round each.

theyefteem

The

SPHONDYLIUM, Cow
nep.

parf-

may

acquire

Strength

before the
It

The
is

Charatlers are

Winter's Cold. The Ufe that is made of this Grafs, is to feed Sheep, and other Cattle, in Winter, when the common Grafs hath perfected its Growth. This Plant feldom rifes above fix Inches high ; fo will not affbid avery great Quantity of Food;

an umbelliferous Plant, with

a rofe-JkapedFlowtr, conftfting offive uneven heart-fap d Leaves, which are -placed circularly, and reft on the Empalemtnt ; which afterward becomes a Fruit, compofed of two large

but

as

it

wiii

grow on

the pooreft

Sand,

it

may

be cultivated in

many

Places to good Advantage, where no other Grafs will thrive fo well ; and
off the Ground, the it of the Cattle will improve the Land. This Pafture, it is affirm'd, will make excellent Butter ; and the Mutton fed on it is faid to be well

which are fat and oval, hava Point that wants a Border within, chaneWd, and generally cafting off their Cover, and marked with dark Spots, on the Part where they ad'
Seeds,

ing

by feeding

here to each other,

1.

Dung

The Species are Sphondylium

vulgar e

hir-

Jutum, C. B. P. Cow-parfnep.
2.
turn,

Common

hairy

tailed; lo

is

by many

preferr'd to that

Sphondylium
floribus

vulgare hirfu-

fed on Turneps. Hens will greedily eat this Herb, and it makes them lay

purpureis. C.

B. P.

Common
3.

hairy Cow-parfnep, with

more

Eggs.

purple Flowers.

This Plant, being annual, muft be fown every Year and whoever is willing to fave the Seeds, mould fow
;

Sphondylium

nax Herculeum
All-heal.
4.

majus,five paquibufdam. J. B.

Greater Cow-parfnep, or Hercules'**

it in April, that

the Plants

may

flow-

er the Beginning of July, and the Seeds will ripen in Auguft ; when it muft be cut before the Heads are

Sphondylium
Sphondylium

crifpum. J.

B.

Curled Cow-parfnep.
5.

hirfutum, foliis

quite brown, otherwife will foonfeatter.

the Seeds

anguftioribus . C. B. P.

Hairy Cow*

parfnep, with narrower Leaves.

6.

The Seeds being very fmall, about twelve Pounds will be fufficient to fow an Acre of Land. The Ground fliould be well drefs'd before the Seeds are fown ; for if the larger Clods are not broke,there will be an uneven Crop of Grafs People in
:

Sphondylium

foliis angufti-

oribus atro-purpureis.

H. R. Monfp. Cow-parfnep with narrower dark7.

purple Leaves.

Sphondylium Alptnum

par*

vum. C. B. -P, of the Alps,

Small Cow-parfnep
S. Spuott*

: ;

S
8.

P
therefore

s
tranfplanted, as
if

P
fo well

Sphondylium Alpitium glabrum.C.B.?. Smooth Cow-parfnep of the

9.

do not thrive

whea

fuifer'd to

remain

Alps,

Sphondylium

Orientale

ma-

ximum. Tourn. Cor. Greatelt Eaftern Cow-parfnep.

10.

where they are fown. The Plants grow very large ; wherefore the Seeds mould be fown in Drills, at two Feet and an half Diftance and
;

Sphondylium

Orientale,

in the Spring,

when

the Plants ap-

ampliffimo folio, caule brevi. Cor.

11.

Town.

Eaftern Cow-parfnep, with a

very large Leaf, and a ihort Stalk.

Sphondylium

Orientale,

Icngifjimo Cff angufiijfimo /alio. Tourn.

Cor.

Eaftern Cow-parfnep, with a very long and very narrow Leaf.

12.

mould be thinned, fo as them at leaft eighteenlnches afunder, in the Rows ; after which they will require no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds; and when the Plants have obtained
pear, they
to leave

Sphondylium

Orientale an-

jur'd by

Strength, they will not eafily be inWeeds ; for they will over

gufifolium glabrum, ar.ifum olens. Touun. Cor. Smooth narrow-leav'd

Eaftern Cow-parfnep, (knelling like

Anife.
13.
liis

Sphondylium
perennis.

ammi

Orientale, foCor. Tourn.

bear them, and prevent their getting up. The fecond Year thefe Plants will produce Flowers and Seeds, and their Roots will abide many Years, and produce Seeds every Year; which, if permitted to fcatter, will fill the

Eaftern Cow-parfnep, with perennial

Biftiops-weed- leaves.
14.
milius,

Sphondylium
foliis abfnthii.

Orientale huTourn. Cor.

Dwarf
15.

Eaftern

Cow-parfnep, with
Orientale,

Wormwood-leaves

Sphondylium

neighbouring Ground, and become troublefome Weeds. The third Sort (which is very common in Germany ) hath been, by fome of the German Writers, taken for the Acanthus, or Bears-breech ; and the fame Qualities apply 'd to it.

dauci vulgaris folio, afphodeli radiee. Tcum. Cor. Eaftern Cow-parfnep,

The Name of Cow-parfnep was

given to this Plant, from the Cows eating of it ; but they do not choofe
to cat

with a common Carrot-leaf, and an Afphodel-root. The firft and fifth Sorts grow wild in England: the firft is very common on the Sides of Ditches, and the Borders of Fields, in moift Land The other Sorts are every-where. not Natives of this Country ; but are many of them preferv'd in Botanic Gardens, for the fake of Variety.

the Leaves of this Plant, if

they can get any other Food, as may be obferv'd in the Fields where the Plant is in great Plenty ; for the

Cows

They are all very hardy Plants, which may be propagated by Seeds
thebeft time for lowing them is in Autumn, foon after the Seeds are They fhou!d be ibwn where ripe.
the Plants are defign'd to remain ; becaufe they fend forth Tap-roots, fomewhat hke thofe of the Parfnep

will eat the Grafs very clofe about thefe Plants, though they are rarely found to be touch'd by them, unlefs when the Grafs is burnt up. Rabbets will eat the Leaves of this Plant, and feem fond of it. SPINA ALBA. Vide Mefpilus.

SPINACHIA,
nage.

Spinach, or Sptj

The
It

Characters are

hath an apetalous Floiver, con' fifing of many Stamina included in

the Flower- cup,
Spikes upon the

which are produced in Male Plants, which

are

are barren

but the Embryoes are

will be proper to gather the

Weedt

produc'd from the Wings of the Leaves on the Female Plants, ivhich after'ward becomes a roundfh or angular
Seed,

which

in

fome Sorts has Thorns

;

adhering

to it.

The
1.

Species are

Spinachia

vulgaris,

eapfula

feminis aculeata. Tourn. The common prickly or narrow -leav'd Spi-

nach.
2.

Spinachia
fmooth
-

vulgaris, eapfula

feminis non aculeata. Tourn.

Com-

and carry them off the Ground ; for if the Spinach is not clean'd from Weeds before Winter, they wiil grow up, and flifle it fo, that in wet Weather the Spinach will rot away. In Ocloher the Spinaeh will be fit for Ufe ; when you fhouid only crop off the largeft Leaves, leaving thofe in the Centre of the Plants to grow bigger ; and thus you may continue cropping it all the Winter

up

after they are cut,

mon
3.

feeded Spinach, with

vulgaris,
eapfula

broader Leaves.

Spinachia

feminis non aculeata , folio maximo rotunda.

and Spring, until the young Spinach, fowed in the Spring, is large enough for Ufe, which is commonly in April-, at which time the Spring
J

Spinach with fmooth Seeds, large round Leaf. The firft of thefe Sorts is commonly cultivated in Gardens for Winter- ufe ; it being much hardier than any of the other Sorts.

and a very

advancing, the Winter-fpinach will run up to Seed ; fo that the Roots mould be then cut up, leaving only a fmall Parcel to produce Seeds.

The Seeds of this Kind mould be fown upon an open Spot of

Ground towards
July
;

the Latter-end of
it

cbferving, if pomble, to do
there
is

when

an Appearance of Rain for if the Seafon mould prove dry for a long time after the Seed is fown, the Plants will not come up regularly ; and many times there When the will not be half a Crop. Spinach is come up, the Ground ihould be hoed to defiroy theWeeds, and alfo to cut up the Plants where they are too clofe, leaving the remaining Plants about three or four
:

But the Ground in which this Winter-fpinach is fown, being commonly planted with early Cabbages, it is not proper to let any of the Spinach, remain there for Seed ; but it mould be cleared off as foon as ever the Spring Spinach is fit for Ufe, that the Cabbages may be earth'd up, and laid clear, which is of great Service to them ; therefore you mould fow a fmall Spot of Ground with this Sort of Spinach, on purpofe to ftand for Seed ; where there mould be no other Plants

among it. The two Sorts with fmooth Seeds produce much larger and thicker
round Leaves than the former ; but being fome what tenderer, are always

but this mould always be done in dry Weather, that theWeeds may be deftroy'd ioon afInches afunder
;

fown
third

in the Spring

efpecially the

ter they are cut.

'

About a Month or

five

Weeks

af-

which is preferable to either of the former for SummerSort,

ufe.

ter the rlHl

Hoeing, the Weeds

will

begin to grow again ; therefore the Ground fnould be then hoed again
fore, to

the iecond time, obferving, as bedo it in dry Weather. But

Thefe are either fown upon an open Spot of Ground by themfelves, or elfe mix'd with Radiih-feed, as is
the

if the

Seafon fhouid prove

ippift, it

Gardener?,

common Practice of who always

the Lor.don

endeavour
10

S
to have
as

P
their
;

many Crops from

Land in a Seafon as pofiible but, where Land is cheap in the Country, it will be the better Method to fow it alone without any other Sort of Seed mix'd with it ; and when the
Plants are

Thefe Sowings here mentioned are fuch as are practised by the Kitchengardeners near Loudon

Herb

is

much

but as this ; u.'d in Soups, C5V. for

come

up, the

Ground

great Tables, there fliould be fome Seeds fown every three Weeks, daring the Summer-feaion, to fupply

ihould be hoed to deitroy theWeeds, and cut out the Plants where they
are too clofe, leaving the remaining and about three Inches afunder
:

they are grown fo large as to meet, you may then cut out a Part of it for Ufe, thinning the Plants,
that they

when

and

this

may have room to fpread Thinning may be twice

but thefe late Sowings be on moift Ground, otherwife, if the Summer proves hot and dry, the Spinach will run to Seed before the Plants obtain Strength. In order to lave Seed cf either of thefe Kinds, you mould fow an open rich Spot of Ground, with the Sort you intend, in February, after
:

the Kitchen

ihould

perform'd, as there is Occafion for the Spinach ; at the lair, of whfch, the Roots mould be left eight or ten
If then you hoe Inches afunder. the Ground over again, to deftroy the Weeds, ft will be of great Service to the Spinach for if theLand is good upon which it was fown, the third Sort, with this Management, will many times produce Leaves as large as the broad-leav'd Dock, and be extremely fine. But in order to have a SuccefTion of Spinach through the Seafon, it will be proper to fow the Seed at three diiftrent times in the Spring ; the firft early in January, which muft be on a dry Soil ; the fecond the Beginning of February ^ upon a moifter Soil ; and the third the Beginning of March, which mould be on a verymoitf: and this thirdSowing mould be hoed out thinner at the firft time of hoeing it, than either of the former Sowings ; for there will be
;

Danger of being injured by is over ; and when the Plants are come up, they Ihould be hoed
the
Froit.

out to fix or eight Inches Diftance, obferving to cut down the Weeds at the fame time ; and when the Plants have grown about three Weeks or a Month longer, they Ihould be hoed a fecond time, when they mould be left twelve or fourteen Inches afunder at leaft fcr when they have fhot out their Side-branches, they will fuf;

ficiently fpread

over the Ground.

no Neceffity
Sowings
!

to leave

it

for cutting

out thin for Ufe, becaufe the former

will be fufiicient to fupply
till

theTable

this third

grown
at

befides,

Sowing is by leaving it
it

fu!l-

thin

firir, it

will not be apt to

run up
if

keep from Weeds, which, if fuffer'd to grow amongft the Spinach, will caufe it to run up weak, and greatly injure it. When the Plants have run up to Flower, you will eafily perceive two Sorts amongft them, 172. Male and Female the Male will produce Spikes of mimineousFlowers, which contain thei\-_ n'na, and are abfolutely neceflary to impregnate the Embryoes of the Female Plants, in order to render the Seeds prolific. Thefe Male Plants are, by the Gardeners, commonly cali'd She Spinach ; and are often, by the Ignorant, puli'dup as foon as they can be d:ltingumVd from the

You muft
clear

alfo obferve to

them

to Seed fo foon as

would

the

Plants were clofe.

Female, in order, as they fuppofe to give room for the Sead- bearing to

S
I

P
3-

p
hyperici folio non cre-

fpread: but from Experiments which

monly calPd Virginian Gelder-ro^

with a Curran-leaf.

made on

thefe Plants, I find,where-

ever the Male Plants are intirely remov'd before the Farina is fhed over the Female Plants, the Seed will not grow which they produce ; fo that it is abfolutely neceflary to leave a few of them in every Part of the Spot, tho* there may be a great many drawn out where they are too thick; for a fmall Quantity of Male Plants (if rightly fituated) will be fufficient to impregnate a great Number of Female; becaufe they greatly abound with the Farina, which, when ripe, will fpread to a confiderable Diftance,when thePlants arefhaken by the Wind. When the Seeds are ripe (which may be known by their changing their Colour, and beginning to matter), the Plants fhould be drawn up, and fpread abroad for a few Days to dry; obferving to turn the Plants every other Day, that the Seeds on both Sides may dry equally you mult alfo guard the Seeds fromBirds, therwife they will devour them. When it is dry, the Seeds mould be
:

Spiraea
Tourn,

nato.

Hypericum

Frutex,

vulgo.
hyperici foH. Spanijh Spiraea, with a notched Leaf. 5. Spiraea Americana, foliis obhngis crcnatis, foribus albis. Ame.

4 S P 1 r je a Hifpanica,
crenato. Inf. R.

lio

rican Spiraea, with oblong crenated

Leaves, and white Flowers. 6. Spir^a Americana, foliis rofundis glabris minime ferratis, foribus
rubris. American Spiraea, with round fmooth Leaves, a little fawed on the Edges, and a red Flower. The firlt of thefe Shrubs is very

common
don,

in

the Nurferies near Lon-

fold with other flowering Shrubs at a certain Price by the

it is

where

Hundred. This Shrub feldom rifes above five Feet high ; fo is proper to intermix with other Shrubs of the fame Growth, in fmall Wildernefsquarters, and other Plantations of
flowering Trees. This Plant may be propagated from Suckers, which are fent forth in plenty from the Stems of the old Plants, or by laying down the tender

threfh'd out, and clean'd from the

Dirt, and
laid
;

where Mice cannot

for they are extreme-

come

to

them

ly fond of this Seed.

SPIRiEA FRUTEX,
tex, vulgo.

Spiral Fru-

The

Characlres are

The Flower is composed of many Leaves, which are placd in a circular Order, and expand in form of a Rofe : out of whofe Flower-cup rifes the Point al, which afterward becomes a Fruit composed of federal Pods, in which are contained federal oblong
Seeds.

The
1.

Species are

Branches,which, when rooted, mould be tranfplanted out in Rows at three Feet Diftance, and the Plants a Foot afunder in the Rows. In this Nurfery they may remain twoYears, obferving to keep the Ground clear from Weeds, and in the Spring to dig up the Ground between the Rows, fo that the Roots may the more eafily extend themfelves ; and if theylhoot out rnanySide-branches, they mould-be pruned off, fo as to reduce the Shrubs to a regular Figure ; and afterward they may be
tranfplanted where they are
to re-

Spiraea

falicis

folio. Tourn.

Spiraea Frutex, vulgo.'

2.

main, either
quarters, or in

in

fmall Wildernefsplace them,

raea

Spi r^a opuli folio. Tourn. Spiwith a Marfli -elder-leaf, coin-

Clumps of flowering

Shrubs, obferving to

among ft

S
amongfi:

P
Sorts

s
of
equal
ers,
all

T
are blown.

other

Tree feems covered with white Flow-

Growth.

when they

They

The fecond Sort is not quite fo common in England as the former.

This was originally brought from America ; but it being full as hardy as the former, and increafing as faft

three produce their Flowers in

till

May, and
Beauty

by Suckers,
in Plenty.

foon be obtained nearly of the fame Growth with the former, and may be intermixed therewith in Wildernefs- quarters, to add to the Vamay be propagated and it riety
it

may

This

is

fometimes continue in June, in a cool Seafon ; for which they are efteemed by the Curious. Thefe Shrubs require no other Pruning, but to cut out all the dead Branches, and fuch as grow irregular,

managed
former.

in the

fame manner
is

as the

The

third Sort

very

common

in

the Nurferies near London, where it is generally known by the Name of Hypericum Frut ex, and is fold amongft other flowering Snrubs at a common

This may be propagated by Rate. laying down the Under-branches, which will take Root in the Compafs of one Year, when they may

and take off all their Suckers every Year; for if thefe are permitted to grow, they will ftar.e the old Plants, by drawing away their Nourilhmeut. The Ground between them mould alfo be dug every Spring, to encourage their Roots and every third Year a little rotten Dung buried therein, which will caufe them to flower very ftrong. The two American Spiraeas have been lately introduced into the
;

Englijh

thete are

be taken off, and planted in a Nurfery for two or three Years (as hath been directed for the former) afcer which they may be tranfplanted out where they are dtfign'd to remain, placing them with the two former, being nearly of the lame Growth, where they will add to the Variety. The fourth Sort differs from the
j

Gardens from Penfyhania : low Shrubs, w-hich feldora rile above three Feet high their Shoots are flender; and the Flower3 are produced at the Extremity of the
:

Branches, in Spikes
flower until the

thefe feldora

End of June,

or the

third in nothing but the Leaves be:

Beginning of July, after the other Sorts are pad ; fo they are more efteemed on that Account they may be propagated by laying down their Branches in the fame manner as the
: :

ing notched on their Edges this is common Sort but thefe mould be not very common at prefent in the planted in a warm -fhelter'd Situation, Nurfery- gardens : nor will it be otherwife their Shoots will be deftroyed by the Cold in Winter. ever regarded as a different Species, AFRICAN SPIRAEA. VtaYlA* but by thofe who are nice in the diofma. itinguilhing of the minute Difference SQUASHES. Vide Melopepo. in Plants ; becaufe the whole ApSQUILLS. Vide Scilla. pearance of the Plants is the fame. STACHYS, Bafe Horehound. The two firft Sorts produce their The Characters are Flowers at the Extremity of their It bath a lahiated Flower, confjlShoots, the firft in a long Spike, and ing of one Leaf, nvhofe Upper lip is the fecond in form of an Umbel but the third Sort produces its Flow- fornevshat arched and ereel; and the Under-lip is cut into three Sgmcnts, ers at the joints of the former Year's Wood, in Bunches ; fo that the who's the middle one being larger than the
other

S
ether

out of the Flower-cap rifes the Pointal, att ended byfourEmbryoes ;

:

two

ivbicb after-ward become fo many which are roundijb, and inclosed in an Hujk, which b/ fore was
Seeds,

where they are to remain, which mull be in an open Situation, and upon a dry light Soil, not too rich j in which they will endure the Winter*much better than in a rich ftrong
Soil.

the Flower-cap

to thefe

Marks may

The Summer following

and
;

thefe

be added.
1.

Downy

hoary Leaves.

Plants will flower,

their Seeds will

The Species

are;

ripen

Auguft when they

till

in

Stachys major Germanica.

German Bafe
C.

may

be gather'd and preferv'd

fifth

Greater C. B. P. Horehound.
2.

Spring for fowing.

The
B. P.

Sort
this

is

a fhrubby Plant,

Stachys
Stachys

Crctiea.

which with
Feet high:

us rifes to be fix or feven

is propagated by upon a Bed of frefli

Bafe Horehound of Catidia.

3.

Cretica latifolia. C.

fovving the Seeds

light Earth,
as

B. P.

Broad -leav'd Bafe Hore-

the

former

and

hound of Candia.
4. Stachys minor Italic a. C. B. P. Letter Italian Bafe Horehound.
5.

when

the Plants are

come

up, they

muft be tranfplanted into Pots fill'd with frefli light fandy Soil, placing

Stachys

Canaricnjis frutefcens,

them

in a fliady Situation, until

they

Canary fhrubby Eafe Horehound, with a Mulleinverbafci folio. Tourn.

leaf.

There are feveral other Species of Plant, which are preferv'd in fome curious Botanic Gardens for Variety but as they have little
this
:

have taken Root ; after which they may be removed into a more open Expofure; but in dry Weather muft be frequently watered in this Place they may remain until the Middle or Latter-end of OSIober, when they muft be removed into the Green:

Beauty or Ufe,

I (hall

not enumerate
firft-mentioned

houfe, placing
Part,
free

them

in

the cooleft

them

here.

The

four Sorts

where they may have as much Air as pofiible ; and muft be of-

feldom abide longer than two or for after they have three Years produced Flowers and Seeds, the old
;

ten watcr'd, otherwife they will foon

decay,
In Summer-time thefe Plants will
ftiifted twice, adding Earth to their Roots ; and if they are only flickered from hard Froft in Winter, it will be fufficient, for they are pretty hardy. The fe-

.Roots are very apt to decay, uniefs

require to be

Part of their Flower-Hems are taken

off early in the

frefli

Summer, which

will

caufe them to break out again at

Bottom, whereby the Roots may be

preferved.

propagated by Seeds, which mould be fown in March, upon a Bed of frefh light Earth ; and
are
all

They

when the Plants are come up, tjhey may be planted out into other Beds
about fix Inches afunder, cbierving to water them until they have taken Root ; after which they will require

cond Year after fovving, they will produce Flowers and Seeds, and will continue fo to do every Year after ; and altho rheir Flower has no great Beauty, yet, for the Variety of its large, fort, woolly Leaves, it defsrves a Place amongft other Exo1

tic Plants.

ST APH YLODENDRON, Blad*

der-nut.

no

farther Care, but to

keep them

clear

when

from Weeds, till Michaelmas, they mould be traniplanted

The
The

Characlcrs are

Flower

conffs

of federal
Leaves,

T
The
wild in
firft

leaves, which are placed circularly, anil expand in form of a Rofe ; out of whofe many-leavd Flower-cup rifes
the Point al',

of thefe Trees is footid the Woods, and other Ihady

Places, near Pontefracl in Yorkfiire,

which afterward betomes a membraneous Fruit , fomewhat like the infiated Bladder ofFiJbes, and divided into two or three Cells, containing Seeds in form of a Skull.

and in fome other Northern Parts of England ; but near London it is preferved in the Gardens of thofe who
are curious in collecting the various Kinds of hardy Trees.

The Species are Staphylodendron fyfaeflre &f -vulgar e. H. L. The common

;

1.

wild Bladder-nut.
2.

Staphylodendron

Virginia-

mm trifoliatum.
3.

H. L. Three-leav'd
America-

Virginian Bladder- nut.

Staphylodendron

fium trifoliatum, foliis iucifis. Houjl.

Three-leav'd American Bladder-nut, with cut Leaves. The third Sort was difcovered at Campechy^by the late Dr. William

Houjhun,

who

fent the Seeds to

Eng-

land: this Sort hath., weak flexible Branches, and generally fends out feveral Shoots from the Root, fo forms a thick Bum: the Shoots grow very irregular ; therefore the
Plants cannot be trained in any Order: the Flowers are produced in

The fecond Sort is a Native of America ; but is fo hardy, as to endure the fevered Cold of our Climate in the open Air, and produces Flowers and Fruit as plentifully ia England as the common wild Sort. Both thefe Kinds may be propagated by lowing their Seeds early in Spring, in Beds of frem light Earths and when the Plants are come up, they muft be carefully kept clear from Weeds ; and in very dry Weather, if they are now-and-then refremed with Water, it will greatly promote their Growth in thefe Beds they may remain until October following ; at which time they mould be carefully taken up, and planted in a Nurfery, placing them in Rows three Feet afunder, and the Plants
:

eighteen

fmall Bunches, at the Ends of the Branches, which are fucceeded by compreffed Bladders, having a leafy

Border the Seeds are fmall and round. This Sort is very tender ; fo cannot be preferved through the Winter in England, unlefs it is placed in a warm Stove it may be propagated by laying down the tender Branches, which will take Root in one Year ; and may then be planted into feparate Pots, and plunged into the Tan-bed in the Stove ; which will promote their taking frefh Root in
: :
:

Inches Dilfonce in the In this Nurfery they may remain two or three Years ; by which time it will be proper to tranfplanc them out where they are to remain,

Rows.

either in Wildernefs-quarters, or in

Clumps of various Trees, where they

will

add

to the Diverfity.

The

beil

Seafon for tranfplanting thefe Trees is in Autumn, with other deciduous Trees.

Thefe commonly grow

in

England

to the Height of twelve or fourteen

Feet ; lb mould be placed with other Trees of the fame Growth

African Bladder-nut.
Royenia.

Vide

the

Summer

thefe Plants will require

a large Share of frem Air, when the Weather is warm ; but in Winter they muft be kept warm, otherwife
the Plants will foon perifh.

Laurel - leav'd
Bladder-nut.
thogalum.

America:;

Vide Dodonaea.

STAR-FLOWER. VideOt^
STAR^

S
STATICE,
The
It
is

T
The
third

STAR WORT.

fiV* After. Thrift or Sea-pink.

Characters are

a Plant with a Flower gather d into an ahnofl fpherical Head, furnij&d with a common fcaly Empalewent : this Head is comtofed of federal Cl$vegilliJlocwer -fowers, conJifling of fe<veral Learns in a proper Empalement, japed like a Funnel : in like manner, the Pointal rifes out of the fame Empdement, and afterward turns to an oblong Seed, wrapt up in the Empalement, as in an Hujk.

and fourth Sorts have been brought into England from the dips, or lome other mountainous Parts; and are preferved, for the Beauty of their Flowers, in fome old Gardens.

The
;

fifth

Sort

is lefs

common

in

England than either of the former Sorts and is only to be found in the Gardens of fuch as are curious
in collecting rare Plants.

The fixth, feventh, and eighth Sorts are Natives of Portugal and
Spain
;

but are

The
1.

Species are

thrive in the

hardy enough to open Air in England:

Statice. Lugd.

Thrift, Sea-

thefe Sorts are preferved in the

Gar-

gilliflower, or Sea cufhion.

2. Statice mo?itana minor. Tourn. Lefler Mountain-thrift, or Sea-gilli-

flovver.
3.

Statice

foliis

anguflioribus,

Jlore

rubra. Boerb.

Ind.

Narrow

Jeav'd Thrift, with red Flowers.

4.

Statice

foliis

anguflioribus 9

flare albo. Boerb. Ind.

Narrow-leavM

Thrift, with a white Flower. Statice Lujitavica fruticofa

dens of thofe who are curious in collecting of rare Plants but as they have but little r eauty, they are not much propagated in other Gardens. The fjrit four Sorts have been promifcuoufly planted in Gardens, to make Edgings on the Sides of Borders in the Flower - gardens ; for which Purpofe they were formerly in great Efteem ; but of late they have been very juftly rejected for
:

maritima,magno fore. Tourn. Shrub-

by Portugal Sea-thrift, with

Plower.
6.

a large
fcorzo-

Statice

Lufitanica,

Portugal Thrift, with a Leaf like Scorzonera, or Viner< folio. Tourn.

pers-grafs.
7.

Statice

hufitanica, capillaceo

becaufe there was a Neof tranfplanting thefe Edgings every Year, otherwife they could not be kept within due Bounds befides, where-ever a Plant fail'd, which was no extraordinary thing, there always appear'd a large unfightly Gap however, tho' they are not in Ufe
ceffity
:

that Ufe;

folio, major. Tourn.

Greater Portu-

gal Thrift, with a narrow Leaf. 8. Statice maritima bumillima 9

folio capillaceo rigido.
'

Tourn.

The

Jowelt Sea-thrift, with a very narrow

itiffLeaf.

The firft of thefe Plants grows wild in Germany, and fome other inland Countries, in great Plenty ; from whence it hath been brought to England ; but the fecond Sort is found wild in great Plenty in the fait Marmes
near the Sea, in divers Parts

that Purpofe, yet a few Plants of the firlt, third, fourth, and fifth Sorts fhould have a Place in fome Part of the Flower - garden, for Variety ; efpecially the third and fourth, which are extreme hardy Plants, and will grow in almoftany Soil or Situation and their Flowers will continue a long time in Beauat prefent for
;

ty.

All thefe Sorts

by parting
for

their
in

may be propagated Roots; the belt time

take

which

is

Autumn, that they may

of England.

S
will

T
many

take Root before the Froft, which caufe them to flower much

tfronger than thofe transplanted in

Embryoes, ivhich afterward become fo roundifj Seeds, inclofed in the Flower-cup : to thefe Marks muji be
added, That the Flowers are ranged
in

the Spring

and the Plants will not

mifcarry-

be

in fo

much Danger of

ing as thofe are, efpecially when the Spring happens to prove dry. Afcer
thefe Plants have taken Root, they

out

a various Series into fcaly Heads ; of the Top of which peep feme fmatt

Leaves, which look very beautifully.

The
1.

Species are

no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds; and

will require

purpurea. C. B. P. Purple Stcechas, or Caflidony, com-

Stoechas

the

May

to

flower,

following they will begin which will continue in

monly
2.

called Arabian Stcechas.

Stoechas folioferrato. C.B.P.

Beauty three Weeks or a Month, provided the Seafon be not too hot

Caflidony, or French Lavender, with a ferrated Leaf.

3.

and dry.
not fo hardy as either of the former, tho it will en.dure the Cold of our ordinary Winters very well in the open Air, provided it is planted in a dry Soil,
is
1

Stoechas
C. B. P.

cauliculis nonfolia-

The

Portugal Son

tis.

Caffidony, or French.

Lavender, with long naked Flowerftalks.

The Heads
Kind

of Flowers of the

fiin:

are ufed in fome of the capital

and a warm Situation but in very fevere Frolb it is often deftroyed. This may alfo be propagated by Cuttings or Slips, which mould be planted in a Bed of frelh Earth in the Spring, and waterd and Ihaded until they have taken Root; after which they muft be kept clear from
;

Medicines directed by the College of Phyficians thefe are commonly brought from the South Parts of
:

France, where the Plants are in great

; but they are very apt to take a Mouldinefs in their Paflage, and fo are not near fo good for Ufe as thofe

Plenty

Weeds

they mould be planted either into Pots to be flickered in Winter, or in fome

till
;

Michaelmas,

when

which are gathered frefh in England, where they may be cultivated to great Advantage. The fecond and third Sorts ?.re
preferved in
for Variety
;

warm Situation n the full Ground, where they may remain to flower. This Plant will grow two or three Feet high, and become fhrubby, provided it be not injurM by Cold.

many

curious Gardens,

but they are not of any

STOCK GILLIFLOVVER. Vide

Leucoium.

Ufe. All thefe Plants rrvay be cultivated by fowing their Seeds upon a Bed of light dry Soil in March; and when
the Plants are

come

up, they ftiould

STOECHAS,
The
It

Caffidony, Trench

Lavender, or Stickadore.
Characters are ; hath a labiated Flower,
con-

fining of one Leaf ; whofe Upper-lip is upright, and cut in two , hut the Un-

der

lip,
;

or

Beard,
like
;

is

cut

into

three

Parts

hut both are fo divided, as at

jirft to

appear

a Flower cut

into

out of whofe Flowerfive Segments cup rifes the Poinial, attended by four

be carefully clear'd from Weeds until they are two Inches high ; at which time they mould be removed ; therefore there muft be a Spot of light dry Ground prepared, and laid level, which muft be trodden out in Beds ; into which the Plants fhould be planted at about five or fix Inches Dillarice each Way, obferving to water and fhade them Until they have taken Root after which they will

Vol.

111.

4P

require

T
STOVES
the

T
Vide Sedurn.

require no further Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds the follow-

STONECROP.
Chenopodium.

oTONECROP - TREE.
preferving

Vide

but if the Winter mould prove very fevere, it will Se proper to cover them with Mats, Peas-haulm, or fome other light Covering, to guard them againft the

ing

Summer;

are Contrivances for

fuch tender Exotic

Plants, as will

not

live in

thefe

Frolt,

when otherwife would be apt to injure them while they are fo

:

young but in March, or the Beginning of dpril, the following Spring, they mull be removed into the Places where they are to remain; obferving, if poffible, to tranfplant
them
not to
in a
let
;

Northern Countries, without artificial Warmth in Winter. Thefe are built in different Methods, according to the Ingenuity of the Artift, or the different Purpofes for which they are intended ; but in England
they are at preient reducible to two.

The
being

firft

is

call'd i

Dry Stove,
the Flues

warm

moift Seafon, and

fo

contriv'd, that

them remain long abovefor if their

ground

Roots are dry'd,

through which the Smokf paries are are either carried under the Pave-

they feldom grow well after. The Soil in which thefe are planted lhould be a dry warm Sand or Gravel; and the poorer the Soil is in which they are planted, the better they will endure the Cold of the Winter, provided the Ground be dry; tho' indeed the Plants will
thrive better in

ment of the Floor, or elfe are erected in the Back-part of the Houfe, over each other, and are returned fix or eight times the whole Length of
In thefe Stoves the on Shelves of Boards laid on a Scaffold above each other, for the greater Advantage of their flan-ding in Sight, and enjoying an equal Share of Light and Air. In thefe Stoves are commonly placed the tender Sorts of Aloes, Cereus's, Euphorbiurns, Tithymals, and other fucculent Plants, which are impatient of Moifture in Winter ; and therefore require, for the moft part, to be kept in a feparate Stove, and not placed among Trees, or herbaceous
Plants
are

the Stove.

placed

moilt

Summer upon a Ground; but then they

rich
will

not produce fo

many Flowers, nor

;

will the Plant afford near fo ftrong

an aromatic Scent as is the Caie with molt. Sorts of aromatic Plants. Thefe Plants may alfo be propagated by planting Slips or Cuttings of any of the Kinds in the Spring, obferving to refrefh them with Water until ihey have taken Root after which they may be managed as hath been directed for the Seedlingplants but as thofe Plants, raifed from Seeds, are much better than thefe, it is hardly worth while to propagate them this way, efpecially
; ;

Plants,

which perfpire

freely,

and

thereby often caufe a damp Air in the Houfe, which is imbibed by the fucculent Plants, to their no fmall Prejudice. Thefe Stoves may be regulated by a Thermometer, fo as not to over-heat them, nor to let the
Plants fuffer by Cold
;

fince their Seeds ripen fo well in this

in

Country.

which,
nearly

all

fuch Plants as

order to require

The Heads of the firft Sorts may be gather'd for Ufe when the Flowers are in full Perfection,

to dry in a fhady Place

after

and fpread which

the fame Degree of Heat, mould be placed by themfelves in a feparate Houfe for if in the fame
;

they

may

be put up for Ufe.

Stove there are Plants placed of many different Countries, which require
as

S
as

T
may
much
comfpoil'd.

by making the Houfe warm enough for feme

many

different Heats,

Plants; others, by having too

Heat, are drawn and

The
monly

other Sort of Stoves are

call'd

Bark Stoves, to diftinguifti them from the Dry Stoves alThefe have a ready mention'd. large Pit, nearly the Length of the Houfe, three Feet deep, and fix or
feven Feet wide; according to the

Breadth of the Houfe which Pit is with frefh Tanners Bark to make an Hot- bed; and in this Bed the Pots of the moft tender Exotic Trees, and herbaceous Plants, are plunged the Heat of this Bed being moderate, the Roots of the Plants and the are always kept in Action Moifture detain'd by the Bark keeps the Fibres of their Roots in a ductile State, which in the Dry Stove,
;

fill'd

be two different Heats for Plants from different Countries (for the Reafons before given in the Account of the Dry Stoves) ; and were I to erect a Range of Scoves, they mould be a 1 built in one, and only divided with glafs Partitions, at leaft the half way toward the Front which will be of great Advantage to the Plants, becaufe they may have the Air in each Divifion fhifted by Aiding the Glaffes of the Partition?, or by opening the Glafs d^or, which mould be made between each Divifion, for the

where they are placed on Shelves,

are fubject to dry top
fall,

to

the

gr-at Injury of the Plants.

In thefe

Stoves, if rhey are rightly contriv'd,

may

be preferved the moft tender Exotic Trees and Plants, which, before the Ufe of the Bark was introduced, were thought impolftble to be kept in England: but as there is fome Skill required in the Structure of both thefe Stoves, I mall not
poffible,

only defcribe ti em as intelligibly as but alfo annex a Plan of the

Bark Stove hereto ; by which it is hoped every curious Perfon will be

capable of directing his
in their Structure.

more eafy Paffage from one to the other. This Stove mould be raifed above the Level of the Ground, in proportion to the Drinefs of the Place ; for if it be built on a moift Situation, the Whole mould be placed upon the Top of the Ground fo that the Brick- work in Front muft be raifed three Feet above the Surface, which is the Depth of the Bark-bed, whereby none of the Bark will be in Danger of lying in Water but if the Soil be dry, the Brick-work in Front need not be more than one Foot above-ground, and the Pit may be funk two Feet b~low the Surface. Upon the Top of- this Brick-work in Front muft be laid the Piate of Timber, into which the Wood-work of the Frame is to be mortifed and the upright Timbers in Front muft be placed three Feet afunder in the
;

Workmen
this

Clear

or fomewhat

the Proportion of the

mor \ w:.ich is Width of the

:

The Dimenfion

of

Stove

mould be proportion'd

to the

Num-

ber of Plants intended to be preferved, or the particular Fancy of the Owner ; but their Lengtn mould not exceed forty Feet, unlefs there are two F; re-places ; and in that Cafe it will be proper to make a Partition of Glafs in the Middle, and to have two Tan-pits, that there

Glafs-doors or Salhes thefe mould be about nx Feet and an half, or feven Feet long, and plac'd upright ;

but from the Top of thefe fhould be Hoping Glades, wh,ch mould reach within three Feet of the Back of the Stove, where there mould be a ftrong Crown -piece of Timber placed, in which there mould be a

Groove made 4 * 2

for,

the GlafTe* to Aide

into.

S
;>to.

T
at leait thir-

T
fo in like

The

Wall in the Back part

of the Stove fhould be

the fecond Flue muft be returned back again ; which may be eighteen Inches deep, and covered on theTop
as before
;

teenlnches thick; but eighteen Inches is ftill better ; becaufe the thicker
the out fide Wall
the
is

and

manner the
each

built,

the

more

Flues

may be

returned over

Heat of the Flues will be kept and carried up, about in the Houfe nine Ftet above the Surface of the
;

other three or four times, that the

Heat maybe fpent before

pafles
off.

the Smoke The Thicknefs of the

Bark-bed and from the Top of this Wall, there mould be a floping Roof to the Crown-piece where the ClariThis Crown - piece es Hide in. fhould be about fixteen Feet high from the Surface of the Bark -bed or
;

in Front of thefe Flues need not be more than four Inches but it muft be well jointed with Morter,
;

Wall

and
the

plafter'd withinfide to

prevent
into the

Smoke from
;

getting

Houfe

Floor, which will give a fufficient Declivity to the floping Glafles to carry oft* the Wet, and be of a reasonable Height for containing Plants

The Backof a moderate Size. roof may be flated, covered with Lead, or tiled, according to the Fanbut the Manner cy of the Owner of this outfide Building is better exprefs'd by the annex'd Plan, than is
:

and the Outfide fhould be and covered with a coarfe Cloth to keep the Morter from cracking, as it is praclis'd in fetting up Coppers: if this be carefully done, there will be
plaftered with Morter,

no Danger of the Smoke entering theHoufe,which can'tbe too carefully guarded againft;forthereis

nothing

more

injurious to Plants than

Smoke,

poffible to

be defer bed
i

in

Words.

In the Front of the Houfe there fhould be a Walk, about eighteen or twenty Inches wide, for the Conveniency of walking; next to which
the Bark-pit muft be placed, which mould be in Width proportionable if the to the Breadth of the Houfe
:

which will caufe them to drop their Leaves *and if it continue long in the Houfe, will intirely deftroy them.
;

twelve Feet wide, which is a due Proportion, the Pit may be and behind the feven Feet wide Pit fhould be aWalk eighteen Inches wide, to pafs in order to water the Plants, &c. then there will be twenty - two Inches left next the

Houfe

is

Back-wall, to ere<5t the Flues, which muft be all railed above the Top of thefe Flues ought to the Bark bed be one Foot wide in the Clear, that they may not be too foon flopped and the lower Flue, with the Soot
.

Fire-place may be made either one End, or in the Middle, according as there is moft Conveniency ; for where-ever it is plac'd, it mould have a Shed over it, and not be expofed to the open Air ; for it will be impofliblq to make the Fire burn equally, where the Wind has full Ingrefs to it and it will be troublefome to attend the Firein wet Weather, where it is expos'd to the Rain. The Contrivance of the Furnace muft be according to the Fuel which is defign'd to barn but as Turf is
at
;
:

The

the beft Firing for Stoves,

where

it

into which the Smoke firft enters from the Fire, mould be two Feet

can be had, becaufe it burns more moderately and lafts longer, than any other Sort of Fuel, and fo requires lefs Attendance, I fhall defcribe a proper Sort of Furnace for
,

that PurpoCe.

deep

in the Clear;

and

this
;

may be
this

The Who'e

of

this

Furnace

covered with broad Tiles

over

fhould be erected within the Houfe,

which

S
;

which will be a great Addition to and the Front Wall on the Heat

the Outfide of the Fire-place, next ; the Shed, fliould be three Bricks ; thick, the better to prevent the Heat from coming out that Way. The Door of the Furnace, at which the Fuel is put in, muft be as fmall as conveniently may be to admit of the Fuel ; and this Door mould be ; placM near the Upper- part of the to be very carefully guarded againit. The Entrance into this Stove Furnace, and made to fhut as clofe aspoflible; fo that there may but fnould be either from a Green houfe, the Dry Stove, or elfe thro' the little of the Heat pafs off thro* it. This Furnace mould be about twen- Shed where the Fire is made, bety Inches deep, and fixtcen Inches caufe in cold Weather the FrontThe Infquare at Bottom ; but may be flop'd glaffes muft notbe open\i. off on every Side, fo as to be two fide of the Houfe ihould be cbari Feet fquare at the Top ; and under white-warned : becaufe the wniter thisFurnacefhould be aPlace for Ames the Back part of the Houfe is, the better it will reflect the Light; which to fall into, which mould be about a Foot deep,and as wide as theBottom is of great Confequence to Plants, of the Furnace this mould alfo have efpecially in Winter, when the Stove an ironDoor to fhut as clofe as pofli- is obliged to be fhut up clofe. Over the top Sliding - glaffes ble ; but juft over the Afh-hole, above the Bars which fupport the there mould be either wooden ShutFuel, mould be a fquare Hole about ters, or Tarpawlins ftVd in Frames, to cover them in bad Weather, tr> four Inches wide, to let in Air to make the Fire burn this muft alfo prevent the Wet from getting thro 1 )iave an iron Frame, and a Door to the Glaffes, and to fecure them from fhut clofe when the Fire is perfectly being broken by Storms and Hail ; and thefc outer Coverings will be lighted, which will make the Fuel very ferviceable to keep out the laft the longer, and the Heat will be Froft ; and if in very fevere Cold more moderate. The Top of this Furnace mould there is a Tarpawlin hung before
:

low between the Brick-work of the Fire and that of the Pit, about eight Inches wide which will effectually prevent any Damage arifing from and there the Heat of the Fire mould be no Wood-work plac'd any where near the Flues, or the Fireplace, becaufe the continual Heat of the Stove may in time dry it fo much, as to make it takeFire which ought

to the Top of the Bark-bed, that the loweft Flue may be above the Fire ; fo that there may be a greater Draught for the Smoke; and the Furnace mould be arched over with Bricks but you mould be very careful, where -ever the Fire is plac'd, that it be not too near the Bark-bed; for the Heat of the Fire will, by its long Continuance, dry the Bark, fo that it will lofe its Virtue, and be in Danger of taking Fire; to prevent which, it will be the boil Method to continue an Hoi-

be nearly equal

the upright Glaifcs in the Front,

will be

it

of great Service to the Stove;

lefs

and

much

Fire

will preferve

an Heat in the Houfe. In the warmeft of thefe Houfes or Diviftons mould be placed the moli tender Exotic Trees and Plants ; which are Natives of very warm Countries thefe mould be plunged in the Bark-bed for the Reafons already alSgn'd ; and upon the Top of the Flues may be fit the Melon
:
..

thift'e,

the tender Sorts of CereusV.,

ve^

and Euphorbt units, with other

4P

te&d*i

T
plac'd the
after the

T
as

tender fucculent Plants, which re-

quire to be kept dry in Winter.

As

in

this

Stove are

was before faid, may be either built with upright and Hoping Glades at the Top, in the fame manner, and
fame Model,
the

Plants of the hotteft Parts of theEaft and IVeJi-Indies, fo the Heat mould

Bark

Stove

be

kept up equal to

that

mark'd

or elfe the Front - glalTes, which mould run from the Floor to
;

Anana upon the Botanical Thermometers, and mould never be fuffered

to be above
rit

the Cieling,

maybe

laid floping,to

an

cooler at moft
in

or ten Degrees nor fliouid the Spibe raifed above tenDegrees higher
eight
;

Angle of 45 Degrees, the better to admit the Rays of the Sun in Spring and Autumn the latter Method has been chiefly follow'd by molt
:

the

Thermometer during
-

the

Perfons
Stoves

Winter

both which Extremes will be equally injurious to the Plants. But in order to judge moreexaclly of the Temper of the Air in the Stove, the Thermometer Ihould be hung up at a good Diftance from nor mould the Tube be tht Fire expo to the Sun ; but on the confeafon
; ;

built thefe Sort of but were I to have the Contrivance of a Stove of thisKind, I would have it built after the Model of the Bark Stove, with upright Glaffes in Front, and Hoping Glafies over them, becaufe this will more eafily admit the Sun at all the different Seafons ; for in Summer, when
:

who have

the Sun

is

high, the top GlalTes will

Back hung thereto became whenever the Sun mines upon the Ball of the Thermometer but
trary, the
\

admit the Rays to Ihine almoft all over the Houfe ; and in Winter,

when
es

the

Sun

is

low, the front GlalT-

one fingle Hour, it will raife the Liqjorin >heTube confide] ably, hen, perhaps, the Air of the Houie is not near ib warm ; which deceives thofe who are not aware of this.
In the

will

admit

its

Rays

whereas

when

the GlalTes

are laid to

any

Deciivity in one Direction, theRays of the Sun will not fall directly

Management of the

Plants

placed in the Bark-bed,

there mult

Regard had to the Temper of the Bark, and the Air of the Houfe, that neither be too violent ; as alfo to water them frebe a
particular

thereon above a Fortnight in Autumn, and about the lame time in Spring ; and during the other Parts of the Year they will f tl obliquely thereon ; and in Summer, when the

Sun
es
:

is

high, the Rays will not reach

five or fix

above
p'.ac'd

Feetfron. tncGlalT-

when they are in a continual Warmth, which will

quently
;

becaufe

cauie them to perfpire freely, if they have not a conitant Supply to amwer their Diicharge, their Leaves will As to the decay, and foon fall off. f irtnerDirections concerning theCulture of the particular Plants, the Reader is defired to turn to their feyeralArticles,where they are c;:iincU
ly treated of.

which are toward the Back - part of the Houfe will not thrive in the Summer-feafon for want of Air whereas when there are Hoping GlalTes at the Top, which run within four Feet of tne Back of theHoufe; thefe, by being drawn down in hot Weather, will let in perpendicular Air to all the Plants ; and of how much
befides, the Plants
;

Service this
Sort of Stove,
the

is

to all Sorts

of Plants,

The other

which

is

every one

who

has had Opportunity

the

commonly caiTd

Dry

Stove, as

of

obferving

Growth

of

Plants

S
for

T
:

S
not a

Plants in a Stove will eafily judge

when

Plants are

plac'd

under

Cover of a

Cieling, they always turn

toward the Air and themfelves Xight, and thereby grow crooked
;

and

if,

in order to

preferve

them

ftrait,

they are turn'd every

Week,

they will neverthelefs grow week, and look pale and fickly, iike aPerfon (hut up in a Dungeon ; for which Reafons, I am fure, whoever

very great Affeclion for th* Thing, and is withal not very careful, there will be great Hazard of the Fire being negle&ed, which in a little time would be of dangerous Confequence to the Plants but if the Fuel intended be Turf, then the Contrivance of the Furnace may be
:

has made

Trial

of both Sorts

of
'to

the fame as for the Bark Stove already mentioned The Flues of this Stove mould be turn'd inAngles, after the following Manner
.

Stoves, will readily join with

me

the Model of the Bark Stove for every Purpofe. As to the farther Contrivance of thisStove, it will be neceffary to obferve the Situation of the Place, whether theG round be dry or wet ; if it be dry, then the Floor need not be rais'd above one Foot above the Level of the Ground ; but if it be wet, it will be proper to raife it three Feet ; efpeci illy if thefe Flues are to be carried under theFloor for when they are erected clofe upon the Sur-

recommend

which
than

will caufe
;

if {trait

them to draw better and by this Method

of difpofing them, they will reach from the Back to the Front of the Houfe. The Depth of them mould not be lefs than eighteen Inches, and the Width nearly equal, which will prevent their being choak'd up with Soot as is often the Cafe when the
;

face of the

Ground, they

will

raife

nor will the Flues draw fo well as when they are more elevated. The Furnace of this Stove may be either placed at one End of the Houfe, or at the Back-part thereof, according to the Conveniency of the Building. This muft be made according to the Fuel intended to burn ; which, if for Coals or Wood, may be made according to the common Method for Coppers, but only much larger ; becaufe, as the Fire is to be continued in the Night chiefly, fo, if there is not room to contain a great Quantity of Fuel, it will occauon a great deal of
a
;

Damp

are made too fmall. The Spaces between the Flues 'mould be fiird up either with dry Brick Rub-

Flues

attending to the Fire in the Night, which ihould be avoided as much as poffible ; becaufe whenever the Trouble is made very great
in

Trouble

Sand, from which Moiliure arife and the Flues mould be clofely plafter'd with Loam both within and without; and the Upper-part of them cover'd with a coarfe Cloth under the Floor, to prevent the Smoke from getting into the Houfe. When the Flue is carried from the Furnace to the End of the Houfe, it may be return'd in the Back above the Floor in a ftrait Line, which may be contriv'd to appear like a Step or two by which means the Smoke will be continued in the
bifh,

Lime, or
little

there will

Houfe

until

all

its

Heat

is

fpent,

or

difficult,

and the Perfon

who
it,

is

entruilid with the Care of

has

which will confequently warm the Air of the Houfe the better ; and the Chimneys thro' which the Smoke is to pafs off, may be either

4P

at

S
at

T
the

s
Top

T
the Tiles the

both Ends, or in the Middle, carry'd up in theThicknefs of theBrickwork of the Back-Wall, fo as not to appear in Sight in the Houfe the Flues mould be firft cover'd either with iron Plates, or broad Tiles, and then a Bed of Sand over them about
:

of the Flue, efpecially at that End next the Fire, left by the

conftant

Heat of

Wood
an

fhoi.ld take Fire,

which
;

can't be too
fince fuch

much guarded
all

againft

Accident would go near to deftroy

the Plants, if the Houfe efcaped being burnt. This Stand or Scaffold mould be plac'd in the Middle of the Houfe, leaving a PalTage about two Feet and an half in the Front, and another of the fame Width in the Back, for the more conveniently

two Inches
plain Tiles

thick

upon which the

laid to corre-

mould be

fpond with the reft of the Floor. This Thicknefs of Cover will be full enough to prevent the too fudden Rife of the Heat from the
Flues.

Furnace is plac'd under the Flcor, the Thicknefs of Sand between the iron Plate which covers it and the Floor, mould not be lefs than four Inches ; fo that the Bottom of the Furnace mould be funk and if from the Firethe lower place to the End of the Houfe, the Flues are laid a little rifing, it will caufe them to draw the better ; but this Rife muft be allow'd in the placing them lower under the Floor next the Fire, becaufe theFloormuft be laid perfectly level, otherwife it will appear unfightly. In this Stove there flL^H would be a Stand or
if the
:
I ]

But

them

round the Plants to water and that the Air may freely circulate about them. In difpofing
pilTing
;

the Plants, the tailed mould be placed backward, and the fmalleft in Front ; fo that there will not be

Occafion for more than five or fix Shelves in Height at mod but the Scaffold mould be fo contriv'd, that there may be two or three Shelves in Breadth laid upon every Rife
:

whenever there may be Occafion for it, which will fave a deal of Trouble
of the Plants. In the Erection of thefe Stoves, it will be of great Service to join them all together, with only glafs Partitions between them, as was before obferv d ; and where feveral of thefe Stoves and Green-houfes are required in one Garden, then it will be very proper to have the Greenhoufe in the Middle, and the Stoves at each End, either in the manner directed in the Plan of the Greenhoufe exhibited in that Article, or carry'd on in one ftrait Front. By this Contrivance in the Structure of thefe Houfes, a Perfon may pafs from one to the other of them, without going into the open Air ; which, befides the Pleafure to the Owner, is alfo of great Ufe, becaufe there will be no occafion of making a Back-way into each of them, which
in difpofing
,

F^spl
|

Scaffold

erected

for

placing Shelves above each other, in the manner annexed, that the Plants may
I

\Sr^

be difpofed above each other ; fo as to make an handfome Appearance

in the to be

Houfe but thefe Shelves mould be made moveable, fo as to

;

rais'd or funk,

according to

the various Heights of the Plants ; otherwife it will be very troublefome to raife or fink every particular Plant, according to therrHeights, or every Year as they advance. Tn placing the Feet of this Stand, you muft'be careful not to fet them
too near the Fire, nor direct I v unon

otherwise

T
thefe

S
Houfes
Sorts

otherwife muft be, fince the Frontglaffes of the Stove fhould not be

open'd in cold Weather, if it can poffibly be avoided on any Account; otherwife the cold Air ruihing in, will greatly prejudice the very ten-

der Plants. But befides the Stoves here defcrib'd, and the Green-houfe, it will be very neceffary to have a Glafscafe or two, where-ever there are
great Colleftions of Plants. may be built exactly in the

may be plac'd all the of Ficoides, African Sedum5, Cotyledons, and other fucculent Plants from the Cape of Good Hope. In the other may be plac'd the feveral Kinds of Anem<mofpermos*st Jacobaas, Dorias, Alatemoides's, and other woody or herbaceous Plants from the fame Country, or any other
in the

fame Latitude.
the Green-

Thus by contriving

Thefe manner

houfe in the Middle, and one Stove and a Glafs-cafe at each End, there
will be

already defcribed for theStoves,with upright Glaffes in Front, and (loping Glaffes over theTop of them, which fhould run within four Feet of the

Back of the Houfe. The Height, Depth, and other Dimenfions, fhould be conformable to that of the Stoves, which will make a Regularity in Thefe may be plac'd the Building. at the End of the Range on each Hand beyond the Stoves and if
;

Conveniency to keep Plants from all the different Parts of the World, which can be no otherwife maintain'd but by placing them in different Degrees of Heat, according to the
Places of
their

native

Growth. TheStcves before defcribed are fuch as are ufually built to maintain ExoticPianls, which will not live in
Iai:d, unlefs

they enjoy a

Tempera-

there be a Flue carried round each

ture of Air

make a Weather, it will fave a great deal of Labour, and prevent the Froft from ever entering inter ever fo the Houfe, be the fevere: but the upper Glades of thefe Houfes mould have either Shutters to cover them, or elfe Tarpawlins to let down over them in frofty Weather ; and if there is a Contrivance to cover the upright Glafies in Froft, either with Mats, Shutters, or Tarpawlins, it will be of great Ufe in Winter, otherwife the Flue muil be ufed when the Froft comes on which fhould not be done, but upon extraordinary Occafions becaufe the Defign of thefe Houfes is, to keep fuch Plants as require only to be preferved frcniFrcfr, and need no additional Warmth ; but, at the fame time, require more Air than can conveniently be given them in a Green-houfe : in one of
of
thefe,

with an Oven to

Fire

in very cold

approaching to that of the feveral Countries from whence they are brought therefore who;

ever

inclinable to preferve a large Collection of Plants from different

is

Countries, muft contrive to have two or three of thefe Stoves ; each of which fhould be kept in a different

Temperature of Warmth; and tne

Plants fhould be alfo adapted to the
feveral Degrees of Heat, as they {hall

require, to preferve them: but as the

far greatert

Number of Stoves, w hich

in England,

have been erected

Htfjonly; fo
I (hall

are

defign'd for the Culture of the

Ana-

add a Defcripiion

and Plans of two Sorts of Stoves, of the leaf! Expence in Building for this Purpofe; fo that whoever are inclinable to ere<ft a Stove for ripen-

ing of the Ananas t may, by attending to the Plans and Descriptions,

direct

the building and contriving fuch Stoves as they are dcfirous to or according to the Number have
;

of

ef Fruit propofed

The

Aril

which is which produce the Fruit the fame Year for as the Plants do not ge;

to ripen annually. Sort of Stove is that defign'd for the Plants

Feet wide; and if there is room enough on each Side of the Bed for a Walk a Foot, or at moll a Foot

and an

half, broad, it will

be

fuffici-

the fecond Year taken from the old Plants, whether they are Suckers from the Side of the Plants, or Crowns taken from theFruit; if they fruit the fucceeding Year, the Fruit will be fmall ; therefore when they are properly managed, they wili not

nerally fruit until

ent for Perfons to water and do every thing which is necelTary to the
Plants
:

from

their being

and

as thefe Places are

it

not

defign'd tor walking in,

is

to

no

produce their Fruit until the fecond Year; by which time they will have obtained Strength to produce large Fruit, in which their greateft Value
confifts for altho there are feveral Varieties of this Fruit, which differ
:

in Degrees of Goodnefk, as in moft ether Fruits ; yet they may all of them be improved in the Size, withcut diminishing of their Excellence
in Tafte
;

tho'

know

there

are

fome Perfons of a contrary Opinion, 2nd who believe, that the fmall Fruit
large

are always better flavoured than the but from long Experience I ;

can aiTert, that the larger and better nourim a this Fruit is, the higher will be its Flavour, fuppofing the Sorts are the fame; therefore every Perion

who

cultivates thi> Fruit,

it

mould ento the to

ceavour to have
greateft

improved
;

Perfection
it

in

order

tvhich,

will be

proper to have a

fmall

Plants

Stove, in which the young may be placed to bring them

forward for fruit ng ; and afterward they mould b removed into the
larger Stove for ripening : but I (hall return to the Defcripcion of the larger Stove. The Length of this muft be proportionable to the Quantity of Fruit defired in one Seafon ;
for, as

Purpofe to have broad Walks, which vviJl take up too much Space ; and the Fires mud be larger, in proportion to the Space of theHoufe; otherwife the Air cannot be kept in a proper Temperature of Warmth. If the Stove is made thirty-fix Feet long in the Clear, then the Tanbed may be thirty - three Feet long, and a Walk left at each End a Foot and an half wide ; which will be fufficient to walk round the Bed to water and attend the Plants ; and fuchaTan bed will contain an hundred Fruiting-plants very well, if the Bed is feven Feet wide; and this Stove may be very well warmed with one Fire ; but if the Stove is built n.uch larger, there mult be two Fire places contrived, one at each End otherwife the Air of theHoufe cannot be kept in a properTemperature cf Heat. The Quantity of Fuel which will be wanting for a Stove of rhirty-fix Feet long in the Clear, is about three Chaldron and an half of Coals, or in fuch proportion for any other Sort of Fuel, where Coals can be had rea.onaMy it is the belt Kind of Fuel ; and the Pit or Scotch Coal is preferable to the N&wct-flk Coal, becaufe the latter is very fubjett to meit, or run into Clinkers, when the Oven is which the Pit-coa! never very hot does, but always burns away with a white Am, making but little Soot :
j :

to

their

Width,
;

that

mould

the Tan-bed not be much varied thould never be narrower than fix, nor mould it be more than feven,

fo that the Flues will not require to be fo often cleaned, as when the other Coal is ufed. The next beft

Fuel fcr Stoves

is

Peat,

where

it

can

T
Roof
;

cm

be procured good. There are fome Perfons who burn Wood in their Stoves ; but this Fuel requires much greater Attendance than any other ; therefore is not very proper
for this Purpofe
:

which mould come fo far

from the Back-wall, as to cover the Flues, and the Walk behind the Tan-pit ; for if the Hoping Glaffes are of Length fufficient to reach,
nearly over the Bed, the Plants will require no more Light ; therefore thefe Glaffes mould not be longer

but in the building

of the Stoves, the Ovens muft be contrived for the Sort of Fuel which but thefe will is to be ufed in them and the be afterward described Places where they mould be fituated
:

than
than

is

abfolutely neceffary,
are longer

will render

which them more manageable

:

when they

but the

are delineated in the Plan. The Stoves defign'd. for ripening

the Fruit of the Ananas

mould have

upright Glaffes in their Front, which fhou d be high enough to admit a Perfon to walk upright under them

on the Walk in the Front of the or where this cannot be admitted, the. front Walk may be funk one Foot lower than that on the fo that the Back of the Tan-bed Surface of the Bed will be a Foot above the Walk, which w ill be rather an Advantage, as the Plants w ill be fo much nearer the Glafs and a

Houfe

Perfon

may with

great Eafe water

annexed Plan will render this more intelligible than any written Defer) ption can do. The other Sort of Stove, which is defign'd for railing of young Plants, until they are of a proper Size to produce Fruit, need not be built fo high as the former therefore there will not be wanting any upright Glaffes in the Front ; but the Frames may be made in one Slope, as in the annexed Pian indeed, of late Years, many Perfons have made Tan- beds, with two Flues running thro' the Back-wall, to warm the Air in Winter and thefe Beds have been co;

and attend the Plants when they are thus raifed above the Walk; therefore

when

Move

is
it

fo fuuated,

as

high aboveground, might be attended with Inconvenience, the Walks quite round the Tan-bed may be funk a Foot or eighteen Inches below the Top of the Bed ; which will admit of the Stove being built fo much lower ; ight for a Perfon to for if there is
that the raifing of

vered with Glaffes, made in the fame manner as thoiVfor common Hotbed?, but larger thefe were contrived to fave Expence, and have in many Places anfwered the Intention: but to thefe there are feveral Obje:

ctions

That of having no Paffage

fo that the Glaffes muft ; be taken off, when the Plants want Water, iz'c. 2. The Damps very often rife in theWinter-feafon,wheti

into

them

walk under the

Glaffes,
:

it

wiil be as

the Glaffes are clofely fhut,

which

much

but as the Flues, when returned four times againft the Back- wall, w ill rife near
as
is

required

feven Feet ; fo the Bottom of the lower Flue (houid be on the fame Level with the Walk, to admit of room enough for the Whole under Over the upright Glaffes the Roof. there muft be a Range of floping
ClafTes,

often proves very injurious to the Plants: 3. There is Danger of the Tan taking Fire, where there is not great Care taken that it doih not lie

fmall

near the Flues fo that altho' the Stoves here propofed require mere Expence in their Building ; yet being greatly preferable
;

to thofe Pits,

and the

after

Expence
fo

which muft run

to join the

being the fame, they will be found

>

&
this

fo

much more
is

convenient, as to ren-

der them more general where

Fruit
cultivated.

Bars fix'd withClaivs, to fupport the Crown piece of Timber, which will
fecure
dle,
it from hanging in the Midwhich, in a great Length, is

Where

there

is

no Danger of the

Wet fettling

ter, the Bark-pit

about the Tan in Winmay be funk two

:

Feet deep in the Ground, and raifed one Foot above the Surface the

enly

Walk which
is

is

neceflary

in

on the Back of the Tan-bed, which may be on the Level with the Surface of the <jround fo that the Tan- bed will be raifed one Foot higher and the
thefe Stoves,
that
;
;

very often the Cafe, where there are no Supports placed under it : there may be more or lefs of thefe Bars, according to theLength of the Stove; but if they are at about ten Feet afunder, it will be near enough if
:

thefe iron Bars are one Inch fquare,

they will be ftrong enough to anfwer the Defign.

Flues beginningfrom theWalk,there will be room to return them three times ; which vvili warm the Air much more with the fameFire,than when they are carried but twice the

But as it is hoped, that the annexed Plan of this fmall Stove will convey a clear Idea of the whole Contrivance ; this will render it unnecelTary to add any farther Description here.

STRAMONIUM, Thorn-apple. The Characlers are; But in wet Land the Tan-bed The Floiver conjijis of one Leaf, fhouid be wholly raifed above the Level of the Ground, in order to jhofd like a Funnel, and cut into Je<veral Segments : out of the Flonverpreferve the Tan from being chill'd by Moifture ; and in fuch Phces cup rifes the Pointal, which, when theVValk on theBack mould be raif- the Floiver decays, becomes a roundijb ed near two Feet above the Level of Fruit, arind,for the mojl part, <v:ilh the Ground ; becaufe the Tan- bed Jharp 7 horns, and divided into four Cells form'd hy a Partition, difpofd Should not .rife much move than one Foot above the Walk 5 for if it is in the Figure of a Crofs, furnijh'd
Length of the
Stove.

higher, it will be more difficult to xeach the Plants when they require Water the Brick-wall of the Pit, on the Side next the Walk, need not be more than four Inches thick, fo jfar as rifes above the Walk ; but below that, it (hculd be nine Inches the Reafon for reducing the thick
: :

with four Placental, or nutritive Membranes, to which federal kidneyJhap^d Seeds adhere.
1.

The Species are Stramonium

fruclu fpinofa

rotunda, fiore

/cum. Thorn-apple with a round prickly Fruit, and afingle white Flower.
albo fimplici.
2.

Wall above, is to gain room Jor the Walk, which would orherwife be
too
is

Stramonium

fruclu fpinoft

cblongo,

caule& fiore <violaceo. Boerh.

-

much contracted; and if there a Ki rb of Oak laid on the Top of the leur-inch Wall, it will fee u re the
and Wall which, being but one Foot above the Walk, will not be in any Danger of falling; and on thisKirb there may be two or three upright iron

Ind.

Thorn-apple with a longiih

colour'd

prickly Fruit, and violet

Stalks and Flowers.
3.

Bricks

from being

difplaced,

Stramonium

lufEciently ftrengthen

the

Thorn
.

ferox. Boccon. apple with very long lharp

Prickles.

4 Stramonium American urn minus, alkektngi folio,

Tourn.

LefiVr

American

S
ter-cherry-leaf.
5.

T
meter
;

s
fo that

T
it is

American Thorn-apple, with a Win-

unfit to

fond at
fit

fmall Pleafure gardens, and

onljr

Stramonium

Malabaricum,

to have a Place in

fruclu glabra, flore fimplici inolaceo.

Toum. Malabar Thorn-apple, with a fmoorh Fruit, and a iingie violet

colour'd Flower.
6.

fome outward Pars of the Garden or Yard ; becaufe it takes up too much room.

The

third Sort

is

fomevvhat like

Stramonium
Tourn.

fruclu

[pinofo

the former in the Appearance of the Plant ; but the Fruit is l rger, and
befet with very long (harp
for

rotunda, fiore violaceo duplici uel triplici.

Thorns

Thorn-apple with a round prickly Fruit, and violet-coloufd flowers, which are two or
three times double.

which Variety, it is preferv'd in the Gardens of thofe who are curi-

ous in Botany.

fruclu fpinofo rotunda, fiore alba plena. Inji. R. H. Thorn apple with a round prickly Fruit, and a double white Fiower.
7.
8.

Stramonium

Stramonium

Malabaricum,

fruclu

gJabro, fare fimplici albo. Malabar Thorn - apple, with a

fmooth
Flower.

Fruit,

and a iingie white

1

The firft Sort is us d to make a cooling Ointment, which is greatly This, -eiteem'd by many Periuns.
though not a Native of this Country, yet is now become To common upon Dunghils, and other rich Grounds, as not to be eafily eradicated.
all

The

Seeds falling, continue

the Winter in the

Ground; and

in the Spring, the Plants will come up, and, if iuffer'd to Hand, will

fpread
ties

over the whole Spot of Ground, and produce fuch Quanti-

This Sort is not quite fo hardy as two former ; fo muft be fown on a moderate Hot-bed jn the Spring; and when the Plants are come up, they mould be transplanted on a new Hot bed to bring the Plants forward ; but you mult be careful not to draw chem too much by keeping the Gaffes ciofe; which vviil render them very weak, and unfit to Hand abroad therefore after they have taken Roor, liu-y mould have plenty of frefh Air when the Weather is warm i and in May they mould be enur'd to the open Air by degrees, into which they may be tranfplanted in June oblerving to raife the Plants with a large Ball of Earth, and plant them in a rich Soil, giving them Water until they have taken Root. Jn July thefe Plants will flower, and their Seeds will ripen in
the
:

Augufl.

of Seeds, as to leave a Stock to

The
than

fourth Sort will

-

grow

larger
is
its

furnifti the

Ground

for
is

fome Years.

the laft

mention'd.

This

The
quite fo
it
is

fecond

Sort

common

not as yet as the former, tho'

preferv'd

more

for the fake of

equally as hardy ; and where the Seeds are permitted to fall, the Plants will come up in great Plenty
will

This Sort the following"Summer. grow much larger than the forhave meafur'd one of thele which grew upon a rich upward of fix Feet high, and
I

mer.
Soil,

FJants,

long tubulous white Flowers, than any other Beauty in the Plant. It is fomevvhat tender, and fhould be fown on an Hot - bed in the Spring, and managed as the former ; otherwife, if the Seafon proves cold, the Seeds will not ripen ; tho' I have fometimes had Plants of this Kind, which came up from Seeds that fcatter'd in

divided into

many

ftrong Branches,

Autumn, and
j

ripen'd their
\

which fpread almoft eight Feet Dia-

Seeds very well

fo

that I believe,

ia

S
ih a

T
to

T
will find a fpein

few Years, it may be enurM to this Climate, and thrive vvich little Care. The fifth and fixth Sorts produce very beautiful Flowers, which afford an agreeable Scent at fome Diftance but if fmelt to very clofe, it is offenlive to the Head. The Flowers of thefe Kinds are violet-colour'd on the Outfide, but are white on the Infide ; and thofe of the fixth Sort have two or three Flowers within each other, in the manner of the Primrofe, which is call'd Hofe in
;

be only a Variety of the ftrrt ; but whoever will confider the whole
H.ib
t

or

the Plane,

c he Difference

the Leaves and

Flowers of thefe two Sons. The eighth Sort is a Native of Malabar as alfo of feveral of the
t

Eai'ern
this

Countries.

The
;

Fruit of

Kind has no Thorns

but

many

Protuberances over the Surface. The Flowers are fmall, and of a whitifhyel!ow Colour. The Seeds of this
Sort are what the Perfians, and other Inhabitants where this Plant

Hofe.

Thefe two Sorts are much

either of the for-

grows
Defign
tro.
if

in

p'enty,

make
is

ufe of to in-

more tender than

toxicate Perfons
;

on

whom

they have

mer, and muft be fown early in the Spring on an Hot-bed ; and when the Plants are come up, they mull be tranfplanted into a frefh Hot-bed and as the to bring them forward
;

and

it

there calPd

Du-

fo require to be

Thefe two Sorts are very tender ; fown upon an Hotbed early in the Spring and the
;

Heat of

this

Bed

declines,

there

fhould be a frefli one prepar'd ; in which fhould be plung'd Pots hll'd

with

light rich

Earth, into which

the Plants mould be plac'd ; obferving to water and (hade them until they have taken Root after which they mould have Air given to them, in proportion to the Heat of the Seafon ; and muft be often water'd, being very thirfty Plants. Thus they mull: be pufrVd on by Heat, in the manner directed for Amaranths ; to which the Reader is deftVd to turn for their farther CulIn July, if the Seafon be ture. warm, they may be remov'd into the open Air, placing them in a
:

muft afterward be treated in the fame manner a^ hath been directed for the fixth Sort with which Management thete may be brought to perfect their Seeds ; which they never will do, if the Plants are expos'd to the open Air.
s
:

Plan

STR ATIOTES,
The
It

Water-foldier. Characters are ;

pofed cf
er
is

hath a compreffed Spatha comtwo Leaves, which is per' manent : the Empahment cf the Flow-

of one Leaf, and

three Segments
:

is

flight ly cut

into

the

Flower has

three

heart

Jhafd

Petals,

which

fpread open : in the Centre of the Flower is plac'd the Ovarium, up-

porting

fx

Styles,

attended by

mony

warm Situation, where they will produce their Flowers plentifully and if the Autumn be warm, their
.

Stamina: the Ovary afterguard becomes a Capfule, opening in fix Parts,

in

which are

inclosed

many oblong flat

this

Seeds will ripen very well but it will be a fure Method to preferve one Plant of each Kind under Glaftes, left thofe in the open Air mould net
:

Seeds.

We know
;

but one Species of

Genus viz. Stratiotes. Lin.Flor. Waterfoldier

;

perfect their Seeds.

or,

by fome, Water-aloe,

The

feventh Sort has been, by fe-

or Frefli water-foldier.

Veral Writers

on Botany, fuppos'd This

T
derate

s
done
as

u
This mould be
poffible,

This Plant is in Shape like the Aloe ; but the Leaves are thinner, and ferrated on the Edges. It grows
plentifully in Standing-waters in the Places in the JJle of Ely, and many

when the Seeds are procur'd ; for if they are fown the Latter-end of Summer, and
the Pots kept in a moderate

Hot-bed. foon as

Hot-bed

North of England-, from whence young Plants may be procur'd in the Spring, when they tirft rile on the Surface of the Water and thefe,
;

of Tanners Bark
Plants will

all

the Winter, the

come up the fucceeding Spring ; whereas thofe fown in the Spring often remain in the Ground

being plac'd

in large

Ponds or Catheir Roots,

a whole Year before the Plants

come

nals, will ftrike

down

up.

and propagate without any farther

Care.
fink
ter,

When

the

Plants are up, they

light

In the

Autumn

the Plants

fhould each be tranfplanted into a feparate fmallPot filPdwith

frefli

Hot-bed; obferving to water and fhade them until they have taken Root after which they Ihould be enur'd to the open Air by degrees, Root, and produce Plants the followinto which they muft be remev'd in ing Year. STRAWBERRY. Vide Fraga- June, placing them in a warm Situation in which Place they may reria. STRAW 3ER RY-T REE. Vide main till the Beginning of October-, at which time they mould be removed Arbutus. into the Green-houfe, placing them STYRAX, The Storax-tree. where they may enjoy the Benefit of The Characters are; 'The R bwtf confi/is of one Leaf, frem Air when the Weather is mild: Jbafd like a Funnel, and cut into fe- thefe Plants are tolerably hardy, and only require to be fhelter'd from federal Segments out of <wbofe VUm* vere Fro it for in Itzly they grow er-cup rifes the Point at, ivbicb is fix'd extremely well in the open Air, and like a Nail in the Fore-part of the produce Fruit in great Plenty. Thefe Flcixer : this afterward becomes a Plants muir be placed in a Greenroundifl? fifby Fruit inclining one or houfe in Winter ; for they are not t*wo Seeds in bard Shells. W. have bat one Species of this hardy enough to live in the open Air in England. They caft, tneir Plant; viz.
perfect their Seeds in Augujl\ which, falling into the Water, will take
:

to the Bottom of the Waand rife again in tne Spring about Midfummer they flower, and

down

Earth, and

plungM

into a

moderate

Sty rax folio mali cotonei. C.B.P.

Storax-tree with a Quince- tree-leaf.

This Plant grows plentifully in the Neighbourhood of Rome, and alfo in Palefiine, and feveral of the
Iflands
in

the Archipelago,

from

whence

the Fruit has been brought

;

to England

where there have been

many

Plants raifed of late Years, in

fome curious Gardens.

It may be propagated by fowing the Seeds in Pots filPd with frefli light Earth, and plungd into a mo-

Leaves in Autumn ; fo that in the Winter, when the Plants are not in a growing State, they Ihould have but little Water given to them but as thefe Plants put out their Leaves pretty early in the Spring, they muft then have a great Share of Air, otherWife they will draw up very weak. The Reiin of this Tree is brought over for medicinal Ufe.
:

SUBER, The Cork tree. The Charaders are

//

in all refpe&t

like the llex9

exctft

S
txteft in the
in this
is

V
the
fait

S TJ
the Plants growing there In Plenty on the Shore, in moift Places, where?

thick, fpongy,

Bark cf the Tree, which andfft.

1.

Tens.

The Species are Suber latifohum perpet uo nti* C. B. P. The broad lea v\l
-

Water

ufually flows. It alfo

in

grows
It
is

plentifully

fome Parts of

the Ifland of Jamaica.

ever-green Cork-tree. folium non erra2. Subi.r ang-ufli

The narrow-leav'd tum. C. B. P. Cork-tree, with fmooth Edges. There are feveral other Varieties
f
this

Tree mentioned

in

fome of

the Italian Catalogues of Plants ; but the two Sorts here mentioned are all

I have oblervtl in the Englijb Gardens.

propagated by Seeds, which be fown on an Hot-bed early in the Spring ; and when the Plants are come up, they mult be carefully cleaned from Weeds, and frequently refremed with Water. In warm Weather the Glafles of the Hot- bed mould be raifed every Day, to admit frefh Air to the Plants, to pre-

mud

Thefe Trees may be propagated by fowing their Acorns in the Spring, in the manner directed for the Ilex to which thefc exactly agree, both in their Characters and Culture
;
:

therefore, to avoid Repetition,

the

Reader

is

delir'd to turn to that

Ar-

ticle for farther

Infraction.

SUCCORY.

Fide Cichorium.
Vide Rhus.

SUMACH.
SURIANA.
The
It hath

drawing up too weak. fit to remove, they mould be taken up carefully, and each planted in a feparate fmali Pot filled with frefh light Earth, and plunged into an Hot- bed of Tanners Bark, obferving to fhade them until they have taken new Root ; aftef which time they muft be duly water'd every Evening in hot Weather; and they muft have frefli Air admitted to them every Day, in provent
their

When

the Plants are

Characters are

a rofe-Jhafd Flower comy p4s J of feveral Petals, which are piacd orbicularly, from whofe Empo.leymnt arifes the Pointal, which afterward becomes the Fruit which generally confijh of jour Capfules, in
;

fon.

portion to the Warmth of the SeaIn this Hot-bed the Plants

may

remain

till

the

Autumn, when

begin to be cold; at which time they mould be remov'd into the Stove, and plung'd into the Bark-bed. During the Winter- feafon thefe Plants muft be kept
efpecially while

the Nights

which are
Seeds.

included four

roundijh

warm,

they

are

We know
this Plant
;

but cf one Species of

port ulac<^ anguftif.

<vi%.

otherwife they will not live the Winter in this Country.

young, through

They

Suriana foliis
Plum. Nov. Gen.

Suriana with narfo

muft alfo be frequently refreuYd with Water but it muft not be given to
;

row

Purflain-leaves.

This Plant was

1

named by Fa-

ther i 1 iimier, who difcover'd it in the French Settlements in America; in

them in large Quantities in cold Weather for too much Moifture in Winter will foon deftroy them. Thefe
;

Honour
Botanift.

to

Mcirj 'ciilesy

Dr. Jofeph Surian of who was a very curious

but flow Progrefs the afterward they will grow pretty freely, if they are not Hinted. In Winter they muft conftantly be
Plants
firft

make
;

Year

The Seeds cf this Plant were brought, from the Ha<va};na by the late Dr. William Houft'oun jW'ho iOund

kept in the Stove in this Country, and if they are plung'd into the Bark bed, they wiU make the greater
Pro-

S
Progrefs.

Y
Flower.

S
glofs-leaf, a red

Y
Root, and a yellow
echii folio amplilnft.

In Summer they mull have a large Share of Air, by opening the Glafles of the Stoves ; and if their Leaves are cover'd with Filth (which the Plants in Stoves often contract), they mould be carefully warned with a Sponge ; otherwife the Plants will not only appear unfightJy,

6.Symphytum

ore, radice rubra, fore exalbido.

R. H. Comfrey with a broad Vipersbuglofs-leaf, a red Root, and a whiteilh

Flower.
7.

Symphytum

echii folio

angu-

but

it

will retard their

Growth.

ftiore, radice

Thefe Plants ufually grow about

feven

R. H.

rubra, flore luteo. Inf. Comfrey with a narrow Vi-

or eight Feet high; and as

pers-buglofs-leaf, a red Root, and a

they retain their Leaves throughout

the Year, they afford an agreeable

yellow Flower.
8.

Symphytum

Creticum,
villi's

echii

Variety amongft other Plants in the

Stove.

folio angufiore, longij/imis

hor-

SYCAMORE.
jus.

Vide Acer ma-

SYMPHYTUM,
The

Comfrey.

Candy Comfrey, with a narrow Vipersbuglofs-leaf, cover'd with very long Hairs, and a faffron-colour'd Flower.

rido, flore croceo. Tourn. Cor.

Ckaraclers are

The Flower conjijis of one Leaf, 9. Symphytum Orient ale, echii /hap'd like a Funnel, having an ob- folio ampliore, longifflmis evillis horlong Tube, but Jhatfd at the Top like a Pitcher : out of the Flower-cup
rido, flore croceo.

Tourn. Cor. Eaftern

(which

is

deeply cut into flve

long

narrow Segments ) rifes the Pointal, attended with four Embryoes, which afterward become fo many Seeds, in
form fomewhat
Viper,
like the

- buwith long Hairs, and a faffron-colour'd Flower. 10. Symphytum Orient ale, echii

Comfrey, with a broad Vipers

glofs-leaf, cover'd

folio, flore albo tenuijfmo. Tourn. Cor.

Head of a

and

ripen in the Flower-cup.

;

Eaftern Comfrey, with a Vipersbuglofs-leaf,and a very narrow white

The
1.

Species are

Flower.
confolida

Symphytum

major

11.

Symphytum
Tourn. Cor.
a

Orient ale, echii

Eaftern

faemina, flore albo, <vel pa Hide luteo.

EL

folio minore, flore nunc albo, nunc fla<vefcente.

frey,

The greater female ComB. P. with a white or pale-yellow

Com-

frey, with afmaller Vipers buglofsleaf,

Flower.
2.

and

Flower fometimes white,

of a yellowifh CoOrient ale,
olea>

Symphytum

confolida

major

and

at other times

nas,

fore purpur eo. C. B. P. The greater male Comfrey, with a purple

lour.

12.

Symphytum

Flower.

folio argent eo, flore fawefcente. Tourn.

adice.

majus, tuber of a Greater Comfrey, vith a tuberofe Root. a 4. Symphytum minus, tuberof adice. C.B.P. Smaller Comfrey, nth. a tuberofe Root.
3.

Symphytum
C. B. P.

Cor.

my
13.

Eaftern Comfrey, with a

Olive-leaf,

fil-

and

yellowiih.

Flower.

Symphytum

Orient ale an-

gufifolium, fore cceruleo. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Comfrey, with a narrow

5.

Symphytum

echii folio

amp UR.H.

Leaf, and a blue Flower.

14.

e> radice rubra, fore luteo. Inf.

Symphytum

Conftantinopoliiff facie,

'omfrey

wich a broad Vipers buIII.

tanum, boraginis folio

flore
albo.

VOL.

4 Q_

S
filho.

Y
Com-

Tourn. Cor. Conflantinople

frey, with a Leaf and Face of Bo-

rage, and a white Flower. 15. Symphytum Orientate, folio fuhrotundo afpero, fiore cceruleo. Tourn.

Comfrey, with a rough roundiih Leaf, and a blue Flower.

Cor. Eaftern
16.

they are planted for Ufe. The beft Seafon for parting their Roots is in Autumn ; at which time almoft every Piece of a Root will grow. They Ihould be planted about eighteen Inches afunder, that they may have

room

Symphytum

Orient ale, folio

Jubrotundo afpero, flare caeruleo odoEaftern Comratifiimo. Tourn. Cor.

frey, with

a rough roundifh Leaf, and a very fweet blue Flower. The firft Sort grows wild upon the Sides of Banks and Rivers in divers Parts of England, where it is

no Care but to keep them clear from Weeds ; for they are extreme hardy, and will grow upon almoft any Soil, or in any Situation. SYR1NGA, The Mock-orange,
to fpread, and will require

farther

vulgo.

The

Characters are

commonly
Markets

gather'd

to

fupply the
Ufe.

for medicinal

The

The Flovuer,for the mojl part, confifis of five Leaves, vjhicb are plac'd circularly, and expand in form of a
Ro/e
;

fecond Sort is fometimes found wild in England; but is lefs common than In Holland it is the the former. only Sort I obferv'd wild where it grows on the Sides of the Canals almoft every- where. The third Sort I never yet observed growing wild but it is preferv'd in many Gardens for Varie;
;

from

vohofe Flcvjer-cup rifes

the Pointal,

which afterward

be-

comes a roundijh Fruit adhering to the

Flovjer-cup, divided into four Cellst

vjhich are full of fmall Seeds. The Species are ;

1. Syringa alba, five Phi lade I phus Athenai. C. B. P. The common white Syringa, or Mock-

ty-

orange.
fourth Sort here mentioned
pretty

The
is

common

in feveral Englifo
is

Gardens, where

it

preferv'd for

the fake of Variety.

This increafes pretty faft by its Roots ; but is feldom propagated by Seeds. The fifth, lixth, and feventh Sorts grow wild in Spain and Portugal, from whence their Seeds may be obrain'd. Thefe have red Roots, fomewhat refembling thofe of the Alkanet ; and are by fome Botanifts ranged amongft
the Alkanets.

Syringa fiore albo pleno. C.B. The double white Syringa. 3. Syringa fiore albo fimplici,foThe ftripedliis ex luteo variegatis.
2.

P.

leav'd Syringa.

Dr. Linnaus has chang'd the Title of this Genus to Philadelphus ; and he has given this Title of Syringa to the Lilac ; but as the old Titles of both Genera are more commonly

known,
them

fhall

to the Plants

choofe to continue they have been

is

The other Sorts were difcover'd by

Dr.

apply'd to by former Botanifts. The firft Sort is that which

Tournefort

in the Levant,

from

commonly
Gardens.

cultivated in the Englijh

whence he fent Royal. Garden at

their Seeds to the

The

fecond feldom pro-

Paris.

AH thefe Plants may

be cultivated,

duces its Flowers, which are very, double; and the Plants are of humble

either by fowing their Seeds in the

Growth.

Spring, or by parting of their Roots: the latter Way, being the molt ex1

The variegated Sort is preferv'd in the Gardens of fuch as are curious

in ftriped Plants, though there
is

peditious,

is

chiefly praclis d,

where

no

great

T A
great

Beauty

in it

becaufe

when

the Plants are vigorous, the Stripes

in the Leaves fcarcely appear.

All theie Plants may be eafily propagated, by taking off their Suckers in Autumn (which they produce very plentifully), and planting

T A

TABERN^EMONTANA.
The Characters are hath a tububut Viewer, confining of one Lenf, which is fprtad open
;

them out
Diitance

in a

Row

Nurfery at tnrec Feet from Row, and a Foot

It

afunder in the

Rows

obferving to

keep the Ground between them conftantly clear from Weeds, as alfo to dig it up every Spring to loofen it, that the Roots of the Plant may m< re
readily extend themfelves.

In this

Nurfery they may remain two Years, by which time they will be fit to tranfplant out,where they are to remain; which may be into fmail Wildernefs-quarters, or amongft flowering Shrubs in Clumps, Gbferving to place them with other Sorts of Shrubs of the fame Growth for thelc feldom grow above fix or fe\ en Feet high in Englajid, and the double Sort not more than three or four. They are extreme hardy, fo may be planted in almoit any Soil or Situation ; and will require no farther
;

and divided into fedefrom the Bottom of the Flower arijes the Point ul, wb>cb afterward he comes the. Fruit, compofed of two C pfulcs which open lengthways and are filld with oblong Seeds, fun oundtd with a thin Pulp.
Top,

toward the

ral Parts

The
I

Species are

.T A B E R N JE MO N T A N A
foliis

laSlefcens 9

citrii

undulatis.

Plu?u.

No-n.

Gen.

Milky Tabern;emontaaa, with a waved Citron-leaf.

2.

Tadern^emontan a

lnc7cfcns 9
rot n-

lauri folio, fore aibo, fniquis

diorihus.

Milky 1 ab^rnaeHo, (I. montana, with a Bay-leaf, a white Flower, and rounder Pods.

The
in the

firft

of thefe Sort
of

is

common
in fe-

Maud
;

Jamaica, and

Culture but to take off the Suckers every Year, and cut out the dead

veral other Places in the

warm

Parts

Wood

as alfo
in

to

keep them clear

from Weeds

Summer, and dig

the Ground about their Roots every Winter, wiiuii will make them thrive and flo-ver very plentifully.

of America where it rifes to the Height of fifteen or fixteen Feet, having a fmoo'h ftrait Trunk, covered with a whitifh Bark at the
;

Top

out the Branches, which are irregular, and

ot tne
(hilling.- green

Trunk come

The
tinue

Seafon of their flowering

in

is

in

befet with

May, and
in

cool Seafons they con-

from the Foot

\

Beau;y tne firft Fart of Their Flowers have a Scent ibmewhat like thofe of trie Orangetree, from whence it had the Name of Mock -orange but if thefe are
June.
:

Leaves Leaves are produe'dthe Flowers. wh;cn are fiiow, and extremely fweet lccntftatks ot thefe

eJ: rhefe Flowers are fucceeded bytwo forked Pods, in which the Se<?ds
are contained.
is

This Genus of P ants

plac'd in a cloie
to

Room,

or are fmelt

too clo.elv, they have a ftrong difagreeable Scene, and too powerfor the Ladies
;

very near of kin to the Nerium or Oleander ; and has been by foine

ful

but

when they
is

are in the open Air, the Scent

io affecting.

not

Botanical Writer: rang"d under that but the Seedi of tnis Genus ; having no Down a, hering to rhem,

Head
as

have thofe of the Oieanuer, and

4

0^2

being

T A
feeing included in a foft

T A
pulpy Subconrtitulittle

ftance, Father Plumier has

new Tan added ; but at Michaelmas, when the Nights begin to

be cold, the Plants mould be remov'd, and plung'd into the Bark-bed in the Stove; where, during the Winterfeafon,

tcd

this

Genus,

James Theodore,
in

Honour to Dr. who was called Tain

bernainontanus, from a

little Village Germany, where he was born. He was one of the moll knowing Botanifts of his Age, and publimed at Tranefori a Folio, in a long Form,

they muft be kept in a

mo-

derate Degree of
little

and in cold Weather they fhould have but

;

Warmth

Year 1590. in which are the Figures of two thoufand two hundred and fifty Plants. The fecond Sort was difcovered at La Vera Cruz, by the late Dr. William Houftoun, who fent the Seeds i::to England, from whence feveral of the Plants have been raifed. Both thefe Plants are very impatient of Cold ; fo will not live in this Country, unlefs they are placed
in the in

rot them.

Water given them,, left it mould As thefe Plants are too,

tender to live in the open Air in this Country, they fnould conftant-

a warm Stove; they may be propagated by Seeds, which lhould be iown early in the Spring, on an Hot bed; and when the Plants are come up, they muft be carefully
tranfplanted into fmall
Pots
filled

remain in the Stove, where, in they may have free Air admitted to them, by opening the GlaiTes of the Stove ; but in cold Weather they muft be kept warm ; with this Management the Plants will thrive, and produce their Flowers ; and as they are always green, they will make a pleafant Diverfity amongft other tender Exotic Plants
ly

warm Weather,

in the Stove.

with light rich Earth, and then plunged into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark being careful to fhade them in the Heat of the Day, until they have taken new Root ; after which time they muft have free Air admitted to them every Day when the Weather is warm ; but if the Nights fhould prove cold, the dalles of the Hot-bed lhould be covered with Mats every Evening, foon after the Sun goes oft" from the Bed. Thefe Plants muft be often refreflied with Water ; but it muft not be given to
;

Thefe Plants may alfo be propagated by Cuttings, during the Summer-fealon; which fhould be cutoff from the old Plants, and laid to dry in the Stove five or fix Days before they are planted, that the wounded
Parts
rot.

may

heal, otherwife they will,

Cuttings lhould be planted in Pots filPd with frelh light

Earth, and plunged
into the Hotbed of Tanners Bark, obferving to lhade them from the Sun in the Middle of the Day in hot Weather, as alfo to refrefh them now-and-then with a little Water. When the Cuttings have taken Root, they may be tranfplanted into feparate Pot?, and treated in the fame manner as thofe which are raifed from Seeds.

Thefe

them

in large Quantities,
:

elpecially

while they are young for as they are full of a milky Juice, they are very iubjeci to rot with much Moift'

TA CAM AH AC A foliis
Phjt. iab. zz8. /. haca.
2.

crenatis,

ure.

fadelhcut feu lignum ad ephippia covjicienda apfum. Par. Bat. prod. Pluk.

The Flants may remain during the Summer-feafon in the Hot-bed, provided the Tan is ftirred up to regtew the Heat when
it

The Tacama-

wants, and a

This Tree grows fpontaneoufly on the Continent of America, where

the

T A
the Inhabitants

T A
the Bodies of

wound

the Trees in the Spring, from

whence
great-

there flows a Balfam, which

ly efteemed

is

by thePhyficians of thofe Countries, and is placed amongft the Lift of Simples in the College Difpenfary, though at prefent it is not
of this Sort were brought from Canada mtoFrance a few Years fince, from whence they were procured by fome curious Perfons in the Ifiand of Jerfey,vshere it is propagated in the Gardens ; and was fent to England by the Name of Arbre de la Reine, as a Prefent to the

count of the Fruit, nor hath any of the Trees in the Englijh Gardens, as yet, attempted to produce any, we cannot determine its true Genus. It may be very eafily propagated by Cuttings, which mould be planted in OSlober, foon after the Leaves
drop, in a Bed of
frefli Earth, in any Expofure, where almoft every Cut-

much ufed in England. Some of the Plants

ting will fucceed.

They may
;

alfo

Queen. This Tree is hardy enough to refill the Cold of our Winters in the open Air ; and if it is planted in a
late

be planted in the Spring but at this Seafon they are not fo fure to take Root, as in the Autumn ; for as the Plant is very early in coming out, fo, unlefs the Cuttings are taken off fome time before, they either will not grow, or, if they mould rake

Root, they would not make much The Plants firft Year. are alfo very apt to put out Suckers
Progrefs the

melter'd Situation, will not be in

any Danger of fufFering from the fevereft Cold of this Country, efpecially

when the Plants have obtained Strength ; fo it is very proper to plant amongft hardy Exotic Trees and Shrubs in Wildernefs-quarters, where they will add to the Variety. The Shoots of this Tree are very like thofe of the black Poplar, as are alfo the Leaves ; and the Buds, Feet high ; but they put out lateral in the Spring, before the Leaves Branches from the Ground upward, come out, are cover'd with a dark and do not make large Stems. glutinous Balfam, which fmells very TAGETES, African or French itrong when touched, and adheres Marigold. The Leaves of this to the Fingers. The Characlers are Tree fall off at Michaelmas, and new The Flower is radiated, confljling Leaves come out the Latter-end of of divers Florets, nvhich are plain, February, or the Beginning of March; and cut into fe veral Segments ; but the for it is one of the earlieft Trees in Dijk of^the Flower conftfts of Halfcoining out in the Spring. florets, which /land upon the Embryoes: There are fome of the Plants now the Flower-cup conjtjis of one Leaf, is in the Phyfic -garden at Cbelfea y tubulous, and inclofes the Embryoes ;
produced their Male Flowers (or Katkins), which are very like thofe of the Walnut-tree, or of fome of the Poplars; fo that, it is probable, this may be of the latter Genus: but as we have no Ac-

from their Roots, fo that they may for the be increafed in Plenty Shoots which have been accidentally buried in the Ground, have (hotten up the following Spring, and made good Plants. This feems not to be a Tree of great Size, if we may judge by thofe in the Englijh Gardens, which do not grow more than fourteen or fixtcen
;

which have

which
Seeds,

afterward become angular with a Leaf upon the Head of

each.

I.

The Species are Tagetes maximus

%

reel us, flare

fmplici, ex tuteo pallida J, B. Great-

4 0.3

ell

T A
eft

T A
with
duplicato.
reelus, flore

upright African Marigold,

2.

finale pale-yellow Flower.

Tagetes maximus

H. L. Double French Marigold, with a piped Flower. minimus y 13. Tacetes Indicus
hirfutie obflto. H. L. French Marigold, with a foft hairy Flower. All thefe Plants are annual ; To

maximo

multiplicato. J. B.

Greateft

flore

fericea
leaft

upright African Mangold, with a large double Flower.

3.

The

Tagetes maximus

maximo

reel'us , fiore multiplicato aurantii coloris.

Greateft upright African Mangold, wich a very large doable orange-colour'd Flower.
4.

Tage

es

maximus

reelus, flore

maximo

multiplicato fulphuni color is.

Greateft upright African Marigold, with a very large double brimiionecolour'd Flower.
5.

Tagetes maximus

reel us,

fore

maximo
gold,

multiplicato, pallidt luteo odo-

rato. Greateft upright African

Mari-

very large doable Flower or a pale-yellow Colour, and a iweet Scent.

with

mutt be propagated from Seeds every Spring, which may be Town upon a moderate Hot-bed in March ; and when the Plants are come up, they fhould have Plenty of frelh Air ; for if they are drawn too much, they will not afterward become handfome, notwithflanding they have all polhble Care taken of them When they are about three Inches high, they mould be tranfplanred on a very moderate Hot bed. which may be arched over with Hoops, and cover'd with
are hardy

Mats enough
:

for thefe Pla

its

to be brought

up

6.

Tagetes maximus red us

Greateft
!

flore

maximo
fftulofo.

multiplicato, pallide luteo, cif

upright African

Mango

d, with a large

double pale-

ye low and piped Flower, commonly called the quilled African

7.

Tagetes

Indie us mtdtus, flore

.

fimpLci

Indian J. B Marigold, with a fingle pale-yellow Fiower. 8. Tagetes Indie us mrdius, fore luteo multiplicato. H. L. The middle Trench Marigold, with a double Flower.
luteo pallido.

middle French

9.

Tagetes

Indieus minor, fimplici

f.ore, Jive Caryophyllus Indicus, fi<ve

Lefler or J. B. common French Marigold, with a fingle Flower, call'd Indian CloveFlos Africanus.
gilliflower.
10.

in this Bed they without GlaiTes mould be planted about fix Inches afunder each Way, obferving to water and fhade them until they have taken Root but as the Plants acquire Strength, they mould beenur'd to bear the open Air by degrees ; and about the Beginning of May they fhould be taken up, with a Ball of Earth to the Root of each Plant, and plac'd in a Nurfery in a warm Situation, about eighteen Inches afunder, obferving to water and fhade them until they have taken Root and in very dry Weather the Waterings mould be repeated in this Nurfery they may remain until their Flowers appear, fo as to diftinguifh thofe with double Flowers which may be taken up with a Ball of Earth to each Plant,
;

Tagetes

Indicus minor,

mul-

and planted into the Borders of the

Parterre-garden, or into Pots,
for

tiplicato fiore.

J. B,

Double French

Mangold,
1

*vulgo.'

1.

Tagetes
H.
vvith a

Indicus, flore flmL.

flici fiflulofo.

Marigold,
12.

Single French piped Flower.

furniming the Courts, &c. where the feveral Varieties, being rntermix'd with other annual Plants, afford an agreeable Variety.

Tagetes Indicus, flore fiflulofo

Thofe

T A
Thofe with fingle Flowers mould be pull'd up, and thrown away as
becaufe the Seeds produced from them will rarely prodace double Flowers : therefore
ferent
;

T A
and that of thtWeft- Indies, to be
but I don't
dif-

remember

to

good

for

little,

have feen them diftinguinVd by any

Botanic Author
they
:

tho' indeed,

from

the different Appearance of the Pods,

great Care mould be taken to fave

only the Seeds of thofe whofe Flowers are very double of every Kind from which there will always be a good Quantity of double ones product ; tho' from the very beft Seeds there will always be fome fingle Flowers ; but the fmall Sorts always produce a greater Number of double

feem very different for the Pods which I have feen of the EaflIndian Sort were very long, and
;

contain'd
ly contain

fix

or feven Seeds in each

whereas thofe of the Weft- Indies rare-

more than three or four : but from the Plants which I have rais'd from both Sorts of Seeds, I can't diftinguifh them afunder as
yet.

Flowers than the large, which are

more

apt to degenerate. Thefe Plants have a flrong difScent,

efpecially

Thefe Trees grow

to a great Mag-

agreeabie
;

when

nitude in their native Countries ; but in Europe they are preferved as Curiofities

handled for which Reafon they are not fo greatly efteemed for planting near Habitations but the Flowers of the fweet - fcented Sort, being more agreeable, are moftly coveted All to plant in -fmall Gardens.
:

by thofe

who

are Lovers of

rare Plants.

They are eafily propagated by fowmg their Seeds on an Hot-bed in the Spring and when the Plants are
;

thefe Sorts begin to flower in June,

and continue all the latter Part of the Year, until the Froll prevents their flowering for which, together with the little Trouble requir'd in their Culture, they have greatly obtained in mod Englijh Gardens.
:

mould be planted eacn into a feparate fmall Pot filPd with light rich Earth, and plunged into an Hot bed of Tanners Bark, to

come

up, they

TAMARIND US,
rind-tree.

The Tama;

The
The
Leaves,
referable

CbaraSiers are

forward, obferving to water and made them until they have taken Root ; and as the Earth in the Pots appears dry, they muft be watered from time to time ; and mould have Air given to them in proportion to the Warmth of the Seafon,

bring them

Flower

confifts

of federal
to

and the Bed

ced
:

in

which they are pla-

which are
;

fo placed as

when

the Pots in which they are

fill'd

a papilionaceous one in fome but tbefe expand circularly, from whofe many-leaS d Flower-cup
tneafure
rifes the

Pointal ; which afterward

becomes a flat Pod, containing many

flat angular Seeds, Jurrounded an f.cid blackijh Pulp.

with
this

with their Roots, fhifted into Pots of a larger Size, which muft be hil'd up with rich light Earth, and again plunged into the Hot-bed, giving them Air, as before, according to but in the Warmth of the Seafon
planted are
the Plants

mould be

We
Tree
;

have but one

wfe.
.

Species

of

Tamarindus.
Tamarind-tree.

Rait Hifl.

The

There are iome who imagine the Tamarind - tree of the Eaji-hdiu,

very hot Weather the Glaffes mould be (haded with Mats in the Heat of the Day, otherwife the Sun will be too violent for them through the Glaffes; nor will the Plants thrive, if they are expos'd to fche open Air,

even

1
even

1
;

in the warmeft Seafon fo that they mult, be conftantly kept in the Bark-ftove both Winter and Sum-

They may be
by laying down
in the Spring,

eafily

their tender

propagated, Shoots

mer, treating them

rected
for

the

been diCoffee-tree, with

as hath

tings in
;

whofe Culture they

ceedingly.
will

will thrive ex-

Plants, if rightly managed, grow very faft for I have had them upward of three Feet high in one Summer from Seed, and had
;

Thefe

or by planting Cutan Eaft Border in moift Weather which, if fupplied with Water, will take Root in a fhort time ; but they mould not be removed until the following Spring ; at which time

they

may

be either placed in a Nur-

the fame Seafon

one Plant which produced Flowers but it was fown this was accidental for I have never fmce had any of them flower, altho'
: ;

have feveral Plants of different one of which is ten Years ; old, and about eleven Feet high, with a large fpreading Head.
I

Ages

be trained up two or three Years, or elfe into the Quarters where they are defignM to remain ; after which, the only Culture they will require, is, to prune off the ftraggling ShooCs, and keep the Ground clean about them. Thefe Plants delight in a fandy Soil, not over-rich; and mould be plac'd amongft Shrubs of a middling
fery, to

TAMARISCUS,
tree.

TheTamarifk-

Growth
land ;

for they rarely

grow above

fifteen or fixteen Feet

The Characters are T he Flowers are rofaceous,

ing of federal Leaves,
"placed orbicularly
;

high in Engbut are very hardy as to Cold.

confin-

TAMNUS,
The
It is

The Black Bryony.

which art

from whofe Flowwhich afterward becomes a Pod (fomewhat like thofe of the Sallow ), which opens into two Parts, and contains feveral downy Seeds.
er-cup rifes the Pointal,

Plants : Plant confijl of one Leaf and are bellfhaped ; but thefe are barren : the Embryoes are produced on the Female
Plants,

Characters are Male and Female in different the Flowers of the Male

The Species are 1. Tamariscus Narbonenjis. Lob. Icon. The French or narrow-leav'd
Tamarifk-tree.
2.

which afterward become an oval Berry, including roundifh Seeds : to thefe Notes fhould be added, That
thefe Plants have no Clafpers, as the White Bryony hath.

Icon.

Tamariscus Germanica. The German Tamarifk.

Lob.
1

The
.

Species are
s

T a m nu

Thefe Trees are preferv'd in the Gardens of thofe who are curious in collecting the various Kinds of Trees and Shrubs but they have not much Beauty to recommend them ; for
;

luteo pallefcente.

racemofa, fore minor Tourn. The comCretica, trifido folio.

mon
2.

Black Bryony.

Tamnus
trifid

Tourn. Cor.

Black Bryony of Crete,

Leaf.

with a
3.

their

Branches are produc'd in fo

flraggling a manner, as not,

Art, to be train'd
their Leaves are

by any up regularly and

:

commonly

thin up-

on the Branches, and fall away in Winter fo that there is nothing to recommend them but their Oddnefs.
;

Americana tubifera, American Black Bryony, with a Root refembling Muftiroom. 4. Tamnus Americana racemofa minor. Plum. Smaller branching American Black Bryony.
radice fungifcrmi. Plum.

Tamnus

5.

Tamnus

T A
5.

T A
and
contained in a fquamous
:

TaMNUS

Plum. American Black Briony. 6. Tamnus Americana, amplis foAmeriliis, fubtus purpureis. Plum. can Black Bryony, with large Leaves, which are purple on their Undermajor.
fide.

Amtricana ratmofa Greater branching

mifpherical Empalement

the

and ht^ Embryv

afterward becomes a Seed, not at all downy : to thefe Notes muji be added, 'Thick Flo wers gathered into a kind of Head.

The
1.

Species are

Americana, angurite folio. Plum. American Black Bryony, with a Water-melon-leaf.

7.

Tamnus

C.

Tanacetum vulgare B. P. Common Tanfy.

.

lutcum,

T A XACETUM

foliis crifpis.

C.

B. P.
3.

Curl'd or double Tanfy.

The
in

firft

Sort

is

rarely cultivated

Gardens; but grows wild under the Sides of Hedges in divers Parts of'England ; and is there gather'd for
It may be eafily medicinal Ufe. propagated, by fowing the Seeds foon after they are ripe, under the Shelter of Bufties, where, in the Spring, the Plants will come up, and fpread their Branches over the Bulhes, and fupport themfelves, requiring no farther Care ; and their Roots will abide many Years in the Ground, without decaying. The fecond Sort was difcovered in the Ifland of Crete, by Dr. Toumefort, who fent their Seeds to the Royal Garden at Paris : this is an abiding Plant, which is hardy enough

*variegatis.

Tanacetum <vulgare, Common Tanfy,

foliis

with

ftriped Leaves.

4.

Tanacetum
Tanacetum

vulgare luteum

maximum. Boerh.

Ind.

The

largeft

common Tanfy.
5.

Africanum arlomultifdo

refcens, foliis
folio.

lavendulce,

H. Am. African fhrubby Tanfy. with Leaves like the multifid Lavender.
6. Tanacetum Orient ale minvs* Tourn. Cor. Smaller Eaftern Tanfy.
,

7.

Tanacetum Davaricum
tenviter diffediis.

hu-

milius, foliis

Amfine-

man.
8.

Tanfy of Davaria, with

cut Leaves.

Tanacetum

Africanum frute-

to live

in the full

Ground

in

Engin

feens multiforum, foliis tanaceti vulgaris decuplo ?ninoribus. Boerh. Ind.

land.

The other
thefe

Sorts

were difcovered
:

Shrubby African Tanfy, with many Flowers, and Leaves like the com-

America by Father Plumier

moil of

grow wild
in

in the uncultivated

Parts

of Jamaica,

and the other

:

mon Sort, but ten times lefs. The firft and fecond Sorts are very common \vv England, being promifcuoufly cultivated in Gardens, for the Ufe of the Kitchen ; but it is

Jflands

the Weft-Indies

thefe

Plants are preferved in fome Botanic

Gardens, for the fake of Variety ; but as they have but little Beauty, they are feldom admitted into other

the

firft

which fhould be propagated

for medicinal Ufe.

is

The
firft,

third Sort
is

a Variety of the

which

by
its

Gardens
(the

for they will not live thro'

in England,

fome preferv'd

for the fake of

Wimer

unlefs they

variegated Leaves.

are preferved in a Stove.

TANACETUM,
The
!

Tanfy.
;

The fourth Sort is very common in Appearance

;

like the

but

is

Characters are
fiafculous

much
into fe-

larger,

and has

lefs

Scent.

7/

hath a

Flower, conif

ffting of

many Florets, divided

ted

All thefe Sorts are eafily propagaby their creeping Roots, which,

yerai Segments, fitting on the Embryo,

permitted to remain undifturb'd,

will

T A
will in a fliort time overfpread the

T A
;

Ground where
leaft

they are planted

fo

mild Weather; otherwife they will draw up weak, and be liable to

Air in

that the Slips lhould be plac'd at

grow mouldy, and decay.

;

a Foot afunder, and in particular Beds, where the Paths round them may be often dug, to keep
their

Roots within Bounds.

transplanted

They
in

mull alfo be frequently but in very cold Weather they muft not have too much Water given them at each time ; though in
water'd

They

may be

either

Summer
ty.

they lhould have

this

it

in plen-

Spring or Autumn, and will thrive malmoft a^y Soil or Situation.

With

Management

(togein-

ther with obferving to mi ft

to larger Pots, as tney
it),

them

The common Tanfy

u(ed in Spring
the Kitchen
;

is

greatly

mall require
large,

early in the

the Plants will

grow

and

which

is

which Seafon, that in*the open Ground, or efat

is

peciaily in a cold Situation,

ly forward

hard-

enough
is

to cut

fo that

produce a great Quantity of Flowers which commonly appear early in the Spring, and thereby greatly add to the Variety of the Green;

where

this
it is

Seafon,

much wanted at that the belt way to make a

in

houfe.

The

fixth Sort

was difcover'd by

gentle Hot-bed

December, and plant the old Roots thereon, without parting them ; and arch the

Dr. Tournefort in the Levant ; from whence he fent the Seeds to the

Royal Garden

at Paris.

The

Se-

Bed over with Hoops to cover it with Mats in cold Weather by which Method the Tanfy will come np in January, and be fit to cut in
;

a fhort time after.

The fifth and eighth Sorts were brought from the Cape of G.oi Hop% and are preferv'd in the Gardens of
thofe

venth Sort was fent to me from Peterjhurgh, by Dr. Amman, who was Profefibr of Botany in that Univerfity: Both thefe, being very hardy Plants, may be propagated by Seeds, or parting of their Roots, in the

fame manner

as

is

practis'd for the

common

who

are cur;ous in collecting

Tnefe may be pro Exotic Plants. pagated by planting Cuttings or Slips, during any of the Summermonths, upon a Bed of light rich Earth, obferving to water and (hade them until they have taken Root ; after which they may be taken up,

Sort; but the Roots of thefe Kinds do not creep fo much as * thofe of the common Sort.

TAN,
us'd

or

TANNERS BARK, is
Oak
tree,

the Bark of the

in

chopp'd

or ground into coarfe Powder, to be

Tanning or Drelfmg of
it

Skins; after which

is

and planted

in Pot:-

filPd

with freih
in a fhady

Gardening mentation (when

Ufe
:

in

Firft,

by

laid

in

of great its Fera Body),

light Earth, placing

them

Situation until they nave taken

new

and then they may be expofed in an open Place, amongit other Exotic Plants, until theBegmning of October ; when they mull be remov'd into the Green-houfe, obferving to

Root

always moderate, and of a long Duration, which renders it of great Service for Hot-beds: and, fech
is

wh

condiy, after

it is

well rotted,

it

be-

place them in the cooleft Part thereof, and as near the Windows as pofiiblc,

comes excellent xManure for all Sorts of cold itiff Land upon which one Load of Tan is better than two of rotter. Dung, and will continue longer in the Ground.
;

that they

may

enjoy the free

TAPIA, The

Garlick Pear-tree.

Til

T A
The
It

T A
;

Characters are

hath an anomalous Flower, conwhich fining offour Petals orLeaves, fland ered ; the lower Part being occupied by a Number of Chives : the Pointal, which is fx\l on a long Footfialk, rijes from the Centre of the

with thisFruit, have theflrong Scent of Garlick communicated to their Thefe Trees generally grow Flefh

on low moift Land

in fevera: Parts

of America. In Europe this Tree

is

preferv'd
culti-

by fome curious Perfons, who

Empalemrnt, and afterward becomes

a globular flejbj

Fruit

in the

Centre
,

vate tender Exotic Plants. It is propagated by Seeds, w hich fhould be

cf which an included many Seeds which are fiaped almofl like Kidneys.

(own on an Hot-bed early in the Spring ; and when the Plant, rre

come
have but one
;

We
Plant

Species

of this

planted into
filPd

up, they fhould be each tranfa feparaie fm^ll Pot

was.
triphxlla.

T APIA arborea
Nov. Gen.
<vulgo.

Plum.

The

Garlick Pear-tree,

The Name Tapia is what the American* call this Tree ; fo Father Plumitr has conftituted it as a new
Genus, by the fame
lifh

Name TutEngcall
it

with rich Earth, and then plunged into a moderate Hot bed of Tanners Bark ; obferving to (hade them from the Sun every Day, until they have taken new Rcot ; after which time they muft be treated in the fame manner as hath been directed for the Guanabanus ; with which

Innabitants

of America

Management,

this

Plant will thrive,

Garlick pe. r, from the Fruit having a very itrong Scent of Garlick.

and mnke a Variety in the tove, amongil other tender Exotic Plants.

This Tree Jamaica, and

the

is

pretty

common

in

TARCHON ANTHCJS.
Characters are huth a compound Flower, ccmpcfed of feveral Florets, which are Hermaphrodite ; and Half -florets, which are Female : the Florets are
;

feveral other Places in

The

warmer

Parti,

of America, where

//

itulually rfes to the Height of thir-

and fpreads into During the dry tubuious, and of one Leaf, cut into fve Sealons, thefe Trees are ufually deParts at their Brim : t be Half-f, rets ftitute of Leaves but when theRains begin, they thrufl out their Flowers furround the other f and compofe the Rays : thefe arc included in one com at the Extremity cf their Branches ; mon fmple Empalement I the HermaI and ioon after theirLeaves come out, phrodite Flowers are barren ; but the I which are of a dark-green Colour Female Flowers are fuccceded by a I and are always three together on I the fame Footftalk. When the Flow- Jingle comprefi'd Seed. We have but one Species of this I ers fall off, the Pointal becomes a Genus in the EngUjb Gardens at preI roundFruit, about the Size of a TenI nis ball ; which, when ripe, has a fent viz. Tarchonanthus falicis caprea I rough browmfh Rind, and a mealy I fweetifh Pulp, iomewhat like fome foliis odoratis. Vaill. Mem. 1 7 19. I of the European Pears ; but has a Tarchonanthus with fallow fvveetthis is commonly This Fruit fmellmg Leaves I ftrong Scent of Garlick. I is often eaten by the Inhabicants of known by the Title of African Tree Fleabane, with a Sage-leaf fmelling I! America, by way of Deflcrt ; tho' The like Rofmary. llthey are not very tempting. I Swine, which are ibmetimcs fattened This
ty or
forty Feet,

many

Branches.

T A
This Plant, will grow to the Height of twelve or fourteen Feet,
with a ftrong woody Stem, and may be train'd to have a regular Head. The Branches are garnifli'd with Leaves,which are in Shape like thofe of the broad-leav'd Sallow ; having a downy Surface, like thofe of Sage, and their Under-fides are white thefe refemble in Smell the Rofmary-leaves
ers are

T A
where they may remain till the Middle orEnd ofOc7obcr,whex\ they mould
be remov'd into the Green-houfe, placing them where they may have a large Share of Air in mild Weather. This Plant is very thirfty, fo muft be often water'd; and every Year the Plants muft be (hifted, and, as they
increafe in Size,

mould be put into

Vide

larger Pots.

when

bruis'd.

The Flow-

TARRAGON.
num.

Abrota-

produc'd in Spikes at the Extremity of the Shoot?, which are of a dull purple Colour fo do not make any great Appearance but as the Leaves remain all the Year,
; ;

TAXUS, The
The
It

Yew-tree. Characlers are ;

amentaceous

hath

Flowers,

which

conftf^of

many

A pices, for the

thefe Plants are preferv'd to

make

moft part Jhaped like

aMufbroom, and

Variety in the Green-houfe, during the Winter-feafon, by thofe who are curious in collecting of foreign
Plants.

are barren ; but the Embryoes (which are produced at remote Dijiances on the

This Plant
fo
is

is

a Native of Africa;
to
live

too

tender

through

fame Tree) do afterward become hollow : it hath bell -Jhaped Berries , which are full of Juice, and include Seeds fomewhat like Acorns, having, as
it

the Winter in the open Air in England ; but it requires no artificial

were, a

little

Cup

to each.

The
1.

Species are

mayjbe plac'd in a Green-houfe with Myrtles, Oleanders, and other hardy Exotic Plants, in Winter; and in the Summer may be expos'd with them in the open Air, and treated in the fame
;

Heat

therefore

Taxus. J.

B.

The common
magi fque Yew-tree
mining: *

common

Yew-tree.
2.

Taxus

folio

latiori ,

fplendente.

Boerh.

hid.

with a broader and more

Leaf.
3.

manner
It

as they are.

may

be propagated by

Cut-

R. Par.

Taxus foliis ruariegatis. H. The Yew-tree with ftri-

tings, which mould be planted in May, in Pots fill'd with light Earth ; and if they are plung'd into a moderate Hot-bed, it will promote their putting out Roots. Thefe mould be

Sorts are often promifcuoufly cultivated in Gardens, without Diftinclion ; but the third
is
its

ped Leaves. The two firft

preferv'd by
little

fome

for the fake

of

ihaded with Mats, or cover'd with oiled Paper, to fcreen them from the Sun until they are rooted and they By Auduly water'd. mull be guji thefe Cuttings will have taken Root, when they mould be each tranfplanted into a feparate Pot, and
;

variegated Leaves,

tho' there is
;

very

Beauty in them

for du-

ring the Summer-feafon, when the Plants are in Vigour, the Stripes in the Leaves are hardly to be perceived; but in Winter they are more

plac'd in the Shade until they have

taken
they

new Root after which time may be plac'd with other hardy
;

however, the Stripe beany real Beauty, it is hardly worth prefer v:

obvious

ing rather a Bleniim, than

ing.

Exotic Plants in a Ihelter'd Situation,

There

T A
There is hardly any Sort of evergreen Tree, which has been fo generally cultivated in the Englijh Gardens, upon the account of its

T A
much
pofes.

to be preferred for fuch Pureafily

Thefe Trees may be

propa-

being fo

tonfile, as to

be with Eafe

reduc'd into any Shape the Owner pleas'd ; and it may be too often
feen, efpecially in old Gardens,what a wretched Tafte of Gardening did

gated by fowing their Berries in Autumn, as foon as they are ripe (without clearing them from the Pulp

which furrounds them,

as hath been

frequently directed), upon a Bed of

frefti undung'd Soil, covering them over about half an Inch thick with the fame Earth. In the Spring the Bed muft be

generally prevail, from the monitrous Figures of Beafts, &c. we find but of late thefe Trees reduc'd into
:

this

Tafte has been juftly exploded by many Perfons of fuperior Judgment for what could be more abfurd than the former Methods of planting Gardens ? where, in the
:

carefully clear'd
if the

from Weeds

and

Seafon prove dry, it will be proper to refrefh the Bed with Wa-

ter

Part next the Habitations, were crouded a large Quantity of thefe and other Sorts of ever-green Trees,
all

now-and-then, which will promote the Growth of the Seeds ; many of which will come up the fame
Spring, but others will remain in the Ground until the Autumn or Spring

trite

of which were Iheer'd into fome Figure or other ; which, befide the. obftru&ing the Profpedl from the Houfe, occafionM an annual Expence, to render the Trees difagreeable. For there never was a Perfon, who had confider'd the Beauty of a Tree in its natural Growth, with all its Branches dift'us'd on every Side, but mult acknowlege fuch aTree infinitely more beautiful than any of
thofe (horn Figures, fo

following

but where the Seeds are ; preferv'd above-ground till Spring

before they are fown, the Plants never come up till the Year after ; fo
that by fowing the Seeds as foon as they are ripe, there is many times a

whole Year faved. Thefe Plants, when theycome up, Ihould be conftantly clear'd from

Weeds

which,

if

permitted to

grow

much

ftudied

amongft them, would caufe their Bottoms to be naked, and many times
deftroy the Plants,

by Perfons of
tion.

a groveling Imagina-

when

they con-

tinue long undifturb'd.

The only Ufe I would recommend this Tree for in Gardens, is

to

In this Bed the Plants may remain two Years after which, in the Au;

form Hedges

for

the Defence of

tumn, there fhould be a Spot of frelh

Exotic Plants ; for which Purpofe it is the moft proper of any Tree in Being the Leaves being fmall, the Branches are produc'd very clofely together and if carefully fhorn, they may be render'd fo clofe, as to
: ;

undungM

Soil prepar'd, into

which

the Plants Ihould

in

be remov'd the
;

Beginning of Otlober Beds about four.or

placing

them

five

Feet wide,

planting

them

in
fix

Rows about aFoot

Inches
in the
little

afunder, and

Diftance
;

break the Winds better than any other Sort of Fence whatever ; becaufe they will not be reverberated, as againft Walls, Pales, and other
clofe Fences
;

from each other

ferving to lay a

Rows

ob-

Mulch upon the Surface of the Ground about their Roots, as alfo to water them
in dry

and confequently are

Weather

until

they have ta-

ken

1
ken Root
;

&

1
will re2.

E
R. H.

after

which they

Telephium
Infl

quire no farther Care, but

to

keep

tulacce folio

Americanum, forAmerican

them clear from Weeds in Summer, and to trim them accoi ding to the Purpofe forwhich they are defign'd. In tnefeBeds they may remain two or three Years, according as ihey have grown, when they mould be again remov'd into aNurfery; placeing them in Rows at three Feet Diftance, and thePlants eighteen Inches

Orpine, with a Purfldin leaf. . Telephium maritimum, : fedi folio, fore rubello hi. MaInf. R

a'under in the
it

Rows

obferving
as

to do

in

the

fore directed,

was beand continue to trim

feafon, accord-

Autumn,

them

in

the

Summer
;

an Huufleekand a red Flower. 4. Telephium maritimum,fedi folio, fore albo. Injl. R. H. Maritime Orpine, with an Houfleekleaf, and a white Flower. The firit Sort is a Native of Italy, Spain, ai d the Southern Parts of France ; from whence the Seeds have been procur'a by fome Perfons
leaf,

ritime Orpine, with

which they and after they have continued three or four Years in this Nurfery, they may be tranfplanted where they are to remain, always
ing to
the Defign for

who
ferve

are curious in Botany,

it

who

pre-

Gardens for the fake of Variety. It is a low Plant, whofe Branches trail on the Ground the Leaves are imall and roundifh, of a obferving to remove them in the Au- glaucous Colour, and of a pretty tumn where the Ground is very dry ; thick Confidence. The Flowers are but on cold moift Land it is better fmall, and of a whitiuVgreen Colour; fo that the whole Plant makes but in the Spring. Thefe Trees are very flow in an ordinary Appearance. This Sort may be propagated by but yet there are many growing very large Trees upon fome barren Seeds, which fhould be fown early cold Soiis, in divers Parts ofEngland: in the" Spring, on a Bed of frefh the Timber of thefe Trees is greatly light Earth, in an open Situation and when the Plants are come up, efteem'd for many Ufes. TELEPHIOIDES, Ballard Or- they lhould be thinned, fo as to leave them fix or eight Inches afunder ; Vide Andrachne and Phyllanpine. and they muft be constantly kept thos. TELEPHIUM, Orpine, or Live- clear from Weeds for if thefe' are permitted to grow, they will foon long. overbear the Plants, and deftroy The Characters are them. 7/ batb a rofe-fhap 'd Flower, conIn June they will begin to fijling of federal Leaves placed orbiout of <whofe many-leatfd^ flower, and their Seeds will ripen in cularly Empahment rifes the Pointal, which Auguft when they muft be can fuU afterward becomes a three comer d lywatched to gather the Seeds, otherwife they will foon be fcatter'd Fruit, con/ijling of one Cell, which is filed with roundifo Seeds : to tbefe abroad ; and if the Ground is not Notes fhould be added, That theheanjes difturb'd, the Plants wil! come up in plenty, and require no other Care, are placed alternately on tkeBrancbes. than to keep them clear from The Species are TelEPH ium Diofcoridis. Im- Weeds. I. The fecond Sort is a Native of The true Orpine of Dicfcorifer. America ,from whence theSceds have d.i, according to Imperatus.
in their
: ; : ;

were intended

beea

li

been brought to feveral curious GarThis is a tender dens in Europe. Plant ; fo the Seeds fhould be fown on an Hot- bed early in the Spring ;

by degrees, into whic'n they may be remov'd, and plac'd in a warm Situation, amongit Ficoithe open Air
des's,

and when the Plants are come up, they mould be each tranfplanted into
a fmall feparate Pot with frefh light undung'd Earth, and then plunged into a moderate Hot- bed of Tanners Bark,obferving to made them from the Sun in the Middle of the Day
for a
little

and other fucculent Plants, which are Natives of the fame Country where they may remain until Oclober, when they mould be remov'd into an airy Glafs cafe, where they may be treated in the fame manner as hath been cirecled for the Ficoides's with which Manage;

time,

if

the

Weather

ment
well.

thefe Plants will

thrive very

fhould prove hot, until they have

after which time taken new Root they mould have free Air admitted to them every Day, in proportion to the Warmth of the Seafon ; and in hot Weather they muft be frequent but as the ly refrefh'd with Water Leaves and Branches are i'ucculent, theylhould not have too muchMoiftIn July the ure, left it rot them. Ptants will begin to flower, and in September the Seeds will ripen, and the Plants will perim foon after for they are annual ; fo that if the Plants are not brought forward early enough in the Spring, they will not produce good Seeds in this Coun;
-

Thefe Plants may alfo be propagated by Cuttings, which may be taken from the old Plants during any of the Summer-months ; and mould be laid to dry for a few Days before they are planted, in the fame manner as is praclis'd for other fucculent Plants planted in a
:

then they

may

be

Bed of

light

Earth,

will foon take Root, and planted afterward in Pots, and treated as the feedling Plants.

where they

may be

TEREBINTHUS, The Turpentine-tree.

The Char afters are

Female in different Flowers of the Male have no Petals, but conftjl of a Number of Stamina with Chives : the Embryoes, which are produced on the Female Trees, afterward become an oval Fruit with an hard Shell, inIt is
a?id

Mai:
the

Plants:

try.

The

third Sort

was brought from

the Cape of Good Hope, where it grows in great Plenty near the Sea-fide.

The
its

fourth Sort

is

a Variety of the

third, only differing in the

Colour of Thefe Sorts may be Flower. propagated by Seeds, which fhould be fown on a moderate Hot-bed in
the Spring ; and when the Plants are come up, they may be tranfplanted on another moderate Hot-

clofmg one or

two

oblong Ktrnels

to

The Leaves are pennated, or wingd, which are produced by Pairs, oppofte, and end in a fngle Lobe.
i.

thefe Notes mujl be added,

bed, to forward their

Growth

and

B.

The Species are; Terebinthus vulgaris. C. P. The common TurpentineTerebinthus

Indica Theo-

they are pretty ftrong, they Ihouldbe each planted into a lepan te

when

tree.
.

2.

Pot filled with frefh Earth, and placed on a gentle Plot-bed, to forward their making new Roots ; and in June they mould be enured to bear

phrajli,

Pijiachia Diofcoridis.

Lob.

Adv.
3.

The Piltachia-tree, vulgo. Terebinthus peregrina, fruftmile, eduli.

8u major e, pifachii

C.

B.

T E
#. P. Foreign Turpentine - tree, with a larger eatable Fruit, like the
Piflachia-nut.
4.

T E
in fix

Weeks

after

fowing

),

the?

fhould be enured to bear the open Air by degrees, into which they muft

Terebinthus peregrina, fru~

iff coeruleo, cduli.

lu minor e

C.

B.P.
a

Foreign
5.

Turpentine-tree, with

fmaller blue eatable Fruit.

Terebinthus
hp.
R.

feu Piftachia

trifolia.

H.

The

three-

Ieav'd Turpentine or Piftachia- tree.

6.
Ji.

R.
7.

Terebinthus Cappado-cica. Par. The Turpentine-tree

<i( Cappadoeia.

fijlachirtfrudu non eduli.

Americana, Plum. American Turpentine-tree, with a Fruit like the Piftachia-nut, which is not
8.

Terebinthus

be removed the Beginning of June, placing them where they may be fcreen'd from the Violence of the Winds ; in which Situation they may remain until Oclober, when they mould be remov'd either into a common Hot-bed-frame, or elfe into a Green- houfe, where they may be defended from hard Froft j but fhould have as much free Air as poffible in mild Weather, and muft be frequently refreftVd with Water.
In March following thefe Plants fhould be remov'd, and each planted in a feparate Pot fill'd with frefh light Earth ; and as the Spring advances, they fhould be again re-

eatable.

Terebinthus

major, betul<z

Sloan. fruclu triangulari. Cat. The Greater Turpentine-tree, with a Bark like the Birch-tree, and
tortice,

a triangular Fruit, in the Wejl- Indies,

commonly

call'd,

The

Birch- tree.

The fecond Sort is much more common in xhtEngHJh Gardens than

any of the other; becaufe the Nuts of the Piftachia-tree are annually brought to England for the Table ; and thefe, being planted, will grow
very well
;

moved into the open Air, and plac'd amongft other Exotic Plants, obferving to water them frequently in dryWeather ; and when their Roots are confin'd by the Smalnefs of the Pots, they muft be fhifted, being careful not to break the Earth off from their Roots ; which will greatly injure them, unlefs it be done before the Plants begin to fhoot in the Spring ;
for at that Seafon they

fo that

many of

thefe

maybe

tranf-

Trees have been lately rais'd mEngland\ whereas the Seeds of the other Sorts are rarely brought over.

planted with as

much

Safety as

any

other deciduous Trees.

The

fix

Sorts firft-mention'd are

Natives of the Iflands in the Archipelago, and

In this manner thefe Plants fhould be treated for three or four Years, while young ; after which time the
Piftachia's
full

fome other Places

in the

may
;

from whence their Seeds have been brought into Europe, where the Plants have been preferv'd by fome
Eaft
;

Ground
in a

be planted into the obferving to place

Situation, and dry-

them
Soil,

warm

curious Perfons.

Seeds (or Nuts) of all thefe in Pots filPd with frefii light Earth, and plung'd into a moderate Hot-bed ; obferv-

The

Trees fhould be fown

will endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters very well ; as may be leen by a very large Tree of this Kind, now growing in the Gardens of the Earl of

where they

Peterborough at Parfcnsgreen, near

ing to refrefh the Earth with Water frequently* as it may have Occafion;

and when the Plants are come up

(which thofe of the Piftachia will do

Fulham, which produces abundance of Fruit, without any manner of Care but thefe Fruit do not ripen
:

in

Ergland,

Thefe are Male and Female

T E
Female
in different

Trees

fo that

and make ufe of it

js

to vomit or purge
:

have good Fruit, there muft be both Sexes planted near each
in order to

in chronical Difeafes

the ufual

Dote

a Quarter of an

Ounce

for a ftrong

other.

The
this
;

other Sorts are as hardy as

Man, which is given in a Glafs of Water ; and will certainly vomit in

a Quarter of an Hour after taking, without making the Perfon fick, or caufing any Uneafinefs. The Inhabitants of Jamaica confidently affirm, that when the wild Hogs are wounded, they will repair to thefe Trees-, and rub againlt the Trunks till the Balfam flows out ; when they rub their wounded Part on the Balfam, which cures them ; which occafion\l their calling
tree.
it

fo

may

be treated

in the

fame

manner.

There are fome

old Plants

of the Turpentine-tree in the Englijb

Gardens, which are growing againft Walls, and have refilled the Cold of our Winter many Years ; though all
thefe Sorts are tender while they are

young, and muft have a

little

Shelafter

ter for three or four Years, until the

Plants have obtained Strength

which they will live in the open Air, and are feldom injur'd but by ievere
Troll.

the Hog-dofior-

The

fifth

and

fixth

Sorts

grow

either

Jamaica, and in feveral other Places in the Wejl-Ihdies ; where the fifth Sort is
plentifully in the Ifland of

Thefe Trees may be propagated by Seeds or Cuttings; but the Seeds will not retain their growQuality

ing

long

therefore

they

mould be put
foon after
the Plants

called

the Hog-doclor, or Boar-tree,

and the fixth Sort is called the Birchtree. Thefe Trees grow to the Height of thirty or forty Feet in the Places of their natural Growth, and have very large Trunks. The fifth Sort produces fmall purple Flowers at the Extremity of their Branches, which generally appear before the Leaves come out ; for the Trees are deftitute of their Leaves a confiderable time. From the Trunk and Branches of this Tree, there ifiues out a Balfam of the Confidence and Smell of Turpentine; which is greatly ufed by the Inhabitants to
heal green

Box of Earth they are ripe, and when are come up, and have
into a

obtained Strength, they may be brought to England; but there mould be great Care taken of them in their Paffage, that they are not injur'd by fait Water ; not fhould they have much frefh Water given to them,

Wounds.

The fixth Sort produces fmall purple Flowers at the Extremity of the Branches, which generally precede the Leaves, like the other Sort for the Leaves of this Tree fall off in November ; and in February they put out new ones The Trunk and Branches of this Tree being wounded, there flows out a liquid Balfam,
which the Inhabitants
call

Hoggum,

come into a cooler Climate; for too much Moifture In like will foon deltroy them. manner alfo mould the Cuttings cf thefe Trees be managed ; for they mould be planted in Tubs of Earth, and kept in the Country until they are well rooted for if they are fent over before they have taken good Root, they feldom come good td England. When thefe arrive, they mould be each tranfplanted into feparate Pots fill'd with frelh light Earth, ar.d plung'd into a moderate Hot-bed of Tanners Bark ; obferving, if the Seafon is very warm, to fhade them from the Sun in the Heat of the Day, and refrem them every other Day with Water ; but do not
efpeciaily as they
;

'

Vol.

III.

give

T E
give
it
it

T E
left

them in great Quantities,

their tender

When Roots. the Plants have taken good Root, and recover'd the Injuries they rerot

from the Place whence thefe Plants were firft brought which is one of
;

the Molucca Iflands, call'd Ternate. The three firft -mention'd Sorts
are annual Plants, which perifh foon

ceiv'd in their Paflage, they

may be
is

treated in the

fame manner

as

pra-

ctisd for other tender Exotic Plants, keeping them conllantlyin the Barkftove
;

for they are too tender to live

this
-

open Air in During the Winter

in the

Country.

feafon,

when

they are deftitute of Leaves, they fhould have but little Water ; but in
the

Summer, when the Weather is warm, they may have frequent Reand a good Share of Air

freshings,

have perfected their Seeds but the fourth Sort will abide feveral Years, provided the Plants are placed in a warm Stove. They are all of them tender Plants ; fo their Seeds fhould be fown on an Hot-bed early in the Spring ; and when the Plants are come up, they mould be each tranfplanted into a feparate fmall Potfill'd with frefh light Earth, and then plunged into a moderate
after they

fhould be admitted to them at that

Seafon.

With

this

Management

the Plants will thrive, and afford an agreeable Variety in the Stove, amongft other Plants of the fame

Country.

TERNATEA.
The
Characters are
It hath a papilionaceous (or fea~ bloom ) Flower, whofe Standard altnoji hides

Hot-bed of Tanners Bark ; obferving to made them from the Sun until they have taken new Root, and often refrefh them with Water. As thefe Plants have very (lender Branches, fo they twift round whatever Plants grow near them therefore
;

they fhould have Sticks thruft into the Pots, for them to twine round, that they may be fupported from
trailing

the Keel,

and

the

Wings
is

on the Ground.

In

warm

the Pointed afterward becomes a Pod,

Weather

which
nuith

opens

two Ways, and

filled

kidney - fiap'd Seeds : to thefe Notes Jhould be added, 'That the Leaves are winged, and are termi-

have a large Share of free Air admitted to them, othervvife they will draw up
thefe Plants fhould

too

weak and when they

;

are

grown

nated by an odd Lobe.

The
1
.

Species are

Te rn at E a

flare femplici cceru-

leo.

with a
2.

Ternatea Acad, Reg. Scien. fingle blue Flower.

of the Hot-bed, they fhould be taken out, and (after having fhifted them into larger Pots) they fhould be plung'd into the Bark -bed in the Stove, where they fhould remain to flower,
fo tall as to reach the Glafies

Ternatea florc pleno

cceruleo.

and

perfect their Seeds.

Ternatea with a Acad. Reg. Scien. double blue Flower.

3.

The Flowers of the firft and

lour
;

fecond

Sorts are of a very deep blue

Co-

Ternatea

flore fimplici alhi-

do.

Acad. Reg. Scien. Ternatea with

and, if put in Water, and macerated, will dye the Water al-

fingle white
4.

flower.

moft as blue as

Indigo.

The

fecond

Te rn ate a Americana perennis

American perwith a blue FlowTournefort
is,

Sort, having very double Flowers,

flore cceruleo. Houft.

ennial Ternatea,
er.

The Name which Dr.

has given to this Genus of Plants

Appearance when it is is worthy of a Place in every good Garden, where there isConveniency for bringing them to Perfection. For as they are very
fine
;

makes a

in Flower

fo

tender,

T E
tender, if they are not brought for4.

T E
Thofe Terraces which
lie

un-

ward
fully

early in the Spring,

and care-

der one another, being cut out of a

treated afterward, they will not perfect their Seeds in this Country.

and thefe are different one from another, in fome refpett or

large Hill;
other.

The
firft
;

third Sort

only in

from the the Colour of the Flowdiffers

1

this

er fo may be admitted for the fake of Variety, tho the Flowers are not near fo beautiful.

Breadth of fide Terraces, by its Correfpondence with fome Pavilion, or fome little Jettee or Building ; but moft of all by the Quantity of Stuff
to the
is

As

ufualiy decided

The
by

fourth Sort was difcover'd

that

is

to fpare for thofe Purpofes.

the late Dr. William Houjioun in

Jamaica^ from whence he fent the Seeds to England. This is an abideing Plant, which rarely produces any Flowers in this Country ; for from feveral of thefe Plants, which have been raifed in the Phyfic- garden, there has but one of them produe'd any Flowers and that not more than three Flowers, tho' it has remain'd feveral Years. TERRACES: A Terrace is a fmall Bank of Earth, rais'd and trimm'd according to Line and Level, for the proper Elevation of any Perfon that walks round a Garden, that he may have a better Profpecl: of all that lies round him ; and thefe
;

fide Terrace cf a Garden ought not to be lefs than twenty Feet, and but very feldom wider

The

than forty.

As

for the
it

fome allow

Height of a Terrace, to be but five Feet

Elevations are fo neceffary, that thofe

Gardens
ficient.

that have

them

not, are de-

high ; but others more or lefs, according to their Fancies ; but the more exact Perfons never allow above five or fix Feet ; and in a fmall Garden, and a narrow Terrace-walk, three Feet ; and fometimes three Feet and an half high are fufficient for a Terrace eighteen Feet wide; and four Feet are iufficient for a Terrace of twenty Feet wide ; but when the Garden is proportionably large, and the Terrace is thirty or forty Feet wide, then it mult be at leaft five or fix Feet high.
cient without

When

Terraces are rightly fituagreat Ornaments to

ted, they are

fuch Gardens as have them, for their Regularity and Opening ; efpecially

when they
tify'd

are well built, and beauStairs,

with handfome

and

fine

Afcents.

There are feveral Kinds of Terrace-walks

:

great Terrace, which lies next to the Houfe.

1
.

The

Terrace is very defiShade for which Elmtrees are very proper for no Seat can be faid to be complete, where there is not an immediate Shade almoft as foon as out of the Houfe; and therefore thefe fhady Trees fhould be detach'd from the Body and Wings of the Edifice. Terraces fhould be planted rather with Elm or Lime-trees, than with Yew or Holly ; which will not grow
nobleft
; :

The

2.

The
is

fide

or middle Terrace,
raifed

large

enough

to afford Shade.

which

commonly

above the

Level of the Parterre, Lawn, C5V. 3. Thofe Terraces which encompais a Garden.

Diftance of the Elms acrofs will be about twenty Feet ; and they

The

m?y

be plac'd thirty Feet aiunder in

Lines.

*R'l

TETRA-

T E
TETRAGONOCARPOS.
The Char after s
It

T E
ficiently rooted to tranfplant
;

there-

are

fore they

mould be taken up, and

hath

an

apetalous

Flower,

ivhofe Empalement is divided into four Parts : in the Middle of the Flower
rifes the Pointal,

planted into Pots niPd with frefh light undungM Earth, and plac'd in a mady Situation, until they have

attended by a great

Number of Stamina, crcwnd with

fiat Summits, and reft on the oval Pointal, which afterward becomes a
Fruit,

having /cur Wings

or
cj

Comers,

and four Ceils ; in each contain d one Seed.

*I
.

which

is

The Species are Tetragonocarpos Aficana

H.

fruticans,foliis longis& angujlis.

African fhrubby TetragonoAmft. carpos, with long narrow Leaves.

2.

Tetragonocarpos Aficana,

taken new Root after which time they may be plac'd with other hardy Exotic Plants, in a fhelter'd Situation, where they may remain till the Middle or Latter-end of Oftober; at which time they mould be remov'd into the Green -houfe, and plac'd where they may enjoy as much free Air as poliible in mild Weather ; for they only require to be protected from the Froft, being pretty hardy with refpect to Cold ; but they Ihould not have too much Moifturein Win;

folio portulacse longo, fore herbaceo.

ter.

Jf thefe Plants are planted in

African Tetragonocarpos, with a long Purflain-kaf, and an herbaceous Flower. 3. Tetragonocarpos Africana, radice magna craffa Iff carnofa. Hort. Tetragonocarpos with a Amft. large flemy Root, and oval Leaves.
Boerh. Ind. alt.

the full fon,

Ground
will

in the

Summer-feaprodigioufly

they

grow

rank and large;

as they alfo will, if

The two

firft

Sorts are pretty

com-

mon

in the Englifi

Gardens, where

there are Collections of rare Plants.

Thefe may be propagated by Cuttings, which mould be cut off from the Plants a few Days before they are planted, that the Part where they
are cut

they are permitted to root into the Ground through the Holes at the Bottom of the Pots; therefore the Pots mould be frequently remov'd to prevent it for when they grow too freely, their Leaves will be very full of Moifture ; which, together with the Weight of the Fruit, which are always produced at the Extremity of
:

the Branches, will weigh the Bran-

may be

healed, otherwise

they will rot ; for the Leaves and Stalks of this Plant are very full of The bell time to plant IVioilture.
thefe Cuttings
is

ches upon the Ground, and render; the Plants very unfightly. Tke Plants of this Kind commonly grow] very flraggling ; therefore, the more]
their

Roots are confin'd

in the Pots,]

in July, that they

the

may have time to make good Roots before Winter. Thefe Cuttings may be planted on a Bed of frelh Earth ; and if the Cuttings are fnaded from
the Sun in the Heat of the Day, it They will be of Service to them. mould be frequently refrem'd with Water ; but they mult not have it in too great Plenty, for that will rot

more clofe aad Hinted will bel the Heads of the Plants which is] what they mould always be kept to,]
;

in order to render

them

fightly. The-.

Flowers of this Plant have no great] Beauty; but as the whole Face of! the Plant is peculiar, it may be afl low'd a PJace in every Collection on Plants, for the fake of Variety ; fince it requires no great Trouble to cultivate
it.

them,

In about

fix

Weeks

after

Planting, tha Cuttings will be fuf

Thefe Plants may

alfo be propa-

gated

T E
by Seeds, which mould be fown on a warm Border of frelh light Earth, where fometimes they will remain a whole Year before the Plants come up ; therefore, when they do not come up the firft
gated
Seafon, the Borders Ihould not be
dilturb'd, but kept

T E
f
retch' d out like

a Tongue, which
;

is

cut into

three acute Segments

thefe

are all included in one com?non

palement,

Em-

which

is

cut into four large

Segments : the Florets are fuccecded by one naked oval Seed: to which Notes may be added, The Empalement

constantly clear

of the Flower fwells

like

a Bladder,
diflin-

from Weeds ; and when the Plants are come up about four Inches high, they mould be taken up, and planted in Pots (and treated in the fame manner as hath been directed for the
Cuttings)
;

and

is

four-corner
it

which

guifbes
Tribe.

from

all the Plants of this

We have
Genus wit.
;

but one Species of

this

for if they are fuffer'd to

till

grow
large,

in

the Border

they are
fo

Tetragon OTHECA doronici maxifolio. Hort.

Elth.

Dwarf Sun.

they will not tranfplant fo

flower, with a

Leaf

like the ^

v.

well

nor will they

Plants.

make

hand-

fome

The

third Sort hath large flefhy

Roots; the Branches are weak, and trail upon the Ground.: thefe decay intirely about Midfummer, and new Shoots are produced in the Autumn. The Flowers are produced from the Wings of the Leaves in February but this Sort feldom produces good Seeds ; however, the Cuttings will grow, if 'they are planted early in the Spring; fo that the Sort may be propagated with the fame Facility as either of the other Kinds.
All thefe Sorts require Protection
in Winter but if they are plac'd in an airy Glafs-cafe, with Ficoides, and other hardy Plants, where they may have a large Share of free Air in mild Weather, and protected from the Froft, they will thrive
;

Leopard's -bane. This Plant is a Native of Carolina, from whence the Seeds were brought to Europe ; and the Plants
are

Gardens.

now growing in fome curicus The Roots of this PJa.it

are perennial ; but the Stalks are annual, and perilh in the Autumn

on the Approach of Cold.

The

Roots will abide through the Winter in the full Ground, if they are
planted in a warm Situation ; fo do not require any Shelter, except in very fevere Winters ; when, if they
are cover'd over with rotten Tan, or Peas-haulm, to keep out the Froft, there will be no Danger of their be-

ing kilFd.

About

the Latter-end of April, or

the Beginning of May, the Root-, will fend forth new Shoots ; which are

much

better

than

when

they

are

more tenderly
flower, vulgo.

treated.

TETRAGONOTHECA,
The
It

Sun-

garnilVd with large oblong rough Leaves, plac'd by Pairs oppofite to each other, clofely embracing the Stalks thefe are a little fmuated on their Edges, and are covei'd with
:

Characlers are ; hath a compound Flower, composed of federal Florets, which a?e tubulous ; thefe are Hermaphrodite, and are ftuated in the Middle ; the Half-forets, which compofe the Rays, art Ft male i thefe have one Segment

fmall

Hairs.

The

Stalks ufually
in

grow about two Feet high

Eng-

land, and branch out toward the

Top

into fcveral fmaller Stalks, each hav-

ing one large yellow Flower at their Top, fhap'd like a Sunflower; which, before it expands,, is cover'd with the

4 R

inflated

'

T
inflated

E
is

T E
fourgato. Boerh. Ind.

Empalement, which

Spanifb Tree-ge r
ltriped Leaf.

corner'd.

The

Seeds of

this

Plant

mander, with a
4.
folio.
Inji.

rarely ripen in England

but when ; they are obtained from Abroad, they fhould be fcwn in the full Ground in the Spring of the Year ; where, fometimcs, they will remain a Year before the Plants come up fo that if they do not come up the fame Year, the Ground mould not be difturb'd, but kept clean from Weeds, and wait till the fecond Year to fee
:

Teucrium
R. H.

Hifpanicum, latiore Spanifb Tree- ger'

mander, with a broader Leaf. 5. Teucrium fupinum perennr,fohis laciniatis. Inji. P. H. Low perennial Germander, with jagged Leaves. annuum 6. Teucrium fupinum
Lufttanicum, foliis laciniatis.
Infi.

R.

H.
7.
dis

Low annual

Portugal

GermanfiacchaTourn.

der, with

jagged Leaves.
Cif

what

Plants will

come

up.

When

Teucrium frutefcens,
facie.

the Plants appear, they muft be kept clean from Weeds ; and if the Seafon mould prove dry, they will require to be frequently water'd. In the Autumn the Plants mould be tranfplanted into the Places where they are to remain. Thefe Plants will live Years, and may be propagated by Off-fets ; but thefe are not produced in Plenty : fo
that
the beft

Arabic (e folio

Cor.

Shrubby Germander, with the Leaf and Face of Arabian Stcechas.

8.

Teucrium

olium Orientale lat if

laciniatum, fore parvo.

Toum. Cor.

Broad jagged -leav'd Eaftern Germander, with a fmall Flower.

9.

Teucrium

Orientale anguflifo-

Hum

laciniatum, fore magno fuave-

rubente. Tourn. Cor.

Narrow jagged-

Method

is

by Seeds,

leav'd

when

they can be procur'd.

Eaftern Germander, with a large foft-red Flower.

10.

TEUCRIUM, Tree-germander.
The
Characters are
is

Teucrium

Orientale angufti-

The Flower-cup

divided into five

Tarts at the Top ; but is of the belljaped Kind: the Flower has no Galea or Crejl
;

but, inftead thereof, the

folium laciniatum, fore magno jubcoeruleo. Tourn. Cor. Narrow jaggedleav'd Eaftern Germander, with a large blue Flower. 1 1 Teucrium Hifpanicum fupi.

Stamina occupy the upper Part : the Beard, or Lower -lip, is cut into five Parts : the middle Segment, being larger, is hollow d like a Spoon: in the Centre of the Flower rifes the
Pointal,

num

tenuifolite fo- \ Low-trailing Spanifb \ Germander, with Leaves like the \ narrow-leav'd Vervain. 12. Teucrium Creticum odor a- 3

humilius,

verbena

His. Jefjieu.

which afterward
Seeds, Jhut up in

attended by four Embryoer, become fo many

turn,

an Hujk, which was

to thefe Notes ; fhould be added, The Flowers are produced from the Wings of the Leaves. The Species are

before the Flower- cup

fore purpureo. H.R.Par. Sweet 5 Crete, with a purple Flower. 13. Teucrium Americanum, ha- I licacabos ff alopecuroides. Plum. Cat, American Tree-germander, with a bladder Seed-veffel like the Winter-

Germander of

i.

Teucrium

multis.

f.B. ComCluf.

cherry, and fpiked like the

14.

Fox

tail.

mon
z.

Hifi.
3.

Tree-germander. Teucrium Baticum. Spanifh Tree germander.

Teucrium

Americanum,
Houfli

cbameedryos folio, fore albo.

Teucrium

B<eticum,

calyce

cempanulato, folio eleganter varie-

American Tree-germander, with a common Germander- leaf, and a white Flower.

The

T E
The
firil

T E
propagated and preferved in the fame manner, only obferving to place it in a warmer Part of the Green-houfe in Winter. The fourth Sort here mention'd is very like to the Batic Tree-germander from which it differs in the Leaves being broader, the Shoots ftronger, and the young Shoots being whiter. This Sort may be propagated by Cuttings, in the fame manner as hath been directed for
;

Sort here mentioned was

may be

formerly preferv'd in Green-houfes with great Care ; but of late Years it hath been planted out into the open Air, and is found hardy enough to endure the Cold of our fevereft Winters without Shelter, provided it be planted on a dry Soil. This may be propagated by planting Cuttings in the Spring, on a Bed of frefli light Earth, obferving to lhade and water them until they have taken Root ; after which they will require no farther Care, but to keep

that Sort,

and afterwards treated

in

the fame

Way.
-

them

clear

from Weeds,
;

until the

The

feventh and twelfth Sorts ar

following Spring

when they may

be tranfplanted out into the Places where they are to remain, being careful in removing them not to make off all the Earth from their Roots, as alfo to water them until they have taken frefh Root ; after which the only Care they require, is to keep the Ground clean about them, and to prune off fuch Shoots as are ill fituated ; whereby their Heads will appear more regular. It may alfo be propagated by Seeds, which generally are produc'd in Plenty : if thefe are fown upon a Bed of light Earth in April, the
Plants will
ter
;

which -:ay be propagated and tre ated in the fame

alfo flirubby Plants,

manner
fourth;

as hath been directed ior

tiie

which Management thefe will thrive very well, ana may be allowed to have a Place in the Gardens, for the fake of Variety. The fifth Sort is a low-trailing Plant, which puts out Roots from the Joints of the Stalks, whereby it
with

may

eafily

be propagated, as alfo

come up

in fix

Weeks

af-

and thefe

may

be tranfplanted
are defign'd

from the Seeds, which require no farther Care, than to fow them on a Bed of frefh Earth, in an open Situation ; and when the Plants are come up, they muft be kept clear from Weeds ; and where they are too clofe, fome of them mould be drawn
out, to give

in

Autumn, where they

room

for the others to

to remain.

grow.

The Spanijb Sort is tenderer than the former, tho' that will endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters, if planted on a dry Soil, and in a warm Situation ; but in a fevere hard Froft it is often deftroyed ; for which Reafon the Plants are generally preferv'd
in Pots, and
in the

This Sort will ripen Seeds very well in this Country ; and, if
in a

planted

warm

Situation, will

endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters very well.

The fixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh Sorts are annual Plants, of humble Growth, Thefe are propagated

removed

into the
is

Green-

houfe in Winter. This

propagated
is
is

fame manner

as the former.

by Seeds, which mould be fown on a Bed of frefli Earth in March and when the Plants are
;

The Sort with lefs common than

riegated Plants.

Leaves the plain, and

ftriped

valued by thofe that delight in va-

up, they muft be thinned where they are too clofe, and kept clear from Weeds, which is all the

come

This

is

lomewhat

Culture they require; for as they

are Plants

tenderer than the plain Sort; but

which

make no

great

Figwe

1
Figure
In a

n,

ii

dom cultivated
as

Garden, fo they are fela few Plants of each

:

Sort, for the fake of Variety, are

flower early the following Spring' and produce good Seeds ; and the old Plants may be preferved three or
four Years,
if

many as any monly keeps.

drop

curious Perfon

com-

they

are cor.ftantly

Thefe Plants will

kept

in a

Stove.

their Seeds,

and

the Plants will

THALICTRUM, Meadow-rue.
The
The
Characters are
conffis
;

come up from

the felf-fown Seeds,

full as well, if not belter,

than
fo

they are fown by

eafily maintained.

Hand

when may be

Flower

of federal

Leaves placed orbicularly , which ex -

pand
dle

The.thirteenth Sort was difc^verM

by Father Plumicr,

in
;

Settlements in A?nerica

the French and the four-

teenth was difcovered

by

the late

Dr. Houfoun, at the Havannah; from whence he brought the Seeds to EngThefe are both very tender land. Plants, fo muft be preferved in a Stove, oihtrwife they will, not live thro' the Winter in this Country. They may be propagated by Seeds, which mould be fown on a moderate Hot-bed in the Spring ; and when the Plants are come up, they mould be each tranfplanted in a feparate fmall Pot filPd with frelh light Earth, and then plunged into a moderate Hot- bed of Tanners Bark, and fnaded from the Sun in the Pleat of the Day, until they have taken new Root after which time they fhould have a large Share of free Air admitted to them in warm Weather, and muft be plentifully watered. When thefe Plants are brought for;

in form of a Rofe in the Midof which arife numerous C Infers of Chives, emompajfng the Point a I, which afterward beco?nes a Fruit ; in which are collected, as in a little Head, the Capfules, which are fometimes winged y ana fometitnes without Wings, each containing one &eed, for
;
1

the moji part oblong.

The
1.

Species are

Thalicthum

Alpinum, aquipur-

legiee foliis,

forum faminibus
leaves,

purafecntibus .Tourn. Alpine

rue, with

Meadowand

Columbine-

the Chives of the Flowers of a purplifh

Colour,

commonly

called the

feather'd
2.

Columbine.
Alpinum majus,
Tourn.

Thalictrum
caule
viridi.

aquilegia foliis, forum faminibus alhis,

Greater
the

Alpine

Meadow-rue, with Colum-

bine-leaves, white Chives to Flowers, and a green Stalk.

3.

Thalictrum

Canadenfe, caule

purpurafcente,

ward early in the Spring, fome of them will produce their Flowers the fame Seafon but they rarely pro;

forum faminibus albis. Tourn. Canada Meadow-rue, with a purplifh Stalk,

aquilegite foliis,

Columbine-leaves, and white Chives

to the Flower.
4.
nus.

duce ripe Seeds the

firft

Year; fo

Thalictrum Americanum
Park. Theat.

mi-

the Plants mould be removed into the Stove at Michaelmas, and, during the Winter-feafon, mould have a moderate thare of Heat, and will
require to be frequently refrefhed with Water ; but it muft not be gi-

Lefter American

Meadow-rue.
5.

Thalictrum
-

majus, fliqua

a77gulofaaut friata. C. B. P. Greater

Meadow
.

rue, with

an angular

furrow'd Pod.

ven

to

them

in large Quantities
is

when

6 Thalictrum pratenfe majus ,

rugofis. H. R. Greater Montpelier Meadowrue, with rough Leaves. 7. Thalictrum majust mn fr 'la-

the Weather
off.

cold; for that will

Mcn/pelienfum, foliis

often occafion their Leaves falling

Par.

Thefe

Plants,

which are pre-

preferved through the Winter, wiil

tum.

T H
turn.

T H
fmooth
that the

C. B. P.

Greater

Meadow-rue.
8.

Leaves of this Plant bear tm thofe of Columbine, tho' their Flowers are very different therefrom.

Thalictrum

majus fla<vum t

fiaminibus luteis, <vel glauco folio. C. B. P. Greater yellow Meadow rue, with yellow Chives, and a fea-green

The
grows
in

fifth

Sort

here

mention'd

plentifully in

moid Meadows,

Leaf.
9.

Thalictrum magnum,
Vir.
Lvfet.

fiore

Greater Meadow-rue, with a yellow fweet Flower.

luteo odorato.

of England. The found growing wild about Newmarket, and on chalky Grounds in feveral Parts of EngThe feventeenth and eighland.
divers Parts
fixth

Sort

is

teenth Sorts

grow wild on
;

the rocky-

10.

Thalictrum
parvo

minus,
lnjl.

afpho-

deli radice,

fiore.

ff.

Smaller Meadow-rue, with an Afphodel-root, and a fmall Flower.

1

Mountains of IVales from whence they have been tranfplanted into fome curious Gardens, where they
are prefervcd for the fake of Variety.

[.

Thalictrum minus,

afphodeli

The

radice,

magno fi^re. Inft. R. H. Smaller Meadow-rue, with an Afphodel-root, and a large Flower.
12.

England

other Sorts are not Natives of being equally hardy ; yet

Thalicrum

minus.

C.B.P.

Smaller Meadow-rue.
13.

Thalictrum
C.B.P.

pratenfe ar.gu-

fiifolium.

Narrow-leav'd
pratenfe, angu-

Meadow-rue.
14.

Thalictrum
B. P.

fiiffimo folio. C.

The narrowminus alterum

iff lu-

efl-leav'd

Meadow-rue.

with the former, will thrive in the well. Moft of thefe Plants have creeping Roots, by which they fpread very far, and may be eafily propagated; but they mould not be planted amongft other Plants, becaufe thefe will overbear and deThefe Plants mould be ftroy them. planted in a moift Soil, otherwise they will not flower very llrong. The

open Air very

15.
cidis.

Thalictrum

Parifienfium, foliis crajfioribus

H. R. Par. Another fmall Meadow-rue of Paris, with thicker

mining Leaves.

time to tranfplant them is about Michaelmas, that they may be well rooted before the dry Weather comes
belt

on

in the Spring.

The

fifth,

fixth, feventh,

eighth,

Thalictrum minimum fcetiThe leaft and difft?num. C. B. P.

16.
! I

molt ftinking Meadow-rue. 17. Thalictrum montanum minus, foliis laticribus. Raii Syn. Small mountain Meadow-rue, with broader Leaves.
18.

Thalictrum minimum
Smalleft

mon-

tanutn atro-rubens , foliis fplendtntiLus.

Raii Syn.
-

mountain
-

Meadow

rue,

with

blackiih
are

red

Ihining Leaves. All thefe Sorts

commonly
or

known by
Spani/h
!

the

Name of F^ather'd

Columbine among the Garwhich Names, I fuppofe, deners

;

and fourteenth Sorts are tall Plants, and may be planted among other Plants of the fame Growth, which delight in a moiit Soil, in fome obfcure Part of the Garden, where better Things will not thrive; in which Places the&g will thrive and flower, and maintain themfelves without any other Care, but to keep them clear from very large Weeds, which would overbear and deftroy them. The other Sorts are of humble Growth, fome of them feldom riling above fix Inches high, and the other* not more than a Foot; but thefe
thirteenth,

they received frora

the Similitude

may

be planted in fhady Borders

wiik

T H
with other hardy Plants, where they
will thrive very well, provided they

T H
and
reft on the Empalement ; which afterward becomes a Fruit, compo/ed of two long furrowed Seeds, which have a large leafy Border,

are watered in dry Weather, and will abide feveral Years. All thefe Sorts
will flower in

May and

their Seeds are ripe

June, and toward the End

lio.

1.

of Augujl : but as thefe propagate fo faft by their Roots, they are rarely raifed from Seeds, which is a more tedious Method for it is commonly
;

The Species are Thapsia maxima, latijfitno foC. B. P. The greateft Scorch;

ing-fenel, with a very broad Leaf.

2.

Thapsia

lot i folia <villofa.

C.

B. P. Broad -leav'd hairy Scorchingfenel.

3.

three Years
plants

before
their

the Seedling-

produce

Flowers

fo

Itrong as the old ones.

tidijfma. C. B. P.

Thapsia foliis lihanotidis, feeThe moft linkwith Herb-

Thefe Plants are propagated by

parting their Roots
for this
:

ing

Scorching-fenel,

the beft time

frankincenfe-leaves.

Work

is

in September,

when

TH a p

s1

a apii folio, Lufitanica

their Leaves begin to

decay, that

faetidijftma,

they may take freih Root before the Froft comes on to prevent them. They mould alfo be planted in a frefh light Soil, and have a fhady Situation, in which they will thrive exceedingly ; though they may be planted in almoft any Soil or Situation, provided it be not too hot and Thefe Roots mould not be cry. parted or removed oftener thanevery Other Year ; but if they are permitted
er

alho. Inf. R. H. moft {linking Portugal Scorching-fenel, with a Smallage-leaf, and a white Flower.

fore

The

5.

Thapsia

tenuiore folio, Apula.

hft. R. H. Apulian Scorching-fenel,

with a narrow Leaf. 6 . Th a p s a five Turbith Garganicum,femine latijfmo. J. B. Scorching-fenel with very broad Seeds,
i

whofe Roots were fuppofed Turbeth.

7.
liclri

to be the

to ftand three Years, they will flowmuch ftronger for it.

Thapsia

Alpina lucida, thaaut carot<s folio, fore a/bo.

Thefe Plants
ginning of "June ; and

rl

wer from

May
if

to the

the BeBeginning of

the Seafon be

mode-

Bocc. Muf. Shining Scorching-fenel of the Alps, with a Meadow-rue or Carrot-leaf, and a white Flower.
8. Thapsia thalidri folio, Lufitanica villofa. Inf. R. H. Hairy Por-

rate, they will continue in

long time : this, being hardy Plants, which require

Culture, renders fome of the beft Kinds worthy of a Place in
little

Beauty a together with their

tugal Scorching-fenel, with a dow-rue-leaf.

9.
lio,

Mea-

every good Flower-garden ; as their Flowers are very proper to intermix with others, ior Bafons to adorn Halls, Chimneys, 6f c. in che Summer-time.

Thapsia Orient a lis, an et hi fofemine elegant er crenato. Tourn.

Eaftern Scorching-fenel, with and Seeds beautifully notched.

Cor.

Dill-leaf,

10.

Thapsia O/ ientalis

aquatica,

THAPSIA, The

Deadly Carrot,
;

angelica folio. Tourn. Cor.

gelica leaf.
11.

Eaftern

or fcorching Fenel. The Characters are

It

Water Scorching-fenel, with an An-

bath an umbellated rofe-Jbaped flower, eoajijihig of Jive Petals, which are placed in a circuit Order,

Thapsia

Cretica,

thaliclri

folio, *vilkfa,
njiolaceis,

feminum alis purpuraTown. Cor, Hairy Scorching-

T H
ing-fenel of Crete, with a Meadowrue-leaf, and Seeds with purple-violet

T H
afunder, becaufe the Plants fpread
their

Leaves very wide.

When

the

Borders.

Plants

come up

in Spring, they

mull

12. ThaPSIa carota folio. C.B.P. Scorching-fenel with a Carrot-leaf.

The

firftSort

grows

plentifully in

feveral Parts

Pyrenees,

on the where the Inhabitants fometimes ufe theRoots inMedicine but it purges upward and downwardwith fo muchViolence, that it frequently
of

Spain, and

be carefully cleared from Weeds ; and where they arc too clofe together, fome of them mould be drawn out, to give room for the others to grow; but at this time they need not be left more than two or three Inches
apart
arife

for the firft Year the Plants from Seeds, they make but
:

puts thofe

who take zard of their Lives.

it

in great

Ha-

The

fixth Sort,

whofe Roots have

to

fo the Autumn Progrefs ; following the remaining Part of the Plants may be taken up, leaving

flow

by fome Botaniih been fuppofed

thofe which are defign'd to remain,

be the Turbith of the Shops, grows on the Coaft of Africa ; from whence the Seeds have been brought into feveral curious Gardens in Europe, where the Plant is preferved by thofe who delight in Botany. The twelfth Sort is mentioned in
the Catalogue of Plants inferted in the College Difpenfatory, but is rarely ufed in Medicine ; for it is of fuch an acrid burning Quality, that it is very dangerous to take inwardly
;

about eighteen Inches afunder ; and thofe Plants which are taken up, may be tranfplanted into another Bed, if they are wanted. After the

Year thefe Plants will require no farther Care but to keep thern
firft

clear
juft

fromWeeds and every Spring,

;

before the Plants begin to pufa out new Leaves, the Ground Ihould

but, outwardly applied,

it

takes

off Blcmifhes

and Scabs from the

Skin; Ail thefe Plants are very hardy astoColdj fo that they will thrive in the open Air in this Country: they Ihould have a loamy Soil, and in dry Weather mould be watered, otherwife their Flowei swill fall off, without

be carefully dug between the Plants, but the Roots muft to loofen it not be injured, left it mould caufe them to decay. The Plants, being thus managed, will continue feveral Years, and produce Flowers and Seeds annually ; from which new Plants may be raifed. THLASPI, Mithridate-muftard. The Characters are The Flowsr conjijis offour Leaves,
;

producing good Seeds. Thefe Plants are only propagated by Seeds, which Ihould be fown in Autumn; for if they are kept out of the Ground till
Spring, they often mifcarry ; or if they grow, they commonly lie in Earth a wholeYear before the Plants

which are placed in fo?-m of a Crofs ; out of whofe Cup rifes the Point al, which after ard becomes a fmooth annular Fruit, having commonly a leafy Border, and flit on the upper Side, divided into two Culls hy an in-

termediate Partition placed obliquely

with

refpeci to the Valves,

and fur-

come
are

up; whereas thofe Seeds which

in

fown

the following Spring.

Autumn, generally grow Thefe mould

:

nijFd with fmooth roundijh Seeds : to thefe Marks muft be added, The undivided Leaves, which diflinguilh it

be fown in Drills, in the Place from O effes. where they are defrgned to remain The Species are ; the Dnlls Ihould be at leaft two Feet Thlaspi arvenfe, I.

Jiliquis

Ltis.

\ .
.

T H
latis.

T H
fore rubente,
foliis polygal<t, fetalis

C. B. P.

Field Mithridaterofa

inuftard, with broad Pods.

2.

Thlaspi

de Hicrlco di-

itum. Mor.
ftard, call'd
3.

Hiji.

The Thlaspi ar^uenfe,

Mithridate-muRofe of Jericho.
njaccarice

florum eequalibus. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern rock Mithridate-muftard, with Milkwort leaves, and redifhFlowers,

whofe Petals are equal.

16.

Thlaspi Orient ale

-

folitenui

C. B. P. Common Mithridate-muftard. 4. Thlaspi waecariee incano folio, minus. C. B. P. Small hoary

incano folio.
leav'd Mithridate-muftard.
c.

um

eancfcens,fiore albo. Tourn.

Cor.

Eaftern Mithridate
a white Flower.
17.

muftard,

with

narrow Leaves, which are hoary, and

Thlaspi

Orientate glabrum,

Thlaspi

capfulis hirfutis .J.B

Mithridate muftard with hairy Pods. 6. Thlaspi capfula cordata,peregrinum. J.B. Foreign Mithridatemuftard, with an heart-fhap'd Pod.
7
like
8.
.

famoli foliis. Tourn. Cor. Smooth Eaftern Mithridate-muftard, withSamolus-leaves.

18.

Thlaspi

Orient ale, folio cyno-

Thlaspi
Gar lick.

allium redo

'ens

Mor

crambes, fore minimo. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Mithridate-muftard, with a

Hiji.

Mithridate-muftard imelling

Dogs-mercury-leaf,and a very fmall Flower.

19.

Tnajus.

arwenfe ptrfoliatum C. B. P. Greater field Mithridate-muftard, with Thoroughwax-leaves.

ptrfoliatum minus. C. Smaller thorough-wax-leav'd Mithridate-muftard.
9.

Thlaspi

Thlaspi

Orient ale frutico-

fum, fcammonii Monfpelienfis folio. Tourn. Cor. Shrubby Eaftern Mithridate-muftard, with the Leaf of

Thlaspi

Montpelier Scammony.
20.

B. P.
10.

Thlaspi foliis globular ice. J

'.

B.

Thlaspi parwum faxatik, foredifti

re rubente.C.B.P'.Small rockMithri-

Treacle-muftard with Leaves like Globularia. 21. Thlaspi fpicatum Perfuum

date-muftard, with a
1

Flower.
folio ro-

perfoliatum
bus tenuiter
tratis.

maximum, foliis
incifis bypecoi

inferiori-

1.-

Thlaspi Alpinum,

fundi ore carnofo, fore purpurafcente

modo, fu-perioribus a caule perfoliate modo pene-

Mithridate - muftard, Jnji. R. H. of the^/r,with a rounder fiefhyLeaf, and a purplilh Flower. 12. Thlaspi minimum Luftanicum, cochlearice folio. Inft. R. H. The

Mor. Hifl. Spiked Perfian Treacle - muftard, with the under Leaves finely cut like thofe of Hypecoum, and the upper Leaves like,*

Thorough -wax.

Portugal Mithridate - muftard, with a Scurvy grafs- leaf. 13. Thlaspi Alpinum minimum foliis eraffis iff anguflis. Inf. R. H. The leaft Mithridate-muftard of the dips, with narrow flefhy Leaves.
leaft

The firft Sort wild in England

don.

is
:

fometimes found

14.

Thlaspi Luftanicum

umbel-

This is College of Phyficians have order'd the Seeds to be us'd in fome of the grand Medicines of the Shops ; though the Seeds of feveral other
Plants are
ilead of
it,

but not near Lonthe Sort of which the

Jatum, gramineo folio, fore purpuraPortufcente 5f albo. hfi. R. H.

commonly

fubftituted in-

gal Mithndate-muftard,with aGrafsleaf, and purplifh or white Flowers growing in an Umbel.

15.

becaufe the Seeds of this Sort are not very common in London ; but the Plants might be eafily
cultivated in fuchPIenty,ac to furnifh

Thlaspi Orient ale fax utile t

the

Town

with the

right Sort,

a*

T H
they are extreme hardy, and require no other Culture but to fovv the

T H
of thefe Sorts are annual Plants,which,if permitted to ihed their
ft

Mo

of Ground

upon an open Spot and when the Plants are come up, they muft be conftantly clear'd irom Weeds. In June they will flower, and the Seeds will ripen foon after; when the Plants always
Seeds in February,
;

much

Seeds on the Ground, will fucceecl better than when fown by

being annual. fecond Sort is called Rcfe of jericbo: this is a Plant of no great Beauty or Ule ; fo is feldom cultivated, except in Botanic Gardens. It requires the fame Culture as the former Sort, and is alfo an annual
perifh,

The

Hand, efpecially if they are not fown in Autumn ; for when the Seeds are fown in the Spring, if the Seafon mould prove dry, they feldora grow ; and if they do come up, The Plants will be very fmall, and
produce little Seed whereas thofe Plants which come up in Autumn, will abide the Winter's Cold very well, and the following Spring will get Strength before the hotWeather comes in ; fo will flower, and produce plenty of Seeds. Some of thefe Sorts produce pretty Flowers growing in Cluiters, which renders them worthy of a Place in large Gardens, where there is room for Variety, efpecially as they require very little Trouble to cultivate them for none of thefe Sorts mould be tranfplanted, but fown where they are defign'd to remain; and if they are kept clear from
: :

Plant ; but the Seeds rarely ripen in England. The third Sort grows plentifully

wild amongft the Corn, and by the Sides of Hedges, in moll Parts of England. The Seeds of this Sort are generally fold by the Druggifts in London, for'the true Mithridate-muftard

but the firft Sort is what the ; College of Phyficians have directed

to be Ub'd in the Tberiaca.

The

fourth,

eighth, ninth, and

twentieth

grow wild in fome Parts of Great Britain ; but

Sorts alio

Weeds, it
quire.

is

all

the Culture they re-

are not fo
is

common

as

the former

Many of thefe Plants will grow on the Top of old Walls, or

other Buildings; where they will fhed their Seeds, and maintain themfelves

Sorts, efpecially the twentieth,which

mountainous Paftures in Ycrkfiire, and fome other Places in the North ; but is not to be met with in the South, uniefs in fome curious Botanic Gardens ; where it is preferv'd for the fake of Variety.
found
in the

without Care ; and growing verylow and Hinted, will produce a great Number of Flowers; which will make a pretty Appearance in the
Spring,

when they

are in Flower.

The
teenth,

tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thir-

and fourteenth Sorts are found wild on the Alps, and in Spain,
Portugal, andltafy: thefe are preferv-

ed

in the

Gardens of thofe Perfons

for

who

are curious in Botany,

fifteenth,

the

fake of Variety.

The
teenth,
Sort,

fixteenth, feveneighteenth and nineteenth were difcovered by Dr.

Toumefort in the Levant, from whence he fent their Seeds to the Royal Garden at Pari/.

grows to the Height of two Feet or more, and becomes fhrubby. The Flowers of this Kind are fmall, and do not make a very good Appearance but the Plant is preferv'd by fome curious Perfons, for the fake of Variety. This Sort may be propagated by Cuttings during any of the Summermonth.sin like manner as the Candytuft-tree; but is fomewhat tenderSort
;

The nineteenth

er

and,

when

it is

rooted, lhould

be

T H
be planted in Pots, and (helterM in Winter, in the fame manner as hath been directed for that Sort;for which
fee lberis.
4.

T H
Thlafpidium, with a Flower.
pale yellow raphani folio,

Thlaspidium
R. H.

hf.
5.
Jnfi.

Kadifh-leav'd Thlafpifolio.

The twenty firft Sort is generally fuppofed to be the firft fh/a/pi cf Diofcoridesy the Seeds of which he prescribes for medicinal Ufe : the lower Leaves of this Plant are cut into very fine Segments, fo as at the to refemble the firft Appearance wild Camomile; but when the Stems arife they are garnilhed with oval intire Leaves, which embrace them
like the

dium.

Thlaspidium anchufe

R. H. fpidium.
6.

Alkanet-leav'd Thla-

tum.

Thlaspidium Apulum fpicahf. R. H. Spiked ThlafpiApulia.

dium of
7.

Thlaspidium
glabrum.
-

tnontanum an-

gufifolium

Smooth narrow
Thlafpidium.
8.

Inf. R. H. leav'd mountain

Thorough-wax, to which

they bear a great Refemblance. This is an annual Plant, which perifhes when the Seeds are ripe ; and if the Seeds are permitted to
fcatter,

Thlaspidium Alpinum pumiafperum.

Low Inf. R. H. rough Thlafpidium of the Alps. 9. Thlaspidium Apulum incalutn

the Plants will

come

urr in

Autumn, and

live thro* the

Winter;

bus.

or the Seeds mould be fown in Au-

tumn
Seeds.

for thofe

which are fown in

to

num, fioribus ex albo purpurafcentiHoary ThlafpiInft. R. H. dium of Apulia , with white -purplilh Flowers.
10.

Spring, do feldom live

perfect

Thlaspidium

Hifpanicum,

THLASPIDIUM,
muflard.

Mithridate-

ampliore fore y folio craffo dentato. Hort. Elth. Spanifi Thlafpidium,

CharaSIers are ; *1 'he Flower conjijis offour Leaves , which are placed in form of a Crofs ; cut of whefe Cup rifes the Point a I, which afterward becomes a double

The

with a large Flower, and a thick indented Leaf. All the Sorts are annual or
biennial Plants

(except

the

laft),

which

perifh foon after

they have

perfected their Seeds.

Thefe are
;

fmooth Fruity compofed of two Paris, that arc fparated by an intermediate

Partition
41

Plants of no great Beauty

fo are

rarely cultivated, except in the

Gar-

each of which fwells with red Seedy which is generally flat and
;

cblong.

dens of thofe who are curious in If the Seeds of thefe are Botany. fown upon a Bed of light Earth in
the Autumn, the Plants will abide the Winter, and will flower ltrong
the following Spring
;

1.

The Species are Thlaspidium

;

Moufpelienfe,

hieracii folio

hir/uto.

Inf. R.

H.
an
ca-

and from thefe

Seeds

Montpelier
s

Thlafpidium,

with

hairy Hawkweed-leaf. 2. Thlaspidium hirfutum,

lyce fioris- auriculato.

much greater Quantity of may be fav'd.

a

The
which

lalt

Sort

is is

a perennial Plant, very rare in Eng-

Inf.

R. H.

at prefent

Hairy Thlafpidium, with an eared

Flower-cup.
3.

land: this produces Flowers much larger than thofe of the Candy tufttree,

Thlaspidium annuum fere

y

which makes a

fine

faliide luteo. Inf.

R. #.

Annual

in

the

Winter-feafon.

Appearance This Sort muft

T H
tnuft

be treated in the fame manner as the Candy-tuft-tree, and is propagated by Cuttings in the fame way. THISTLE. Fide Carduus. THORN-APPLE. Fide Stra-

monium.

THORN,
Meipilus.
w

the Glajienhury.

Fide

THUYA, TheArborVitac, vutgo.

The
'The

Characters are

Leaves are ewer-green, and comprefs^d, hawing fmall oblong /quanous Cones on the Back-fides % in which the Sieds are co.it air?d.

The China Arbor Vitas hath not been long in Europe : the Cones of this fame Tree were fent from China by fome of the French Miflionaries ; and fince this Sort has been introdue'd into the Englijh Gardens, it has been greatly propagated by Layers and Cuttings; but the Seeds feldom ripen here. The Leaves of this Tree r.re of a beautiful green Colour, and the Branches are well cloath'd with
fo that it makes a fine Ap; pearance when intermix'd with other ever-green Trees. This Tree, although a Native of China, is extremely hardy, and will endure the greateft Cold of this Country in the open Air; which renders it more

them

The
1.

Species are

Thuya
The

Theopbrajli. C. B. P.

The Arbor Vitae,

2.

or Tree of Life.
folio

Thuya Theophrafii,
ftriped

va-

riegate.

Arbor

Vitae,

or Tree of Life.
3.

valuable.
uncinates ,
It will grow to the Height of twenty Feet, or upward, and is generally furniftVd with Branches all the Length of the Stem ; fo that
it

Thuya

Jirohilis

Jquamis rejlexo-acuminatis. Lin. Hart. The China Arbor Vitae. Cliff. The firft Sort was formerly in greater Efteem than at prefent in the
Englijh Gardens
don,
:

deferves to be rang'd in the

firft

it

was commonnear Lonfheer'd

Clafs of ever-greenTrees for Beauty.

ly rais'd in the Nurferies

where

their

Heads were

Thefe Trees may be propagated by laying down their tender Branches in

into a conical Figure.

low Tafte of Gardening,

But fince that in croud-

Autumn

obferving to

llit

ing vaft Quantities of clipp'd Plants into Gardens, is juftly exploded, thefe Trees do not meet with fo good Reception as formerly ; but notwithftanding this, there may be fome of them planted in Gardens to great Advantage, if they are plac'd in WildemefTes, or Clumps of evergreen Trees, where thefe Ihould be planted with other Sorts which are nearly of the fame Growth and in fuchPlantations, the dull heavy green Co'our of thefe Leaves will be very ufeful in adding to theLultre of thofe which are of a more livelyGreen,and
:

Joint (as is commonly pra&is'd for Carnations), as alfo to

them

at a

water them in dry Weather, and keep them conflantly clear from Weeds. If thefe Things be duly obferv'd, the Layers will be rooted in two Years ; by which time they may be taken off, and tranfplanted into aNurfery inRows three Feet afunder,and the Plants eighteen Inches
Diftance in the
lay a
little

make a The

fine Variety.

is preferv'd by the Curious in collecting fuch Varieties } but tyas little Beauty,

firiped Sort

of the prevent the Wind from drying it; and in dry Weather they ihould be often refrefiVd with Water, until they have taken Root; after which they mult be conftantly kept clear from Weeds, and the Ground dug every Spring

Rows obferving to Mulch upon the Surface Ground about their Roots, to
;

between the Rows,

that their

Roots

may

T H
B3y extend themfelves
Side.

.,
it

on

every

Perfons,

who cultivate

for the fake

Nurfery they may remain five or fix Years, and may then be tranfplanted where they are The belt Seato remain for good. son to remove thefe Trees is about the End of September, or Beginning of April, ]^ before they (hoot. Thefe Trees may alio be propagated by Slips, which fliould be planted on a moitl Soil in Autumn ; and iffhaded in very hot dry Weather, molt of them will take Root ; after which they mult be treated as hath been directed for the Layers. The Leaves of the common Sort, being bruifed between the Fingers, emit a ftrong Scent, fomewhat like Ointment ; and 1 have been informed, that fome Pcrfonsmake an Ointment thereof, which is efteem'd ex-

In

this

This Kind may be propagated byCuttings, which fliould

be planted in theBeginning of April,

of Variety.

on a Border, where they may have only the morning Sun and in dry Weather they mull be conftantly water'd, until they have taken good Root after which time, they will require no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds till Michaelmas at which time the Plants fhould be carefully taken up, and tranfplanted ; fome of them into
; ; ;

Pots,

that they
;

Winter

may be fhelter'd in. and the others on a dry

lean Soil in a warm Situation, where they will endure the Cold of our or-

cellent for frefh

Wounds.

dinary Winters very well ; but in fevere Winters they are frequently deltroyed therefore it is proper to preferve two or three Plants in Pots
:

THYMBRA.
The
It

under Shelter,
Ai;

left

thofe in the

open

Characlers are

mould be

kilPd.

hath a labiatcd Flower, like of the Savory, Thyme, and Calaminth ; from which this Plant differs in having its Flowers grooving in
thofe

Whorles.

The
1
.

Species are;
legit: ma. Cluf. Hifl.

Thymera
true

The
2.

Thymbra of, Clufus.

folio.

Hifpanica, coridis Spanijb ThymInf. R. H. bra, with a fair Heath-pine-leaf. 3. Thymbra Sa?cli Juliani,fi<ve

Thymbra

ThymSatureia vera. Lob. Icon. bra of Mount Saint Julian, or the true Savory of Label. The firft Sort rifes about two Feet high, and hath a woody Srem, and
divides into

The fecond Sort was difcover'd by Dr. Tournefort in Cafile, where it grew plentifully on ftohy Ground. This is a low ever - green bulhy Plant fomewhat like Thyme ; but the Leaves are broader, and the whole Plant has a more dull and fomewhat fetid Smell. This may be propagated by Seeds, or by Cuttings, as the former Sort; and mould be treated in the fame manner. The third Sort grows in feveral Places in Italy and Sicily, commonly on Itony Land, or on old Walls this is a low Plant, feldom rifing above
:

fix

Inches high, fending forth

many

form a

many Branches fo as to The Leaves of fmall Bum.

upright Branches from the Root, which have Spikes of fmall Flowers,

fomewhat like thofe of Savory, and have a itrcng aromaThis Sort tic Scent when bruis'd. grows plentifully in feveral IHands of the Archipelago from whence the Seeds were kut to feveral curious
this Plant are
;

growing in Whorles on their Tops. This Sort is propagated by Seeds, which fhould be fown on a light lean Soil ; and when the Plants are Ilrong enough io transplant, fome of them ihouid be planted in Pots to be IheUcr\l in Winter; and the others

may

T H
may

T H
.

1. Thymel/ea laurifolia femperremain where they were fown, observing to keep them clear from virens, feu Iaureola mas. To urn. The Weeds, which is all the Culture Spurge or Dwarf laurel. 2 Thymel^a laurifolia femperthey require. This Sort feldom virens, fcl is <var Ugatis. continues longer than two or three The ftriped Spurge-laurel. Years ; fo that Seeds mould be Town every other Seafon to raife a Supply 3. Th ymel/e a lauri folio dcriduo,f-vclaureola fcemina. Toum. The of young Plants. Thefe Plants are fuppos'd to have common Mezereon. the fameVirtues as Savory, to which 4. Thymeltea lauri flio dtcithey are nearly ally'd. duo,flore albido, fruclu fa-vefcente. Moll of the aromatic verticillate Toum. The Mezereon with white Flowers, and yellowith Fruit. Plants will endure the Cold of the moft fevereWinters in England, pro5 Th Y M e l IE a lauri folio decidua, Tided they grow on rocky ftony dry fore rubra. The Mezerton w ith red Ground, where they will be (hort Flowers.
.

and Hinted

and

are

alfo

much
;

6.

Thymel.-ea

lauri folio deci-

stronger fcented, than

when

they are

duo,foliis ex luteo 'variegatis.

The
ftriped

fown or planted on a

richer Soil

common Mezereon,
Leaves.
7.

with
lini.

nay, moft of .them will grow on old Walls and Buildings, where they will root into the Joints between the Stones or Bricks and though they are expos'd to the fevereft Winds, yet will they refill the Cold, when the Plants of the fame Kinds, which are in the warmeft Situations of the Garden, are intinely deftroy'd. Of this there have been feveral Inftances within the Memory of fome Perfons now living when all the Rofmary, and many other of the like aromatic Herbs, have been deftroy'd in the Gardens when fome few Plants, Which were growing on old Walls, nave efcap'd whereby their Species nave been preferved in England. THYMEL,EA, Spurge - laurel, or Mezereon.
; ; ; ;

Thymel/ea foliis

C.B.P.

Spurge-olive, or Laurel with Fla/leaves.

8.

Thymeljea

A'pira la t folia

humilicr,

fore purpweo odoralijfmo. Inf. R. H. Dwarf Spurge -laurel of the Alps, with a Flax-leaf, and a
very fweet purple Flower.
9.

ThYxMEl^f.a

Alpina lati folia

.

humilicr, /lore albo odorattjfimo

Inf.

Dwarf Spurge-laurel of the H. Alps, with a Flax-leaf, and a very fv/eet white Flower. 10. Tkymela n:! IIofa minor Luftanica, palygoni folio. Inf. R.H. Smaller hairy Portugal Spurge-lauR.
rel,

with a Knot-grais-leaf.
11.

Tmymel
Inil.
laurel,

2.

lit:

aria

folio,

'vulgaris.

R.

II

Common
Toad -flaxfol'o,

The

CharaJlers are
confifs

Spurge
;

with

The Flower

of one Leaf

is,

leaf.

for the mojl part, funnel-Jhafd, end cut into four Segments ; from whofe Centre rifes the Point al, which c; ternvard becomes an c<val Fruit,which
:

12.

TnYMELiEA
Inf.

linnrirf
II.

Hifpcnica.
leaf.

Spurge-laurel,

R. with

Sf.tnljb
flax-

Toad

is in
is

fome full of Juice, but in others

dry, in each

of which

is

contain "done

oblong Seed.

Iat ifAia 13. Thymel^a Hifpanica, clea foliis. Inf. R. H. Broadleav'd Spanjb Spurge- laurel, with

The
Vol.

Species are

Ol.ve-leaves.
4-3
14.

III.

Thy

T H
14.

T H
ltal't-

ta,

Silver R. H. talian^ urge-laurel, with Olive-

Thymeljea oka joins, lnft.

argcntca

albis.

Tourn. Cor.

The

lead Eail-

caves.
15.

Thymel^a
R.- H.

faxatilis, olea

folio. Inft.

Rocky SpurgeAlpina, folio

Lift.

laurel, with an Olive-leaf.

16.

Thymela:a

utrinque incano, flore albo.

R.
a

H.

Alpine Spurge-laurel, with

ern Spurge-olive, with the common Spurge - laurel - leaves, and white Flowers growing in Gutters. 27. Th ymelte a Orientalis,buxi folio fubtus 'villofoy fore albo. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Spurge-laurel/ with a Box leaf hairy on the Under- fide, and a whke Flower. 28. Thymel/ea Orient alis.falicis folio,

Leaf hoary on both Sides, and a w hite Flower. 17. T ii Y M E L I?. A foliis polygal<z Spurge laurel glabris. C. B. P. with fmooth Milkwort-leaves. 18. Thymeljea foliis polygala. <u llojis. Inf. R. H. Spurge - laurel with hairy Milkwort-leaves.
19.

fore albo

odoratijjimo. Tourn.

Cor.

Eaftern Spurge- laurel, with a

Willow-leaf, and
fcented Flower.

a white

fweet-

29. Th ym ELiE a linifolia- ft'mills, Africana, floribus pallidis cdoratifjttnis. Prod. Par, Bat. African Spurgelaurel like the feventh Sort,with pale

Thymeljea Jo His

cha?nel<za?

fweet-fcented Flowers.
30.

mincribus fubbirjutis.

C.

B. P.

Tiiymelaa

linifolise

fmills,

Spurge-laurel with fmaller

wail
-

Widow-

leaves,

which are fomewhat

,

Africana, foliis lucidis, latioribus, obtufs. Par. Bat. African Spurgelaurel, like

&

hairy.
2o.

the

feventh Sort, with

T H Y m E L JE a Uifpanica

fo li is

broader, mining, and obtufe Leaves.

31.
Htti,

myrti incanis. Inf. R. H.

Spurge-laurel,
leaves.

Spanij/j

11

Y m e L Ai a Africana, foliis
in

with hoary MyrtlePyrenaicajuni-

floribus

capitulum congeftis.

21.

Xh YM ELiE A

perifolia, ramulis furreclis. Inf.

R.H.

African Spurge-laurel, with FJax- leaves, and Flowers collected in Heads.

Oldenl.

Pyrenean Spurge laurel, with ajuniper-leaf, and upright Branches.

22.

Thy me L/c a foliis

candican-

tibus, fcrici inflar mollibus.

C. B. P. Spurge - laurel with whitifti foft Leaves refembling Silk, commonly

32. TliYMELiEA Africana, rorifmarini folio angnfijfmo brcviori. Oldenl. African Spurge-laurel,with a very narrow and fhorter Rofmaryleaf.

calPd Tarton-raire.
23.

tnarini

Thymeljea

Cretica,

olete

folio fubtus <villojo.Tourn.Cor. Spurge-

Africana, rorifangufijfmo longiori. Oldenl. African Spurge-Iaurel,with a very narrow and longer Rofmaryfolio

33-Thymel/ea

Jaurel of Crete, with an Olive-leaf hairy underneath.

leaf.

24.
lio

Thymeltf.a
-

utrinque

Cretica, olete foglabra. Tour 71. Cor.

34. Thymeljea Africana, rorijmarini folio, floribus longioribus.

Oldenl. African Spurge-laurel, with a Rofmary-leaf, and longer Flowers.

Spurge
25.
foliis.

of Crete, with an Oiive-leaf fmooth on both Sides.

laurel

Thymeljea

Pontica, ciiri

35.

Thymeljea

Tour n. Cor. Pontic Spurgelaurel, with Citron-leaves.

26.

munda facie,
laurel,

Africana, fanaericafoliis angufijfmis.

Prod. Par. Bat.

Thy mel. M a Or lent a lis

mini-

ma,

i&ureola? folic, for ihus Corner at is

African Spurgewith the Face of Sanamunda, and very narrow Heath-leaves.

36.

Thy-

T H
36.

T H
Seeds
;

Thymel^ea
Oldenl.

Africana, tar-

the belt Seafon for

which

is

ton- r aire fmilis, flortbus in capitulum

in July,

conge fas.

laurel, like the Tarton-raire,

African Spurgewith

when

foon after they are ripe, they begin to fall from the

Flowers collected
37.
rufci.
rel,

in

an Head.
Africana,foliis

Thymel^ea
Oldenl.

African Spurge-lauwith Butchers-broom-leaves.

Trees. Thefe mould befown upon an Eait Border, where they may have only the morning Sun, and cover'd about half an Inch with frefh Earth ;

38.
tefcens,

ThymEL^EA

Africana fru-

jafmini fore, foliis polygale*. African fhrubby Spurgelaurel, with a J afnv.ne- flower, and Leaves of Milkwort.
Oldenl.
Capenfis, nepce 39. Tbtopbrajli foliis aculeatis, fore par-

Thymel^a
Pluk.

fome of the they muit be carefully clear\i from Weeds, and in dry Weather mould be often water'd, which will greatly promote their Growth: but as the Seeds often lie in the Ground a whole Year bein the Spring following

Plants will appear,

when

fore the Plants appear,

the

Ground

Spurgelaurel of the Cape of Good Hope, with prickly Furz -leaves, and a fmall purple Flower. 40. Thymel^a Americana fru'Uo purpurea.

Pbyt.

tefcensy

rorifmarini folio, fore aibo.

,Plum.

laurel, with a Rofmary-leaf,

Shrubby American Spurgeand a

is

white Flower. The firft of thefe Plants

wild
in

found
;

Woods, and

other fhady

Places, in divers Parts of England

mould not be dillurb'd till there is no Hope of more Plants coming up. In this Border they may remain two Years, by which time they will be ftrong enough to tranfplant; when there mould be a Spot of frefh light Earth prepaid for them, into which they mould be planted in Autumn, in Rows two Feet Dittance, and the Plants eight Inches afunder in the Rows, treating them afterwards in the ufual manner with
other Kinds of Shrubs, while in this Nurfery ; and when they are large

but

is

often cultivated in
;

Gardens
planted
it

for Variety

where, if

it is

inWildernefi.es, or lhady Walks,

will thrive very well
;

enough

to plant out for good, they

and being an Ever-green, and producing its Flowers in Winter, when few other
Plants flower,
able.

may

be taken up in Autumn, with a Ball of Earth to the Root of each

makes

it

more acceptis

The

fecond Sort

a Variety

of the firft, which is preferv'd for the Beauty of its Griped Leaves. Both thefe Plants may be propagated by Suckers taken from the old Plants, or by Layers which mould be taken off in Autumn, and planted in a ilrong Soil, and lhady Situation; where, after they have taken Root,
;

where they are to which mould be in a light moift Soil, and a fhady Situation, where they will thrive and flower
remain
;

Plant, and plac'd

extremely well. There have been many of thefe Plants taken out of fome Woods near Ando--ver in Hampjhire but how they came thither is not at prefent known for this Shrub is not a Native of England.
; ;

they will require little farther Care; but the plain Sort is as tafily propagated by the Berries as the Mezereon.

Thefe Plants
to a

are great

Ornaments
;

Garden

early in the Spring, be-

fore other

Shrubs are in Flower

for, if theSeafon is mild, they often

The
are

feveral

Sorts of

Mezereon
their

flower in January

propagated

by

fowing

but in February ; they are always in Perfection. They fektora 4 S 2

IX

ti
till

feldom grow to be more than five or 1i x Icei high in England; fo fliould be planted among other Shrubs of
the fame Growth. The Sort with ftrip'd

Year, and others not or third Year.

the fecond

The twenty-third, and the five next-following Sorts, were difcovered by Dr. Toumefort in the Levant , from whence he fent their Seeds to
the

Leavesmay
;

be propagated by budding or inarching u upon the plain Sort becaufe the Seeds will not produce ftriped
Plants.

Royal Garden

at Paris,

where

many of the
loft
:

but ; moft of the Kinds have been fince

Plants wererais'd
at fo

The

fixtecn Sorts next-mention"d

in

that

prefent

there are

Germany, Bohemia, AuJtria, on the Alps and Apennines, and fome in the South ofFrance, mSpain, and Portugal ; but moft of them are Strangers in England, where there are but few of the Plants to be Indeed, fome of the Sorts found.
are fo difficult to tranfplant, that when they are remov'd from the Places of their natural Growth into
the neighbouring Gardt ns, they will not thrive ; particularly the eighth Sort, which is one of the moft beauthe Flowtiful of the whole Tribe ers of this Sort being of a brightpurple Colour, and have a very fra;

grow wild

few of them to be found in the Gardens of Europe ; tho' they are hardy enough to live through the Winter in the open Air, if they are planted
in a

warm

Situation.

Thefe Sorts may be propagated by Seeds, in the fame manner as the

former: but as they are difficult to procure, the beft way will be to fow the Seeds in Pots ; which may be
plac'd urder a
flicker

Frame

in Winter, to
;

them from the Froli but they muftbe kept open in mildWeather, and in Summer the Pots may
be remov'd into a fhady Situation
;

which

is

more agreeable

to
is

the

grant Scent. The twenty-fecond Sort

feveral

Seeds, than in a Place which

is

expo-

now
j

in

fed to the Sun.

are

When

the Plants

of the Engkjb Gardens

but

the Plants
yet.

make

but

little

Progrefs as

This will live through the Winter in the open Air, provided it grows on a drySoil,and in a fhelter'd
Situation
;

come up, they may be tranfplanted in the Autumn, either into Nurfery-beds, or into fmall Pots ;
where they may grow a Year or two to get Strength, and afterward be tranfplanted where they are to remain.

but

it

will be proper to

keep a Plant or two in Pots, to be remov'd into Shelter in Winter,

for fear thofe in the open Air fliould be deilroy'd by fevere Ftoft.

Moft of tlnfe Sorts may be propagated by Seeds, which mull be fown and treated in the fame manner as hath been directed for the Mezereon; and the Seeds of thefe are apt to remain
fore
tife'd,

as long in

the

Ground

there-

the fame Caution mould be not to difturb the Earth where

the Seeds are fown, until there are no Hopes of* more Plants coming up
for

Thefe Plants continue green throughout the Year, which renders them worthy of a Place in good Gardens where, 'if they are rightly difpos'd, they will afford an agreeable Variety. Moft of thele are low Shrubs, which feldom rife above two or three Feet high ; fo are very proper to plant under Trees to fill up the Vacancies, where they will have a good ErTedt. The Seeds of the feventh Sort are ufed in Medicine, fo that the Plants of this Kind are
;

fome Seeds may grow

the

firit;

preferv'din Phyfic-gardensj but this

makes

T H
makes the meaneft Appearance of
all the Sorts.

T H
ther
ly.

The twelve Sorts which are laftmention'd, are much tenderer than the former. All of thefe (except the laft) grow near the Cape of Good Hope, from whence feveral of them have been brought into the European
Gardens. Thefe Plants may alio be propagated by Seeds; but as they very rarely produce theirSeeds \x\Englanciy they are commonly propagated by laying down their Branches which, if rightly manag'd, will take Root The belt time to lay in one Year. down the Branches is in the Begin;

muft be given to them fparingIn Summer they mull be plac'd abroad with Geraniums, Alaternoiit

and other Plant' of the fame Country, and treated in the fame manner as hath been direct d for
des's,

thofe

with

which Management
well.

they

will

thrive very

The

Flowers of thefe Plants, being very fmall, do not afford any great Pleafu e, but for the Angular Oddnefs of the Leaves and Branches. Thefe
Plants deferve a Place in good Green-houfes, for Variety-fake. The laft Sort is more tender than

ning of April : the Branches which are chofen to make Layers, fhould be of the former Year, or at molt but two Years old thefe mould be a little twilled at the Part which is
:

any of the reft, as it is a Native of the warmer Parts of America. This

Ground,which will caufe them to root the fooner. In dry Weather they mud be duly water'd,
laid in the

was difcover'd by Father ?lumicr % in fome of the Tnneh Settlements in America and hath been obferv'd growing in great Plenty, at the Ha<vannab, by the late Dr. William Hou/loun, whofent the Seeds to EngIt was alfo found by Mr. Ro* land.
;

otherwile the Shoots will harden which will prevent their putting out Roots. By the April following they will be rooted, when they may be cut off from the old Plants, and each
planted into a fmall Pot
frelh Earth
fill'd

bert Millar at Campecby,

who

alfo

England; from which many Plants have been raifed. The Seeds of this Plant ftiould be
fent the

Seeds to

fown

in

Pots of frelh Earth, arid

with

are plung'd ; and if they very moderate Hot bed, it will forward their taking new Root.
into

then plung'd into a moderate Hotbed of Tanners Bark ; obferving frequently to water the Pots, to keep the Earth moift, which will bring up
the Plants in about
fix

Thefe mufti)e fcreenM from the Sun

every

Weeks

time.

Day

till

they are rooted

after

When

thefe Plants

are about

two

which time they mud be enured to and bear the open A:r by degrees in the Middle of May they mould be
;

Inches high, they (hould be lhaken out of the Seed- pot?, and each plant-

ed

in

a fmall Pot

fill'd

with

fiefti

plac'd abroad in a fnelter'd Situation,

where they

will make an agreeable Variety amongft other Exotic Plants. Thefe Plants muft be remov'd into the Green houfe in Autumn, and plac'd where they may enjoy as much free Air as pofiible in mild Weather; but they mult be protected from

loamy Earth, and then plung'd into a moderateHot-bed ofTannersBark, where they muft be Ihaded from the Heat of the Sun until they have taken new Root; after which time they muft be treated in the fame manner as hath been directed for
other Exotic Plants, which are the Produce of the hotteft Countries* In this Hot - bed the plants may remain till about Mich&elmes % whea the Nights will bt^in :o be too cold

Froft.

During the Winter-feafon

they muft be frequently refrefhed with Water ; for they are pretty thirlty Plants ; but in very cold Wea-

4$

for

T H
for
thefe

T H
they
as a Soup-herb,

Plants;

therefore

and

alfo for medici-

mould be removed

into the Stove,

nal Ufe.

and plunged into the Bark-bed. During the Winter - feafon thefe
Plants muft be kept very
caufe they

preferv'd
for

The next two Sorts are in many Gardens for Va:

warm,

ef-

pecially while they are young, be-

make
;

but

little

Progrefs

Year and if they areftinted the firft Winter, they do not recover in a long time after. Thefe Plants mould conftantly remain in the Stove, and mould be treated in the fame manner as hath been directed for the Suriana.
the
firft

good as the but the fourth Sort is lefs common in England than either of the former. Thefe Plants may be propagated
firft

riety, being equally as

Ufe

either

by Seeds, or parting

their

Roots ; the Seafon for either is in March. If it is done by fowing the Seeds, they mould be fown upon a Bed of light Earth, obferving not to bury them too deep,wr.ich will caufe

THYMUS,
The

Thyme.

Characters are ; It hath a labiated Flower, confining of one Leaf, nuhofe Upper-lip is
erecl,

them to rot when the Plants are come up, they mould be carefully cleared from Weeds; and if the Spring mould prove dry, and they
:

and generally fplit

-

in

two ; and
arifes

the Under

lip

is

divided into three

are watered twice a greatly promote their

Parts

out

of the Flower -cup

the Pointal, accompaniid by four Embryoes, which afterward become fo many Seeds inclosed in an Hufk, nvhich was before the Flower-cup : to
thefe

June the Plants leaving them about

in

Week, it will Growth and mould be thinn'd,

;

fix

Inches afun-

der each

Way,

that they
;

room

to

fpread

may have and thofe Plants

neous

Marks muft be added, Hard ligStalks, and the Flowers gather-

which are drawn out may be tranfplanted jnto frefh Beds at the fame Diftance, obferving to water them
until

ed into Heads.

they have taken Root

will require

after

The
1.

Species are

C. B. P.
2.
ore.

Thymus vulgaris,folio latiore. Common broad leav'd

-

Thyme.

Thymus
C.

vulgaris, folio tenui-

B.

P.

Common

narrow-

leav'd
3.

Thyme.
vulgaris > folio latiore
-

Thymus

no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds and in the Winter following they may be drawn up for Ufe. But if the Plants are propagated by parting their Roots, the old Plants mould be taken up about the Latter-end of March, and flipt into
;

which they

t'ariegato.

Broad

leav'd

ftriped

Thyme.
4.

Thymus
C. B. P.

ca tit at us,

qui Diof-

coridis.

The

true

Thyme

many Parts as can be taken off with the Root: thefe mould be tranfplanted into Beds of frefh light Earth, at fix or eight Inches Dias

I
I

ftance ; obferving, if the Seafon is of the Antients. There are feveral other Species of dry, to water them until they have Thyme, which are preferv'd in Bo- taken Rcot: after which they muft be but as weeded, and they will thrive, and tanic Gardens for Variety they are feldom cultivated for Ufe, foon be fit for Ufe. In order to fave Seeds cf thefe I fhall not enumerate them in this Place. The Sort with broad Leaves Plants, fome of the old Roots mould remain unremoved in the Place is the moft common in England : this where they were fown the preceding is cultivated in the Kitchen-gardens Year
;

;;

T
Year
:

T
and ripen, which
6.
tis

I
majoribus muerona-

thefe will flower in June,

Ti L

foliis

-mention'd Trees in England, being cultivated in moft Nurferies ; but the Carolina and American black Lime are not at prefent very common. The Seeds of the firfl: were fent from Carolina by Mr. Mark is fown or planted upon a Spot of Ground, whereon Thyme grew the Catefby, in the Year 1726; but as yet there does not appear any confipreceding Year, will feldom thrive, derable Difference between this and unlefs the Ground be trench'd deepthe commonSort theSeeds of the later than the Thyme rooted. LEMON. Vide ter I receiv'd from Virginia, That with ftriped Leaves is preferv'd by fome Serpyllum. for the fake of Variety ; but there Vide is no great Beauty in it. Marum. The fixth Sort has been lately inMASTICH. Vide troduced from North- America into Maftichina. TILIA, The Lime, or Linden- the Englijh Gardens the Leaves of this Sort are much larger and rougher tree. than either of the other, having The Characters are ; The Flower e onft of fever a! fomewhat the Appearance of thofe fts of the Mulberry tree Leaves, which are placd orbicularly, the Shoots and expand in form of a Rofe ; having and Buds are of a dark Colour a long narrow Leaf growing to the from whence I fuppofe the Name of Black-lime was applied to it by the Footflalk of each Clujler of Flowers from whofe Cup rifes the Pointal, Inhabitants of America. which afterward becomes a teficulaThis Sort is as hardy as any of the ted Fruity confifting of one Capftlef other: but it is not fo quick of containing an oblong Seed in each. Growth the Shoots of one Year feldom exceed fix Inches ; tho' by The Species are I. Tilia farmina, folio majore. the Appearance of the Stems, it C. B. P. The common or broad- feems as if it was a Tree of large Growth in its native Country. leav'd Lime-tree. All thefe Trees are eafily propaz. Tilia faamina, folio minor e. C.B.P. The fmallleav'd Lime- gated by Layers, which in one Year will take good Root, and may then tree. be taken off, and planted in a Nur3. Tilia foliis molliter hirfutis, fery, viminibus rubris, fruilu titragono. at four Feet Diflance Row Raii Syn. The red - twiggM Limefrom Row, and two Feet afunder in tree. the Rows the belt time to lay them down, and to remove them, is at 4. Tilia Caroliniana, folio lonMichaelmas, when their Leaves begius mucronato. The Carolina Limethree
firft:

in July the Seed will mult be taken as foon as it is ripe, and beat out, otherwife the firft Rain will wafh it all out of the Husks, Thefe Plants root greatly in the Ground, and thereby draw out the Goodnefs of the Soil fooner than moft other Plants fo that whatever
;

Cif

rugoforibuj.

The American

black Lime-tree.

The

are very

common

THYME THE

THYME THE MARUM. THYME THE

tree. 5.

gin to

Tilia faemina, folio mnjore *va-

riegato.
tree.

The

ftriped-leav'd

Lime-

fall, that they may take Root before the Froft comes on, though they may be tranfplanted any time

from September

to

4 $ 4

March , in open Weather

T
Weather
is
;

I
is

T
dry,
it

but

if

the Soil

light

much
in

the better

way

to
it

remove
will fave

them

Autumn,
Exp?nce

becaufe
in

watering them, efpeciaHy if the Spring fhould prove dry. In this Nurfery tney may remain four or five Years; during which time the Ground mould be dug every Spring, and conftantly kept clear from Weeds and the large Side-moots pruned cfT, to caufe them to advance in Height; but the frnall Twigs muff, not be praned off from the Stems becaufe thefe are
; ;

a great

&

by Architects framing the Models of their Buildings the Turners likevvife ufe it for making light Bowls, Dimes, c. but it is too foft for any ftrong
;

Wood
;

as alfo

for

Purpofes.

Thefe Trees
a great

will continue

found
and, if
will
I

Number
in

of Years

planted

good loamy

Soil,
:

abfolutcly neceffary

to

detain

the

Sap, for the Augmentation of their Trunks, which arc apt to fhoot up

too (lender,
diveftcd of

when they
all

are intirely

their

lateral

Twigs.

Jf the Soil in which they are planted

be a fat Loam, they will prodigious Frogrefs in their

fo th
:t

make

Growth

have meafur'd one of thefe Tree.% which was near ten Yards in Girt two Feet above the Ground, and was then in a very thriving Condition and Sir Thomas Brown mentions one of thefe Trees which grew in Norfolk, that was fixteen Yards in Circuit, a Foot and an half above-ground, in Height thirty Yards, and in the leail Part of the Trunk it was eight Yards and an half. TIN US, Laurus Tinus, <vulgo.
to a confiderable
:

grow

Bulk

in five

be

fit

to tranfplant out

Years time they will where they

The Char afters

The Flowers grow
confiji

are

in C/ufers,
is

and

are to remain.

of one Leaf which

di vided

Thefe Trees were

fince greatly efteemed

fome Years
for planting

of Walks and Avenues near Habitations becaufe in a few Years they would afford a pleafant Shade, and might be removed, when grown to
;

into fi<ve Farts toward the Top : thefe are fucceeded by fmall Fruit y fhaped fomewhat like an Olive ; but are um-

bilicated, each containing one pearJhap.d Seed.

,

a large Stature, without Hazard ; fo that a Perfon might enjoy the Pleafure of them in a fhort time : but of
late they are

The Species are Tinus prior. Chf.

;
.

Hift.

The

Baftard fhining-leav'd Laurus Tinus,

<vulgo.
2.

much
their

lefs

valued,

on

Tinus
,

II.

Cluf.

Hift.

The

account of
early in

Leaves decaying
(efpecially if the

rough-leav d Laurus Tinus,

3.

<vulgo.

Autumn
many

Tinus

III.

Cluf.

Hift.

The

Soil be dry, in

which they are planttimes they are al-

fmall-leav'd Laurus Tinus, <vu!go.

4.

ed)

fo that

Tinus

prior Clufi, folio afro-

moft deffitute of leaves by the Beginning of September whereas the Elm continues in Beauty a full Month longer ; and the Wood of the latter being much preferable to that of the former, it has fuperfed thefe Trees in molt of the modem
;

<viridi fplendente.

The

fhining-leav'd

Laurus Tinus,
5
.

<vulgo.
',

Ti Nus

prior Clujii foliis ex al-

bs -variegatis.

The mining

leav'd

Laurus Tinus.
6.
<variegatis.

Tinus II. The

Clufi, foliis ex luteo

ftriped rough-leaved

Plantations..

Laurus Tinus.
the Lime-tree
it
is

The Timber of
iifed

7.

Tinus

foliis cvatis in petiolot

by

the Carvers,

being a

foft

terminatis

integerrimis,

Flor.

Virg

American

I
ftrait,

T
ed and unfightly

American Laurus Tinus, with oval

whole Leaves. Thefe Plants are greatly propagated in the Gardens near London for
their Beauty, the Leaves always remaining green and their Flowers are
;

otherwife they will be crookbut it is not pro: per to have thefe Plants more than two Feet high in clear Stems , becaufe

producM
flower.

in great Plenty in the

Win-

ter-feafon,

when few

other Shrubs

when their Heads are advanced above Sight, the Beauty of the Plants is loft, and they are in great Danger of being deftroy'd in bad
Weather
:

therefore,

when

their

Thefe Plants we-e a few Years fince preferved In Pots and Tubs, and plac d in the Green-houfe in Winter, with Oranges, Myrtles, and but of late other Exotic Trees Years they have been planted in the open Ground, where they refill the Cold of our ordinary Winters very well, and are rarely injured, except and then they in very fevere Frofts are feldom deftroyed, though their Heads may be kill'd, as was the Cafe with many of thefe Trees in the Years 1728. and 1740. yet thofe which were left Mndiiturb'd mot out
1 ;

Stems are two Feet high, their upright Shoots ihould be llopp'd, in order to force out lateral Branches which may be fo pruned in the growing Seafon, as to form them into

regular

Heads

but this

mould
the
their

not be done with Sheers

(as is

common

Practice,

whereby

freih again the following Summer, and have fince made good Plants which mould caution People from
;

Leaves are cut, and render'd very unfightly), but rather Wilfully pruned with a Knife, allowing their Branches a proportionable Diihncc to the Breadth of their Leaves, which will be clofe enough to render them beautiful, an J at the fime time will encourage their Flowering for
:

when they
their

are continually clipp'd,

rooting out Plants too foon, when they may feem to be kill'd by Froil. Thefe Plants may be propagated

Branches are very weak, and and their Flowers are never fo lage, nor prooften decay in the Middle
;

duct

by laying down
I

their

tender Shoots
if

in fo great Plenty, as when they have a greater Diilance allow'd

in

Autumn, which,

kept clear

to their Shoots.

from VVeeds, and duly watered in dry Weather, w ill take Root by the when they fucceeding Autumn,
Ihould be taken
into a

and tranfplanted Soil, but not too wet, at three Feet Diftance Row from Row, and eighteen Inches afunoff,

the Flowers are produced at Extremity of their Shoots, if they are clipp'd in the Summer, they will not produce Flowers the follow-

As

the

mellow loamy

der in the Rows,

obfening to lay fome Mulch upon the Surface of the

Winter ; therefore when the Shoots are pruned, it mould be done early in the Spring, before they make new Shoots ; otherwife the great
ing

Ground about

and in dry Weather to refrefh them with

their

Roots

'

Water

until they

rnve taken Root.

Beauty of the Plants will be loll. The fecond and third Sorts are the bell for this Climate, becaufe they are hardier, and will flower much
better,

be fome ftrait Stakes fix'ddown by the Side of each Plant (if they are defign'd for Standalfo

There mould

than
:

either

Kinds
flower

Jthefe

of the other frequently begin to

;

about Michaelmas

and if

ards), to

which they mould be

to

fatten-

ed, in order

render their Stems

they are not injur'd by fevere Froft, will continue in Flower all the Winter

T
tcr

I
full

T
not quite fo

and Spring, when they make a very agreeable Appearance.

The
fore
lefs
it

fourth Soft
is

is

Leaf, the Green of thefe being of a darker Shade, make a good Contrail with the others.

hardy, and

later in the Seafon be;

There

are

fome who make Hedges

comes to flower fo that unthe Winter is favourable, or the

;

Plants arefhelter'd, they feldom pro-

duce many Flowers but in very mil J Winters, when the Plants are not injur'd, they make a fine Appearance; the Flowers of this Kind being much larger than thofe of the
other Kinds.

of thefe Plants ; but they are by no means proper for that Purpofe, becaufe their Leaves are large, which occafions their Branches to be pro-

duced
thefe,

at a

farther
cut,

Diftance; and

appear very unfightly ; befides, the Branches of thefe Trees are weak ; fo are not able to fupport themfelves when they
are the cut
pretty thin;
fo

when

In

this

Nurfery the Plants may

re-

that

the

main four or five Years; during which time they mould be carefully clearM from Weeds, and the Ground dug every Spring; in doing of which their Roots mould be carefully cut round, to caufe them to produce more Fibres, whereby they may be
remov'd with greater Safety, becaufe
the Earth will be the better fupported
bell time to about the Beginning of Oftober, as hath been directed for Laurels, and fome other Sorts of Ever-greens, that being the Seafon they begin to flower. Thefe Shrubs are very ornamental, when planted in the lower Part of Clumps, and other Plantations of Ever-greens, if they are mix'd with other Plants of the fame Growth and in thefe Plantations they will not be fo liable to fufFer by Froft, becaufe their Stems will be defended by They are the neighbouring Plants. alfo very proper to plant round the Verges of Woods, and tall Wildernefles, by way of Border to them where if they are interfpers'd with Larch, and other Ever-greens, they add greatly to the Variety of fuch

Winds and Snow frequently

Branches,

difplace
thefe

and

render
:

Hedges very unfightly therefore I do not recommend them for this Purpofe ; but rather to have them grow in their natural way, without
any Pruning, unlefs that of reducing
irregular or mifplaced Shoots
:

thefe

may
and

by

their Roots.

The

be fhortened, or intirely cut off, according as the Plants may require;

tranfplant

them

is

one Pruning every Spring keep them conftantlyin Order, without injuring their flowering, which fnould always be avoided. ThefixthSort has been lately introduced into the Englijh Gardens from North -America, and hath not as yet produced any Flowers in this Country the Seeds of this I received from the late Dr. Thomas Dale from Carolina : the Plants which J have raifed are fomewhat tender while young;
this

will be fufficient to

but afterward thrive very well in the

Plantations, efpecially in the

ter-feafon,

Win-

when

the other Trees are

:

have conftantly reLeaves all the Year but there have been fome Plants brought from Maryland and Virginia, by the fame Title, which cad their Leaves in Winter, and appear to be much hardier than thofe from Carolina ; though there are fome open Air
tained
:

thefe

their

dellituce of Leaves and in the Summer, when the other Trees are in

Perfons,

who
at

affirm

fame, which

prefent

they are the feems very

unlikely
j

T
unlikely
;

I
a Surgeon
are
: the Branches of this Sort weaker than thefe of the other, and grow much longer, fo that they

however, when they have

produced Flowers, their Difference may be better afcertained.

TITHYMALUS,
The
feveral

Spurge.

require to be fupported

the Leaves

of Spurge having been ranged under the Title of Euphorbia by Dr. Linnaeus, as they

Kinds

are fhort and broad, ending in a Point : thefe are not near fo thick as thofe of the former, and are of a
lighter

agree well together in their Flower and Fruit ; and were feparated by

the whole Plant Green abounds with a milky Juice of a

:

former Botanifts, for their outward Appearance only ; therefore I have

followed the Doctor in placing them together but as there is an eflential Difference between the Flowers of this Genus, and thofe of Euphorbia,
:

fharp acrid Quality; fo I believe it to be equally poifonous with the other ; for if a Branch is cut off, the

Juice will immediately corrode the Knife.

I have applied the old Name to this Genus, rather than that of Tithymaloides.

They are both propagated by Cutwhich may be taken from the Plants during any of the Summertings,

months
Characters are

The
is in

conftjls of one Leaf and Shape fomenvhat like a Slipper ; nvhofe Pointal afterward becomes a

The Flower

tricapfular Fruity like

bia.

/^^/Euphor;

The Species are Tithymalus frutefcens, folio The Amemyrti ampUJfimo. Toarn.
1.

in a ; and after having bin dry Place for a Fortnight or three Weeks, until the wounded Part be healed over, they fhould be planted into fmall Pots fill'd with light fanc'y Earth mix'd with Lime-rubbifh, and then plunged into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, obferving now-andthen to refrefh them gently with Moilture but they fhould never re;

rican ihrubby laurel-leav'd

*vulgo.

Spurge,
foliis

ceive

much Wet, which

will

rot

them.
Plum.

2.
nerii.

Tithymalus frutefcens,

Shrubby Spurge, with

an Oleander-leaf.

After they have taken Root, they a greater Share of Air by raifing the GlafTes ; but they muJl

may have

The fecond Sort was brought from

"Barbados, into the Englijh Gardens, by the Name of Poifon-bufh ; the

milky Juice of
it

ue Plant,

with which

greatly abounds, being very acrid, and will draw Blifters on the Skin :
if this Juice
it is

mixes with the Blood, of a deadly Nature fo that if the Points of Arrows, or the Edges of Swords, are rubbed over with this Juice, I have been informed, that whatever Animal is wounded with thefe, furely dies,
faid to be

never be expos'd to the open Air in this Bed they may remain until the Beginning of Oclober, when they muft be remov'd into the Stove, and plac'd with the Melon and Torchthiftle, in a warm dry Stote; and, during the Winter - feafonT", they fhould have very little Wjier-;' which, if given in Plenty, fe!dom fails to
:

rot them.

thrive in the

Thefe Plants are too tender to open Air in England

remain in the Stove, obferving in

therefore the Plants fhould conftantly

though the Wounds are not deep, or in any dangerous Part. The firrt Sort was fent from Camfechy by the late Mr. Robert Millar,

the Summer-feafon,
ther
is

when

the

Wea-

admit a large Share of frefh Air to them, and in the

to

warm,

Winter

T O
Winter to place them in a warm Part of the Stove, otherwife they cannot be preferv'd. Thefe Plants muft be Ihifted every Summer, and frelh Earth given to them if the Earth is light and iandy, it will require no Mixture
:
;

T O
&
profundiflime crenato albo.

Boerh.

Hartwort with a long narrow Leaf, a large white Flower, and a white Seed beautifully and deeply
Lid. alt.

notch'd.
6.

Tordylium

Arabum
alt.

tor rich or ftrong

Ground
;

is

very

Orientale, Seeacul diclum Rawolfio. Boerh. Ind. Eaftern Hartwort, call'd by

improper
the Soil
thefe,

for
is

them

therefore where

Rauwolj] Stcacul of the Arabians.

7.
t
-e

inclinable to either of

Tordylium

Lufitanicum, eicu-

good Mixture of Sand and Limc-rubbim, to

there fhould be a

femine Jlriato. Infl. R. H. Portugal Hartwort, with an Hemfolio,

prevent

its

binding, or

detaining

lock-leaf,

and a llreakM Seed.

album, facie tor-

Moifture.

8.
dylii

Tordylium
lutei

Thefe Plant? are preferv\J for their odd Appearance amongftother fucculent Plant?, their Leaves being very
large, thick,

Column*. Hort. Cath. White Hartwort, with the Appearance of Columnar yellow Hartwort. All thefe are annual Plants, which perifh foon after they have perfected

and

full

of a milky
Vide-Euphor-

acrid Juice.

Tll'HYMALUS.
bia.

TOAD-FLAX. Vide Linaria. TOBACCO. Vide Nicotiana.

The firft Sort is found wild in feveral Parts of England: and the fecond Sort has been by fome
their Seeds.

TORDYLIUM,
The Char a tiers
It
is

Hartwort.
are
;

an

u?nbelliferous Plant,

with

g rcfe-fafd

Flower, con/yling offi*ve unequal heart -fajbiori d Petals, which

mention'd as an indigenous Plant of Country ; but I believe it is nowhere found wild, i nlefs where the Seeds have been purpofel.y fcatter'd.
this

ere placed circularly, and rejl on the E'f:f a lenient, which afterward becomes an c.lmojl round Fruit, compofed

Thefe Plants are preferv'd in the Gardens of fome Perfons who are
curious in Botany; but there
is little

cf two fat

Seeds,

their Covering,

which eafily cajl off with a raifed Border,

which

is

commonly indented.
Injl.

The Species are; 1. Tordylium maximum. R H. The greateft Hartwort.

2.

nus. Injl. R.

Top.dyl.ium Narhonenfe miH. Small Hartwort of

them. They are propagated by Seed*, which fhould be fown in the Autumn foon after they are ripe; when the Plants will foon appear, and are very hardy, fo that they require no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds ; and where they come
in

Beauty

iSarbonne.
3.

Col. P. 4.
4.

Tordylium Apulum minimum. 124. The fmalleft HartTordylium

up too clofe together, they mould be thinned fo as to leave them fix In June following Inches afunder.
the Plants
will

flower,

and

their

wort of Apulia.
minus, Iimbo gra Mor. Umb. Small Hartwort of Syria, with a granulated
nvlato, Syriacum.

Seeds will ripen in Augujl ; which, if permitted to fcatter on the Ground,

will produce a Supply of Plants without any Trouble. If the Seeds of thefe Plants are kept out of the. Ground till Spring, they feldoni fucceed ; for if any Plants are pro-

Border.
5
.

Tordylium folio longo angufio,

Jlore alio magna, jemine elegant ijj; me

duced

T O
duced from the Seeds then fawn, they commonly periih before they have perfected their Seeds ; whereas thofe which are fown in Autumn do rarely
fail.

t o
particular Places of England

wild

Thefe Plants

will

grow on

any
den.

Soil or Situation, fo

may be put

growing grows on the Alps and the fourth and fifth Sort3 grow in Denmark, Sweden, and fome other Northern Countries but are rarely preferved, unlefs in fome
:

the third Sort

into any

obfcure Part of the Gar-

TORMENTILLA, Tormentil.
The
Characlers are
confijh
;

Botanic Gardens, for the fake of Variety. It requires no Care to propagate thefe Plants, fince, if their Seeds are fown in almoft any Soil or
Situation, the Plants will

The Flower

of four Petals,
;

come up

which are placed orbicularly, and expand in form of a Rofe out of vjhofe
(divided inio fcveral Segments, and Jbaped like a Bafon ) art/is the Pointal, which afterward becomes an almcf globular Fruity in which many Seeds are gathered into a fort of little Head, covered with the Empalement : to which mufl be added, That there are commonly [even 'Leaves growing on the Top of the Footjialk.
one- leaved Empalement

and flourifh without any other Care, but to prevent their being over- run with great Weeds. TOXICODENDRON, Poifontree, vulgo.

The

Characlers are
conjifs

The Flower

of five Leaves,
;

which are placed orbicularly, and expand in form of a Rofe out of whofe Flower-cup rifes the Pointal, which afterward becomes a roundi/h, dr and, for the mojl part, furrowed
Fruit, in vshich
is

The
1.

Species are

contained one com-

Torment ill a

fylveflris

C.

prefs'd Seed.

B. P. Wild Tormentil | or
2.

Septfoil.
refente.

To rme NT
R. H.

lla radicc

1.

The Species are Toxicodendron

;

triphyllum
-

In/l.

Creeping-rooted Tor-

glabmm.
2.

Toum.

Three

leav'd

mentil.
3.

fmooth Poifon-tree.

tnyor.

T0RMENTILLA^//>/tf vulgaris C. B. P. Greater Tormentil

Alps.

Toxicodendron

triphyllum,

foliofinuato pubejeente. Tourn.

Three-

of the
4.

Tor MEN TILL A

Tormentilla
Lift.

Caffubica

ma-

leav'd Poifon-tree, with a fmuated hairy Leaf.

3.
lits

jor. Inf.
til,

R. H. Greater Tormenwith deep cat Leaves.

Caffubica mi-

T oxicodendron
minoribus glabris.

reclum, fo-

Hort. Elth*

5.

Smaller TormenR. H. til, with deep-cut Leaves. The firft Sort grows wild everynor.

Upright Poifon-tree, fmooth Leaves.

with fn.aller

4. Toxicodendron reclum pentaphyllum ghibrum, foliis latioribus.

where on dry

Paftures, and on Commons, in moil: Parts of England. The Roots of this Plant have been frequently ufed for Tanning of Leather, in Places where Oak-bark is very fcarce. This Root is alio much ufed in Medicine, and is accounted the beft Aftringent in the whole Ve-

Smooth
tree,
.

five-leav'd upright Poifonwith broader Leaves. 5 Tox CO p n d RON ample xico.ule,

1

foliis

minoribus glabris. Hort. Elth. Climbing Poifon-tree, with imaller

fmooth Leaves.
6 Toxicodendron foliis alat Is, frufiurhomboide. Hort. Elth. Poifontree with wing'd Leaves, and a Fruit Ihap'd like a Rhombus.

getable

Kingdom.
fecond Sort
is

The

found in fome

The

The two firfl Species were brought from Virginia, many Years fince, where they grow in great Plenty, as it is probable they do in moll other Northern Parts of America. The
firft

ted in England.

The Wood of thefe Trees, when burnt, emits a noxious

Fume, which
will fuffbcate

Animals

when

they are Ihut up in a Room where it is burnt an Inftance of

:

Sort feldom advances in Pleight

but the Branches trail upon the Ground, and fend forth Roots, by

mention'd in the Pbilofopbical Tranfacliom by Dr. William Sfoerard,

this is

which they propagate

ty-

in great Plen-

The
right,

fccond Sort will grow up-

and make a Shrub about four

or

that in this Country.

ly as

Feet high, but rarely exceeds This may be propagated by Layers, and is equalfive

hardy

as the former.

The
grows
iix

third Sort
erect to the
:

Feet

here mention'd Height of five or the Leaves of this Kind are

thofe
;

which was communicated to him in New-England by Mr. Moore, in which he mentions fome People who had cut fome of this Wood for Fuel, which they were burning, and in a fhort time they loft the Ufc of their Limbs, and became flupid fo that if a Neighbour had not accidentally open'd the Door, and feen them in that Cona Letter from
;

dition,

it is

generally believ'd they

much fmaller, than common Poifon-oak

of

the

would foon have perifh'd. This mould caution People from making
ufe of this

but the Bran-

Wood.

ches of this are flexible, fo that it will never make a Shrub of any great Height or Strength.
fourth Sort was found in Maryland, from whence the Seeds

All thefe Sorts are hardy Plants,

The

which will thrive in the open Air in this Country but they love a moift Soil, and mould be planted under Trees in WildernelTes, where they
;

were

fent to England.

This grows

more upright than the former, and by the Appearance of the young
Plants, feems to be a

Shrub of much

larger
ginia,

Growth.
fifth

The

Sort

is

from whence

a Native of VirI received the

and endure the Cold better than where they have a more open Expofure. They may be propagated by Seeds, or from Suckers, which fome of the Sorts fend forth in plenty, or by laying
will thriye very well,

down

the Branches

of thofe Sorts

Seeds : this puts out Roots from the Branches, which fallen themfelves to the Stems of Trees, or the Joints of Walls, by which the Branches
are fupported.

which do not put forth Suckers ; which in one Seafon will be fufliciently rooted to tranfplant
;

when

they mould be planted where they are defignM to remain. The bell

The fixth Sort is a low Shrub, feldom rifmg more than five Feet All the Sorts of Toxicodenhigh.
dron difter in Sex, the Male never producing any Fruit, having fmali herbaceous Flowers, without any Embryoes. Thefe Plants are prefervM by the Curious in Botany, for the fake of Variety but as there is little Beauty
;

Time to remove thefe Shrubs is in March, becaufe then there will be no Danger of their fuftering by
Froft.

in them, they are not

much

cultiva-

When a Perfon is poifoned by handling this Wood, in a few Hours he feels an itching Pain, which provokes a Scratching, which is followed by an Inflammation and Swelling. Sometimes a' Perfon has had his Legs pcifon'd, which have run with Water.

T R
ter.

TR
1.

Some

of

the Inhabitants of
diftinguifti

Traghelium azureum

America affirm, they can

this

liferum. Pon. Bald.

umbelBlue umbelli-

Wood by the Touch in the Dark, from its extreme Coldnefs, which is like Ice but what is men:

ferous Throatwort.
2. Trachelium umbelliferum violaceum, foliis laciniatis. Inf. R.

tion^ of

this

applicable to

mention'd

poifonous Quality, is the fixth Sort here which, by the Defcripthis Species.

H.

lour'd Flowers

tion, agrees

with

Throatwort with violet-cogrowing in Umbels, and jagged Leaves. urn, fori3. Trachelium viUof

This Sort of Poifon-tree is not only bus confer tim cx foliorum a lis r.afcena Native of America, but grows tibus. Inf. R. H. Hairy Throatwort, with Flowers growing in Cluplentifully on the Mountains in Jatters from the Wings of the Leaves. pan, where it is called Faji No Ki ; 4. Trachelium petrautn, foriand from this Tree they extract one bus in capitulum congejtis. Inf. R. H. Sort of their Varnifh or Lacca,which RockThroatwort, with Flowers colthey ufe for japanning theirUtenfils lected in Heads. but this is not their beftKind ofVarnim, that being made of the Juice of 5. Trachelium minus Africaanother Tree, which is alfo very num, fortius njiolaceis, per caulem poifonous, and nearly allied to this ; fparfs. Inf. R. H. Smaller Afriand from which fome Writers think ctftfThroatwort, with violet-colour'd Flowers growing thinly on the it differs only by Culture.
of this Tree is milky, oat of the wounded Part ; but foon after it is expofed to the Air, it turns black, and has a very ftrong fetid Scent, and is corrodeing : for I have obferved, on cutting off a fmall Branch from one of thefe Shrubs, that the Blade of the Knife has been changed black in a Moment's time, fo far as the Juice had fpread over it ; which I could not get off without grinding the Knife. As this 1 ree is very common in Virginia, Carolina, and New-England, it would be well worth the In-

The Juice
it

Stalks.
6.

when
i

lffuec

Trachelium Americanum,

fonchi folio, fore alko longifjhno.Plum.

habitants Trial, to
nifh.

make

this

Var-

TRACHELIUM,
The
It

Throatwort.

Characters are

hath a funnel -Jhap'd Flower,

compofed of one Leaf and cut into federal Parts at the Top ; whcfe Em-

American Throatwort, with a Sowand a very long white Flower. The firft Sort is prefervM in many curious Gardens for the Beauty of its Flowers, which continue a long time, and are fucceeded by new Umbels on the Tops of the younger Shoots fo that the Plants continue in Beauty for fome Months. This Plant is fuppofed to be a Native of fome of the Iflands in the Archipdago, from whence it was firlt brought to Italy, and hath been fince fpread to many Parts of Europe. It is hardy in refpect to Cold, provided ic has a proper Situation, which mould be in theCrevices ofoldWalls, where it will abide the Cold very
thiltle leaf,
;

palement afterward becomes a membraneous Fruit often triangular, and

divided into three Cells t which are
full offmall Seeds. The Species are

well.

When

thofe Plants

which

grow on warm Borders

are frequent-

ly deftroyed, this Plant has propal gated itfelf by Seeds, on the Walls

of fome Gardens, where

it

has been

planted

T R
and thofe Plants which have grown on the Walls have continued, when thofe which were in Pots, and prefer v'd with Care, have been intirely deftroyed. The fecond Sort grows upon the Mountains of Brefaa, about the Mouths of Caves, between the hardeft

TR
there
is

planted;

Earth
the

lodged
Seeds

fufficient
j

to

receive

where

the Plants will

better,

refill

the Cold

much
;

Rocks

fo that

it

is

very

diffi-

cult to get out the

Roots.

The

third

Sort

grows

on

the

Rocks
vant.

in

feveral

Places in the Le-

Seeds, which

All the ft Sorts are propagated by mould be fown foon

;

and continue longer, than when fown in the fall Ground and when a few of the Plants are eftablifti'd on the Walls, they will flied their Seeds, fo that they will maintain themfelves without any farther Care. I have obferv'd fome Plants of the nrft Kind, which have grown from the Joints of a Wall, where there has not been the leaft Earth to fupport them which have refilled the Cold, tho' they have been
;

after they are ripe

are kept out of the

for when they Ground till the

Spring, they feldom grow. Thefe Seeds fliould be fown inPots nll'd with frefh undung'd Earth, and plac'd in

the Winds ; fo that thefe Plants are very proper to cover the Walls of Ruins, where
greatly expofed to

they will have a very good Effecl. The fourth Sort grows on the

a Ihady Situation

till

the Beginning

Mountains

in Italy,

when they may be removed into a more open Expofure where they may have as much Sun
of
Oclober,
at
pofiible,

the Crevices of

the

from between Rocks from

;

whence

it is

difficult to

get out the*

but be
:

flickered

from
is

cold
vere,

Winds

when

the Cold

fe-

they mould be placed under an Hot - bed - frame, where they may enjoy as much frceAir as pofiible in mild

Weather

but they mutt

Frofts, other-

be fcrcened from hard

wife they are frequently destroyed. They may alfo be propagated by OfFfets or Cuttings, which may be taken off in the Spring or Summermonths and fliould be planted in Pots filPd with frefh undung'd Soil,
;

Roots. This may be treated in the fame manner as the former Sorts, and will thrive better on Walls, than if fown or planted in the Earth. The" fifth Sort is an annual Plant, which was brought from the Cape of Good Hope to Holland, where it has been preferv'd in fome of their curious Botanic Gardens. This Sort
will fucceed well, if the Seeds are permitted to fcatter on the Pots of Earth which are near them, provided the Pets are plac'd in the Green-

and plac'd in a fliady Situation untaken Root; when til they have they msy be removed into a flielof the Garden ; where, being mix'd with other hardy Exotic Plants, they will afford an agreeter'd Part

where the Plants will come up and flower early the following Summer, a .d will have time to perhoufe
;

fect their S'eeds

whereas,

when

the

Seeds are fown in the Spring, the Plants will not flower till Auguft ; fo
if the Autumn fliould prove bad, they will not produce Seeds. The fixth Sort grows plentifully

that,

able Variety.

But

as

thefe Plants thrive

better

on oldWalls. when by Accident they have arifen there from Seeds, fo their Seeds when ripe, may befcatter'd OA fiich Walls as are eld, or where

Jamaica, and feveral other Places warm Parts of America* where it grows in. moill Places by the Sides This may be propagated cf Rivers,
in

in the

T R
by
Seeds, which

T R
Tourn. Cor.
a moderate

mould be Town

early in

the Spring on
;

and when the Plants are mould be transplanted on another Hot-bed, to bring them forward ; and then they may be treated in the fame manner as hath been directed for the tender Sorts of Rapuntium : with whichManagement this Plant will thrive, and produce its Flowers and if the Seeds are permitted to fcatter, or are fown as foon as they are ripe, if the Pots are kept in the Stove, the Plants will

Hot- bed

Goats-thorn of Canny, with very fmall hoary Leaves, and a larger white Flower.
7.

come

up, they

Tragacantha

Orient alis hu-

millima, fore magna albo. Cor. very low Eaftern

Tourn,

Goatsthorn, with a large white Flower.

8.

Tragacantha

Orient alis bu-

millima, barbae fo a jis folio. Tourn. Cor. very low Eaftern Goats-

thorn, with a Jupiter's-beard-leaf.

9.

Tragacantha

Orient alis bu-

millima, foliis angujiijjimis argenttis*

come

up, and flourifh

much

better

than thofe Town in the Spring.

Tourn. Cor. A very low Eaftern Goats-thorn, with very narrow filver Leaves.
10.

TRAGACANTHA,Goats-chorn. The Characiers are

It

Tragacantha Orient alis

hu-

bath a papilionaceous Flower,

tut of whofe Empalement arifes the Pointal, which afterward becomes

mi Ilima, fe /pargens, fori bus ffica.'is. Tour?:. Cor. A very low fpreading Eaftern Goats-thorn, with Flowers growing in Spikes.
1 1. Tragacantha Or lent a lis humillima incana, fere purpurafcente. Tourn. Cor. very low hoary Eaftern Goats-thorn, with a purplilli

bicapfular

Pod filtd
:

ivitb kid-

ney-Jhap'd Seeds

to

tbefe Notes muft

be added, The Leaves grow by Pairs on a middle Rib, which always ends in a Thorn.

Flower.
12.

The Species are 1. Tragacantha

J. B.
2.

Tragacantha

Orient clis

Majflienfis.

Goats-thorn of Marjeilles.
Cretica incana,
lineis

Tracacantha

iff ramis tomentofis. Tourn. Cor. A more upright Eaftern Goats-thorn, with

ereciior, foliis <vicisr glabris,

More par<vo,
\T,

purpureis jiriato.
-

fmooth Vetch- leaves, and

Branches.
13.

woolly

Cor.

Hoary Goats

thorn

of

\Crete, with a

fmall Flower ftriped

humilis

Tracacantha
candidijjima

OrientaUs
tomentofa 9

with purple Lines.

3.

humilis,

&

Tragacantha

Ba-

harica, foliis par vis w'x incanis, ilore albo. Salvad. Low Balearic
Goats-thorn, with fmall Leaves, and 1 white Flower.
.

im forte

4 Tragacantha altera, PoteriAnother Clnfio. J B.

foribus in foliorum alis in ccpitulum denjum nafcentihus. Tourn. Cor. lower very white and woolly Eaftern Goats-thorn,with Flowers growing in thick Keads, from the Wings of the Leaves.

14.

Tragacantha

OrientaUs

Goats- thorn, with Leaves falling off

humilis, foribus luteis d>nfe c&nge^is

in foliorum alis. Tourn.

n the Winter.
5.

Cor.

low

Tragacantha Alpinaftmper-

Eaftern Goats-thorn,
the Leaves.
15.
teis

K.

foribus purpurctfeentibus .Injl Ever-green Alpine Gcats:horn, with purplifti Flowers.

virens,
//.

yellow Flowers thick-fet in the Wings of

with

Tragacantha
C.

humilior, lu-

6.

Tragacantha
incanis, III.

Cretica,foliis
albo.

txnimis

fore mojore

A lower Goats-thorn, with yellow F'lowers.

foribus.

B. P.

Vol.

16.

Tra

T R
1

T R
Orientalis,

6.

Tracacantha

fioribus luteis in capitulum longo pediculo dona turn

Ail thefe Sorts may be propagated by Seeds, which lhould be fown

congests. ,Toutn.
-

Cor.

Eaftern Goats

thorn, with yellow

Flowers gathered into an a long Footftalk.

17.

Head on
Orientalis

Tracacantha

<vejicaria, fioribus

purpureis in capi-

on a Bed of frefh Earth in March ; and when the Plants come up, they lhould be carefully kept clean from Weeds; which, if permitted to grow amongft the Plants, would foon overbear and deftroy them, while
they are young. If the Seafon lhould prove very dry, it will be of great Service to water the Plants now-andthen ; and when they are large enough to tranfplant, they lhould be carefully taken up, and fomeof them, planted in fmall Pots filPd with
Earth, placing them in the Shade until they have taken Root ; after which time they may be removed into an open Situation,where they may remain till the Latter-end
frefh

Tourn. Cor.
into an

tulum longo pediculo donatum conge/tis. Bladder Eaftern Goatsthorn, with purple Flowers gathered

Head, and

fet

on a long
Orientalis
.

Footftalk.

18.
Cor.

Tracacantha

latifolia, jlore purpurea

magna Tourn. Eaftern Goats-thorn, with a

large purple Flower.

19.

Tracacantha

Orientalis,

foliis angufiifiimis, fiure

pnrpurafcen-

te. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Goats thorn, with very narrow Leaves, and pur-

plifh Flower.

20.

Tracacantha

Orientalis,

foliis ole<r, bumillima, fioribus in capi-

tuhan congefiis. Town. Cor. A very low Eaftern Goats-thorn, with ob-

long Leaves, and Flowers gather 'd

into an

Head.

21.

Tracacantha

Orientalis,

foliis olea, incanis iff tcmentofis, caule

abmo ad fuminum fierido. Tourn.

-

Cor.

Eaftern Goats -thorn, with hoary and woolly Olive leaves, and Flowers

growing from the Bottom

to

the

Top

of the Stalks

of Oclober ; when they lhould be placed under a common Frame, where they may be Ihelter'd from fevere Froft, but may have free Air in mild Weather ; when the Glafies lhould not be put over them. The Remainder of the Plants may be planted on a warm dry Border,where they muft be Ihaded until they take Root ; and if the Seafon lhould continue dry, they muft be rcfrefiYd with Water, otherwife they will be in Danger; becaufe while they are fo young, their Roots will not have eftablifiYd themfelves in the

22.
tofts.

Tracacaktha
Tourn. Cor.

Orientalis,

Ground,
in great

fufHciently to nourilh them,

foliis incanis, caule

{$ ramulis t omen-

Droughts.
Plants

Eaftern Goatshoary Leaves, and woolly Stalks and Branches. 23. Tracacantha fliis incanis
thorn,

Thofe
in Pots,

which are planted

with

ntinorib'as,

tnin&fque 'villnjjs.

Boerb.

Goats-thorn with fmaller hoary Leaves, which are lefs hairy. IVloftof the Sorts here mention'd were difcovered by Dr. TourMefort in the Levant ; from whence he fent the Seeds of feveral Kinds to \the
bid. alt.

be preferved for a Year or two under Frames in Winter, until they have obtained Strength, when they may be fhaken out of the Pots, and planted in a lean dry Soil,

may

and a warm Situation,

will

where they

Royal Garden

at Paris,

endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters very well ; but as they are fometimes deftroyed by hard Winters, it will be proper to keep a Plant of each Kind in Pots, which may be
Iheitered

T R
Iheltered in

T R
" the ninth Book of Theopbraftaj's " Hiftory of Plants The little " bald Hillocks about the Sheepfolds " produce much of the Trag can" tba, and that too a very good u Sort. Bellonius, and Pre/per
!

Winter

to preferve the

Species.

Thefe Plants may be propagated

by Cuttings

for as they rarely pro-

duce Seeds in this Country, the latterMethod is only ufed here.The beft time for this Work is mJjrril,}u& as the Plants begin to (hoot ; at which time the tender Branches of the Plants mould be taken off, and their lower Parts diverted of the decayed Leaves ; then' they mould be planted on a very moderate Hotbed, which mould be cover'd with Mats, to fcrcen them from the great Heat of the Sun by Day, and the Cold by Night thefe Cuttings Ihculd be frequently water'd u til they have taken Root after which they may be expos'd to the open Air, obferving always to keep them clear from Weeds and in very dry Weather they mull be refrefiVd with Water. On this Bed they may remain until the following Spring, where, if the Winter mould be very fevere, they may be cover'd with Mats, as before and in April they may be
: ~ ; ; ;

"

Alpinus, were doubtlefs acquaintu ed with it tho' it is hardly pofi" ble, from their Defcriptions, to
;

" diftinguilh it from the otiierKinds " they make mention of. This
u Shrub fpontaneoufly yields the Gum Adragant toward the w End of June, and in thefoliowM ing Months at which time, the " nutritious Juice of this Plant, " thicken'd by theHeat, burlts open
"
;

" mod

of the Veffels wherein it is "contained. It is not only gather" ed in the Heart of the Trunk and " Branches, but alfo in the Interfpa-

M
"
(<

ces of the Fibres, which are fpread

in the

Figure of a Circle like Rays of the Sun this Juice is ccagula:

" "
* " " " " " "

ted into fmali Threads,

paffing
thro'

which,

the Bark, iflue out

" by

little and little, according as they are protruded by the frefh Supplies of Juice arifing from the

tranfpiantedoutei her into Pots

r

fill'd

withiandy light Earth, or into warm Borders, where, if the Soil be dry, gravelly, and poor, they will endure the feverelt Cold of our Climate \ but if they are planted in a very rich Soil, they often decay in Winter.

Roots. Tnis Subitance, being expos'd to the Air, grows hard, and is form'd either into Lumps, orflender Pieces, curl'd and winding in the Nature of Worms,
or
lefs

V more
" " K M
u
c<

long, according as

Matter

From
gant,
Crete
;

the fecond Sort, Monfieur

Ic feems as if the Contraction of the Fibres of this Plant contributes to the expreffing
offers.

Tournefort
or

fays, the Gum AdraDragon, is produe'd in of which he gives the followhis

of the
ver'd,

bres, as fine as Flax, being

Thefs delicate Fiuncoand trodden by the Feet of

Gum.

ing Relation in

Voyage

ti the

Levant

"

We

had the Satisfaction

" "
4<
'

the Shepherds and Hories, are

by

the

" "
V
'J

of fully obferving the

Ida.

GumAdraI

Heat (hrivell'd up, and fadfitate the Emanation ol the extrava-

" gant on Mount

underitand

cannot

fated Juices."

how

Bcllonius

comes
is

But notwithstanding what Tcumefort has faid concerning the Adragant being produe'd from that
particular

to affert fo pofuively, that there

Gum

" no

iuch thing in Candia : fure he bad not read the iirfl Chapter of

Specie*,

many

Authors

T R
are of Opinion, that
{everal
larly that of
it is taken from other Species, but particu-

T R
ver'd

with

burning
j

Spines,

like

thofe of the Nettle

it

which renders

Marfei lies,

from whence

very unpleafant to handle.

that
land.

Gum

is

often brought into Eng-

The fecond Sort was found by the late Dr. Houfoun, at Campecby,
from whence he
fent the Seeds.

At

prefent thefe Plants are rarely

preferred, excepting by fome Per-

sons who are curious in Botany yet in large Gardens many of them de:

ferve a Place

where if they are ; planted on Hiiiocks, or the Slopes of dry Banks, they will have a very
good
Effect,

are of no great Beauty, they are feldom preferv'd in this Country, except in fome Botanic Gardens, for the fake of Variethefe Plants

As

elpecially

thofe

which

retain their Leaves thro' the Year.

TRAGIA.
The
7/

Cbaraclers are

bath a funnel-Jbaptd Flower, eorfifing of one Leaf for the mojl fart divided into three Segments ;
but thefe are barren ; for the.Embryoes are placed at a Difance on the fame Plant, which afterward becomes a
tricoccous Fruit,
Cells,

They are propagated by Seeds, which mult be fown on an Hot-bed early in the Spring ; and mull afterward be transplanted into Pots, and plunged into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, and treated in the fame manner as the Diofcorea ; with which Management they will thrive very
ty.

well.

TRAGOPOGON,
The
/
is

Goats-beard. Characters are ; a Plant with a femifofculous

composed

of three

each containing one fpherical

Species are

Seed.

Flower, confijling of many Halfflorets: thefe, with the Embryoes, are included in one common many leavdFlowercup,

The
1.

Tragia

alia fc an dens, urticte

folio.

Plum. Nov. Gen. Climbing Tragia, with a Nettle-leaf.

2.

which is not fcaly, as in Scorzonera ; but the Segments are Jl retched out above the Florets : the Embryoes

Tragia

fcandens, longo bctoni-

inclos'

Plum. Nov. Gen. Climbing Tragia, with a long Betonycue folio.

afterward become oblong Seeds Givers or Coats and have a thick Down like a Beard adhering

d in

to them.

leaf.

Thefe Plants were difcovered by

Father Plumier
conftituted this
in

America,
this

who

Genus by

Name

luteum B. P. Small meadow Goats-beard, with a yellow Flower,

1.

The Species are Tragopogon pratenfe

C.

minus.

Hi crony mus Bock, a famous Botanilt, who was commonly

in
to

Honour

commonly
noon.
2.

calPd

Go-to-bed-at-

called "Tragus.

The

ftrft

Sort grows plentifully in

the Savannahs in Jamaica, and the of America ; other warm Parts where it twines round whatever
Plants or Trees
it

pwpureo-cczruquod Artifi vulgo. Goats-beard with a Leaf C. B. P. like Leeks, and a purple- blue Flowleum, porri folio
;

Tragopogon

er,

commonly calPd
|

SaifafFy,

or

grows near, and

Saflkfy.
3.

rifes feven or eight Feet high, having tough woody Stems. The Leaves are like thofe of the common Nettle, and the whole Piant is co-

folio,

alter, gramineo Another fuave rubens. Col. Goats-beard, with a grafly Leaf, and

Tragopogon

foft-red flowers.
4.

Tra-

1
4.

IX
tratenfe lutsum

1
leaving

IN. fix

Tragopogon
C. B. P.

them about

Inches afun-

majus.

Greater yellow
furputeo-c&ruC. B. P. Blue
birfututn.

der in the

Rows

Goats-beard.
5.

alfo be carefully

Weeds mould hoed down as they

the

Tragopocon

folium. leum croci Goats-beard, with a Saffron-leaf.

6.

Tragopogon

C.B.

are produc'd, otherwife they wi!l foon overbear the Plants, and fpoil them. This is the only Culture they require ; and if the Soil be

P.
7.

Hairy Goats-beard.

Tragopogon
fin

folio obhngo Ji-

nuato. C. B. P.

Goats-beard with
here

an oblong

uated Leaf.

The

firft

Sort

mention'd
in di-

grows wild

in moift

Meadows
;

and not too dry, they will Winter ; at which time the Salfafy, w h ofe Roots are eaten in Winter, will be ri? for Ufe, and may be raken up any tune after their Leaves are decay u but
light,

make

large Plants before

vers Parts of England

and in May,

when
will

they begin to (hoot again, they

fticky, ana* not
fit

when the Stems begin to advance, they are by manyPeople gather'd to boil, and are by fome preferr'd to Afparagus but the Stems of this fmall Sort, being very flender, are not near fo valuable as thofe of the large yellow Sort, or that with blue Flowers, commonly call'd Salfafy ;
:

be

for

Ufe;

but

Perlbns cultivate this Sort for the Shoot?, which they boil and

many

eat after the for

this
is

manner of Afparagus
producing

Sort,

ftrong

Shoots,

more valuable than the

yellow Sort.

therefore whoever isdefirous to cultivate thefe Plants in Gardens, for the fake of their Shoots, mould al-

The common yellow Sort, whofe Shoots are fold in the Market, will be fit for Ufe in April or May, according to the Forwardnefs of the
them is, Stems are about four Inches long; for if they Hand too
Seafon
:

ways make choice of one of thofe two Sorts; becaufe their Stems are
not only larger, but
tenderer,

the beft time to cut

when

their

they are

much

acd

better for the

Purpofe

long, they

are never fo

tender as

of boiling. The fecond Sort was formerly more in Elleem than at prefent ; this was brought from Italy, and cultivated in Gardens for Kitchen-ufe, the Roots being by fome People greatly valued but of late there is but little cultivated for the Markets;
:

thole which are cut while young.

Some
Plants,
;

People, in cultivating thefe

fow their Seeds in Beds pretty dole and when the Plants come up, they tranfplant them out in

Rows
ftance

at
;

the before-mention'd Dibut as they always form a

tho'

there

are
it

feveral

Gentlemen

who

preferve

in Gardens to fup-

Tap-root, which abounds with a milky Juice, fo when the extreme Part of their Roots is broken by
tranfplanting,

ply their Tables.

they feidom
;

thrive

The

third, fourth, fifth, fixth,

and

well afterward
far the better

therefore
to

feventh Sorts are by fome preferv'd for the Variety of their Flowers.

way

is by make mallow it

Drills in

the Ground, and

icatter

Thefe Plants are propagated from Seeds, which mould be fown in the Spring upon an openSpot ofGround,
in

the Seeds therein, as before diredled,

Rows about
;

nine or ten Inches

dilhnt

come

and when the Plants are up, they ihould be hoed out,

whereby the Rows will be at a due Diftance and there will be nothing more to do than to hoe out tne Plants where they are too thick in the Row% which will be much lefs
;

|T

Troupe

T R
Trouble than the other Method of tranfplanting, and the Plants will be mach larger and fairer.
Eaftern cut leav'd
Burnet-faxifrage,
directed by the

with a white Umbel.

The

hrft Sort

is

TRAGOSELINUM,
faxifrage.

Burnet-

The
It

Characlers are

hath an umbcllated of

rofe jhaped

College of Phyficians to be ufed in Medicine ; but many times the Herb-women in the Markets impofe on ignorant Perfons two Herbs
this one ; viz. Burnet and Mcadow-faxifrage ; which they fell for Burnet-faxifrage, which are two very different Plants, and of contrary Qualities. This Sort grows wild on the dry fhady Banks in Kent, and in feveral other Parts of England. The fecond Sort is a Variety of the firlt, from which it only differs in the Colour of the Flowers, which in this Sort are red, and in the other

Flotver, compofed

fi<ve

unequal

for

heart-jhaped Petals, which are placd

and reji on the Empalewhich afterward becomes a Fruit, compos* d of two oblong [freaked
circularly,

ment

Seeds.

1.

The Species are Tragoselinum

;

mnjus, umbel-

la
bel.

Candida.

Lift.

R. H.

Greater

Buruet-iaxifrage, with a white

2.

Um-

Tragoselinum majus,
Lift.

umbel-

white.

la rubente.
bel.
3.

R.

H.

Greater

Burnet-faxifrage, with a red

Um-

The third Sort grows wild in fome Parts of England but is not fo common as the fourth, which is
;

Tragoselinum

alteram mi-

the moft

Letter roundhjl. R. H. leav'd Burnet-faxifrage.

nus.

common Sort in the Fields near London. This fourth Sort is fometimes brought to the Markets
and may be ufed
tho'
it

4.

Tragoselinum

minus.

Inf.

inftead of the
better to

'*

firft

R. H.
5.

Small Burnet-faxifrage.
radice nigra,

Tragoselinum

Germanicurn. JuJJieu. German Burnetfaxifrage, with a black Root.

<5.

have the particular Sort ordered by the College, when it can be procured.
is

much

Tragoselinum

Auflriacum y

in this

All the other Sorts are. Strangers Country ; but are often pre-

foliis profundijfime incifis. Boerh.

Au-

ferv'd
their
all

firian Burnet-faxifrage, with

Leaves

very deeply
7.

cut.

by the curious Botanifts in Gardens for Variety ; and are of them as hardy as the common

Tragoselinum
The
greater!

Creticum

Sorts.

maximum
Cor.

villofum, flore albo. Tov.rn.

hairy Burnot-

faxifrage of Crete, with

a white

Flower.
8.
ttle

Thefe Plants are propagated by mould be fovvn on a fhady Border of frefh Enrth at Michaelmas for if they are fown in
Seeds, which
;

Tragoselinum
The leaft

minus faxa-

fcetidijfimum, apii folio.

Town.

Cor.

ftinking rock Burnet-

theSpring, they frequently mifcarry or remain a Year in the Ground, as do many of the umbelliferous Plants.

faxifrage, with a Smallage-leaf. 9. Tracoselinum Orient ale la-

In the Spring following the Plants will appear, when they Ihould be
carefully clear'd

ciniatum.umhella purpurafcente .Tourn Eaftern Burnet-faxifrage, with Cor.

from Weeds

and

as the Plants obtain

Strength, they

cut Leaves,-and a purplilh Umbel.

10.

mould be
apart.

thinn'd where they grow too

Tragoselinum

Orlentale la~
Tokrn, Cor,

clofe, leaving

them
this

five or fix

Inches

ciniRiuvt) umbella alba,

After

they will require

T R
;

T R
among Corn, and on molt of
arable Land, and is very fome to the Feet of Cattle

no other Culture, but to keep them clear from Weeds. The fecond Summer thefe Plants will flower, and but if the Roots are produce Seeds
not dilturbed, they will continue
nually
are
therefore,
fe-

the

trouble-

veral Years, and produce Seeds an:

for the ; being armed with itrong Prickles, run into the Feet of the Cattle, which walk over the Land.

Fruit,

where the Plants

the Seeds

This

is

certainly the Plant

which

is

defignM to remain,
;

from the Form of the Fruit, which refembies thofe Inftruments of War that were call in the Enemies Way ed. OF to annoy their Horfes. This Plant is preferv'd in feveral TREES. Vide Planting. curious Gardens in England, for the TRIBULUS, Caltrops. fake of Variety. It is propagated The Characters are by Seeds, which ihould be fown in // bath a Flower compofed offeveral Leaves, which are placd circularly, Autumn ; for thofe which are kept and expand in form of a Rife ; out of out of the Ground till Spring, commonly remain in the Ground a whole nvhofc Empalcment rifes the Pointal, which afterward becomes a turbina- Year, before the Plants come up. Thefe Seeds mould be fown on an ted Fruit, composed of federal Parts y which have Thorns, collected into an open Bed of freih light Earth, where Head ; and having fcveral Cells, in they are defign'd to remain for, as it is an annual which are inclos'd oblong Seeds. Plant, it doth not

about which will allow room to dig the Ground between the Rows every Winter whereby the Roots will be greatly encourag'd, and the Weeds will be better deftroyin Drills, at

mould be fown

merttion'd in Virgil's Georgics, under the Name of Tribulus ; no' mod of

his

fixteen Inches apart

Commentators have applied

is

it

to

other Plants.
It
call'd

in Englifh, Caltrops,

TRANSPLANTING

1.
lio,

The Species are Tribulus terrefiris,

bear tranfphnting very well, uniefs

ciceris foit

fruclu aculeato. C. B. P.

caltrop,

Landwith a Chich-leaf, and a

terrefiris

be done when the Plants are very young. In the Spring, when the
Plants

come

up, they ihould be care;

prickly
2.

P'ruit.

major CurajjTavi:us. Prod. Par. Bat. Greater Land American Caltrops. 3. Tribulus terrefiris America?ius, fruclu turb'.nato, foliis lanugiAmerican Landnofis. Plum. Cat. caltrops, with a turbinated Fruit, and downy Leaves. 4. Tribulus terrefiris Indise Orientalis, fcliis
cvillofts.

Tribulus

from Weeds and where they come up too clofe, fome of the
fully clear'd

Plants Ihould be pulled

o.;t,

to give

room

for the remaining Plants to

vicitf

fubrotundis

&

Infi.

H.

Eafi

India

Land-caltrops,

with roundifli and

is a very common South of France, in

hairy Vetch leaves.

grow. After this they will require no other Culture, but to keep them clear from Weeds. In June they will begin to flower, and their Seeds will ripen in Augufl and September ; which if permitted to fcatter, the Plants will come up the following Spring, and maintain their Place, if they are not overborne with larger Weeds.

The Weed

firft

Sort

The
the

Branches of this Plant

;

in

the

Ground 4

trail on and when the Plants

Spain and

Italy,

where

it

grows

are vigorous, will ipr^ad tc a great

4.

DitWwe

T R
I
i

T R
and
in other very moift ftiady Situa:

(lance

ers

from the Root ; the Flowcome out on long Footllalks

tions

but

thofe

Sorts

which

are

from the Divifion of the Branches, which are fuccceded by the Fruit.
Thefe, when they are
into feveral Parts
;

ripe, divide

fo

that,

if*

they

are not gather'd, they will focn drop

off.

brought from hot Countries, muft be planted in Pots filPd with Rubbifh, and Itrong Earth mix'd ; and in Winter they muft be fcreen'd from hard Frofts ; to which if they are
expos'd,
it

will deftroy

them.
is

The
der
;

other three Sorts, being

Na-

The common

Sort in England

tives of hot Countries, are very ten-

fo mult be

fown on an Hot bed

;

generally fold in the Markets for the true Maiden- hair, which is a very
different Plant,

early in the Spring

and when the

up, they mull be each transplanted into a fcparate Pot fill'd with rich light Earth, and then

Plants are

come

in England,

it

and not to be found being a Native of the

phing'd into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, where they muft be treated in the fame manner as other tender Exotic Plants being careful to bring them forward as early as pcffible in
;

South of France, and other warm Countries ; fo is rarely brought to England.

TRIFOLIUM,
The
It

Trefoil.
;

Characters are

the

Summer

otherwife they will not

perfect their Seeds in this Country.

Plants,
all of them annual whofe Branches trail on the Ground, in the fame manner as the

hath a papilionaceous Flower, or refembles a papilionaceous Flower ; for it conjijls of the Standard ; the Wings and the Keel coming out of the Empalement, together with the Pointal,

Tliefe are

common

Sort; but when their Roots

are pretty

much conhVd
full

in the Pots,

they will not grow fo vigorous as

covered with its fringed Sheath ; which becomes a Capfule hidden in the Empaltmcnt, and full of Seeds, which are, for the mojl part, Jbaptd like a Kidney, adhering clofe to the
Capful when ripe : fome of this Genus have Flowers confijiing of one Leaf, refemhling a papilionaceous Flower ; out of whofe Empaltment arifes the Pointal, which afterward becomes a

when
and

planted in the
;

Ground, or
will

in very large Pots

fruit

fo

flower
large

much

earlier in the Seafon.

The

fecond

Sort produceth

Flowers, which have an agreeable

Scent.

TRICHCMANES, Maiden-hair.
There
are three or four Varieties

of this Plant, which grow in Europe but in America there are a great The Species are Number of Species, which are re1 Trifolium purpureum tnajus markably different from each other, fativum, pratenfi fimile. Raii Syn. as alfo from the European Kinds. Thefe, being of the Tribe of Greater purple manur'd Trefoil, Ferns, are feldom preferv'd in Gar- commonly call'd Clover. 2. Tri folium praienfe purpureum dens, but where any Perfon is curiCommon meaTheir Roots vulgare. Mor. Hijl. ous to collect them. fhould be planted in moilt fhady Pla- dow Trefoil, with a purple Flower, commonly call'd Honeyfuckle Treces, efpecially the European Sorts, which commonly grow from between foil. the Joints of old Walls, about Wells, 3. Trifolium pre.tevfe album,
.

membranaceous Capfule hiddtn in the Empalement and filled with kidneyJhaped Seeds : to thefe Notes mufi be added, Leaves growing by Threes, on a common Footjialk.
,

T
C. B. P.
4.

R.
Trefoil,
tijfimum,

R
Toum. Crm
of Candy,

White meadow

magna fore.

or Dutch Clover.
arvenfe humile [pleat um y five Lagopus. C. B. P. Haresfoot Trefoil. 5. Trifolium fragiferum. Ger.

The moft beautiful Trefoil

with a large Flower.
17.
lio

Trifolium

Trifolium

amplifjimum, fo*

fubrotundo tvillofo i flare purpuraTrefoil with a fecnte. Toum. Cor.

Emac.
6.

Strawberry Trefoil.

very large roundiih hairy Leaf, and

a purplifh Flower.
18.

Trifolium

pratenfe Juteum,

capitulo lupuliy <vel agrarium.

C.B.P.

Trifolium

Orient ale

altiffi-

Hop-trefoil.
7.

mum
purpureum majus t
angufiioribus , fio-

caule ffiulofo, fore alba.

Toum.

Trifolium

Cor.

The

tailed:

Eaftern Trefoil,

foliis longioribus

ribut faturatioribus. Rait Syn.

The

greater purple Trefoil, with longer and narrower Leaves, and deeper-

with an hollow Stalk, and a white Flower. 19. Trifolium Orient ale majus
<v\llo jiffmum, floribus J2a<vefcentibus.

colour'd Flowers.
8.

Toum. Cor.
pratenfe follicula-

Tne

greater and

more

Trifolium

tum. C. B. P.
trefoil.

Bladder

Meadow-

hairy Eaftern Trefoil, with yellowifh. Flowers.

20.

Trifolium chpeatum
Alp. Evot.

argentarget-

9.

Trifolium

luteum lupulinum

teum.
21.

Silvery

minimum. Mar.
10.

Hiji.

The

leaft yel-

fhaped Trefoil.

low Hop- trefoil.

Trifolium Apulum annuum9

Trifolium montanum, /pica Mounlongijfima rubente. C. B. P.

tain-trefoil,

calyce <veftcario.

Hort.Piff. Annual Trefoil of Apulia, with a bladder

with a very long redilh

angu-

Empalement.
22. Trifolium pratenfe birfutum majus, flare albo fulpbureo feu ocbroIcuca. Rail Syn. Greater hairy Mea-

Spike.
11.

Trifolium man tan urn

fiiffimum fpicatum. C. B. P. row -leav'd fpiked Trefoil.

1

Nar-

dow-trefoil, with a whitim-yellow

Trifolium Jlellatum. C.B.P. Rough ftarry-headed Trefoil. 13. Trifolium lagopoides hirfu2.

Flower; commonly known in fome Counties by the fimple Name of Trefoil.

tum

angufiifolium

ruber rimo. Mor.

Hijpanicum, flore Hiji. Hairy nar-

23. Trifolium bitumen reddens. C. B. P. Trefoil i'melling of Bitu-

row
I

leav'd Hares- foot Spanifh

Tre-

men.

foil,

with a very red Flower. 14. Trifolium JEgyptiacum, foalbicantibu*,

foliis

24-Trifolium
Ind.

bitumen redolent
fmelling

angufiifolium ac fempervirens. Baerb.

ribus
rjulgo

oblongis,

Narrow -leav'd Trefoil

Egyptian Trefoil, with whitifh Flowers, and

Berfain.
Jujfieu.

of Bitumen.
25.
cans,

Trifolium Africanum frutiflore

oblong
Berfain.

Leaves,

commonly

call'd

15.
\

Trifolium

Creticum bituvti-

nofo fimile, pia fie inodorum, flare pur-

purpura fcente. Amfi. African (hrubby Trefoil, with a purplifti Flower. The fir ft of thefe Plants is greatly
cultivated in
Cattle; and
is

purea.
dy,
1

Toum. Car. Trefoil of Canrefembling the bituminous one, but without Smell, with a purple
16.

England for feeding of

erieern'd very profitable,

flower.

becaufe the great Quantity of Cattle which this Grafs will maintain, does

Trifolium

Creticum elegan-

very

much

enrich

all

clayey Lands,

T R
and prepare them for Corn in two or three Years, which is the Length of Time which this Crop will continue good.

T R
the Plants will have good Root before Winter; and in the Spring will

come on much fafter than that which was fown the Spring before under
Corn.

which
lour,

In the Choice of this Seed, that is of a bright-yellowifh Co

About

the

Middle of May
fit

this

a little inclining to brown, fhould be preferr'd ; but the Black

Grafs will be

good for little. Ten Pounds of this Seed will be fufficient for an Acre of Ground for if the Plants do not come up pretty thick, it will not be worth The Land in which this landing. Seed is fown mould be well plowed, and harrow'd very fine ; other wile
rejected as
;

fhould be great ing it; for it will require a great deal more Labour and Time to dry

when there Care taken in maketo cut

;

than

common
it

Grafs, and will flirink

;

into lefs

Compafs
will

but

too rank,
rich

make
it

if it be not extraordinary

Food
for if

for Cattle.

cutting
er
;

it is

when
ftands

The time for begins to flowlonger,

thfe

it

much
will

the Seeds will be buried too deep,

lower Part of the Stems will begin

ro dry,

and thereby

loft.

whereby

it

make

lefs

time to fow it is about the Beginning of Augufi at which Seafon the autumnal Rains will bring tip the Plants in a fhort time ; wherebeft
y

The

Quantity of Hay, and that not fo

well flavour'd.

as

when

the Seeds are fown in the

if
it

Spring,

they are

many

be done very early, times burft with Wet

cut three Crops in Grafs ; but the beft Way is, to cut but one in the Spring, and feed it the remaining Part of the Year; whereby the Land will be en-

Some People

one Year of

this

and if it be done late, ; they are in Danger of mifcarrying from Drought ; whereas in Autumn, when the Ground has been warm'd by the Summer's Heat, the Rains

and Cold

riched,

and the Plants

will

grow

much ftronger. One Acre of this Grafs will feed as many Cattle as four or five Acres'
of

common

Grafs

but great Care

then failing do greatly promote the Vegetation of Seeds and Plants. This Seed mould be harrow'd in with Bufhes ; for if it be done with a common Harrow, they wili be bury'd too deep. Moft People have recommended the fowing of this Seed with feveral
Sorts of

fhould be taken of the Cattle when they are firft put into it, left it burft

them.

To

them
firft,

in for a

prevent which, fome turn few Hours only at

this

tity

Corn

but if

it

be fown at
it
;

the Seafon before directed, much better, if fown alone

will be

them as to Quanby degrees, letting them at firft be only one Hour in the Middle of the Day, when there is no ivloillure upon the Grafs, and fo every Day fuffer them to remain a
;

and and

fo ftint

for the

Corn prevents
Plants until
of! the
it

the
is
;

Growth of

the

fon'd to

longer time, until they are fully feabut great Care fhould it
:

reaped, and taken

fo that

Ground

one whole

Seafon is loft ; and many times, if there be a great Crop of Corn upon the Ground, it fpoils the Clover; fo
that
it

be had never to turn them in to this Food in wet Weather or if they have been for fome time accuftom'd to this Food, it will be proper to
;

turn them out at Night in wet

ther,
vviil

Wea-

is

hardly worth itanding

whereas-, in the

Way

before directed,

them have Hay, which prevent the ill Confluences of

and
l.et

T R
is

T R
great Quantity of
Feet.

Food

ve Straw
:nt
>t

to their Cattle

but there are fome who while they

Racks, otherwife they will tread a it down with their

e feeding upon this Grafs, to prethe illEffe&s of it ; which muft

be given them in the Field, be.ufe they will not eat it where there
Plenty of better Food.
;hers

who fow

There are Rye-grafs amongft

let

This Feed is much better for moft other Cattle than Milch Cows, fo that thefe mould rarely have any of it, left it prove hurtful to them :
tho'

when

it is

dry,

it is

eir

Clover, which they

grow
ill

injurious

to any

fort

not near io of Cattle as

gether, in order to prevent the

when green.

onfequences of the Cattle feeding holly on Clover: but this is not a immendable Way, becaufe the Ryeafs
its

The
wild in

fecond and third Sorts

grow

Meadows amongft

the Grafs,

will greatly injure the

Clover

Growth.
the Seeds are defign'd to
firft

where their Roots will abide manyYears, and are cut with the Grafs, and dry'd for Food but the third
:

Where
:

Sort

is

cultivated in divers Parts

-y

of

fav'd, the

Crop

in the

Spring

lOuld be permitted to ftand until

England Grafcs

and

is

one of the

beft

which may be lown by the Stalks and Heads tanging to a brown Colour ; then fhould be cut in a dry time and
e Seeds are ripe,
:

to make a fine Sward yet known. This is commonly cali'd White Dutch Clover. This is an abiding Plant, whofe Branches trail upon the Ground, and
.

hen

it

is

well dry'd,
threfh'd out

it

may be

fei\d

us'd until

Winter, when the Seed

;

that

out Roots from every Joint; fo it makes the clofeil Sward of

;

odd be
:eds are
g,

bat if the

wanted

for

immediate fow-

any of the fown Grafles and it is the fweeteft Feed for all Sorts of
Cattle yet

it maybe threfh'd out before it hous'd or ftack'd ; but then it uft be well dry'd, otherwife the ;eds will not quit their Hulks. It has been a great Complaint

known

therefore

Land
there

is

defign'd to be laid

when down for

Pafture, with Intent to continue fo,

the Seeds of this Plant

nongft the Farmers, that they could

)t

threfli

out thefe Seeds without

Difficulty
;

eat

Labour and

Itake to be chiefly
itting

which owing to their the Spring Crop when it

and to leave the
fe-

*gins to flower,

>nd

Crop for Seed, which ripens fo te in Autumn, that there is not eat enough to dry the Hulks fuf-.iently; whereby they are tough,
the Seeds rendered difficult to out ; which may be intirely reedied by the leaving of the firft top for Seed, as hath been direct id
:t

mould always be a Quantity of fown with the Grafs-feeds: the ufual Allowance of this Se^d is eight Pounds to one Acre of Land but this mould never be fown with Corn for if there is a Crop of Corn, the Grafs will be lo weak under it, as to be fcarce worth ftanding but fuch is the Co:

vetoufnefs

When

Cattle are fed with this

;ay, the bcft

Way

is,

to put it in

of molt Farmers, that they will not be prevailed on to alter their old Cufiom of laying down their Grounds with a Crop of Corn, though they lofe twice the Value of their Corn by the Poornefs of the Grafs, which never will come to a good Sward, and one whole Seafon is alio loft; for if this Seed is fown in the Spring, there will be a

Crop

T R
Crop of Hay to mow by the Middle or Latter-end of July, and a much
better After-feed for Cattle the
fol-

T R
The fifth and
fixth Sorts alfo

gr i\

wild in England; but are often pj ferv'd in Botanic Gardens for Var
ty.

I
I
I

lowing Autumn and Winter, than the Grafs which is fown with Corn will produce the fecond Year. The Seed of this Sort may alfo be fown with Grafs-leeds in Autumn, in the manner before diredted for the common red Clover and this autumnal Sowing, if the Seeds grow kindly, will afford a good early Crop of Hay the following Spring ; and if, after the Hay is taken off the Land, the
:

The
its

fifth

Sort produces He*|

very like a Strawberry, from wher

it

and the fixth S<| has Heads very like Hops, for whi I Diverfity they are fometimes cul vated in Gardens the fixth Sort
;
;

had

Name

alfo cultivated in the Fields for fee

ing
foil

of

Cattle

this

is

general

known under

the Title of Hop-ti

but the Seedfmen alfo fell t ; Seeds for Trefoil, Nonfuch, ai

Hop-trefoil
;

Ground

is

well rolled,

it

will "caufe

fo

that they

make

the Clover to mat clofe upon the

Diilinclion between thcfe three

Ground, and become

a thick

Sward.

Seeds of this White Dutch Clover is annually imported from

The

flander s, by the Way of Holland from whence it received the Name of Dutch Clover not that it is more 2 Native of that Country than of England for it is very common in rnoift Pastures in every County in England; but the Seeds were never collected for fowing here till of late Years; nor are there many Perfons
; ;

and if either is no Scruple of felling the Seeds the have by them but the twenty-f cond Sort is what was ufually'fow by this Name, and is fo now in fori
;

Son required, they mal

Countries

this is

much

ftrongj

Plant than the other, being in S12 equal to the Red Clover, and of 1
Inert Duration.

Of the
;

there are

two Sorts

Hop-clovt one of them

much larger Plant than the other fo is much preferable for Feed th
a
:

at prefent here,
altho*
it

who

fave this Seed,

with the fame Care as is praclifed for the Red Clover ; therefore it ihould be recom-

may be done

Country-peorle alfo fow the Melilot, under the Title of

fuch
;

lea;

Non

mended
fully to

to every

Farmer,

who

is

but this is a low-trailinj continuing but one Year the Seeds of this are black, fo ma]
Plant,

defirous to improve his Land, care-

be

eafily diitinguifhed.

keep an Acre or two of this White Clover for Seeds ; which will lave him the Expence of buying of the Seeds, which are often fo!d at a great Price ; and there will be no Want of Sale for any Quantity they may have to fpare.

The
and
is

feventh Sort grows wild

ii

Paftures in

many

Parts of England

cut with the

Hay,

as

ib thi

common
fers in

Trefoil; from which it difhaving longer and narrowei

a

Leaves, and the Flowers being of deeper red Colour.

The

fourth Sort

is

an annual or

The

eighth Sort grows wild

in

biennial Plant, which pe rimes as foon

This grows as the Seeds are ripe. wild in divers Parts of England amongft Corn, or upon other arable

and the South of France', from whence the Seeds have been
Italy, Spain,

Land

and

is

feldom cultivated, unit

Ma

in

Botanic Gardens,

being a

aiedicir.al Plant-

procur'd by fome Perfons who are Lovers of Botany, and preferve this Plant in their Gardens for the fake of Variety. This is anannual Plant; wherefore the Seeds mould be fown
ia

T R
i

T R
are to
fons.

Autumn, where the Plants

emain ; and in the Spring they mult e kept clear from Weeds, which is May 11 the Cultare they require. In and their le Plants will flower, eeds will ripen in July. The Branhes of this Sort trail on the Ground, oduc'd on Pend the Flowers are icles, from the Divifions of the nail Branches, which are of a right-red Colour, and collected in nail globular Heads. The ninth Sort is frequently found

.
!

This Sort producing Siarif Heads on the Tops of the Stalks, it

preferv'd for the fake of Variety,

is

The thirteenth Sort, producing very beautiful red Flowers, which, make a fine Appearance, may be allowed a Place in fome barren Part of die Garden, where few better Things will grow ; or if the Seeds of this Kind were preferv'd in Quantity fufneient to fow a fmall Field in Sight of an Houfe, it would
afford

a
in

very agreeable

Profpedfc
is

on barren fandy Lands, in fevei\ Parts of England ; but is not adlitted into Gardens. This Sort has ben by fome Perfons propos'd to be
-ild

when
as

Flower

and the Grafs

proper Food for Cattle, as the common Trefoil ; but this, being an annual Plant, is not fo proper to

'altivated

for the
;

Improvement of
it is

cultivate in

common, becaufe
is

it

re-

a very fmall jlant,' and only an Annual, it is not rorth the Trial ; becaufe the twenarren

Land but

as

quires an annual Culture.

The
and

fourteenth Sort

cultivated

in Egypt for feeding of their Cattle;

r-fecond Sort will thrive

}il

on any
is

grow, and uch ltronger Plant; and if

where

this will

;edb are

the permitted to fcatter in the anner I have dire&ed, will pro-

fome other Eaftern CounSeeds of this Sort have been brought into Europe by fome Perfons who were delirous of having it cultivated here for the fame Puraifo in
tries.

The

ace

a conftant Supply of

young

lants.

The tenth Sort grows wild in ermany, and feveral other Parts of
urope
;

but

is

not a Native of this

being an annual not fo proper as the Clover, for the Reafons before given; befides, being a tall flender Plant, it is very fubject. to be beaten down by
pofes
;

but

this,

Plant alfo,

is

This Plant produces very ng Spikes of redifh Flowers, which .ake a pretty Appearance during
ountry.
\e

hard Rains, which will greatly da-

mage

it.

The

fifteenth,

fixteenth,

feven-

time they continue in Beauty, 'his Plant is preferv'd by the Curiiis in Botany for the fake of Varie'

teenth, eighteenth,

and nineteenth Sorts are all of them annual Plant?, which are preferv'd in fome curious
Botanic Gardens, for the fake of

but

is

feldom cultivated in other

Va-

fardens.

riety; but are not cultivated for Ufe.

The eleventh Sort produces very irrow Leaves, and flender Spikes f Flowers, which are of a pale-red olaur; and being very fmall, make it an indifferent Appearance. This not a Native of this Country. The twelfth Sort grows wild in e South of France, in Italy and city ; from whence the Seeds have ien obtain'd by fome curious PerI

The
foils

Seeds of
fliould

all thefe annual Trebe fown in Autumn,

early

enough for the Plants to get Strength before the Froil comes on ; for when the Seeds are fown in the
Spring, they
thefe
Plants
to

grow
thefe

frequently fail ; and which arife, feldorn any Magnitude, and rarely

perfect their Seeds well.

Sorts,

Some of which are remarkable

for

tR
for the Colours of their Flowers, are worth propagating in fmall Patches

T R
mer-feafon ; and in Augujl fome c the Plants mould be taken up, an
planted in Pots filPd with light land Earth; which in Winter Ihould b plac'd under a common Hot -bed

in Paddocks , where they will afford an agreeable Variety, if they are permitted to flower.

The

twentieth

and

twenty-firft

Sorts are alfo annual Plants, which are prefervM in Botanic Gardens for

frame, where they may have Air i mild Weather ; but in frolty Wea
ther
ii' c.

may be

flielter'd

with Glafle;

Variety ; but they are not cultivated for Ufe.

If they are propagated fron

Seeds, thefe.lhould be

fown towar<

The

twenty-fecond

Sort

is

fre-

the Latter-end of

quently found growing on chalky

JLands, in feveral Parts of England
;

of light Earth
are

March upon a Be< and when the Plant

come

up, they mult be carefull;

and

is

now

cultivated in

fome Coun-

ties, in the

mon

fame manner as the comRed Clover. This Sort will

thrive

much better than the Red Clover, upon dry chalky Lands; fo It is very proper for fuch Places.
will

grow

rail

as large as the

Red

the Leaves and Stalks are fucculent, and the Feed is full as fweet as the common Clover. The fimple Title of Trefoil is ufually apply 'd to this
Sort
this,
;

from Weeds, that they maj be overborne thereby ; anc when they are about four Inche high, they mould be planted eithei into Pots, or the Borders where the) are to remain ; becaufe if they an fuffer'd to grow very rank befon they are remov'd, they do not beaj
clear'd

not

tranfplanting fo well.

though,

a5 I before obferv'd,

the Seedfmen

fell

the

Hop

clover for

Thefe Plant! more foj the fake of Variety, than any real Beauty, efpecially the two firft: which fmell fo ftrong of Bitumen,
are preferv'd in Gardens

whenever

it is

demanded.

when

bruifed, aslcarcely to be borne

The
and

twenty-third, twenty-fourth,

without Uneafinefs.

twenty-fifth Sorts are alfo pre-

TRIOSTEOSPERMUM,
Tinkar's

Dr.

ferv'd in

where they are planted in Pots, and Ihelter'd in Winter amongft other Exobut the twenty-third and tic Plants
Gardens
for
;

V ariety

It

Ipecacuana. The Characters are hath a tubulous Flower confinfalfe

Weed, or

ing

twenty-fourth Sorts will endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters in the open Air, provided they are planted

roundijh Segments\

of one Leafy divided into fvt and inclofed in a

five-leav

d Empa lenient, having

ano~

ther Cup refiing on the Embryo ; which

on a dry
tion
;

Soil,

and

in a

warm

Situa-

but the twenty-fifth Sort requires to be ftielter'd from fevere

Frofr.

afterward becomes a roundijh Fruit, inclofing three hard

flejhy

Seeds t

nvhich are broad at their upper Part,

have as much free Air as poflible in mild Weather. Theie Plants may be propagated either from Seeds, or by planting

and

to

and narrower

at Bottom.
Speies

We
Plant
;

have but one

viz.

of

this

Trios teospermum

latiore folio9

Cuttings of
obferving
to

them

in

the Spring,
light Earth,

upon a Bed of

rich

water and made them until they have taken Root after which ihey mull be carefully cleared from Weeds during the Sum-

fore rutih. Hort.Elth. Broad-leav'd Triofteofpermum, with a redifti Flower, commonly cali'd Dr. TinAar's Weed, or falfe Ipecacuana. This Plant is a Native of Ne*aEnglandf Hrginia, and fome other Northern

T R
[

T R
;

Northern Parts of America

Emetic, and
cacuana.
is

where
an
Ipe-

lit

has been frequently us'd as

commonly cali'd

of the hrft Peri cms who brought it into Ufe, was Dr. linkar; from whence many of the Inhabitants have call'd it by the

One

Name of Dr. Tmkar\ Weed. The Leaves of this Phut greatly refemble but thofe of the true Ipecacuana the Roots are very different: and,
;

them, that they will not recover in a long time. The Plants may remain in this Seed border until the Michaelmas following, when they fhou-ld be carefully taken up, and tranfplanted where they are defignM to remain. Some of them mould be phnted in Pot?, that they may be iheker'd ia

Winter
full

left

thcfe

which are

in the

Ground ihould be

deilroy'd

by

by the moll authentic Account we

have of the true Sort, it differs in Flower and Fruit from this Piant. It grows on low marfhy Grounds, rear Bo/ion in Netv-Eng/aad, very plentifully; where the Roots are taken up every Year, and are continued in Ufe amongft the Inhabit-

fevere Froft.
ted

This Plant may be aTo propagaby parting of the Roots. The

for this Work is in the Spring, juft before the Plants begin

belt S:afon

to

moot, which

is

commonly about
:

the Middle or Latter-end of March

ant

of Bojion.

This Plant is preferv'd in feveral curious Gardens of England, and is hardy enough to thrive in me open Air; but it mould be planted on a for if it is on a dry 'rooiit light Soil Ground, there muft be Care taken
:

to water the Plants conftantly in dry

but in do.ng of this, the Roots muft not be parted too fmall ; for that will prevent their flowering ftrong. This Plant ufually grows about two Feet high, and the Flowers come out from the Wings of the Leaves which, being fmail,' make no great Figure in a Garden. However, a few of the Plants may be allow'd a
Place
quarters,

thrive.

Weather, other wife they will not It may be propagated by Seeds, which mould be fown on a
Border of light Earth, where the morning Sun only comes on it; but
if thefe

fome moift Wildernefswhere they are not too much overfhaded by Trees where they will thrive, and add to the
in
;

Variety.

Seeds are fown in the Spring,

they will remain in the Ground a whole Year, before the Plants will come up ; fo that during this time
the Border muft be conilantly kept
clear

from Weeds

and the follow-

This Plant perfects its Seeds in Country every Year ; which if fown in Autumn, as foon as they are ripe, the Plants will come up the following Spring by which means a whole Year will be faved. Thefe
this
;

ing Spring, when the Plants appear, they mould be duly water'd in dry Weather, which will greatly promote the Growth of the Plants.

feedling Plants will not flower until

the third Year

and then they

ftrong
as

fel-

dom grow
Plants.

fo

the older

They muft

be conftantly kept clean from Weeds which, if permitted to grow amongft them, will foon overbear the Plants while they are young ; and either quite dealfo
;

TR1POLIUM. Vidt After. TRITICUM, Wheat.

//
is

The Characters are ; hath an apetalous F/pwtr, which

:

difpos'd into Spikes

confif.s

each fingle

ftroy the Plants, or fo

much weaken

Flower

of mavj Stamina ( cr Threads),

: :

TR
Threads ), which are included in

fpica alba.

fquamous Flower- cup, which hath jfwns: the Poi?ital alfo rifes in the Centre, which afterivard becomes an oblong Seed, which is convex on one Side, but hath a Furrow on the other ; is farinaceous, and inclofed by a Coat
nvhich

was
a

before the Flower-cup

thefe are producedfingly,

lected in
clofe Spike,

and are

col-

being affixed to

an indented Axis.
1.

C. B. P. White-earM Wheat. I have here mention'd the feveral Varieties of this Grain, which have been diftinguinYd by Botanifts fome of which 1 take to be only feminal Variations, and not diltind Species but as many of them are fpecifically diltinct, and are cultivated by the Farmers as fuch, I thought it would not be amiis to enumerate all the Va;

The Species are; Triticum hybcrnum

C. B. P.

rieties.
arijlis

The

fix Sorts

fir ft-

mention'd are

arens.

White Wheat without Awns.

2.

or

Red

Triticum

fpica

cif

grants ruin

hentibus. Raii Syn.

Red Wheat,
tjf

what I have commonly obferv'd growing in divers Parts of England; but the Cone Wheat is generally preferrd, as having a larger Ear, and
fuller Grain, than

fome
3.

Places calPd Kentifh Wheat.

Triticum
Raii Syn.

fpica
arijlis

gram's al-

his.

White Wheat.
circumvalla-

any other Sort but fome of the Sorts will thrive beft on ftrong Land, and others on a light
Soil
;

4.

Triticum

tum, granis
mis Syn.

& fpica rubentibus, glulawbus & fplendentibus. Raii

Cone Wheat.

fo that the great Skill of the

is

Farmer

in adapting
is

the Sort of

Wheat which

the

bed

for

his

Red-ear'd bearded Wheat. 5. Triticum fpica wllofa quadrate longiore, arijlis munitum. Hijl.

Ox.
6.

Triticum
cinericea,

maxima

arifatum, fpica glumis hirfutis.

Land. The/>* Ionian Wheat is very feldont cultivated in England, though fome Years fince it was in great Requeft in Oxfordshire, where it was much cultivated ; but for what Reafon it was
neglecled, I could never learn.

Raii Syn. Grey Wheat, and in fome

Places Duckbil Wheat,
Pollard.
7.
Tto,

and Grey

The eighth Sort is much more common in Italy and Sicily than any
it is feldom cultivated have feen fome Stalks of this Wheat with feven Ears on them; but they have frequently three or four Ears. In wet Seafons this Sort of Corn is fubject to be laid down,

Triticum

majus, longiore gra-

other; but
I

glumis foliaceis inclufo, feu Triticum Polonia? dictum. Hijl. Ox. Polo-

here.

man Wheat. 8. Triticum fpica

B. P.

mukiplici.

C.

Many-ear'd Wheat. g. Triticum afiwim. C.B.P. Summer Wheat. 10. Triticum fpica Lorda Londinenjibus. Raii Syn.
<vulgo.
1

Naked

Barley,

1.

Triticum rufum hexafichon.

Six-row'd Wheat.
cblango.

C. B. P.
12.

Triticum fe?nine

C.

B- P.
13.

.Long-grain'd Wheat.

Triticum

arifiis longwribus,

from the Weight of the Ears being too great for the Straw to fupport. The Summer Wheat was alfo much more cultivated in England fome Years pair, than at prefent. This Sort was ufually fown in the Spring of the Year, at the fame Seafon with Barley and it generally ripen'd as Toon a? the Wheat which was fown in the Autumn ; fo that in
;

very

T R
very fevere Winters, when the other Sorts of Wheat have been deftroy'd,
Sort has been fown upon the Land, and has fucceeded very well: but the Grain of this being much thinner, it doth not produce near fo
this

T R
In the Down-countries the Farmers begin fowing of their Wheat in Augujly if there happens Rain fo that
;

when
the

they are in their Harvett,

flops

if

much Flour
Sorts
;

as

many of
tafon

the other
it

for

which

has been

neglecled of late Years. The tenth Sort is not much cultivated at prefent in England, the

Grain being
it is

but coarfe.
will

and

and the Flour of This is very hardy, grow upon any Soil.
thin,

them, they employ their People in fowing: for if the Corn is not forward in ti e Autumn, fo as to cover the Ground before Winter, it feldom fucceeds well on thofe dry Lands ; efpecaily if the Spring mould prove dry. But in the low ftrong Lands, if they get theit

Weather

dle of

The fix-rowed Wheat is alfo lefs common than many other Sorts in England. The Ears of this are but
llhort,

into the Ground by the MidNo vember, the Farmers think they are in good Seafon but fometimes it fo happens, from the Bad-

Wheat

nefs of the

Seafon, that in mar.y

and nave each fix Rows of Grain in tiiem. I have obferv'd fome Fields of this Corn in Kent fome Years paft.
i

Places the

Wheat
is

Cbriftmas, or after;

fown Wheat

not fown till but this latefubjecl to run too

is

much

to

Straw,

efpecially

if

the

The
many
of this
is

twelfth' Sort

is

cultivated in

Spring mould prove moift.

Parts of England.
is

The Grain
;

pretty long, but not fo full

wheat

lhas

and it Quantity of Chaff. I have feen fome Fields of t in Sujfex ; and it is alfo much culthat of .fome other Sorts

much

greater

Seedone Acre of Land, is three Bufhels but from repeated Experiments, it has been found, that half that Quantity is fufheient: therefore, if the Farmers have regard to their
ufual Allowance of
to
;

The

tivated in Wales.
Sort are as

The Awns

of this

own

long as thofe of Rye ; fo hat at a little Diftance it may be aken for Rye while it is in Ear. But of all the Sorts, I think the
rlt,

Intereft, they mould fave this Expence of Seed, which amounts to a confiderable Article in large Farms,

efpecially

when

it is

to be purchased;

which moft of the

;

fkiiful

fourth,

and

fifth,

are the bell

at leaft every other Year,

Farmers do, by way of

yorth cultivating in this Country, as

eing

very hardy, and affording a xeater Quantity of Flour than the though I know fome Perfons eft refer the third to either, on account f the extreme VVhitenefs of its Ears, ome Perfons efteem the bearded Vheat, becaufe they think it is not fo ibjedt to Mildew as the Sorts withbut of this I think there ut Awns no Certainty for moft of the Farers near London prefer the coned
:

Change that the for they find, Seeds continued long upon the fame

Land will not fucceed fo well, as when they procure a Change of Seeds from a diftant Country. And the fame is praciis'd by the Hufbandmen of the Low- Countries, who commonly

/heat to any other. The Seafon for fowing of

lin

procure frefh Seeds from Sicily every fecond or third Year ; which they find fucceed better with. them, than the Seeds of their own Country. In the Choice of the Seeds, particular regard mould be had to
the
it

Wheat

Land upon which

is

it

grew;

for if

the

Autumn,
III.

in moift

Weather.

light Land, the

Wheat which
grew

Vol.

T R
grew upon
and
ftrong

T R
is

Land

the belt

fo <viee verfa.

There have been fome Perfons in England curious enough to procure their Seed- wheat from Sicily, which
has fucceeded very well ; but the Grain of this has prov'd too hard
for our Englijh Mills to grind,

Quarters reaped from an Acre, over the whole Field, and fometimes much more and I have been informed
:

which

has occafion'd their neglecting to procure their Seeds from thence; nor do I think there can be much Advantage in procuring the Seeds from Abroad, fince the Lands of

by Perfons of great Credit, that on good Land, which was drill'd, and manag'd with the Horfe hoe, they have had twelve Quarters from an Acre of Land which is a great Produce and this is with greater
;
:

if the Seafons prove bad, than can be expected by the common

Certainty,

Husbandry.

TRIUMFETTA.
The Char afters
//

England are
as
:

fo various, as to afford

are;
confifting

much Change of Seeds as will be neceffary and the lefs we purchafe

from Abroad,
the greater will

hath a Flower

of fe
cir

qjeral Petals,
cularly,

which are placed

be

the Saving to the Public; fo that it fkiifui fliould be the Bufinefs of

Farmers
fible
;

to

fince,

want as few Seeds as pofby Exchange with each

and expand in form of a Ro/e; from whofe Empalement arifes the Pointaly which afterward becomes an hard fpherical hurry Fruit, inclofing
four angular
1.

Seeds.

other, they

may

fo contrive, as

not

to part with ready

Money

for

any

The Species are Triumfetta fruflu

echinatt

Seeds.

The Produce of an Acre

is

of Wheat

various, according to

the

Good-

Plum. Nov. Gen. Triumfetta with a burry-branching Fruit. 2. Triumfetta fruftu echinatt
racemofo.
racemofo,

nefs

of the

Soil.

In fome of the

minor.

Millar.

Smallei

fhallow

where there have been near fourBufhels of Corn

lands,

Down

Triumfetta, with a burry-branching

Fruit.

fown, I have known the Produce but when not double of the Seed
:

The firft of common in the

thefe Plants

is

very

Ifland of Jamaica,
\

this

is

the Cafe, the

better let his

Farmer had
lie

and feveral other Parts of America

much

Land

wafte,

fince the

Produce will not defray the

Expence; fo that more than the Rent of the Land is loft. And although thefe Sort of Crops are frequent on fuch Lands, yet fuch is the plowing among the Paffion for

Hufbandmen
were not
lords, they

at prefent, that if

they

reftrain'd

by

their

Land-

would introduce the Plough into every Field, notwithanding they are fure to lofe by it.
But although the Produce of chefe
poor.

Downs

is

fo fmall, as before

yet upon good Land, related; where the Corn has flood thin upon the Ground, I have known eight

but the fecond Sort is more rare, being found but in few Places. The Seeds of this Kind were fent to Eng< land by Mr. Robert Millar, who difcovefd the Plant on the North Side of the Mand of Jamaica. Thefe are both very tender Plants fo muft be preferv'd in the warmefi Stoves, otherwife they will not ]iv< thro' the Winter in this Country They are propagated by Seeds,whicl muft be fown on an Hot- bed earl) in the Spring and when the Plant! are come up, they ftiould be eacl tranfplanted into a feparate Pot fiH'( with frefh light Earth, and thei plung'd into a moderate Hot bed o
;

Tanner

T U
Tanners Bark, and fhaded from the
It

T U
hath a Lily-flower,
coibtpos'd,fo r
y

Sun until they have taken new Root after which time, they muft be treated in the fame manner as
;

the moft part, of fix Leaves fo aped fomewhat like a Pitcher : the Point alt

hath been directed for other tender Exotic Plants. During the Summer- feafon the Plants may remain in this Hot bed j but in Autumn they muft be remov'd into the Stove, and plung'd into the Bark-bed, obferving to refrefli them often with Water j in very cold Weather it muft not be given to them in large Quantities.

which arifes in the Middle of the Flower, furroundtd with Stamina, afterward becomes an oblong Fruity
which
Seeds,

opens into three Parts,

is

di-

vided into three Cells, andfull of plain

which

reji
:

upon one another in

thefe

a double
in the
It

Row

to

he added,

A coated Root,

Marks ?nuft with Fibres

lower Part.

If the Plants

live

through
their

the Winter, they will flower the fol-

lowing June

fo

will
;

ripen

but the Plants nay be continued two or three Years, provided they are carefully maseeds in September

iaagU
I

Imall

Flowers of thefe Plants are and of a yellow Colour, fome>hat like thofe of Agrimony ; for vhich the Plant has been by fome anged under that Genus. Thefe 'lowers are produe'd in Bunches at \e Extremity of the Shoots ; but
,

The

to little Purpofe to enumerate the feveral Varieties of thefe Flowers, which may be feen in one good Garden, fince there is no End of their Numbers j and what fome People may value at a confiderable Rate, others reject and as there are annually a great Quantity of new Flowers obtain'd from Breeders, thofe which are old, if they have not very good Properties to recommend them, are thrown out, and
;

would be

defpis'd

I fhall

therefore point out

they are not very beautiful, they feldom preferv'd but in fuch hardens where Variety is chiefly
-e

tended.
:

The

firft

of thefe Sorts

rifes to

the

(eight of fix cr feven Feet,

and the

iem becomes woody.

:op
it

Toward the divides into feveral Branches,

ch of which produces a Spike, or

inch of Flowers.
is

The Leaves

of

Sort are pretty large, andfhap'd

:e thofe

The

of the larger Malvinda. fecond Sort feldom rifes more

an three Feet high, and has finaller ;aves than the firft. The Stem of
s

Sort

is

fcinch fo

woody much as

but

it

doth not

the former,

and

in

every refpect a

much

lefs

Plant

in that.

'TUBEROSE.

TULIPA,
'

Vide Polyanthes, Tulip.

;

The

Characters are

good Tulip, according to the Chara&eriftics of the beft Fiorifts of the prefent Age. i. It fliould have a tall ftrong Stem. 2. The Flower fliould confift of fix Leaves, three within, and three without j the former ought to be larger than the latter. 3. Their Bottom fhould be proportion'd to theirTop, and their Upper - part fliould be rounded off, and not terminate in a Point. Thefe Leaves, when 4. open'd, fliould neither turn inward, nor bend outward j but rather ftand ered ; and the Flower fliould be of a middling Size, neither over-large, nor too fmall. 5. The Stripes fliould be fmall and regular, arifing from for if the Bottom of the Flower there are any Remains of the former feif-coloar'd Bottom, the Flower is in Danger of taring its Stripes again. The Chives fliould not be yellow, but of a brown Colour. When, a 2 Flower 4
the Properties of a
;

T U
Flower has all thefe Properties, cfteemM a good one.
it is

t u
in the

Roots
if

Tulips are generally divided into

three Claries, according to their Sea-

as the blowing otherwife they would rot, the Seafon mould prove very wet
;
\

fame manner

for thefe are not fo hardy as the late

fons

early Blowers

of Flowering; as Pracoces, or or middling ; Media

;

Blowers, nor do they increafe half

fait as
is

fc

thofe

fo that a greater Car<

o:

Blowers Blowers

and Serotines, or late but there is no Occafion for making any more Diftinttions than two, viz.. Early and Late Blow:

requir'd to preferve the Off-lets

them.

When

thefe Tulips

come up

ii

the Spring, the Earth upon the Sur

face of the Borders fhould be gentlj
ftirr'd,

ers.

The
near fo

early-blowing Tulips are not

fair,

nor rife half fo high, as but are chiefly valuthe late ones ed for appearing fo early in the Spring ; fome of which will flower the Beginning of February, if planted near a Wall, Pale, Hedge, or
;

as

and clear'd from Weeds anc Buds appear, if the Seafoi fhould prove very fevere, it will b<
;

the

of great Service to cover them witl Mats ; for want of which manj
times they are blighted, and
thei

Flowers decay before they blow

other Shelter

and the others

fuc-

which

ceed them ; fo that they keep flowering until the general Seafon for thefe Flowers is come, which is toward the End of April. The Roots of the early-blowing Tulips fhould be planted the Beginning of September in a warm Border, near a Wall, Pale, or Hedge ; becaufe if they are put into an open Spot of 'Ground, their Buds are in Danger of fuffering by morning

is often injurious to thei Roots, as is alfo the cropping of thi Flowers, fo foon as they are blown becaufe their Roots, which an form'd new every Year, are not a

that time arriv'd to their full

their proper
If,

Mag

nitude, and are hereby depriv'd o

Nourifhment.
are blown

when thefeFlowers

the Seafon fhould prove very warn)

it

F rolls
thefe

in the

Spring.

The

Soil

for

mould be renew'd every Year, where People intend to have them

fair.

The

beft Soil for this

Purpofe

is that which is taken from a light fandy Failure, with the Turf rotted amongfr it ; and to this (hould be added a fourth Part of Sea-fand. This Mixture may be laid about ten Inches deep, which will befufficient for thefe Roots, which need not be

will be proper to fhade them witl Mats, {Jc. in the Heat of the Day as alfo, if the Nights are fro%, the] fhould be in like manner cover'd whereby they may be preferv'd long time in Beauty; but when thei Flowers are decay 'd, and their Seed veflels begin to fwell, they fhould bi broken off juft at the Top of thi
i

Stalks

becaufe if they are permit

ted to feed, it will injure theRoots. When the Leaves of thefe Flow
ers are decay 'd

(which will be befon

anc

planted more than four or five Inches deep at moft. The Off-fets fhouid not be planted amongft the blowing
feives;

the late Blowers are out of Flower)

their

Roots fhould be taken up,

Roots, but in a Border by themwhere they may be planted

pretty clofe together, efpecially if frr.all but thefe mould be
;

they are

taken up when their Leaves decay,

Mats in a fhady Place after which they fhould bt to dry clear'd from their Filth, and put Of in a dry Place, where the Vermir cannot come to them, until the Seafon for planting them again ; being
fprcad upon
;

ver;

T U
very careful to preferve every Sort feparate, that you may know how to difpofe of them at the time for planting them again ; becaufe it is the better way to plant all the Roots of each Sort together ( and not to intermix them, as is commonly praclis'd in moft other Kinds of Flowers) ; for as there are few of them which blow at the fame time, fo, when the feveral Roots of one Sort are fcatter'd through a whole Bor<der,they make but an indifferentAppearance whereas, when twenty or thirty Roots of the fame Sorts are
:

Tu
land from Flanders of late Years, which is the grand Nurfery for moft Sorts of bulbous-rooted Flowers but there are fome curious Perfons who have lately obtain'd many valuable Breeders from Seed fown in England : and doubtlefs, were we as
induftrious to

fow the Seeds of

thefe

People of France and Flandersy we might in a few Years have as great a Varietv as is ;o be found in any Part of Europt for altho* it is fix or feven Years from the Sowing before the Flowers biow 5
as the
;

Flowers

yet, if after the

firft

Sowing

there

is

plac'd together,theywill
,

all

flower at

the lame time, and afford a

more

agreeable Profpedt.

The feveral Sorts of thefe earlyblowing Tulips rife to different Heights in theirStems.fo that fcarcely any two of them flower to an
equal Height. The Duke Van Toll, being one of the firil that appears in the Spring, is generally very mort-ftalk'd j and fo the other
in

every Year a frefriTarcel fown, when the feven Years are expir'd, there will be conftantly a buccefhon of Roots to flower every Year which will reward the Expectation, and keep up the Spirit of raifing but it is the Length of |Time at firft, which deters moft People from the Beginning of this Work. The manner of propagating thefe Flowers from Seeds is as follows :
;
:

iSorts,

proportion to their Earlifhorter than thofe

;

You mould

be careful in the Choice

which and the late- blowing lifucceed them tKinds are all of them confiderably longer in their Stems than any of
inefs, are

of the Seed, without which there can

be little Succefs expected The belt Seed is that which is faved from Breeders which have all the good
Properties before related ; for the Seeds of ftriped Flowers feldom produce any thing that is valuable.

Kthe Prtecoces,
jthat

or early Blowers

fo

when they

are confufedly mix'd

^together, they

make

a very indiffer-

ent Appearance.
late-blowing Tulips are generally obtain'd from Breeders ;

The
Seeds

beft

The

is,

to

Method to obtain good make Choice of a Parcel

which is a Term apply'd to all fuch Flowers as are prociue'd from Seeds, jwhich are of one Seif-colour, and jhave good Bottoms and Chives : thefe, in time, break into various
beautiful Stripes,

would them in

of fuch breeding Tulip-roots as you fave Seeds from, and place a feparate Bed from the other
Breeders,
in

a Part of the

Garden

where they may be

fully expos'd to

the Sun, ooferving to plant them at

according to the Ground of their former Self-colour; tut this mull be intirely thrown off, ptherwife they don't efteem a Flower well broken. Of thefe Breeders there hath been k great Variety brought into E>/gi

lead nine Inches deep

for if they

are planted too (hallow, their Stems

are apt to decay before their Seed

perfected.

is

Thefe Flowers fhould always be expos'd to the Weather ; for if they are fhaded with Mats, or any other

4U3

Covering,

;; .

T U
Covering,
it

T U
in a fhady Situation during the

will prevent their per-

Sum,

fecting the Seed.

About

the

Mid-

dle of July (a little fooner or later, as the Summer is hotter or colder)

mer-feafon of Trees.

but not under the Drip

at
their
firft

Thefe

Plants,

Ap-

the

Seeds

will

be

fit

to gather

which may be known by theDrinefs of their Stalks, and the Opening of the Seed-vefTels at which time it
;

pearance, have very narrow graffy Leaves, very like thofe of Onions,

may
Pods

be cut

off,

until the

and preferved in the Seafon for fowing it ;

it

being careful to put

Place, otherwife
it

up

in a dry-

will be fubject to
it

mould, which will render

for
little.

good

Having

fav'd

n Parcel

of good

Seed, about the Beginning of September is the belt Seafon for fowing it

when

there

mould be provided a
in their

and come up with bending Heads, in the fame manner as they do ; fo that Perfons who are unacquainted with them, may pull them up inftead ofGrafs, whilft they are very young, before their Leaves are a little more expanded, which is rarely perform'd the firft Year; for theyfeldom appear before the Middle of March, and they commonly decay about the Latter end of May, or the Beginning of June, according as the Seafon
is

Parcel of (hallow Seed -pans orBoxes,

hotter or colder.
alfo

which mould have Holes

:

The Weeds and Mofs mould

Bottoms, to let the Moifture pafs off thefe muft be fill'd with frefh fandy Earth, laying the Surface very even, upon which the Seeds lhould be fown as regularly as poffi-

may not lie upon each other then there mould be fome of the fame light fandy Earth fifted over them, about half an Inch thick Thefe Boxes or Pans mould be plac'd
ble, that they
:

where they may have the morning Sun tillEleven of the Clock, in which
Situation they

may remain

until

Oclober

which time they mould be remov'd into a more open Situation, where they may enjoy the Benefit of the Sun all the Day, and be fhe!ter*d from the North Winds, where they fhould remain during
;

at

theWinter-feafon

but in the Spring,

wiien the Plants are up, they mould be again remov'd to their firft Situaaiid if the Seafon mould be tion
;

dry, they muft be refrefn'd withWater, vvh le the Plants remain green ;

be clear'd off from the Surface of the Earth in the Boxes, and a little frefh Earth fifted over them foon after their Leaves decay, which will be of great Service to the Roots. Thefe Boxes mould be conftantly kept clear from Weeds ; which if permitted to grow therein, when they are up, their Roots will be apt to draw theBulbs out of theGround. At Michaelmas they fhould be frefhearth'd again ; and as the Winter comes on, they muft be again remov'd into the Sun as before, and treated in the fame manner, until their Leaves decay in the Spring ; when the Bulbs mould be carefully taken up, and planted in Beds of fhould frefh fandy Earth, which have Tiles laid under them, to prevent the Roots from mooting downward ; which they often do when there is nothing to flop them, and thereby they are deftroy'd. The Earth of thefe Beds mould be about
five

but as foon as their Tops begin to deca> , there mull be no more given them, l'eft it rot their tender Bulbs
therefore the Boxes

Inches thick upon the Tiles,

will

which
ing

be

fufficient for

nourifh-

thefe

Roots

while

they are

mould be placed

T U
Diftance which thefe young Bulbs fliould be allow'd, need not be more than two Inches, nor {hould

T U
flower, fuch of them as are worthy to be preferv'd fliould be mark'd with

The

they be planted above two Inches deep ; but toward the End of Oclober t it will be proper to cover the Beds over with a little frefli Earth, about an Inch deep which will preserve the Roots from the Froft, and prevent Mofs or Weeds from growing over them. But if the Winter fliould be very fevere, it will be proper to cover the Beds either with Mats or Peas-haulm, to prevent the
;

Sticks ; and at the Seafon for takeing up the Bulbs, they muft be fepa-

rated from the others, in order to be planted as Breeders in different

Beds ; but you fliould by no means throw out the reft, until they have flower'd two or three Years ; becaufe it is impoflible to judge exaclly of their Value in lefs time for many which at firft flowering appear
:

beautiful,
others,

will afterwards

rate, fo as to

degenebe of littleValue ; and

at
firft,
;

entering the Ground becaufe thefe Roots are much tenderer while young, than they are after they have acquir'd Strength.
Froft from

will

many

which did not pleafe times improve

fo that

they fliould be preferv'd until their

In the Spring the Surface of the fliould be gently ftirr'd, to tanake it clean, before the Plants (come up ; and if the Spring fliould prove dry, they muft be frequently

[Ground

Worth can be well judg'd of. In this Method many Sorts of new Breeders will be annually rais'd,
from which there will always be fine Flowers broken which, being the Produce of a Perfon's own Sow;

rcfrcfh'd
lof their
Ibe

withWater, during the time but this muft not given to them in great Quanti-

ing, will be greatly valued, becaufe

Growth
it

ties,

left

rot

their tender Bulbs

they are not in other Hands, which what enhances the Price of all Flowers ; and it has been intirely
is

and when the Leaves are decay 'd, Ihe Weeds fliould be taken off, and
lithe

owing

new

to this Method of raifmg Flowers, that the Dutch have

;

Which fliould in Autumn.

Beds cover'd with frefli Earth alfo be repeated again

been fo famous
Paflion for

fine

amongft whom the Tulips did fome

In thefe Beds the Bulbs may rejmaintwo Years during which time jthey muft be conftantly kept clear from Weeds, and in Spring and Au;

tumn

frefli

earth'd, in the

manner

al-

ready directed ; after which the Bulbs muft be taken up, and planted nto frefli Beds, at four Inches afunBer, and as many deep, where they jlmay remain two Years more ; during which time they fliould have the liaine Culture as before and after that, the Bulbs being large enough o blow, they fliould be taken up, jtind planted in frefli Beds at the
:

time reign o violently, that many of the Florifts near Haerlem have of* ten given an hundred Ducats for one Angle Root which Extravagance was the Occafion of an Order being made by the States, to limit the utmoft Price that fliould he afterward given for any Tulip-root,were
;

it

ever fo

fine.

Having thus given an Account of the Method of raifing thefe Flowers from Seeds, I (hall now proceed to the Management of thefe Roots which are termed Breeders, fo as to have fome of them every Year break
out into
fine Stripes.

ip.fual
lier

Diftance, and in the fame

man-

There
4

are

fome who pretend

to

to

as old

Roots j where when they

have a Secret how

make

an; Sort

U4

of

T U

T U
Earth muft be
fill'd in,

of Breeders break into Stripes whenever they plc.ife ; but this, I dare fay, is without Foundation : for from many Experiments which I have made in this Kind, I never could find any Certainty of this Matter all that can be dene by Art, is, to ftiift the Roots every Year into from
:

fo as to raife

the Bed fix or eight Inches higher ; obferving, in doing this, not to dif-

place any of the Roots, and alfo to lay the Top of the Beds a little

rounding, to throw off the Water.

Earth, and a different Situation, by which Method I have had very good
Succefs.

There are many Perfons who are fo carclefs in planting their Tuliproots, as only to dig and level the
Beds well, and then with a blunt Dibble to make Holes, into which they put the Roots, and then fill up the Holes with a Rake but this is by no means a good Method; for the Dibble, in making the Holes, pre\Tes theEarth clofely on each Side, and at the Bottom, whereby the Moiflure is often detain'd fo long about the Roots as to rot them ; befides, the Earth being hard at the Bottom of the Bulbs, they can't fo eafily emit their Fibres; which muft
:

The Earth of thefe Beds mould be every Year different $ for although it is generally agreed, that lean hungry frefh Earth doth hafcen their
breaking, and caufe their Stripes to

'

be the

finer,

yet, if they are

and more beautiful every Year planted

it

in the fame Sort of Soil,

will

not
as if

>

have

fo

much

Effect

on them,

they. were one Year planted in one

Sort of Earth, and the next Year in a very different one, as I have feveral times

certainly prejudice the Roots.

cxperitncM.
for thefe

Roots is a third Part of frefh Earth from a good Pallure, which fhouldhave the Sward rotted with it; a third Part of Sea-fand, and the other Part fifted thefe mould be all Lime-rubbifh. mix'd together fix or eight Months at leaft before it is us'd, and mould be frequently turned, in order to
:

The bed Compoft

or
to

Thefe Beds mould be funk, more Iefs, below the Surface, according
the Moifture or Drinefs
;

of the
fo eleI

Soil

for the Roots

mould be

never to have the Water ftand near them long, which is very apt to rot them fo that where the
vated as
:

Soil

is

very wet,

it

will be proper to

mix
this

the Parts well together.

With

Beds mould be made about two Feet deep, after the following manner After the old Earth is taken from out of the Bed

Mixture

the

fome Lime-rubbifh under the Earth, in order to drain off the Wet, and the Beds mould be intirely rais'd above the Level of the Ground but
lay
;

to prevent

their falling

down

into
;

the Walks, after Froft, orhardRains,

it

will be proper

to raife the Paths

to the

Depth intended, then fome of

:

the frelh Earth fhould be put in this about eighteen Inches thick

mould

be lcvelPd exactly, and then

Lines drawn each Way of the Bed, chequerwife at fix Inches Diftance, upon the Centre of each Crofs, faould be placM the Tulip-roots, in an upright Pofition ; and after having finifli'd the Bed in this manner,the
:

between them, either with Sea-coal A fnes or Rubbifh, eight or ten Inches, which will fupport the E*rth of and thefe Paths may fiope the Beds at each End from the Middle, which will caufe the Water to run off as it falls. But where the Soil is dry, the Beds may be funk eighteen or twenty Inches below the Surface ; for in fuch -places the Beds need not be
;
,

T U
be more than four Inches above the Surface, which will be Allowance enough for their fettling. During the Winter-feafon there will be no farther Care requir'd :the
Roots, being planted thus deep, will
there

T U
is no great Danger of their retnrning back again, as hath been by fome confidently reported for if one of thefe Flowers is quite broken (as
:

it

is

term'd),
;

Stripes

tho'

it will never iofe it* fometimes they will

be in no Danger of fufFering by ordinary Frofts in Winter ; but if it Ihould prove very fevere, fome rotten Tan or Peas-haulm may be laid over the Beds, to keep out the Froft; but in the Spring, when their Leaves begin to appear above-ground, the Earth upon the Surface of the Beds Ihould be ftirr'd to clear it from Weeds, Mofs, &c. and when the Flower-buds begin to come up, they ihould be guarded from Froft, otherwife they are very fubjedl to blight and decay foon after they appear ; but they need only be cover'd in fuch Nights when there is an Appearance of Froft ; for at all other times they mould have as much open Air as poflible, without which they will draw up weak, and produce very fmall Flowers.

blow much

fairer than at others,

and

the OrF-fets will beoftenmore beautiful than the old Roots.

There
ers,

is

nothing more to be ob-

ferv'd in the Culture of ftripedFlow-

than what has been directed for

tall

Breeders, excepting that thefe

bearch'd over with

Rails, that they

mould Hoops and

may be fhaded from Day-time, and protected from ftrong Winds, hard Rains, and frofty Mornings ; otherwife the Flowers will continue but a fhort time in Beauty ; but where thefe Inftru&ions are duly followed, they may be preferv'd in Flower a full Month, which is as long as molt other Flowers continue. After the Flowers are faded, their Heads mould be broken off, to prevent their feeding for if this is not
the

Sun

in the

Flower, you Ihould carefully examine them, to fee if any of them have broken into beautiful Stripes which if you obferve, there mould be a Stick put into the Ground, by every
thefe Breeders are in
;

When

obferv'd, theywill not flower near fo

well the following Year

will caufe
their

Stems

to

and this decay

fooner than
;

othenvife they would

fuch Root, to mark them, that they may be feparated from the Breeders,
to plant
ers

amongl1 the

ftriped

Flow-

the following Year : but you Ihould carefully obferve, whether

they have thrown off their former Colour intirely ; as alfo when they decay, to fee if they continue beautiful to the laft,and not appear fmeared over with the original Colour in both which Cafes they are very fub,

je&to go back

Colour But if their Sn ipes the next Year. are diftincl: and clear to the Bottom, and continue fo to the laft (which is what the Fioriits call dyeing well),
to their old

do fo that their Roots may be taken up early in June for they fhould not remain in the Ground long after their Leaves are decay'd. In takeing thefe Roots out of the Ground, you muft be very careful not to bruifeorcut them, which will endanger their rotting and, if poflible, it fhould be done a Day or two after Rain. Theie Roots muft be clear'd from their old Cover?, and all Sorts of Filth, and fpread upon Mats in a fhady Place to dry after which they mould be put up in a dry Place, where Vermin can't get to them, obferving to keep every Sort
;

feparated

but they Ihould not ba kept tco cloie from the Air, nor fu;

ier'd

T U
jer'd to

T U
left

He in Heaps together,
;

ble Stature.

they mould grow mouldy

after

which they commonly rot when they are planted again. The Off-fets of thefe Rcots,which are not large enough to produce Flowers the iucceeding Year, mould
*

bealfo put by themfelves, keeping thefe mould be each Sort diftinft planted about a Month earlier in Autamn than the blowing Roots, in particular Beds in the Flower'-nurfely, where they may not be expofed but the Earth of to public View the Beds mould be prepared for them in the fame manner as for larger Roots ; tho' thefe muft not be planted above five Inches deep, and may be plac'd much nearer together than thofe which are to flower ; and in one Year moft of them will be:

This Tree was formerTubs, and houfed in Winter with great Care ; in which Management the Plants made but poor Progrefs, nor would ever have produced Flowers. But about fixty Years ago there was one of thefe Trees planted out in a Wildernefs in the Gardens of the Right
ly kept in Pots and

Hon.

the Earl of Peterborough at Par/ons -Green, near Fulham ; which foon convine'd the Curious of their

come ftrong enough to flower, when they may be remov'd into the Flowand plac'd in the Beds amongft thofe of the fame Kinds.
er-garden,

in the Culture of this Tree, by the great Progrefs it made ; and in a few Years after it produced Flowers. This Tree is yet Handing, and annuallyproduces a great Quantity of Flowers; tho* fome of the Branches begin to decay, which perhaps may have been occafion'd by its being too clofely furrounded with other Trees ; whofe Roots are fo

Miftake

much

TULIPIFERA, The Tuliptree.

entangled with thofe of this Tree, that they draw the Nourishment of the Ground from it. In fome Years this Tree produces Cones; but they have not ever been
perfected,
fo as

The CharaBers
The

are

to

contain

good

Flower eonffs of /enteral Leaves, which expand in fuch a manner; as ( by feme thought)
to

Seeds.

There are fome other Trees of

ers

refemble

Tulip

the Pointal rifes in the Cen-

tre of the Flower, furrounded by a great Number of Chives ; and afterward becomes a fquamous Fruit, or

kind which have producedFlowYears ; tho' there are not many of them very large ; the
this

feveral

biggeft I have feen (excepting that

is cot more than 35 or 40 Feet high; whereas Lord Peterborough's i: upwards of 60 Feet high, and is proportionally large in the Trunk ; but this has a naked Body near forty Feet high, all the Branches growing near the Top of

at Par/ons -grce?i)

Cone, growing ereft

to thefe

Marks

may
part

be

mojl part,

added, The Leaves, for the being angular, the Upper-

hollowed as if cut off with is Scifars, terminating in two Feints. have but one Sort of this

We

Tree ; viz. Tulipi FE R A arbor

L.

Virgin iana H.
.

The

Virginian Tulip-tree.

This Tree is very common -in America, where it grows to a great Magnitude but in England there are at prefent very few of them which have arriv'd to any confidcra;

the Tree; which might be occasioned by being fo clofely furrounded with otherTrees ; for I have obferved. where- ever they have a more open Situatipn, they are fubjeft to extend their Branches, and do not
tho* upward very much they generally have one upright Shoot

afpire

T U
Shoot in the Middle, much Nature of the Plane-tree, whofe manner of Growth is very like that of this Tree. The Flowers which thefe Trees produce, are by no means like thofe of the Tulip tho' many Perfons have been fo incurious as to imagine them fo, efpecially the Inhabitants of America, who fidt gave the Name of Tulip-tree unto this Plant; by which Name it has been fince calPd by the Inhabitants of Europe, who received it from them with the
;

T U
after the

put into a Frame, where they may enjoy the open Air in mild Weather, but mull be fhelter'd from Frolt.

they mult be

Plants,

many Years

fince

but I

have not heard, that any of thefe Trees have fiower'd in any Part of
4

Europe, except in England.

Mr.

Catejhy, in his Natural Hi-

Jiory of Carolina,

&c. fays, There are fome of thefe Trees in America,

which are
ference
ral
;

thirty

that the

Feet in CircumBoughs are very

unequal and irregular, making feveBends or Elbows, which render the Trees diftinguilhable at a great Diltance, even when they have no Leaves upon them. They are found in moft Parts of the Northern Continent of America, from the Cape of
Florida to

NtwEngland, where
of great Ufe.

the

Timber

is

This Tree may be propagated from Seeds, whic s are often brought from America in the Cones thefe
.

In the following Spring the Plants up, and each planted in a feparate fmall Pot fill'd with frelh light Earth ; and if thefe Pots are plung'd into a moderate Hotbed, under Mats, it will promote their Rooting. In Summer thefe Plants muft be remov'd into the Shade, and in Winter into a F/ame, as before: after this manner they may be treated three or four Years, until they have acquir'd Strength ; when they nTay be turn'd out of the Pots in the Spring, and planted where they are to remain, which mould always be near the Shelter of other Trees ; where they will growmuch better than in an open Situation, provided they arc not too much crouded or overhung by large Trees. There are fome People who propagate this Tree by Layers ; but they are commonly two or three Years before they take Root, and feldorn make fuch (trait Trees as thofe rais'd from Seeds ; though indeed they will produce Flowers fooner, as is always the Cafe with Hinted Plants. This Tree mould be planted on a light loamy Soil, not too dry; on

mould be taken

which

it

will

thrive

much

better

mould be taken out in the Spring, and fown in Pots or Boxes fill'd with frelh light Earth, and plac'd upon a moderate Hot-bed, which mould be
Mats, and not have Glaffes over them, becaufe the GlaiTes will caufe the Earth to dry too faft, and thereby fpoil the Seeds.
refreuYd with
Plants are

than upon a llrong Clay, or a dry gravelly Ground ; for in America they are chiefly found upon a moift

covered only with

where they will grow to> a prodigious Size tho' it will not be proper to plant thefe Trees in a
light Soil,
:

Thefe Pots mould be frequently Water and when the

;

come

up, they fhould be

plac'd in a fhady Situation during

the Summer-feafon; but in Winter

which is too moift, in England'* it might endanger the rotting of the Fibres of the Roots, by the Moiflure continuing too long about them efpecially if the Bottom be a Clay, or a ftrong Loam, which will detain the Wet.
Soil

becaufe

TURKS

T U
of five or
fix

T U
Feet, and may be trained into regular Shrubs they both produce yellow Flowers, which come out at the Footftalks of the Leaves, and are continued for at leaft nine Months, which renders them worthy of a Place in the Stove.
:

TURKS
reflexo.

CAP. r/^Liliumflore

TURKY- WHEAT. FideM&ys. TURNEP. Vide Rapa. TURNERA.

The
It

Characters are

hath afunnel-Jkap V Flower, conjifiing of Jive Leaves, which are fajiemd to the Calyx, which is monofct/zlous, and divided into five Parts At the Top : under the Flower-cup there
ere two Leaves, which join at the Bottom, and fur round the Cup : from the Centre of the Flower cup arifes the Point al, which is divided into three Tarts to the Bottom, and furroundtd this Pointa! afterly five Stamina
:

be propagated, on an Hot-bed early in the Spring ; and when the Plants are come up two Inches high, they muft be tranfplanted into fmall
eafily

They may

by fovving

their Seeds

ward
Fruit,

becomes

an almofi fpherical
is

which

divided into three

and plung'd into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, obferving to water and made them until they have taken Root ; after which time they muft be treated as hath been directed for the Guava's ; to which the Reader is defir'd to turn, to
Pots,

Parts, and filled with roundijh Seeds, which are fuflend to the Placenta by
JJttider

avoid Repetition.
Plants will

The Seeds of thefe

fall

often

into the Pots

Threads.
Species are
R a frutefcens ulmifolia.
i

The
1
.

which are placed near them in the Stove which will grow, and foon
;

Turn

furnilh Plants enough, after a Perfon.

is

Plum. Nov. Gen.

2.
lio.

5.

Shrubby Turlycopi fo-

once pofiefs'd of them.

Thefe

nera, with an Elm-leaf.

Plants are too tender to live in the

Turner a frutefcens,

open Air
;

Shrubby Turncra, with a

Wa-

ter-horehound-leaf. Thefe Plants are both of them

Natives of the
ca.

warm

Parts of Ameri-

The

firft

Species was found by

Father Plumier in Martinico,

who

gave it the Name of Turnera, from Dr. Turner, a. famous Fnglifh Phyfician,

in England: fo they muft be plac'd in the Bark-bed in the Stove where, during the Winterfeafon, they muft be kept warm, and frequently water'd but in the Summer-feafon they muft have a great Share of Air, othervvife they will draw up tender, and not produce many Flowers.
;

who

lived in

Queen Elizabeths

When
large,

the Plants are

grown

pretty

and wrote an Herbal, in which he has chiefly figur'd and deReign,

fcrib'd the ufeful Plants.

they

may
if

be treated

more
dry

hardily,

by placing them
where,

in the

The
by
it

other Species was difcover'd

Sir

Hans

Sloane,

who

has figur'd
o/^

in his

Natural Hifiory

Jamaica,

they are kept in a moderate Degree of Heat, they will thrive and flower very well. Thofe who would fave the Seeds of thefe
;

Stove

under the following Name ; Cifus urticee folio, fore luteo, vafcutis triBut both thefe Sorts were gonis. obferv'd by my late Friend Dr. William Houfioun, in feveral Parts of America. Thefe grow to the Height

Plants, muft

watch them carefully

if

becaufe,

when

they are ripe, they

they are not gather-: Fidi Heliotropi-

foon
ed.

fcatter,

TURNSOLE.
um.

TUR-

T U
TURRTTIS,
Tower-muftard.
are

T u
&c.
that there
;

may

be feveral Plants

The Characters

in each

The Flower conftjh cffour Leaves, which expand in form of a Crofs ; out
ef whofe Empalcment rifes the Pointal, which afterward becomes a long fmooth Pod, which grows for the moji part upright, and opens into two Parts,
in each of which are contain" d many fmooth Seeds.

a better

whereby they will make a Appearance than when they

are difpers'd.

The

orher Sorts

may

be

all

culti-

vated by fowing their Seed? upon a Bed of light dry Earth in the Spring; and when the Planes are come up,

1.

The Species are; Turrit is vulgatior.

Tovver-muftard.

J. B.
ci-

they mould be tranfplanted where they aie to remain for good, obferving to water them until they have taken Root ; after which they will
require no farcher Care, but to clear

Common
2.

Turrit is foiiis

infrioribus

choraceis, ceteris perfoliata.

Tourn.

Tower

like thofe cf Cichory,

mallard with its Under-leaves and its Upper-

them from Weeds; and the fecond Year they will produce Seeds, after which the Plants never co^ '.nue.

TUSSILAGO,
The
It

Colts-foot.
;

leaves like
3.

Thorough- vvax.
muralis minor. Pet.

Characters are

Turritis

H. B.
itard,

Wall crefs, or Tower-muwith Daily-leaves.

leucoii folio.

.4.

Turritis
leaf.

Tourn.

Tower
flower
3.
'

muftard with a Stock-gilliverna, fore hJi.R.H. Spring an-

hath a radiated Flower, whofc Difi cenffs of many Florets ; but the Crown is compos d of m?ny Halffiords : the Embryoes are included in a multifid Flower-cup ; which are af-

Turritis annua

purpurafcente

terward turnd to downy Seeds fix'd in a Bed : to which Notes may b? added, The Flowers appearing before the
Leaves
1.

nual Tower-muiiard, with a purple

in Spring.
;

Flower.

The

four

Sorts

firft ;

mention'd

The Species are Tussilago vulgaris.

Coits-foot.

C. B. P*

have but

Beauty fo are feldom preferv'd but in Gardens of Botany, for Variety but the fifth Sort
little
;

Common
2.

Tussilago
C.

Alpina r of undifolia,

glabra.

B. P.

Round

ieav'd

makes a
.

pretty

the

Spring.

Appearance early in This feldom grows

fmooth Colts-foot of the

Alps.

more than
.

four Inches high, pro-

The firft of thefe Sorts is very common in watery Places in almoft

every Part of England, and is rarely kept in Gardens ; for the Roots creep under ground, and increafe fo
faft, that in a (hort time they will fpread over a tonge Spot of Ground.

ducing purple Flowers at the Top, lhapd like thofe of the Hefperis. If
the Seeds of this Plant are fown in Autumn, or are permitted to fcatter

they are ripe, the Plants will abide the Winter, and flower very
early in

when

But as the the Spring. Flowers are not very large, the Seeds

the Alps, from whence

mould be fown
Borders of
th*e

in Patches, in

the

Flower-garden, in the fame manner as the Dwarf Lychnis, Candy- tuft, Venus Looking-glafs,

fccord Sort grows wild upon it has been tranfplanted into fome curious Botanic Gardens for the fake of Variety the Flowers cf this are purple,
:

The

and thofe of the

yellow.

common

Sort are

A.

V A

V A
Villages which are
fituated in the

V A
^TACCARIA.
Vide Lychnis.
Bilberry,

Neighbourhood of their Growth, and earned to the Market-towns. Thefe are by fome eaten with Cream or Milk they are alfo put into Tarts, and much efteem'd by the People in the North but they are
;
;

VACCINIUM, The
The
Characlers are
;

Whortleberry, or Cranberry.

The Flower is of one Leaf and Jhaped like a Pitcher, having a fmall -permanent Empalement : th$ Germen arifes from the Bottom of the Empalement attended by eight Stamina, each fujlaining a forked Summit : the Germen afterward becomes a foft globular umbilicated Berry, having four
Cells inclojing fmall Seeds.

ftldom brought to London. The Shrub on which thefe grow, rifes about two Feet high, having many Stems which are garninV'l with oblong Leaves, (hap* J like thofe of the Box- tree, but fomewhat longer ; and are a little fawed on their Edges. The Flowers are of a greenifti Colour, fhap'd like thofe of the Arbutus, or Strawberry-tree, of a greenifti - white Colour, changing to a dark-red toward the Top. The Fruit are about the Size of large Juniper-berries, and of a deep-purple Colour ; having a Flue upon
;

The Species are Vaccinium caule angulato,foHis ferratis annuis. Lin. Flor. Common Black -whorts, or Bilberries. 2. Vaccinium foliis perennanti1.

the blue Plums

them when they are untouched, like which rub off with
;

handling.

The

fecond Sort

is

of much

hum-

bler Grow'th, feldom rifmg above fix

husy obverfe ovatis. Lin. Flor. Evergreen Red-whorts, or Whortleberries.

3.

or eight Inches high. The Leaves of this Sort are fo like that of the

Vaccinium
Flor.

ramis filiformibus

Dwarf

box, as that, at a Diftance,

it

repentibus, foliis ovatis perennantibus.

the Plants are often taken for

by

Lin.

Cranberries,

or

Bog-

whorts.

The firft
upon

Sort grows very

is

large wild Heaths, in

common many

Parts of England-, but

tivated in Gardens,
will

never culbeing with great Difficulty tranfplanted ; nor

it it
:

when it is remov'd thifrom many Trials which I have made, by taking up the Plants at different Seafons, and planting them into Gardens, I could never
thrive

ther

for

This is an evergreen Shrub, which grows upon moory Ground in fcveral Parts of the North ; but it is full as difficult to tranfplant into Gardens, as the other Sort j though I have been affur'd by Perfons of Credit, that they have feen this Sort planted to make Edgings to the Borders of the Gardens in Norway and Sweden ; where
Perfons of Skill.
the Plants may grow much better from the Cold of thofe Climates, than they will do in England; for this is a Native of very cold Countries. I have feveral times received Plants of this. Sort from Greenland, by the Whale-Ships. The Berries of this Sort are red, and have a more

fucceed fo as to preferve the Plants above two Years, and thofe never produe'd any Fruit ; fo that it is not

worth the Trouble of cultivating.

The
by

Fruit of this Sort

is

gathered
thofe

the poor

Inhabitants of

agree-

V A
agreeable acid Flavour than thofe of This Fruit is frethe firft Sort.

V A
Heaths in divers Parts of England ; but the fecond Sort grows only upon moorihh Land, where, by its creeping Roots, the Ground ver'd with the Plants.
this
is

quently us'd for Tarts in feveral.of the Northern Counties, where the Plants grow wild upon the Moors. The third Sort produces long flender Branches, not bigger than Thread, which trail upon the mofiy Bogs ; fo are often hid by the Mofs. Thefe Branches are thinly garnim'd with fmall Leaves, about the Size and Shape of thofe of Thyme ; haveing their upper Surface of a Ihininggreen Colour, but are white underneath. The Flowers are generally produced toward the Extremity of
the Shoots,
fmaller,

fooa co-

There are feveral other Species of Genus, fome of which are Natives of Spain and Portugal, others of Germany and Hungary, and fome of the Northern Parts of America, from whence thofe large Fruit are brought to Evgland, which are us'd
by the Paftry-cooks of London, daring the Winter-feafon, for Tarts:
but as
all

thefe Sorts naturally

grow

upon Swamps and Bogs, they arc

not eafy to transplant into Gardens, fo as to thrive, or produce Fruit
therefore there can be
little

which are

in

Shape like
;

thofe of the former Sorts

but are

and of a red Colour. Thefe

Hopes of

grow upon long flender Footftalks, and are fucceeded by round red fpotted Berries,

having thofe Sorts in England.

VALERIANA,

Valerian.

of a (harp acid Flavour; The Characters are ; 'The Leaves grow by Pairs, oppafite which are much efteem'd by the Inupon the Stalk : the Flower confifts of habitants of the Places near the Bogs where they grow. Some ufe them o?ie Leaf, is tubulofe, and divided int9 for Tarts, and others eat them with f*ve Segments at the Top : thefe FlowMilk or Cream. ers are, for the moft part, colleSed This Sort is a Native of Bogs; into a fort of Umbel upon the Top of therefore cannot by any Art be prothe Stalks ; and are fucceeded by oblong pagated upon dry Land: but where flat Seeds, which are winged with there are natural Bogs, the Plants a foft Down. may be taken up carefully, prefervT he Species are ;
ing fome of the Soil to their Roots, and tranfplanted into the Bogs in the
1.

Valeriana

hortenfis,

Pbuols-

fatrifolio Diofcoridis. C.
2.

B.P. Great
magna

Autumn

and

if

they are once fix'd

Garden Valerian, or Phu.

they will fpread, and propagate themielves in great Plenin the Place,

Valeriana

Jylvejiris

ty,

and require no farther Care.

aquatica. J. B. Valerian.

Great wild Water

Sorts firfi- mentioned alfo propagate very fall by their creeping Roots ; fo that when they are fixed in a proper Soil, they will foon overfpread the Ground as the Heaths
;

The two

3. Valeriana major fylvefrls montana. C. B. P. Great wild Mountain Va'erain.

4.

Valeriana
Small

paluflris minor.

C.

B. P.
5.

Marm Valerian.
C. B. P,

upon which they naturally grow, are generally cover' d with the Plants.

Valeriana

Red Garden
6.
lia.

rubra. Valerian.

The

Sort grows with the Heath, Roots intermixing together, and frequently is found upon fandy
firit

Valeriana
C. B. P.

their

Narrow-lea v'd

rubra anguftifo. red

7.

Garden Valerian.

Va-

V A
y.

V A
folia lati

Valeriana marina

crn Valerian,
leaf.

with a Water-crefsOrient alis mini-

major alba. Mor. Umb. Great broadleav'd white Sea Valerian.

8.

22.

Valeriana
leaft

Valeriana

Alpina, foliis in-

ma,

fore

leucophiso.

Tourn.

Cor.

tegris, radice repcnte, inodora.

Rail Alpine Valerian, with undilliji. vided Leaves, and a creeping Root, without Smell. 9. Valeriana Alpina prima. C.

The
23.

Eaftern Valerian, with a

Pyrenai.

whitihh Flower.

Valeriana maxima
D. Fagon.

ca, cacali* folio.

B. P. The firfl Alpine Valerian of Cofpar Bauhin.

10.

lnjl R; H. The greareft Pyrenean Valerian, with a ftrange Coltsfoot-leaf.

24.

Valeriana foliis
Valerian

Valeriana

Alpina

altera.

C.

B. P.
25.

ca lei trap*. with Leaves

C. B. P.
11.

Another Alpine Valerian of Cafpar Bauhin.

like thofe of the Star-thiftle.

Valeriana

Alpina, fcrophu-

lariafolio. C. B. P. Alpine Valerian, with a Figwort-leaf. 12. Valeriana montana, fubrotundo folio. C. B. P. Mountain Valerian, with a roundifh Leaf. 13. Valeriana Alpina, nardo

Luftanica annua R. H. Broad jagged-leav'd annual Valerian of Porlatifulia laciniata. Inf.

Valeriana

tugal.

26.

Valeriana h ami lis

rotundo

Americaargenteo.

na, folio

fubtus

Plum. Dwarf American Valerian, with a round Leaf, white underneath.

Celtic*

fi mi lis.

C.

Bv

P.
the

Alpine
Celtic

Valerian,

refembling

Spikenard.
14.

The firfl: of thefe Sorts is propagated in England for medicinal Ufe

call'd in the Shops by the of Phu, to diltinguifh it from the Mountain Valerian, which is preferr'd to all the other Sorts by the
is

Valeriana
Inf.

Crctica, filipen-

and

Candy Valerian, with a Dropwort-root. 15 Valeriana Celttea. Inf. R. H. Celtic Va'enan, or Spikenard. 16. Valeriana marina anguflifolia, fve minor alba. Mor. Hift. Narrow-leav'd or fmaller white Sea

dula

radice,

H.

Name

Valerian.
17. Valeriana Alpina minor. C. B. P. Smaller Alpine Valerian.

18.

Valeriana

tuberofa

Itnpe-

Tuberofe-rooted Tourn. Cor. Valerian of Imperatus. 19. Valeriana Orient alis angur
ti,

folia, fit

foribus

& radice <vahriana

Orient alis
,

hor t en fs. Tourn. Cor. Narrow-leav'd Eaftern Valerian, with the Flowers and Root of the Garden Valerian.
20.

Valeriana
fore

alii-

aria

folio,

alio. Tourn.

Cor.

Valerian, with a Sawcealone-leaf, and a white Flower.

Eaftern
21.

Valeriana

Oricntalis, fifym-

Phyficians tho the Roots of this firfl are flill continu'd in fome of the capital Medicines. This Plant is propagated by parting of its Roots, either in the Spring or Autumn, which mould be planted in Beds of frefh dry Earth, about eight or ten Inches afunder ; for they commonly fpread if the Seaand multiply very fall fon be dry, you in uit water the Plants until they have taken Root ; after which they will require no farther Care, but to keep them clean from Weeds ; and in Autumn, when their Leaves are decay 'd, the Roots (hould be taken up, and dry'd for Ufe. The fecond Sort is very common in moift Places, and by the Sides of Rivers and Ditches, in mc ft Parts of
;
:

modern

brii Matthiolifolio. Tourn. Cor, Eail-

England-, but

is

rarely cultivated in

Gardens.

V A
Gardens. being fo

V A
on a Bed of
in the Spring,
frefh light Earth
;

The Roots of this Kind, common near London, are

and

when

the Plants

come

generally fold in the Markets inftead

of the third Sort, which is what fhould always be ufed, as being by far the ftrongeft, and moll valuable.

up, they fhould either be tranfplanted into Nurfery-beds, or the Borders where they are to remain for good.

Some of
third Sort
is

thefe Plants will flower

;

The

generally found

the

firll

Seafon
all

but the fecond Year

flower very
ftrong.

upon dry chalky

Soils, in ftiady Pla-

they

will

ces, in divers Parts

of England

the

Roots of which are much fame Kind cultivated in Gardens j as Sorts of aromatic Plants, ther'd from their native
to thofe of the

preferable

They commonly grow about three Feet high and when the Roots are
;

which are
are
all

the

they will continue flowering moft Part of the Summer, which

ftrong,

when gaPlaces of

renders them worthy of a Place in

large Borders, and alfo in Avenues,

Growth.
This Plant may be propagated by parting the Roots either in Spring or Autumn, as was directed for the firft Sort ; but you fhould always obferve to plant them upon a dry frefh undung'd Soil in which, tho' the Roots will not make near fo great
;

and other abject Parts of the Garthey being very hardy, and will grow in almoft any Soil or Situation ; but their Roots will abide longeft in a dry barren Soil i for in rich moilt Places they feldom have a Continuance for a longer time than
den,

two Years.

rogrefs, as in a rich moift Soil

yet

The

Seeds of thefe Kinds will ofwill

hey will be much preferable to them or Ufe. Thcfe Roots mould alfo >e taken up, when the Leaves deray in Autumn, and preferv'd dry
intil
j

ten get into the Joints of old Walls,

where they

grow and abide

many

Years, without any Care or Culture, and produce Flowers moft

ufed.

Part of the
is

Summer

and

in
all

fuch a

The

fourth Sort
in

very

common

Situation they will endure

thers,

Wea:

of V.ngland ; but is feldom propagated 1 Gardens. This is plac'd among

divers Parts

n moift Soils,

without the leaft Injury thefe Plants are never ufed in Medicine.

The eighth,

ninth, tenth, eleventh,

he
I)

officinal
;

Simples, in the Collge

yifpenfatory

though it is rarely ufed Medicine. It mry be propagated a moift Soil, by parting the Roots r the former. f his Sort is Male

and feventeenth Sorts grow on the Alps ; from whence they have been procured by fome curious Botanifts, and are preferved in their Gardens
for Variety
:

thefe are abiding Plants,

id

Female

in different Plants.

which may be propagated Dy parting of their Roots.

to

The
e

fifth, fix:h,

and feventh Sorts

The
Plants,

belt

time

propagated in Gardens for the eauty of their Flowers ; but they e only proper for large Gardens, ing very apt to grow too large for
tall

remove

thefe
is

and part

their Roots,

mas,

when

their

foon after MichaelLeaves decay, that

Places.

Thefe may bepropa-

their Roots, in the dire&ed, or from eds, which fhould be fown in Aunn, foon after they are ripe, up-

ted

by parting

they may, have good Rooting in the* before the dry Weather comes on in the Spring; otherwife

Ground

nner before

they will not flower firong

tl;e

fol-

lowing Summer. 4

All

thefe Sorts

fhould be planted on a itrong

loamy
Soil,

Vol.

III.

V A
Soil,

V A
;

and

in a

(hady Situation

where

they will thrive much better than in a light Earth, and an open Situation
;

in

which they

will

not live,

unlefs they are duly watered in dry

Weather.

The
on
the

twelfth Sort has been found

Mountains
';

in the

North of
in

England

but

is

very

common

Germany, as alfo on the 4ip3 and Fyrcncan Mountains. The fourteenth Sort grows in feveral lilands of the Archipelago, and alfo in Liguria : it is chiefly found on Hills and Mountains which are moilt. The Roots of this Sort are as large as fmall Walnuts, which hang from Dugs after the manner of Dropwort. Thefe Roots, when bruifed, emit a Smell very like Spikenard.
leveral Parts of

The

fixteenth

Sort

is

the

true

Spikenard, which is ufed in Medicine. This grows in great Plenty amongft the Mofs, on the Tops of
the Alps, where the Snow lies a great Part of the Year. Thefe Roots are taken up for Ufe in Augvjl, when the Leaves decay ; at which time they

have the

ftrongeft Scent.

The

nineteenth

Sort

has

alfo

otherwifethey will not thrive. Thofe Sorts with knobby Roots mould not be often tranfplanted if they are removed every third Year, it will be often enough ; but then the Ground between the Roots mould be every Spring gently dug to loofen it, being careful not to cut or bruife the Roots. Thefe Plants ufually flower in June; but they feldom produce good Seeds in England. The fixteenth Sort is not very common in the Englijh Gardens at prefent. This only differs from the Garden Valerian with red Flowers, in having narrow Leaves ; therefore may be propagated in the fame manner as hath been before directed for the red and white Garden Valerian. It will alfo propagate itfelf by Seeds, if they are permitted to fcatter in a Ihady Situation, where the Plants will come up without any Care, and may be tranfplanted into large Borders, where they will make an agreeable Variety, and continue a long time in Flower. The" nineteenth, twentieth, twenty - firft, and twenty - fecond Sorts were difcovered by Dr. Toumefort in the Levant, from whence their Seeds
:

knobbed Roots, about as large as Wa'nuts, which have a Scent fomewhat like c pikenard. This Sort has Leaves fomewhat like thofe of the
fmall Valerian
fern
;

were fent to Paris. Thefe are alfo hardy Plants, which will live in the open Air ; and mould have a (hady Situation, and be planted on a moilt
light Soil.

and the Flowers

re-

Me

Sort,
jbigh.

Garden which grow about two Feet

thofe of the great
thefe Sorts are very
;

All

hardy
and

Plants in refpect to Cold

but they

wiil not live in a dry light Soil,

an open Situation
ever
is

therefore

who-

inclinable to cultivate them,

mould plant them on a moift loamy Soil, on a North Border, where they may be intirely fcreened from the Sun; and in very dry Weather
they muii be
conltant'y watered,

The twenty-third Sort is a Native of the Pyrencan Mountains but is preferved in the Gardens of the Curious in Botany, for the fake of VaThis, being a biennial Plant, riety. muft be permitted to fcatter its Seeds, for a Supply of young Plants. This Plant Ihould have a moilt Soil, and a fhady Situation where it will thrive, and produce good Seeds ; but if the Seeds are not fown in Autumn, they feldom grow; fo that when they fcatter themfclves, they generally
;
;

grow

V A
grow better, than when they arc Town by Hand. This Sort rifes three
Feet high, and has very broad Leaves ; but the Flowers, being (mall, make no great Appearance and when their Seeds are ripe, the Plants frequently perifti foon after. The twenty-fourth and twentyfifth Sorts are annual Plants j which, if once introdue'd into a Garden, will fcatter their Seeds, and maintain their Situation. The Seeds of thefe Kinds
will difperfe themfelves to a great Diltance by the Help of the Down which adheres to them ; and often grow on Walls and Buildings, where

V A
VALERIANA GR^CA.
Polemonium.
or Lamb's lettuce.

Vide

VALERIANELLA,Corn-fallad f

The

Characters are

The Leaves grow by Pairs oppejite on the Branches : the Branches are always divided into two Parts, and appear at the Tops like an Umbrella : the Flower conjifis of one Leaf, which is cut into many Segments, and is fucceeded by one naked Seed, having no

Down

adhering to

it

in

which

it

differs from the

Valerian.
;

1.

The Species are Valerianella

arvenjis

they are ftinted and fmall ; but will flower and feed, whereby they will become errant Weeds; notwithftand-

cox humility femine comprejfo.

preMar,

Umb.
a
flat

Early low Corn-fallad, with

Seed.

ing they decay as foon as their Seeds

are

2.

Valerianella

arvenfis pre-

Thefe two Sorts will grow on any Soil, or in any Situation; but they will thrive beft on a moift Soil, and in a fhady Situation. Their Seeds muft be fown in Autumn, otherwife they feldom fucripe.

cox

humilis, foliis ferratis.

Tuurn.

Early low Corn-faliad, with ferrated Leaves.

3.

Valerianella

arvenjis

tina altior, femine

turgidiore.

fro* Mor.

Umb.
4.

ceed.

Taller late Corn-fallad, with a turgid Seed.

The
rica y
is

Native of the
in Europe
;

twenty-iixth Sort, being a warm Parts of A?nefor

Valerianella fminejiellato.
Corn-fallad with a ftarry
comucopioides

C. B. P.

a tender Plant, and very rare the Seeds will not

Seed.
5.

Valerianella

grow, when kept long out of the Ground but mould be fown in Tubs of Earth abroad and when
; ;

rubra vel Indie a. Mor. Umb. Red or Indian Corn fallad, refembling the
Cornucopia?.
6.

the Plants are

come

up, they

may be

Valerianella

femine umbili-

brought over to England. This Sort muft be prelerved in a Stove ;

for
it

cato nudo rctundo. Mor.

fallad

Umb. Corn-

with a round naked umbiiica-

is

too tender to live in the

in this Country.

ted Seed.
7.

open Air

In Summer this Plant fhould have a large Share of free Air, by opening the lafles of the Stove in warm Weaher ; and muft be frequently waterd ; for it naturally grows on low arfny Places, and requires a large Share of Water in hot Weather ; but n Winter it muft be kept warm, ind have but little Water in very
bold Weather.

Valerianella femine

umbili-

cato nudo oblongo. Mor.

fallad

Umb. Cornwith an oblong naked umbili1

cated Seed.
8.

cato hirfuto major e. Mor.

V A erianella femine umliliUmb. Com-

failad with a larger hairy umbilica-

ted Seed.
cato hvjuto minore. Mor.

9 Valerianella femine umbiliUmb. Corn.

4X2

failad

V A
failad with a fmaller hairy umbili-

v A
are

cated Seed.
10. lu <v(ficario. Tourn. Cor.
fallad,
1 1.

very hardy Plants, which, 'if permitted to (catter their Seeds, will
all

Vai.eri ANFLLA Cretica,fruCandy Coinwith a bladder'd Fruit.

come up
tion
;

but to

in almoft any Soil or Situaand require no other Care, keep them clear from Weeds.

Val.erianel.la comucopiotdes Prickly Cornechinata. Lift. R. H. fallad, refembling^an Helmet.

Orient a lis, frufiu parvo cornlculaio. Tourn. Cor t Eaftern Corn-fallad, with a fmall
12.

When they are

ter their Seeds,

not permitted to featthey mould be fown

in

Autumn
lie in

otherwife the Seeds will

the

Valeria nell a

often

Ground

till

the fol-

horned Fruit.

The three firft Sorts are found wild in feveral Parts of England.

The

third Sort

is

often cultivated in

lowing Autumn, before they grow. The tenth and twelfth Sorts were difcover'd by Dr. Tournefiort in the Levant, from whence he fent their Seeds to the Royal Garden at Paris ; which have fince been communicated
to

Gardens, for Sallads in the Spring ; though either cf the three may be cultivated for the fame Purpofc, they being equally good. The Seeds of thefe Plants mould be fown in Au-

many

curious Perfons in England.

Thefe are very hardy Plants, which may be propagated by Seeds, in the fame manner as the other Sorts and
;

if they are permitted to fcatter their

tumn, foon
if

after they are ripe ; for they are kept till Spring, the

Seeds, will
r.o

come

up, and require

other Care, but to keep

them

Plants feldom
;

come up the fame Summer the Seeds, commonly remaining in the Ground, will come up the fucceeding Spring, notwithftanding the Place be dug, and fown
obferv'd.

clear

from Weeds.

with other Seeds, as I have often

The eleventh Sort produces Tufts of red Flowers, which are fhaped like an Helmet, and make a pretty Appearance, when blown this is alio an hardy Plant ; and may be propagated in the fame manner as
:

Thsfe Plants will grow in almoft any Soil or Situation, and require no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds, until they are fit for they mould always be cut Ufe
:

the other Sorts.

VANILLA.
The Char a tiers
It

are

for when while they are young they are grown pretty large, they wiil become ftrong and bitter.
;

bath an anomalous Flovjer, con~ filling of fix Leaves, five of ixhich are placed in a circular Order and
;

the other,
is

which

occupies the Middle,

The
Variety

fourth

and

fifth

Sorts are

preferv'd

in Botanic Gardens for but are not of any Ufe thefe may be propagated by fowing their Seeds in the Spring, upon a Bed of dry Earth, where they may
;

concave: the Empalement after<ward becomes an horned finft fi^Jhy Fruit, filled voith t ery fmall Seeds.
1.

The Species are Vanilla fiore

viridi

&

alio,

f uclu nigrefcente.

remain

to flower
fixth,
r.re

and

feed.

The mon

fever th, eighth, and

ninth Sorts
ferv'd in

Varieties of the

compre-

Corn-fallad,

which are

dens for

fome curious Botanic Garthe fake of Variety. Thefe

Plum. Nov. Gen. Vanilla with a green and white Fiower, and a blackifh Fruit. 2. Vanilla fore violuceo, fruflu hreviori ruhro. Plum. Nov Gen. Vanilla with a violet-colour'd Flower, and a fhort red Fruit. rutin hre3. Vanilla fiore albo,f
viori

VA
*vieri corallino.

V V
are as large as thofe of the common Laurel, but are not quite fo thick.
is

nilla

Plum. Nov. Gen. Vawith a white Flower, and a ftiort

Fruit of thefe Plants

coralline Fruit.

calPd by the Spaniards, in America, Vanilla,

The

or Vinello;

and

is

much

ufed

by

them
the

to fcent their Chocolate.

nrll
is

It is

Thefe are produc'd alternately at every Joint (which are fix or feven Inches afunder), and are of a lively green Colour on the upper Side, but are of a paler Green underneath.
of thefe Plants (hoots inwhich fallen themfelves alfo to the Branches of the Trees ; by which means they rife to the Height of eighteen or twenty Feet, and fpread quite over fome cf
to

Species
chiefly

here

mention'd,

which grows
pecby,

efteem'd.

This

The Stem many

Branches,

plentifully in the
in

Bay ofCam-

the Weft-Indies ; where they are ufually fold for about Three-

pence each Fruit, Englijb Money. The other two Sorts are found in feveral Parts of America, where they always grow in low marihy Places under Trees, and fatten themfelves to the Trunks of the Trees, and are
thereby fupported.
thefe

the fmaller Trees, to which they are

joined.

The

Flowers are of a greenfallen,

ilh-yellow Colour, mixed with white;

which, when

are fucteeded
fix

by the

Fruit,

which are

or feven

The

Fruit of

Inches long.

Kinds are rarely ufed, being Value ; but the other Sort is often brought into Europe, and fold by the- Druggifts. The Method of gathering and preparing of this Fruit for Ufe is litof
little

This Sort, which is manufaclur'd, grows not only in the Bay of Campcchy, but alio at Carthagena, at the

Caraccas,

Honduras,

Dan en,

and

tle known to the Europeans, being manufactur'd by the Indians, who fell it very cheap to the Spaniards. However, I (hall fubjoin an Account which I received from an intelligent Perfon, who had refided in the Spanijb Weft Indies for fome time ; but lhall firfc defcribe the Plant, with its

manner of Growth, and how

be propagated
in the

it

may

warm

Parts of

America. The Pfant which produces the Fruit called Vanilla, or Banilla, by the Spaniards, hath a trailing Stem, fomewhat like common Ivy ; which
fallens itfelf to

whatever Tree grows

near it, by fmall Fibres, which are produc'd at every Joint, and fallen to the Bark of the Tree, by which the Plants are often nourihYd, when they are cut or broken off from the

which Places, the Fruit are gather'd and preferv'd ; but is rarely found in any of the EngVJJ? Settlements in America at prefent ; though it might be eafily carried thither, and propagated ; for the Shoots of thefe Plants are full of Juice; fo may be eafily tranfported becaufe they will continue fredi out of the Ground for feveral Months. I had fome Branches of this Plant, which were gather'd by Mr. Robert Millar at Campecby, and fent over between Papers by way of Sample: thefe had been at leaft four Months gather'd, when I receiv'd them ; and upon opening the Papers, I found the Leaves rotten, with theMoifture contain'd in them ; and the Paper was alfo perifhed with it ; but the Stems appear'd frem upon which
at all
;
:

Cayan;

Root a confiderablc Height from the Ground, in like manner as the Ivy
is

fome of thein Pots, and plunged them Hot bed of Tanners Bark
I planted
forth P.oots

in

fmall

into
;

an where

often feen in England.

The Leaves

they foon put out Leaves, and fent from their Joints but as
:

4*3

thefe

V A
thefe Plants naturally fallen themfelves to the Stems of the Trees,
is
it

v A
flower and fruit, they continue for feveral Years bearing, and this without any Culture ; and as it is a Com-

with great Difficulty they are kept alive, when they have not this Afliftance: therefore whoever would preferve any of thefe Plants in Europe, mould plant them in Tubs of Earth, near the Stem of fome vigorous American Tree, which requires a Stove, and can bear a great deal of Water ; becaufe the Vanilla's muft be plentifully watered in the Summer-feafon, otherwife they will not thrive. They require alfo to be lhaded from the Sun by Trees ; fo
that if theie are planted at the

modity which bears a good Price, it is well worth cultivating in feveral

of the Englifo Settlements, efpecially
as they will

grow

in moift
is

woody

Places,

where the Land ed from Timber.

not clear-

The Method
Fruit,
is,

us\l to prepare the

it turns of a yellow Colour, and begins to open, to ga-

when

ther

it,

and lay

it

in fmall

Heaps

to

ferment two or three Days, in the

Foot

of the Hernandia, or Jack-in a-Box, whofe Leaves are very large, and afford a good Shade, they will fucceed better than when they are expofcd in fmgle Pots alone 5 and as
thefe. Plants require the

fame manner as is practis'd for the Cocoa or Chocolate Pods then they fpread them in the Sun to dry and
:

when they
flat

are about half-dried, they

their

them with

Hands, and

af-

terwards rub them over with the Oil of Pa /ma CbriJIi, or of the Cocoa
:

of Heat

in

fame Degree Winter, fo they will agree

then

they

expofe
;

them to

the Sun again

well together.

When

thefe Plants are defign'd for

Propagation in the warm Parts of America, there is nothing more required than to make Cuttings of about three or four Joints in Length,

which mould be planted clofe to the Stems of Trees, in low marftiy Places ; and to keep down other troublefome Plants ; which, if permitted to grow about the Cuttings before they are well rooted, would overbear and deftroy them but after they are eftabliftVd, and have fattened their Shoots to the Stems of the Trees, they are not in much Danger of being injured by neighbouring Plants; tho' when the Ground is kept clear from Weeds, the Plants will be much better nouriGYd. Thefe Plants do not produce Flowers until they are grown ftrong;
:

and afterward they rub them over with Oil a fecond time ; then they put them in fmall Bundles, covering them with the Leaves of the Indian Reed, to preferve them. Thefe Plants produce, but one Crop of Fruit in a Year, which is
to dry

commonly
thering
;

ripe in

for they

May, fit for gado not let them

remain on the Plants to be perfectly mature, becaufe then they are not fo fit for Ufe ; but when they are about half changed yellow, they efteem them better for keeping, than when they are changed to a darkbrown Colour ; at which time the Fruit fplits, and (hews a great Quanof fmall Seeds, which are init. While the Fruit is green, it affords no remarkable Scent j but as it ripens, it emits a
tity

clos'd within

moft grateful aromatic Odour.

When

fo that the Inhabitants affirm,

it

That

is fix or feven Years from the Planting to the time of their bearing Fruit : but when they begin to

the Fruit begins to open, the Birds attack them, and devour all the

Seeds very greedily

but do not eat

Fruit.

any other Part of the

The

V E
The
Fruit which are brought to

V E
two and
:

the Pointal

afterward becomes
ere fed at the Top,

Europe, are of a dark-brown Colour,

a globular Pod,
opening in

about fix Inches long, and fcarce an Inch broad and wrinkled on the Outfide, and full of a vaft Number of black Seeds like Grains of Sand, of a pleafant Smell, like Balfam of Peru. This Fruit is only ufed in England, as an Ingredient in Chocolate, to which it gives a pleafant Flavour: but the Spanijh Phyficians in America ufe it in Medicine, and efteem it grateful to the Stomach and Brain, for expelling of Wind, to provoke Urine, to rtfift Poifon, and cure the Bite of venomous Animals.
;

two Valves, having

round Seeds
Plant;

inclofed.

We have
viz..

but one Species of this

Lin. Hort. Cliff.

Vella.

Wild

Spanijh Crefs, or, by fome, Spanifn

wild Muftard.

As

this

Plant
the

is

lb eafily
it

pro-

pagated by Cuttings,
ltrange,

that

very Inhabitants of
is

This is an annua] Plant, which feldom grows more than one Foot high the Stalk divides toward the Top into feveral Branches, each ending in a loofe Spike of Flowers, which are follow'd by round fwelling Pods, having a leafy Border or Creft on the Top, which is hcllovv'd like an Helmet the Pod opens with Valves, and has two Cells, which
:
:

contain

roundiih Seeds, like thofe

America mould neglect

vate
it
;

to

culti-

efpecially as

it

is

an Ingreis

dient in Chocolate,

which
:

fomuch

drunk

all

over America

but as the
it

of Muftard. It is a Native of Spain and Portugal-, and by thofe who are curious in Botany, is prcferv'd in Gardens
but as it is ; not beautiful, nor of any Ufe, it is feldom cultivated. If the Seeds of this Plant are permitted to fcatter, the Plants will come up, and thrive very well ; or if the Steds are fown
for the fake of Variety

Englijh have in a
is

manner quite ne-

glected the Culture of the Cocoa,

this

no wonder they fhould neglect fince the former was cultivated in great Plenty by the Spaniards in Jamaica, while that Ifland remain'd in their PofTemon fo that the Englijh had an Example before them, if they would have followed it whereas the Vanil was not found growing there and therefore it is not to be fuppofed, that the Perfons who were
;
; ;

intheAutumn,theywill fucceed much better than thofe which are fown in the Spring: for when the Scafon proves dry, thofe Seeds which are lbwn in the Spring frequently lie in
the

Ground

till

the following

Au-

fo indolent, as

to quit the Culture

of many valuable Plants then growing on the Spot, mould be at the Trouble of introducing any new
Plants.

tumn, before the Piants appear ; whereas thofe which are fown in the Autumn, always come up foon after,

or early in the Spring; fo will

certainly produce ripe Seeds.
tranf-

more
Spanijh Crefs.

VELLA,
The

Thefe Plants fhouid rot be

planted
;

Characters are ; // is a Plant with a crofs Flower, eon fifing offour Petals, included in a cylindrical four-leaved Empalement
in the Centre of the Flo<wer is fituat'd the Point al, attended by fix Stamina,

therefore the Seeds fhould

be fown where the Plants are to remain. White Helle-

VERATRUM,
The
it

bore.

Characters are
naked, confijling of

four of which are longer than the other

The Flower

4X4

fix

r>
generally producM
all
jj

fx
a

Leaves, which expand in form of Middle of which arifes ; in the the Point a I, fur rounded by fx StaRofe.

of the Roots

is

Flower ftem, about three Feet high,

mina, or
turns
to

afterward which, for the membranaceous three moft part, Sheaths are gather d into a little Head, and are full of oblong Seeds, refembling a Grain of Wheat, and as it were, by a leafy encompafJ, "
a Fruit
;

7breeds, which
in

having a Spike of Flowers about a! Foot in Length at their Top. The Flowers of the firft Kind, being green, make not much Appearance; but thofe of the fecond, which are of a dark-red or purple Colour, are generally preferr'd by thofe Perfons

who

cultivate

them

in the Pleafure-

Wing.

garden.
Species are

The
1.

They may be propagated by

fubviridi.

part-

Veratrum
Veratrum

fore

ing their Roots

either in the

Au-

Tourn.
2.

White Hellebore, with a

fore atro ruhente. with a

greenim Flower.

tumn, or toward the Latter-end of February, or the Beginning of March, juft before they begin to Ihoot, and

Town.

White Hellebore,

mould be planted
Soil
;

in

a frelh

light

dark- red Flower. The full of thefe' Plants is that which is ordered for medicinal Ufe,

and

is

by much the ftronger and

more

Plant ; for when both Sorts are plac'd near each other, the Snails will intirely devour the Leaves
acrid

which they will thrive exceedingly, and produce ftrong Spikes of Flowers. Thefe Roots mould not be remov'd oftener than once in three or four. Years by which time (if
in
;

they like the Soil) they will be very

itrong,

and afford many Heads

;

to

be

of the fecond Sort, when at the fame time they fcarcely touch thole of the The fecond Sort doth alfo apfirft. pear fooner in the Spring, and flowers near a Month before the firft
Sort.

taken off
creafing,

but
it

if

they are frequently

to flower

tranfplanted,

will prevent their in-

and caufe them very weak.

You may

alfo

propagate

thefe

Plants by Seeds,

Thefe Plants are very pretty Ornaments, when planted in the Middle of open Borders of the Pleafure^arden ; for if they are placed near Hedges or Wall?, where generally Snails harbour, they will greatly deface the Leaves, efpecially of the fecond Sort, by eating them full of Holes ; and as a great Part of the

or

Beauty of thefe Plants

confiils

in

fown as foon as Box fill'd with frefti light Earth, and the Ground kept conftantly clear In the Spring the from Weeds. Plants will appear, at which time, if the Seafon be dry, you mould now - and - then refrem them with Water, which will greatly promote and you mult caretheir Growth fully clear them from Weeds, which,
;

which mould be ripe, either in a Bed

their broad-folded Leaves, fo, when they are thus defae'd, the Pleafure is

almoft

loft.

permitted to grow, will foon overfpread and deltroy thefe Plants while young. The Spring following, juft
if

Leaves of thefe Plants are very broad (efpecially if the Ground and are is good where they grow), plaited fomewhat refembli* g thofe of

The

before the Plants begin to flioot, you mould prepare a Bed of freih light

Earth, and carefully take up the young Plants (obferving not to break
their Roots),

the Palms

but are of a

much
each

thin-

and plant them therein

ner Confiilence.

Fiom

Head

about

fix

Inches fquare, where they

may

V E
may
remain until they are
ftrong

V E
folds ^iridihw, 9. ar.nuum, fortius luteis. H. L. An-

Verbascum

enough to flower, when they mould be tranfplanted into the Borders of But as thefe the Pleafure-garden.
Plants feldom flower in lefs than four

Years from Seeds, fo of propagating them

this
is

Method

nual Mullein, with green Leaves, and yellow Flowers. 10. Verbascum nigrum Diofcoridis. Lob. Icon. Black Mullein of
Diofcorides.
1 1. Verbascum Alpinum perenne nigrum, fore albc, fa mini bus purpureis. H. R. Par. Black perennial

not very

much

practis'd in England.

VERBASCUM,
The
nvhich

Mullein.

Characters are

The Flower

and

is

confijis of one Leaf y expands in a circular Fo*-?n, cut into federal Segments : out

tf the Centre arifes the Pcintal, which afterward becomes an oval -pointed
Fruit, di-vided into

middle Partition,

two Cells, by a which are filed with

Mullein of the Alps, with, a white Flower, and purple Chives. \z. Verbascum ramofum, fiorihus albis parvis. Mor. H. R. BUf. Branching Mullein, with fmall white Flowers. 1 3 V e r b a s c u 14 Cr eticum fpino.

fmall angular Seeds.

fum f utefcens.
latifolium

Tourn. Cor.

Shrubby

The Species are mas 1. Verbascum

luteum. C. B. P.
lein,

and thorny Mullein of

14.

Crete.

Verbascum Grtecum frutico-

Great white MulHigh-taper, or Cows-lungpulverulent urn,

wort.
2.

fum, folio finuato candid'-jfimo. Tcurn. Cor. Shrubby Mullein of Greece, with a very white indented Leaf.
15.

Verbascum

Verbascum Or tent ale maxicandidifjimum,

rami's

re luteo par-vo. n,
3.

J. B.

Hoary Mul-

mum

candela-

with imall yellow Flowers.

brum amulantibus. Tourn. Cor. The

greateft

Verbascum
White

fore albo par<vo.

nigrum, forepar-

B.
4.
,

flower'd Mullein.

and whiteft Eaftern Mullein, with Branches refembling a Candleflick.

Verbascum

apicibus purpurcis. J. B.

Sage-

16.

Verbascum

Orientale, cony-

leav'd black Mullein.

5.

%<z folio, fore micante, e ferrugineo

Verbascum

blattariee foliis,
fcliis

ad aureum
Cor.

nigrum, amplioribus

ac luteis, Hort. L. icibus purpurafcentibus. Mullein with a dark MothBat.

color em <vergente. Tourn. Eaftern Mullein, with a Flea-

and a mining Flower, from an iron inclining to a gold Cobane-leaf,

lour.

mullein-

leaf, and yellow Flowers with purplifh Apices. 6. Verbascum nigrum, folio paveris corniculati. C. B. P. Black Mullein, with an Horn-poppy -leaf.

17.

Verbascum

Orientale, beta-

nicse folio,

Verbascum faemina, fore lumagna- C. B. P. Female Mulein, with a large yellow Flower. 8. Verbascum angufiifolium ra7.
eo

fore magna. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Mullein, with a Betony-leaf, and a larger Flower. 18. Verbascum Orientale, anguoblongo folio. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Mullein, with, an oblong and narrow Leaf.

fo

ofum, fore aureo, folio craffore. J.

.

19.

Verbascum

Oriental:, foliis

ein,

Branching narrow-Jeav'd Mul- fubrotundis candidij/imis. Tourn. Cor. with a golden Flower, and a Eaftern Mullein, with roundifh white
Leaves.

thicker Leaf.

The

;;

V E
The
four
flrfl:

v E
in for the fake of Variety, and are rarely admitted into other Gardens. But yet where there is room

Sorts

grow wild

Gardens

divers Parts of England, and are rarely cultivated, except in Botanic Gar-

dens for Variety. The flrfl: Sort is that which is us'd in Medicine, which is the moft common of them all, growing upon the Sides of dry Banks, in moft Parts of England. Thefe may be all cultivated by fowing their Seeds in duguft, on a Bed of light Earth, in an open Situaation, where the Plants will come up the fucceeding Month, and will endure the Winter's Cold very well, provided they have a dry Soil. In February the Plants mould be tranfplanted where they are to remain, allowing them a greater Diftance for they grow pretty tall and large in June following rhey will flower,
:

to admit of Plants which grow tall, a few of each of thefe Sorts mould

have a Place fince, by their odd Appearance, they will add to the Variety; and their Flowers, having an agreeable fweet Scent, will perfume the Air of the Garden.
;

The

(even next mentioned Sorts

were difcover'd by Dr. Tournefort'm the Levant, from whence he fent their Seeds to the Royal Garden at Paris. All thefe Sorts are hardy enough to thrive in the open Air in England, provided they are fown on a dry undung'd Soil for when they grow on a moid Soil, their Roots are fubjedt to rot in Winter and if
;

and But

their Seeds will be ripe in July.

the
it

Ground

is

enriched with

Dung,
rank

notwithstanding

thefe

Plants

caufes the Plants to

grow

fo

grow wild

in England, yet

two or
of

in

Autumn,

that they are in

Danger

three of each
their hoary

Kind may be admitted

Leaves,
together with

in large Gardens, for the Variety

the extreme Sweetnefsof their Flowers, which have a Scent fomewhat

like Violets.

The

fifth, fixth,

and feventh Sorts

are not Natives of this Country, but have been obtained from abroad :

of being deftroyed by hard Froft. All thefe Plants are propagated by Seeds, which ftiould be fown on a Bed of-frelh light Earth, in an open Situation. The belt time to low thefe Seeds is in Autumn, foon after they are ripe ; when they will more certainly grow, than if they are fown in the Spring and when they are
:

the fifth was fent from Leyden, by the learned Dr. Boerhaa<ve ; but I

fown early

in the

Autumn,

the Plants

from whence he receiv'd it. The fixth Sort was gather'd by my ingenious Friend Mr. Heury Hopkey, upon Gibraltar Hills, from whence he fent me the Seeds which flourifiVd in the Phyfic-garden very well two Years, and flowdon't
at prefent

know

Summer, by which there will be a Year fav'd. Thefe Seeds mould be fown in Drills, which mould be made about
will flower the following

eighteen Inches afunder ; becaufe it will be proper to let fome of the

Plants remain to flower in the Seedbed, where they will grow much

cr'd extremely, but did

not perfect

fironger than thofe which are tranf-

Seeds
is

and, being a biennial Plant, fince intirely decay'd.

;

planted

when

the Plants

come

up,

they mould

The

feventh, eighth, ninth, tenth,

eleventh, and

twelfth

Sorts

grow

be kept clean from Weeds ; and about Michaelmas, fome of the Plants ftiould be carefully

wild in feveral Parts of Europe ; and thefe are prcferv'd in feveral Botanic

drawn

out,

clofe together,

where they grow too which may be tranfplanted

V E
mted out into aNurfery-bed to get rength ; and afterward they may removed, and planted about in ildernefs- quarters; where (if they by e not too much over {haded -ees) they will thrive and flower ry well, and make an agreeable
iriety.
:

V E
plici.

Hort. Elth.

The

tallefl

Ver-

vain

of Buenos Ay res, with manySpikes refembling the Canary La8.

vender.

Verbena

Carolinienfis, meliff<e

folio afpero. Hort. Elth.

Thofe Plants which are

Seed-beds to flower, fhould

in the

fingled out to a Foot or more Dimce in the Rows ; otherwise they ill not have room to fpread. VERBENA, Vervain. The Charadtrs are // hath a labia tid Flower, confijlg of one Leaf, whofe Upper- lip is right, and commovly divided into
vo
;

Carolina Vervain, with a rough Balm-leaf. 9. Verbena Mexicana, trachelii folio, fruciu aparines. Hort. Elth, Mexican Vervain, with a Throatwort-leaf, and a Fruit like Goofegrafs.

very

ree

Parts

but the Under-lip is cut into that at the firji Sight , fo

here mention'd is the Side of Roads and Foot-paths, near Habitations; for although there is fcarce any Part of England, in which this Plant is not found in Plenty, yet it is never

The firfl Sort common on

appears like a Flower

\a<ves
:

with five

found growing above a Quarter of a Mile from an Habitation ; which occafion'd

its

thefe

I'ded by four
\e

Flowers are each fucnaked Seeds, which fill

being call'd Simplers Joy ;

becaufe, where-ever they found this

Calyx

to

which may be added,

we Flowers generally
\

Heads, but not in

p

grow in Spikes Whorks round

Plant growing, it was a fure Token of an Houfe being near. This is

rarely cultivated in

Stalks.

[i.

The Species are Verbena communis,

;

Gardens ; but is the Sort directed by the College of Phyficians for medicinal Ufe ; and is
brought to the Markets by thofe
gather
it

cceruho

who
Na-

Common Vervain, ye. C. B. P. I th a blue Flower.

12.

in the Fields.

The
tives

next five Sorts, tho' not

this

Verbena
Tourn.

Lujitanica latifolia

Ycerior.

Taller
urticte folio,

broad-

liv'd Portugal Vervain.

I 3
.

Country, yet are very hardy, and will endure the fharpeft of our Winters in the open Air.

of

Verbena

H. R. Par. l.v'd Vervain.

Vifis.

CanaCanada Nettle-

Thefe may all be propagated by fowing their Seeds on a Bed of frelh Earth in the Spring ; and when the
Plants

\ltiplici, foliis

Americana, fpica urtica anguftioribus, w-ibus caeruleis. Par. Bat. Prod. Aterican Vervain, with many Spikes,
4.

Verbena

come up, they fhould be transplanted out, or thinned fo as to allow them ten or twelve Inches Diftance (for they generally grow pretand require to have room) which they will require no farther Care, but to clear them from Weeds, and the fecond Summer they will flower and feed ; which Seeds, if permitted to fall upon the Ground, will come up the fucceeding Spring, without any farther Culture. The iixth Sort was diicover'd by
ty large,
after

row Nettle-leaves, and blue Flow-

e.

15. 15.

Verbena
Verbena

tenuifolia.

C.B.P.

1 rrow-leav'd Vervain.
urticse folio longiore

\rato. Houft.

American Vervain,

ha longer favved Nettle-leaf. 7. Verbena Bouari en/is altiijlma.

the

V E
the late Dr. William Houjloun in Jamaica, from whence he fent the Seeds into England. This is a biennial Plant,

V E
ure
in
;

warm Weather
which

in

grej

Plenty

will llrengthen th

which commonly perimes

it

foon after

has perfected

its

Seeds.

The

feventh

Sort

from Buenos Ayres. grows to the Height of

Feet,
or

was brought This Plant

five or fix

Plants. About the Beginning c June, they mould be carefully take up with Balls of Earth to thei Roots, and planted into Pots fille with frefh light Earth, and the plunged into a very moderate Hoi

more,
at
in

flowers Branches

and produces its the Extremity of the

many

(lender Spikes,

which are plac'd clofe together, fomewhat like the Canary Lavender. Thefe Flowers are fmall, and of a
blue Colour. The eighth Sort
Carolina.
is a Native of This is a much humbler Plant ; feldom rifing above two Feet and an half high. This produces its Flowers in Spikes like the

brought from grows about three Feet high, or more; and generally produces three Spikes from a Joint at the Extremity of the BranThe Flowers are Male and ches. Female on the fame Spike. The Female Flowers produce their Seeds cover'd with the Empalement, which fvvells into a round ilh Form, fo as to appear fomewhat like the Seeds of Goofe-grafs or Clivers.
Mexico.

common Sort. The ninth Sort was

This

bed, where they mould be fcreene from the Sun until they have take: new Root ; afterward they fhould b enured to the open Air by degrees for in July they may be removN out of the Hot-bed, and plac'd in warm-melter'd Situation, where the; may remain till the Middle or Lat ter-end of September, when they mul be removed into the Stove where if they have a moderate Degree o: Warmth in Winter, and are dulj fupply'd with Water, the Plants maj
;

commonly

be preferv'd,and the following Sum' mer they will produce Flowers; anc if the Seafon proves favourable, the)
will perfect their Seeds in

Autumn.

The eighth Sort is much more hard)

than thole laft-mention'd, and ma) be fown on a Bed of light Earth in a warm Situation, about the Middle of March ; and when the Plants are

come
are

up, they muft be conftantly kept clean from Weeds, until they

ftrong

enough

to

tranfplant;

and eighth Sorts are tender Plants, which maybe propagated by Seeds, and mould be lown on an Hot- bed early in the
fixth,

The

feventh,

when

they muft be carefully taken

into

up, and fome of them planted

fmall Pots
tion,
filled

with frelh

light

but when the Plants are come up, they mull have a good Share of free Air admitted to them in warm Weather ; otherwife they will draw up too weak : they muft alfo be often refreftvd with Water. When the Plants have obtain'd fome Strength, they mould be tranfplanted on another moderate Hot-bed, obferving to fhade them until they

Spring

Earth, and plac'd in a fhady Situauntil they have taken new

Root

then they

may

be plac'd

in

an open Situation with other hardy Exotic Plant.% where they may remain during the Summer- feafon; but in Winter they muft be ihelter'd

from fevere

Froft.

The

other Plants

planted in a warm Border, where they will endure the (^old of our ordinary Winters without Co-

may be

have 'taken new Root after which time they mult have Air and Moift;

vering; but in hard Winters

are fome times dellroyed
:

thefe

for which

ReafaR

V E
it will be proper to have of the Plants in Pots, in order This Sort preferve the Kind. lowers, and produces good Seeds,

V E
6. Ve R ON 1 c a caerulea, trifido ant quinquefdo folio. Flor. Bat. Blue

leafon,

ome

Speedwell, with a
fid

trifid

or quinque-

Leaf.

n this Country ; but the Roots fellom continue above two or three
fears.

7. Veronica Virginiana altijjt* tna,fpica multiplici, fori bus candidis,

Flor. Bat.

Tall

Virginian SpeedSpikes, and white

fpicata tongifoUai m

VERGE
>f

is
;

the

Edge

or Outfide
it

well, with

many

a Border

but in Gardening

is

Flowers.
8.

renerally underitood to be a Slip

of 3rafs which joins to Gravel-walks, ind divides them from the Borders

Veronica

'Tourn.

Long-leavM fpik'd Speedr p tra?a femper*vi-

well.
9.

n the Parterre-garden.
1

Veronica
Pon. Bald.

VERONICA, Speedwell,
The
Characlers are

or

rens.

Ever-green

Rock

?luellin.

Speedwell.
10.

Veronica mas
longiori

repens PyreSchol.

Tin Leaves, for the moji part, grow ppofite by Pairs : the Calyx confifts f one Leaf, -which is divided it/to *bur Paris, and expands in form of a
*tar
:

naica, folio Bot.

glabro.

Male creeping Pyrenean Speedfmooth Leaf.

well, with a longer

11.

Veronica mas erecta. C.B.

the
is,

\vhich
nto

Flower confjis of cnc Leaf for the moji part, divided

P.

Male upright Speedwell.

12.

Veronica

fpicata minor. C.

four Segments^ and expands in circular Order : when the Flower 'ecajs, the Ovary becomes a membradivided into two Cells, which are japed like an Heart, and -re filed with Seeds, which are fomenaceous Fruit,

B. P.

Smaller fpiked Speedwell. 13. Veronica Alpina fruticans,

Pluk.

ferpylli minoris folio circinato.

Phyt.
Alps,

Shrubby Speedwell of the with a round ieffer Mother-of-

thyme-leaf.
14.

v'mes /mall,

and at

other times large

Veronica frutefcens
Muf.

durior,

md thick. The Species are I. Veronica was fi'pina iff vul' wtifft ma. C. B. P. Common Male
;
\

ohlongo chama'dryos folio, Patavina.

Bocc.

well of Padua, with an oblong

Harder fhrubby SpeedGerAuftriaea, foliis

mander-leaf.
15.

ppeedwell, or Fluellin.
I

Veronica

Veronica

fpicat.x avguftifolia.
-

tenuijjime laciniatis. Inft.

R. H. Au-

F.

B. JP. Speedwell.
3.

Narrow

leav'd

fpik'd

f>ia>! Speedwell, with Leaves finely

jagged16.

major latifdia \re8i. Mor. Hi Greater broadft. eav'd upright Speedwell. 4. Veronica multi epulis PannoHungari. in Speedwell, tJca. Tourn. earing many Stalks or Spikes of
f
1

Veronica

Veronica mtxima.
greateft Speedwell,

Lugd.
falfe

The
17.

or

Germander.

Veronica major
Mor. H/f.

frute ferns

alter 1.

'lowers.

Another greater fnrubby Speedwell, or falfe a Germander.

18.
crii

Camlro5. Veronica fpicata hitannica, bugulee fuhhirfuto folio,

:

ron

c a fupina, facie teu~

\aii

Syn. Edit.

3.

peed well, with

af,

Weljb fpiked an hairy Bugle-

Lob. Icon. praUnfs. Lo# Speedwell, with the Face of Mea-

dow-germander.
'9-

Ve

ig.

Veronica

folia longi

Virgi-

30.
foliis
leaft

Veronica
laciniatis.

nlana

altifjima, foliis ternis profundi

Orient alis minima Tourn. Cor. Th<

ferratis caulcm amplcxantibus, fpica

multiplici carulea. Roycn.
eft long-leav'd

Eaftern Speedwell, with jagged

The tall-

Leaves.
31.

Virginian Speedwell,

Veronica

Orient alis,

tele*

with deeply-fawed Leaves embrace- phii folio. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Speeding the Stalks, and many Spikes of well, with an Orpine-leaf. blue Flowers. 32. Veronica major frutefcens

20

Veronica

ramcftor

&

minor angufiifolia

altera, foliis conftanter

&

eleganter

procumlens. Mor. Hi ft.

uariegatis. Botrh.

Ind.

alt.

Th

Oxon. Small narrow-leav'd branching and trailing Speedwell. 21. Veronica aquatic a major, folio fubrotundo. Mor. Hi Greater ft. Water Speedwell, with a roundifh Leaf ; commonly caird Brook-lime.
22.

other great (hrubby Speedwell, witfc Leaves conftantly and beautifully]

variegated.
33.

Veronica Americana

erecla 9

foliis gramineis,
alis. Houft.

f.onbus ex foliorunk

Upright American Speed4

the

Veronica
Inft.

aquatica, angujli-

well, with Grafs -leaves, and Flowersjj

ore folio.

R.H.

Narrow-leav'd
aquatica
minor,
LeiTer

coming out of
Leaves.

Wings of
wild

thq

Water Speedwell,
23.

or Brooklime.

Veronica

folio fubrotundo.

Inft.

R. H.

Water Speedwell, with

Leaf.
24.

a roundifti

other fhady Places, in divers Parts of England, and ii a Plant of little Beauty ; but as it is
,

The flrft Woods and

Sort

grows

iij

Veronica

aquatica

major,

the Sort which

is

us'd in Medicine,

folio oblongo.

Mor. Hi Greater ft. Water Speedwell, orBrooklime, with an oblong Leaf.

25.

Veronica

aquatica

minor,

folio

Mor. Hift. Small Water Speedwell, with an oblong

oblongo.

under the Title of Paul's Betony, I thought it not amifs to fet it dowoj here. This is generally brought tQ; Market by fuch Perfons as make it their Bufinefs to gather Herbs in the
Fields to fupply the fame, lb that
is it

Leaf.
26.

Veronica

Conftantinopolitafolio.

na incana, chamtedryos
Cor.
tinople,

Tourn.

Hoary Speedwell of Conftanwith a Germander-leaf.

27.

Veronica
Eaftern
ivy
-

hedera
Cor.

terreftris, ftore

Orient alts, foliis magna. Tourn.

Speedwell,

with
large

not often cultivated in Gardens but thofe who have a mind to propagate it, may do it with much Eafe; for as the Branches trail upon the Ground, they pufh out Roots from their Joints ; which Branches, being cut off, and planted, will take Root, and grow in almoft any Soil orSituation.

Ground Flower.
28.

leaves,

and a

The
Orient alis erect a,

fecond,

-third,

and fourth

Veronica

Sorts are very ornamental Plants in

gentianellte foliis. Tourn.

Cor,

Up-

the large Borders of the Flower-garparticularly the fourth, which den produces a great Number of Spikes The feof beautiful blue Flowers. veral Sorts continue flowering at
;

right Eaftern Speedwell, with fmall

Gentian-leaves.
29.

Veronica

Orient alis elaiior,

gentianellce foliis, flore major e albido.

Taller Eaftern Speedwell, with fmall Gentian-leaves, and a larger white Flower.
Tourn.

leaft

two Months, and

in ccol moift
;

Scafons

much
aire

longer

and

thefe

Flowers

very proper to cut for

Balins

v
Bafins

r>
-

n,

or
fifth

Flower
Sort
is

pots to

adorn

Rooms The
it

in the

Summer- feafon.
a Native of the

but the Leaves are fmaller % there is but little Beauty in this
ninth
;

Plant.

Mountains

in Wales,

from whence

The

fourteenth, fixteenth, feven-

hath been tranfplanted into many It alfo grows on curious Gardens. This produthe Alps and Pyrenees. ces fine large Spikes of blue Flowers,

teenth, and eighteenth Sorts are like the fourth Sort ; but the Spikes of

Flowers are not

fo beautiful

thefe

come

later

to flower,

and continue

and deierves a Place Garden.

in

every

much longer in The fifteenth

laft
;

Beauty. Sort hath fine cut

it

The

fixth,

feventh, eighth, and

Leaves, in which

differs

from thefe

ninth Sons are Natives of

warmer

Countries than England ; but are hardy enough to endure the Cold of provided lour Winters very well, they are planted in a dry Soil. Thefe are all pretty Varieties, and fucceed jeach other in Flowering ; which renders them worthy of a Place in every curious Garden. Thefe mould all be planted in the Middle of the Borders of the Pleafure-garden (except the fifth and ninth, which feldom grow above a Foot high, and jfo are better plac'd amongft Flowers |of the fame Growth), where, being
intermix'd with other Flowers, they afford an agreeable Variety.

but the Fiovvers are very like thofe of the fourteenth Sort. The nineteenth Sort grows much taller than either of the other ; the Flowers are produced on longSpikes, which come out many together from the Top of each Stalk, and are of a fine blue Colour. This flowers in July and if the Seafon proves cool, the Flowers will continue moll Part of Augujl.
;

The
the

twentieth Sort

is

a Plant of
like

no great Beauty, being very

Speedwell with Germander-leaves fo is feldom preferv'd in Gardens.

;

common

upon :he Alps, and Pyrentan Mountains This is a low trailing Plant, fomebut the what like the firlt Sort Leaves are longer and fmoother.The
tenth Sort grows wild
;

The

this Sort having little Beauty, the Plants are rarely cultiva:ed but in Botanic Gardens. The eleventh Sort is very like

Flowers of

twenty -fecond, and twenty - fourth Sorts are aquatic Plants, growing on the Sides of Ditches and Standingwaters in many Parts of England; fo are not kept in Gardens. The twenty- firft Sort is us'd in Medicine as an Antifcorbutic, and Hands in the Difpenfary under the Title of

The twenty -firft,

-

twenty

third,

Anagallis aquatica, or .Becabunga.

:he

fecond ; from which it differs in laving broader Leaves, and is a low-

The
woolly
are

twenty-iixth Sort hath white Leaves, which are a little

their

er Plant.

fawed on
is

Edges

the Flowers

Thet welfth Sort

:han the
>f
;

much

fmaller

but the Spikes eleventh Flowers being of a fine blue Coour, and continuing long in Beauty, ender it worthy of a Place in the flower-garden. The thirteenth Sort is a low
the

produc'd in fine long Spikes, which are of a line blue Colour; and the Plant doth not fpread fo much as many of the other Sorts; fo deferves a Place in every good Garden. This
flowers in July and Augu/t.

The

thirtieth Sort

is

.cxubby Plant, fomewhat like

Plant, with fine cut Leaves,

an humble and has.

the

V E
ers in

'

v
more efteemM

the Appearance of the fifteenth Sort but the Plant is much Trailer, and the Leaves are more cut. This flow-

for being rare, than for their Beauty or Ufe.

May. The twenty

feventh,

twenty-

eighth, twenty-ninth, and thirty-firft

Thefe Plants may all be propagated by parting their Roots, which may be done every third Year ; for if they are too often parted, or divi ded into fmall Heads, they will not make any Figure ; becaufe when they have not a Number of Stems, fo as to form a good Bunch, they are foon paft their Beauty, and have but a mean Appearance. The beft time to part thefe Roots is ziMichaelmas,
that they may be well rooted again before Winter ; for when they are

Sorts were difcover'd by Dr. Tourneftrt in the Levant, and are rare in
ferv'd in

England zx. prefent. Thefe are prefome curious Botanic Gar;

dens for Variety

beautiful as

many

but are not fo of the Sorts here

named. There are fome more Species of

Genus, than are here enumerated ; moft of which are annual Plants, which have no Beauty: I have therefore omitted them, as they are feldom admitted to have a Place in Gardens.
this

Tne
ed
in

thirty -fecond Sort

is

preserv-

fome Gardens,
;

for

its

variega-

ted Leaves

but

it

is

the fame with

the feventeenth Sort.

remov'd in the Spring, they feldom flower ftrong the fameYear, efpecially if the Seafon mould prove dry. Thofe Sorts which grow pretty tall, are very proper to plant under large Tree% in open Wildernefs-quarters but thofe with trailing Branches are fit for the Sides of Banks, or irregular lhady Slopes, where they will

The Iaft Sort is a Native of the warmeft Parts of America therefore

;

make an

agreeable Variety.

I cannot

omit mentioning the

too tender to live in England, unlefs it is preferv'd in a warm Stove ;

is

but as

it

has

little

Beauty,

it is

rarely

preferv'd in the Gardens, unlefs for

Virtues of the common Speedwell, which have caufed it to be in great It is found an exRequeft of late. cellent Remedy for the Gout, and all

the fake of Variety.

Rheumatic Diforders. The Method

is, to

of the Sorts before-mention'd deferve to have room in large Gardens ; where, if they are planted in a lhady Border, they will continue a long time in Flower ; and as the Sorts fucceed each other, fo, where they are rightly plac'd, they will make an handfome Appearance during moft of the Summer-months for fome of the Sorts begin to flower in April, others in May, fome in June and July, and continue great

Moft

make aTea of

the dried
is

Herb

the Quantity to be us'd

about a

Quarter of an Ounce, from which common Difhes of Tea may be drawn thefe are to be drunk every ^
four
:

Refome add the dried Herbs of Bug-bean and Groundpine, which they mix in equal Quantities, and make a Tea of them ; from which many Perfons have reMorning,
until the Patient finds
this
lief.

To

ceived great Benefit.

Part of Augufi : and as they require but little Care to cultivate them, be-

VIBURNUM,

The Wayfaring,

or Pliant Mealy-tree.

ing extreme hardy, growing upon an;/ Soi!, or in any Situation, they
better

The Charaders are ; The Flower cenfijh of

expand: in a

one

deferve

room

in

Garden

nvbic'j ij divided into five Parts,

L>af and
thefe

than

many

other Plants, which are

circular Otdtr

art

V
f

V
prattis'd
;

are colled ed into the Form of an Umbrella : the Ovary, which is placed
in the Upper -part of the Flonxier, becomes a oft Berry, full of^Juice , which

the tender Branches; but the forme* Method, being tedious, is feldom
efpecially
fince

Plants

may be

taken from

young theWoods

contains onefiony, comprefs'* d, furrow-

ed Seed.
1.

or Hedges, where there are many of the oldTrees growing, from which a

The Species are Viburnum. Matth. The common Viburnum, or Pliant Mealy tree.
2.

Number may foon The beft time

be propagated.
for laying thefe

Viburnum

folio

variegato.

The commonViburnum,
Leaves.
3.

with nriped

Branches is in Autumn, jull as the Leaves begin to fall (the manner of laying them, being the fame as for other hardy Trees, need not be here

faith fulrotundis ferratis glabris. Flor. Firg. American

Called
4.

Viburnum
Viburnum,

fmooth

with roundifh fawed Leaves, commonly

Black

By the fucceeding 'Autumn the Layers will be rooted, when you may take them off from the old Plants, and tranfplant them
repeated).

The

Haw.
Americanum, amDale.

Viburnum

\plifJtmo folio

candidijfmo, fori bus in

\umbella candidis.

American

Viburnum with

large white Leaves,

two or threeYears, which they may be trained up to regular Stems and Heads, and may afterward be planted where the/ are to remain. This Tree commonly grows about twelve or
in

into aNurlery for

and white Flowers growing in an [Umbel.

5.

fourteen Feet high; but it is rarely feen above fixteen or eighteen ; fo

it mould be planted in Lines with fuch Trees as do not exceed this Growth otherwife it will be hid thereby, and their Beauty loft.

Viburnum

Americanum

lati-

that

folium, fori bus in umbslla

inaculis rubris
adfperfis,
-

candidis,
to-

ramulis

mentcfis.

American Viburnum, with white Flowers growing in an Umbel, which are 'potted with red, and the Branches
leav'd

Broad

The ftriped Sort may be propagated by inarching it upon the plain

Sort.

This
is

is

preferv'd

by fuch as

;ery woolly.
1

delight

The

firll

rommon

very in divers Parts of England,

is

of thefe Trees

particularly in Kent,

where

it

grows

n moft of the Hedges upon the dry ;halky Hills near Granjefend, Roin very great Plenty. hefler, &c. 5ut notwithstanding its being thus ommon, yet it deferves a Place in mall Wildernefs - quarters, among ther flowering Trees ; where, by is mealy Leaves andShoots, together rith its large Bunches of whiteFlowrs in the Spring, which are fucceedd by red Berries in Autumn, it afordsan agreeable Variety.
ner

but ; no great Beauty in it. Thefe Trees feldom grow near fo large as thofe of the plain Sort as is the Cafe of all other ftrip'd Plants.
Plants
there
;

in variegated

The

third Sort has been introduce!

into the Englijh

Gardens fromNorth-

America, and
ries

is

now pretty commonfome of the Nurfe*

ly cultivated in

This Tree may be propagated eifrom Seeds, or bv laying down

Ill,

Title of Black Haw ; which is the Name it was brought by from America. This is a regular growing Shrub, which rifes to the Height of ten or the Branches are protwelve Feet duced oppofite, as are alfo the Leaves which are of a deep-green Colour^ and intire, having their
:

near London, by the

Vol.

Edges

V
the

v
The Flowers
the

Edges flightly fawed.

Extremity
of

are produc'd in fmall Umbels, at

Branches,

cure the Plants from Hazard ; and if the Spring ihould prove dry, it will be proper to water them until
their

which are white. Thefe are fucceeded by foft fuccalent Berries,

which, when ripe, are of a dark-purple Colour. It is very hardy, fo endures the Cold of our Winters very well, and grows in any Soil ; but muft not be too much exposed to ftrong Winds, which are apt to fplit down the Branches, and render the Shrubs veThis may be propary unfightly. gated by laying down the Branches, in the fame manner as hath been directed for the

Roots are
;

well eflabliftVd in

the

will require
is

which time they no other Care than what ufually beftow'd on other flowerafter

Ground

ing Shrubs. It may be propagated by laying down of the Branches, in the fame

but

manner as the common Viburnum; this mould not be praclis'd until

the Shrubs have

gotten

fufficient

Strength
laid, if
it

and when the Layers are the Seafon mould prove dry,
;

common

Sort.

will be of greatScrvice inpromoteing their taking Root, if they are du-

The

fourth Sort has

much

the Ap-

ly water'd.

pearance of the common Viburnum; but the Leaves are larger, and are very mealy on both Sides theShoots are alfo more woolly. I receiv d the Seeds of this Sort from South-Carolina, which were fent me by my late Friend Dr. Thomas Dale. This Sort is hardy enough to live in the open Air in England, if it is planted in a warm-lhelter'd Situa:

The fifth Sort is very tender.. The Seeds of this Kind were fent
from Campechy by Mr. Robert Millar, who found the Plants growing, in low marmyPlaces in great Plenty. This Sort rifes to the Height of* eight or ten Feet, and has broader Leaves than the common Sort, which are (while young) cover'd pretty
thick with a foft
the Leaves
fides

whiteDown but as
;

tion.

It

delights in a moift light

grow

older, their Upper-,

Soil, in which it thrives much better than upon a dry gravelly Ground ; for it grows naturally upon fwampy Land in America. But the beft way
is,

Ground,

not to plant thefe into the full until they have obtain'd Strength to refift the Cold ; fo that

the Plants arerais'd fromSeeds, they mould be kept in Pots, and in Winter plac'd under a commonHotbed-frame ; where they mould have as much free Air as pofiible in mild Weather, and only be fiielter'd from hard Froft. After two Years Growth from Seeds, the Plants will be ftrong

when

molt of, Branches are alfo very woolly ; but as thefe grow older, it falls off. The Flowers are produc'd from the Wings of the Leaves in large Bunches, which are white; but the Apices or Summits are of a red Colour, which, at, a fmall Diftance, appear like Stripes After the Flowers in the Flowers. are decayed, theFruit appears vvhitei
are greener,
lofc

and

the

Down.

The young

when

ripe, turns black.

enough to tranfplant into theGround, which mould be done in the Spring of the Year; making the Plants out othe Pots, and preferring a Bal of Earth to their Roots, which will fe-

This Plant may be propagated by Seeds, which mould be fown on an Hot-bed early in the Spring ; and when the Plants are come up, and
fit to tranfplant, they mould be each planted into a feparate fmall Pot filPd with light rich Earth, and then

plungM

into

an Hot- bed of Tanners

Bark;

V
ark
le
;

I
them from
rate Pots,

I
in

obferving to (hade
until they

and treated

the

fame

have taken new oot, when they mould have free ir admitted to them every Day in oportion to the Warmth of the ;afon ; and as they are Plants which rlight in low marlhy Places, they ufl be conftantly fupplied with ^ater in hot Weather, otherwife

Sun

manner as the feedling VICIA,Vetch.

Plants.

The Charaders
It

are

hath a papilionaceous Flower, out of whofe Empalement arifes the

Pointal, which afterward becomes a Pod full of roundijh or angular Seeds : to which mujl be added, The Leaves grow as it were by Pairs, on a Middle-rib ending in

zs

ey will not thrive. At Michaelthey mould be removed out of

a Tendril.
;

Hot-bed, and plung'd into the irk-bed in the Stove ; where they Duld be kept in a moderate Temrature of Heat, and mull be fre:ently watered ; in which Stove ly will retain their Leaves all the |;ar, and make confiderable Proofs; fo that in two Years from ving, they will produce Flowers
e
ll

The Species are 1. Vic a fativa

I

vulgaris, femine

nigro.

C. B. P.

Common

Vetch

or Tare.
2. Vicia fativaalba. C. B. P. White Vetch or Tare. 3. Vicia Jupina, latifimo flio non ferrato. Toum. Low Vetch, with a broad Leaf not ferrated. 4. Vicia fufina, latifjlmo folio

Fruit.

As thefe Plants grow older and

they

bnger,

be treated re hardily j therefore they may placed in a dry Stove in Winter, [1 in the Middle of Summer may lexpos'd abroad in a warm-fhel'd

may

frrato. Tourn. Low Vetch, with a broad ferrated Leaf. C. B. P. multiflora. 5. Vicia Many -flower'd Vetch. 6. Vicia maxima dumctorum. C. B. P. Bufh or perennial Vetch.
7.

otic

other tender obferving in dry :ather to water them duly, and to t them into other Pots, as they
Situation,

with

VlCIA fepium,

folio rotundiore

Plants

require

it.

With

this

Manage-

ltthey will produce their Flowfcveiy Year, toward the End of

Bufh C. B. P. Vetch, with a rounder {harp -pointed Leaf, and a black Seed. 8. Vicia. vulgaris, acutiore folio, Wild femine parvo nigro. C. B.P Vetch, with a (harper-pointed Leaf,
acuto, femine nigro.

imer
\

fy

; and if the Autumn proves favourable, or the Plants are remov'd into the Stove, they

and a fmall black Seed.

9

Vicia

perennis

incana multi-

flora. Bot. Monfp.

Hoary perennial
Flowers.
ma-*

perfect their Seeds very well,

'"his
\

Vetch, with
10.

many

be propagaby Layers, as the other ; but n the Shoots are laid down, it be proper to plunge the Pots a moderate Hot-bed of Tanners
Sort
alfo

may

Vicia perennis-multiflora,

jori flore cccruleo, cx aibo mixta. Bot.

Tufted perennial Vetch, Monfp. with a large blue Flower mix'd wi(h
White.
11.

whxh
iloots
'

will caufe

them

to put

Vicia

perennis multiflora in-

much

fooner than
rooted,

when

are expos'd abroad.

when
ken

Juffiaently

The Laymay

cana, infularum Stcerhadum. Inf. R. Perennial hoary tufted Vetch H.

of the Staechades.
12.

olF,

and planted into fepa-

Vicia fylvefris 4Y 2

hirfuta inca-

na.

V
na.
C. B. P.

I
24.

v
V
1

Hoary rough wild

fyl<veftris

c I a Orientalist fiore maxim

Vetch.
13

V icia

incana y

ma-

Tourn.

jor

ci? pre/,

cox, Parifienfis k fiore fua-

macula lutea notato. Vetch, with a large pale Flower fpotted with
pallefcente,

mo

Cor.

Eaitern

<ve-rubente,

hji. R.

The

greater

yellow.
25.

early hoary wild Vetch, with a foft

Vicia

multifiora

red Flower. 14. V'icia fylvatica

frutefcens, lentis ftliqua.

Caffubica Breyn.Prod.

maxima ,pi-

Shrubby
26.
tufted

tufted Vetch,

with Podsmultifiora
greateft

The fo fytveftri fimilis. J. B. greateft wild Vetch, refembling wild

Feas.
15.

like Lentils.

Vicia

fylvatica
Brit.

maxima. Pbyt.

The

Vi c

a Jyl'veftris lutea y

fill qua

hirjuta. C. B. P.

Wild yellowVetch,
perennis, /lore

with hairy Pods.

16.

27. plurimis birfutis.

wood Vetch. Vicia fegetum, cum

C.

filiquis

B. P.

Small
Pods.

Vicia ferotina

wild Tare, with

28.

many rough

luteo, fili qua hirfuta.

Inf. R. H. Late-ilowering perennial Vetch, with

Vicia

feget urn, fingularibus

filiquis glabris.

a yellowFlower, and an hairy Pod.

17.
lute:,

Vicia Jtrotina ptrennis

fill qua

fiore

glabra,

hjl.

R.

H.

C. B. P. Vetch, or fine Tare, with fmooth Pods. 29. Vicia minima, cum
Infi.

Corn
Tingle

filiquis

Late-flowering perennial Vetch, with a yellow Flower, and fmoother Pod.

18.

glabris.

R. H.

The

fmalleft

Vetch, with fmooth Pods.

30.
filiquis

Vicia

fyl<veftris

lutea,

cum

Vicia five Cracca, foliis

longioribus.

&

Wild yellow galea fufca. J. B. Vetch, with a brown Standard.

19.

Bot.

Monfp,

Vicia C'ret tea

multifiora la-

tifoiia, jio* e intenfe furpureo. Tourn.

Vetch with longer Leaves and Pods. 31. Vicia minima pracox, Pari' The lcaft funfium. H. R. Par.
early Vetch, with an angular Seed.

Broad -leav'd many-flower'd Vetch of Crete, with a deep-purple

Cor.

Flower.
20.

is

The firft of thofe here mention'd cultivated in the Fields in divers

the

Vicia

Orientalis multifiora

Parts of England {or the Seed, which

is

Incana, angifiifjimo folio. Tourn. Cor. Hoary Eattern tufted Vetch, with a

common Food

of Pigeons:
is

the

Method of

cultivating them

very narrow Leaf.

.

hereafter inferted.

21. Vicia njerna *villofijjima incana fiore parnjofpicato, ex purpurea ad tanthinum ruergente. Tourn. Cor. The molt hairy and hoary Spring Vetch, with a fmall fpiked Flower,

&

The
the

fecond Sort

is

a Variety of

from which it only diltcrs in the Colour of the Flowers and Seeds, which in this Kind are both
firft,

white

but the Flowers of the other

from a purple

to

a violet Colour.

22. Vicia multifiora fpicatn.fioribus albidis, calyce purpurea. Tourn.

Kind are purple, and the Seeds are black. This may be cultivated as
the former.

Spiked tufted Vetch, with whitim Flowers, and a purple Empalement. 23. Vicia Orient alls 7r.ultif.0r a
Cor.
crger.iea, fiore faricgato.

The
Gardens
Fields

third

at preient,

and fourth Sorts are, only preferv'd in Botanic

cultivated
in
the

in England-, tho' I believe

they might be
as

Town. Cor.
with a

the

common

Sort, with

Eaitern tufted filvexy variegated Flower.

X etch,

eood Succeff. 6

Thefe

V
Thefe

I
their Shoots die

v
Sort
for

muft be Town in the Spring, as Peas j but mould have a light dry Soil, and require more

room than
far,

the

common

and frem ones ing Spring ; fome of which will rife to the Height of five or fix Feet, and
over Bufhes, or whatever Plants they grow near ; fo that they muft be fupported, other wife they will
trail

down in Autumn, come out the follow-

the Plants are

apt to fpread pretty

provided

they like their Situaare both annual Plants,

tion.

They

which decay foon after their Seeds are ripe. Thefe are fuppos'd to be the Bean of the antient Greeks. The fifth Sort grows wild in divers Parts of England, underHedges, and by the Sides of Woods, where it climbs upon whatever Bufhes are
near

appear very unfightly. Thefe may be propagated

Seeds,

by

which may be fown

in Drills

and during the time of (which is commonly in June and July ) it affords an agreeable Profpeft. This Plant may be :ultivated by the Sides of Wilderiefs-quarters ; where it may be alow'd to climb upon fome low Bufhes, without which Support it feldom :hrives well ; and in fuch lhady Siuations it will flower extremely, and
it
;

flowering

on a Border of freih Earth, expos'd only to the morning Sun. The belt time for fowing thefe Seeds is in March, and when the Plants come up, they muft be kept clean from Weeds ; and w here they are too clofe together, fome of them mould be drawn up to give room for the
r

continue forfeveral Years.

The

bell

Way
umn,

to propagate

it

is

by fowing

he Seeds

either

in Spring or

Au-

remaining ones to grow flrong. This is all the Culture they require till Michaelmas, when their Shoots will decay; at which time the Roots mould be carefully taken up, and tranfplanted where they are defigned to remain, which mould be under Trees, and in other ihady Wildernefs-quarters where, if they are
:

where they are remain ; for thefe Plants comlonly moot their Roots downright ito the Ground, fo that they feldom
in the Places

rightly difpos'd, they will thrive ex-

tremely well, and Variety.

make an agreeable

hrive well,
1

if tranfplanted.

The eleventh Sort grows wild in the S tcec hades IJles, from whence the
Seeds have been obtain'd by fome curious Perfons, who preferve the Sort for the fake of Variety ; as is alfo the eighth Sort, which is found
wild in the Neighbourhood of Pa^
ris.

The
orts

fixth,

eighth, and fifteenth

in
this

grow wild

Kingdom,

is very common in fhady Voods, and on the Sides of Banks Wer Trees, in moft Parts of Eng\nd* The eighth Sort is found on

"he fixth

bootover-bill,
'laces

and

in

fome other
the fifteenth
in<So-

inEngland.

And

ty-firft,

rows on Glaftenbury -thorn-bill

irfetjbire.

nineteenth, twentieth, twentwenty-fecond, twenty-third, and twenty-fourth Sorts were difco-

The

The feventh, ninth, tenth, twelfth,

'urteenth,
yd

fixteenth, feventeenth, eighteenth Sorts grow wild in \rmany, France, and Italy ; but are it Natives of this Country. Thefe e all of them abiding Plants, whofe
)ots

by Dr. Tournefort in the Levant* from whence he fent their Seedsto the Royal Garden at Paris, Thefe, though they are Nati-es ct warmer Countries than England, yet will thrive very well in the open Air, and may b$ admitted into Garver'd

continue feveral Years

but

dens for the fake of Variety.

4Y3

The

V
The

I
;

is alfo an abiding Plant, whore Shoots decay every Autumn, and frefh ones are produc'd in the Spring. This Sort fhould have a moift fhady Situation,

twenty-fifth Sort

and abide the Winter during whk time they do not appear as if the would ever become large enough injure the Crop amongit which the
t

grow
as

but in the Spring they wi

in winch the Shoots will rife five or

fend forth
ftance;

many

lateral Shoots,

Feet high, and produce great Quantities of Flowers ; thereby affording an agreeable Variety in fome obfcure Maces, where few better Plants will thrive.
fix

to fpread

to a confiderable

fallen

and by their Tendrils wi themfelves to the Stalks c Corn, or any other Plants, and then
;

twenty-fixth Sort grows wild in fome Woods in the Not th of England, as alio in Oxford/hire. This is likewife an abiding Plant, which fhould be treaied in the fame manner
as tn:j forrrier Sort.

The

by greatly weaken them and fom where thefe Weeds are i plenty, and the Corn but weak, the will ramp quite over it, and thereb;
times,

almoll dertroy
extirpate thefe
April,

it.

The
is

heft

time

ti

Weeds

in

March

As
e
r

ail thefe
Butties',

^orts of Vetches

grow

or under Hedges, on

they climb, and are thereby fir ported horn trailing on the
ieh

if they are cut up wit dry Weather, they wil in a Day or two be effectually de ftroy'd, fo as not to recover; and i this be repeated two or three Sea

when,
in

a Spaddie

Ground,
broug>
t

fc,

whenever

ihey

are
for

fons,

it

will intirely clear the Laru

into Gardens, they

mould
;

of them.

be plan*ed
if they
ti

in the like Situation

ail

on the Ground, they

i

will run over whatever Plants grow near them, and make a ba Appearance ; whereas, if they are planted near any ordinary Shrubs, over which they may be allow'd to ramble, their Flowers will appear fcattering among the Branches of :he Shrubs, and afford an agreeable Variety.

The thirty-firft Sort is a very fmal annual Plant, which grows wild 01 chalky Hills in. fome Parts of Eng
land, but particularly near Greenbiti

in Kent.

Jt flowers the

Beginning

of April, the Seed.s are ripe in May, and the Plant foon after perifhes ; fo that whoever is defuous to find it, mufl fearch for it while it is in Vi gour ; otherwife it is fo fmal!, thai
Plant

The twenty

feventh,

twenty-

eighth, twenty ninth, and thirtieth

Sorts are annual Plants, which grow too plentifully amongfl the Corn, fo as to become very troublefome Weeds in fome Parts of England; therefore mould be rooted out in the

can hardly be difcover'd. If this is defign'd to be prefcrv'd in * Garden, the Seeds fhould be fown
it

early in

may

Autumn, that the Plants get Strength before Winter; for

when they are fown in the Spring, they feldom fucceed. When they are
in a Garden, and their Seeds permitted to fcatter, they will maintain themfelves better than if fown by Hand; and will require no other Care but to keep them clear

once eitablihYd

Spring, before their Seeds ripen ; for if any of them are permitted to ftand
until

their Seeds are ripe, the

after,

firft

hot

Day
call

the Pods will burft,

and

their Seeds to a great

fill

Di-

Ground with young Plants in Autumn. Thefe Plants always come up in Autumn,
ftance, fo as to

the

from Weeds. There are fome of the larger Kinds

of thefe Vetches as well worth cultivating in the Fields as the common Tare,

V
Purpofes
third,
;

I
the
fecond,

v
will bring

Tare, and will ferve for the fame

efpecially

time to fow them is, about the Beginning of September ; for the Rains

and ninth Sorts, which grow and afford a good Quantity of Thefe may all be cultivated Seeds. in the fame manner as the common Sort, and are equally hardy. The ufual time for fowing of Vetches or Tares is in the Spring, about the Middle of February ; but from feveral Experiments which I have made, I find it to be a much better Method to fow them in Autumn for as they are hardy enough to refift the Froft in Winter, they
large,
;

which ufually fall at that Seafon, them up in a fhort time. Toward the Latter-end of Oclober, the Plants will have obtained confiderable

Strength

wherefore they

mould then be earthed up with the Hoeing- plough. This Work mould
be performed in dry Weather, and in doing of it Care muft be had to lay the Earth up as high to the Stems of
the Plants as poflible, fo as not to

cover their
fecure

Tops becaufe this will them againft Froft. The

;

will get Strength early in the Spring,

and

will

grow

confiderably larger

whole Space of Ground between the Rows mould alfo be ftirr'd, in order to deftroy the
if carefully

than thofe which are fown in the Spring, and will produce a larger Quantity of Seeds ; which, ripening
early in
i

Weeds
Land

which,

perform'd in dry

Weatill

ther, will
;

lay the

clean

Summer, may be gather'd

Sorts of Vetches which are

in before Wheat-harveft.

The
s

March at which time the Crop mould be earth'd a fecond time, and the Ground cleared again between
the

[cultivated

forUfein the open Fields,

Rows

which

will

caufe

the
in

fhould be fown in Drills, after the

Plants to
little

grow vigorous, and

fame manner as is practifed for Peas. Thefe Drills mould be a Foot and an half, or two Feet, afunder, that ;there may be room for the Hoeingplough to go between them, in orWer to deftroy the Weeds, and to hearth the Plants. Thefe Drills ihould be about the fame Depth as thofe ufually made for Peas; and the Seeds mould be fcatter'd about the fame Diftance in the Drills. Thefe 'Seeds mould be carefully cover'd as foon as they are fown for if they are left open, the Rooks will difcorer them fo that where they are

time they will fpread fo as to meet, and cover the Spaces ; whereas thofe fown in the Spring will not grow to half this Size, and will be very late in flowering. Some People fow thefe Vetches and when they are fully grown, plow them in the Ground, in order to manure it. Where this is defign'd, there will be no Occafion to

fow them

in Drills at this Diftance,

nor to hufband them in the manner before directed ; but in this Cafe it will be the beft Method to fow them in Autumn, becaufe they will be fit
to

not carefully watch'd, they will in-

plow

in
;

much

fooner the follow-

Indeed thefe, drely devour them. being fown in Autumn, will be in efs Danger than thofe which are fown in the Spring ; becaufe there s more Food for Rooks and Pigeons the open Fields at this Seafon ; Und the Plants will appear much "ooner above - ground. The beft

ing Year
for

fo that the

better prepar'd to receive the

which

it

is

Land may be Crops In fome intended.

Parts of France,

and in Italy, thefe Vetches are fown for feeding of Cattle while green, and are accounted very profitable and in many Parts of
:

England they are cultivated to feed Cart4 Y 4

v
2.

Cart horfes, &c. ; though upon fuch Land, where Lucern will thrive, it will be much better Hufbandry to
cultivate that for this Purpofe.

purple Violet, with a fweet-fcented Flower.

inodora.

Where

thcfe Plants are cultivated

for their Seeds, they fhould be cut

major hirfuta Greater hairy March Violet, without Smell. 3. Viola Martia inodora fyfoe-

Viola Martia
Mar.
Hiji.

foon after the Pods change brown ; and when they are dry, they muft be immediately ftack'd ; for if they are faffer'd to lie out in the Field to receive Wet, and there comes one hot Day after it, the Pods will moll of them burft, and call out the Seeds. When the Seeds are threfVd out, the Haulm is efteem'd very good

/ins. C.
4.

Viola Martia

B.P. Wildor Dogs Violet. alba. C. B. P.

multiplici fore.

White
5.

fweet-fcented Violet.

Viola Martia,

C. B. P.
6.
candido.

Double purple Violet.

multiplici

Viola Martia, fore

C. B. P.

Double

white

Violet.
7.

Viola Martia,

folio eleganter

Food for Cattle and fome h ve recommended the Seeds for Horfes, and affirm they are as proper for
;

variegato, fiore albo. March Vio- 1 let, with a beautiful variegated Leaf, I and a white Flower.
8. Viola Martia, fiore rulello. March Violet, with aredilh-colour'd

more valuable, becaufe thefe will grow on the lighteft fandy Land, where Beans
true, will

thofe Animals as Beans render them

which,

if

Flower.
9.

Viola

erecla,

fiore

caeruleo.

will not thrive

fo

may be

a good

Improvement to fome Counties in Englandy where they do not attempt

to cultivate Beans.

Mor. Hiji. Upright Violet, with a blue Flower.

10.

amplioribus.

Viola Martia hortenfis,foliis C.B.P. Garden March

VINCA PERVINCA.
vinca.

Vide?erVide Af-

Violet, .with larger Leaves.

11.

Viola Martia

inodora fyfoe-

VINCETOXICUM.
cleDias.

firis, foliis

mucronatis, oblongis,

&

firielioribus. C. B. P.

Dogs

Violet,

VINE. VIOLA,
The
It

Vide Vitis. Violet. Characters are

with oblong Leaves.

;

and

narrow-pointed
multiplici

12.

Viola

Martia,

hath a polypetalous anomalous Flower, fomewhat refembling the papilionaceous Flower ; for its two upper Petals, in fame meafure, reprefent
the Standard, the tnvo fide ones the Wings ; hut the lower one, which ends

fiore ruhello. C. B. P.
let,

March Vio-

with a double redifh Flower. Viola Martia, multiplici fiore ex albo purpurea njariegato. C. B. March Violet, with a double P. Flower, variegated with White and
13.

&

fome meafure refembhs Empalement arifes the Pointal, which afterward becomes a Fruit, for the moJl part, three-corthe Keel
:

%n a Tail, in

Purple.
14.

out of the

Viola Martia

multiplex,

fiore

Double H. R. Par. March Violet, with an afli-coicur'd

cinereo.

ner'd, opening into

three Parts,

and

Flower.
15.

full of mundijb Seeds.

Viola Martia

intenfe

pur-

The Species are I. Viola Martia

fiivplici

purpurea, fiore

purea, fiore minors plena. J. B. March Violet, with a fmall double Flower,

odm,

C,

P,

Common

Of a deep- purple Colour.

16.

Viola

V
1

I
Virginia,

6.

Viola
diffcclo.

partes
let,

Alpina, folio in plures Alpine VioC. B. P.

with hairy Cucumberleaves, and a yellow Flower.

with a Leaf

cut into manyrotundifolia

Parts.

17.
lutea.

Viola
C.B.P.

Albino,

2g. Viola Virginiana, p latent fere foliis, par<vis Iff incanis. Pluk, Virginian Violet, with Mantiff.

Yellow Violet of

fmall hoary Leaves, ftiap'd like thole

the Alps, with a roundifh Leaf. 18. Viola mont ana lutea grandi-

of the Plane-tree.
very

Mountain Violet, fora. C. B. P. with a large yellow Flower.

19.

The firft Sort here mentionM is common in Woods, and fhady

Lanes, in divers Parts of England,

Viola

tricolor

hortenjis

re-

fens. C.

B. P. Panfies, Hearts-eafe, or three-colour'd Violei:, commonly call'd three Faces under an Hood. 20. Viola mont ana tricolor odoThe mod C. B. P. ratijfima.
fweet-fmelling three-colour'd
tain Violet.

and is what mould always be ufed in Medicine ; though the People who fell thefe Flowers in the Markets, do many times impofe upon the Ignorant the Flowers of the fecond Sort,

moun-

mont ana alba grandifiora. C. B. P. Great-flower'd white

21.

Viola

which are much larger than thofe of firft, and fill up the Meafure better but they, having no Smell, arc very improper for Ufe.
the
;

All the eight

Varieties in a

firft

Sorts are pretty

mountain Violet.
2 2.

Viola mont ana

lutea, fuhro-

; where, being planted under Hedges, in Wilder-

Garden

tundo crenato-folio. Barr. Icon.

Yel-

nefTes, or other

mady

Places, they

low mountain
ifh notch'd

Violet, with a round-

Leaf. 23. Viola mont ana caerulea granGreat-flower'd difiora. H. R. Par.

and will want no other Culture than only to keep them clear from Weeds ; and
will

thrive exceedingly,

blue mountain Violet. 24. Viola mont ana lutea, foliis non crenatis. C. B. P. Yellow mountain Violet, with Leaves not notched.

the Spring, when they are in Flower, they call forth a moft agreeable Perfume, efpecially in Mornings or Evenings ; fo that it renders fuch Places very delightful at thofe
in

Seafons.

25.

Viola AEtnica

ereSla hicolor

hirfuta minima elatior ac ramofor. Hort. Catb. Upright two-colour'd

Thefe may be ealily propagated by parting their Roots. The beft

time for which
the Plants
is

at Michaelmas, that

hairy very
taller

fmsll Violet of JEtna,

toto lu-

may

take Root

before

and more branching. 26. Viola arvenfts, fore

C. B. P.
all

flower ftronger the fucceeding Spring.

;

Winter

fo

that they

may

teo.

Field Violet, with a

Flower

yellow.

27. Viola ccerulea maxima, cucumerinis birfutis foliis, Virginiana.

Pluk. Pbyt.
leaves.

The

largeft blue Violet

The double Sorts, and thofe without Smell, may be admitted for Variety ; but the fingle blue, white, and redifh-colour'd Sorts, are thofe which mould be moft cultivated ; becaufe thefe are equally well-fcented,
in

of Virginia, with hairy Cucumber28.

which the

greateft Curiolity

of

Viola maxima,

cucumerinis

thefe Flowers confuls.

all

hirjutis foliis, Virginiana, for,e lutco.

growing wild
obtain'd

in

And thefe, England, may be

Quantity

Pluk. Aim.

The

largeft Violet

of

eafily

in

from
their

; ;:

their Places of Growth, by fuch 3re fond of thefe Flowers.

who

The ninth Sort is

preferv'd in

fome

eighteenth Sort grows wild in the North of England, upon moilt Mountains: the twenty-firft and twentythird Sorts are only Varieties of this,
di Bering in the
ers.

curious Gardens for Variety ; but there is no Scent in its Flowers ; fo

Colour of their Flowis

hardly merits a Place in curious Flower-gardens.

that
it

The

nineteenth

the

common

from the in having large hairy Leaves ; and the Flowers have not fo good Flavour but this Sort is frequently cultivated in Gardens, and the Flowers are brought to the Markets ; tho they are not near fo good for Ufe as the common Sort. The eleventh has oblong pointed Leaves, in which it differs from the laft: the Flowers of this Sort have
differs
:

The tenth Sort common Violet,

Panfy or Hearts-eafe, of which there are a great Number of Varieties thefe are all annual Plants, which fcatter their Seed*, and propagate themfelves in plenty, where they are permitted to Hand the twentieth Sort is by much the molt valuable, the Flowers of this being larger, the Colours very beautiful, and the Scent
:

almoft equal to the

flower.

common

Violet-

no Flavour;

fo are unfit for

Ufe.
fourin

Thefe Sorts will

fcatter their Seeds

The
rieties

twelfth,

thirteenth,

teenth, and fifteenth Sorts are

Va-

a (hort time after their Flowers are part ; and the Plants which come

of the

common
:

Violet with

up
in

in

Autumn

will flower very early

double Flowers

of a

Place in

worthy every good Garden, on

thefe are
fine

account of their

double fweet-

fmelling Flowers, efpecially as they

common

require no other Culture ihan the Violet: but thefe Sorts do

not produce their Flowers

in

great

Plenty, unlefs they are planted in a

ftrong Soil, and an open airy Situation
;

and thefe will be ; fucceeded by the Spring-plants ; fo that where they are indulged in a Garden, there will be a conftant SuccefTion of their Flow<-s the greateft Part of the Year ; for they will flower all the Winter in mild Seafons, and m oft Part of the Summer in fhady Situations; which renders

the Spring

for in fmall or clofe

Gardens

tney do not flower near fo well, as where they have a clear open Air.

them worthy of a Place in every good Garden but then they muft not be
:

The eleven next-mention'd Sorts a^ree with the Hearts-eafe or Panfies more than with the other Kinds the feventeenth, eighof Violet teenth, twenty -firft, and twenty:

be allowed to fpread too far, left they become troublefome Weeds

for their Seeds, when ripe, are caft out of their Covers with great Elafticity to a confiderable Diftance

third
their

Sorts

are

perennial

Plants,

which may be propagated by parting

Roots
is
;

and the Plants will foon fpread over a large Space of Ground, if they are permitted to fland.

the beil time for doing

The common
Piant but
;

Panfy ftands in the

of

this

at Michaelmas, that they

College -Difpenfaton, as a medicinal

is

may

be well rooted before the Spring:

rarely ufed in England.

-

thefe delight in Shade and Moifture,

The twenty

feventh,

twenty

therefore

mould be planted on a North Border and in dry Weather

;

eighth, and twenty -ninth Sorts are

they muft be duly water'd, otherThe wife they 'will not thrive.

Natives of Virginia, Nenv- England, and feveral Other Parts of NorthAmerica from whence fome of the
Plants

1
6.

Plants have been brought to England, and are preferv'd in Gardens by fome curious Perfons, for the fake but as their Flowers of Variety have no Scent, and little Beauty,
:

altiffima ferotU na, panicula fpeciofa patula. Rani.

Virca Auria

TallerV late -flowering Golden-rod, with a fpecious fpreadmg Panicle.

7.
liis

Virga Aurea Virginiana,fomiVirginian

they are not

much
as

regarded.

anguflioribus a/peris, panicula

hardy as the common Violet, and may be propagated by parting their Roots, in the fame

Thefe are

nus fpeciofa. Pluk. Phyt.

Golden- rod, with narrow rough Leaves, and a lefs fpecious Panicle.
8.

manner
tion,

as

is

practis'd for that

and

Virga Aurea

rugojis foliis,

they ihould have a moiit

mady Situa-

and a

li&ht Soil.

Virginiana, paniculaforum am' t lijfitna m Pluk. Phyt. Rough-leavM Virginian

VIORNA. Vide Clematitis. VIRGA AUREA, Golden-rod.

The
Ckaraclers are
;

Golden-rod, with an ample Panicle of Flowers.

9.

Virga Aurea

filiis l<e<vibut

The Leaves are, for the mojl part, uohole, and are placed alternately on the Stalks : the Calyx, or Flowercup, is

non ferratis, panicula fpeciofa, fori* bus magnis. Flor. Bat. Smoothleav'd Golden-rod, with a fpecious Panicle, and large Flowers.
10.
fpicis

fquamous

the

Fhwers are

/mall, radiated, and 0/ a yellow Colour, conffling of many Florets, each

Virga Aurea Mcrylandica9

racemofs, foliis integris

forum

of which is furnijh' d with an Embryo, which afterward becomes a Seed, halving a downv Suhfance adhering to it : to which Jhculd be added, That
the Flowers are produced in
Spike.

fcabris.

Mart. Hift.Rar. Plant. Goiden-rod from Maryland, with branching Spikes of Flowers, and whole rough Leaves.
11.

long

Virga Aurea

Canadenfis,

1.

The Species are Virga Aurea vulgaris

;

afcnfci folio. Par. Bat. Canada Golden-rod, with a Leaf like Aftelatiforifcus.

lia.

J. B.

Tiie

common

or broad-

12.

Virga Aurea
Breyn.

Americana
alas con-

leav'd
2.

Golden rod.
montana, folio

fcrrata, floribus
globatis.

ad foliorum
Prod.

Virga Aurea

angujlo fubincano, flofculis conglobatis.

Narrow-leav'd mounGolden-rod, with an hoary Leaf, and congiobate Flowers.

Rail Syn.
tain
3.

American Golden-rod, with ferrated Leaves, and conglobated Flowers coming out from the Wings of the Leaves.
13.

Virga Aurea

Virga Aurea

limonii folia 9

angufifolia,

panicula una *verfu difpofta.

panicula fpeciofa, Catiadenjis.

Par.

H. R. Narrow-leav'd Canada Gold-

en-rod, with a fpecious Panicle.

4. Virga Aurea Canadtnfis hir/uta, panicula minus fpeciofa. Boerh.

H. R. Golden-rod with a Sea-lavender-leaf, and the Flowers growing upon one Side of the Stalk.
Par.
14.
fis

Virga Aurea

Noveboracen-

Ind.

Rough Canada Golden-red, with

fpecious Panicle.

glabra, -cuulibus rubentibus, foliis angufis glabris. Flor. Bat. Smooth

lefs

5.

Virca Aurea Novee Anglic

paniculis

New-York Golden-rod, with red Stalks, and narrow fmooth Leaves.

15.

altiffima,

nonnunquam
tailed

re-

Virga Aurea fori bus fiflu loangufiori-

fexis. Flor. Bat.

Panicle.

The

New*

fts, fenecionis inftur, foliis

England Goldea-rod, with areflex'd

bus non ferratis.

Hif.Oxon.

Goldwhat

en-rod with hiValous Flowers, fome-

X
26.

what like Groundfel, and narrow fmooth Leaves.

1

6.

Virga Aurea

Canadenfis,

foliis carnofs non ferratis latioribus.

Hiji. Oxon.
flelhy
I

7.

Golden-rod with broad fmooth Leaves. Vl RG A AURE A Nov* Anglic,

Flor.

foliis

longijjimis glabris.

Bat.

Americana fore minimo, foliis conjugatis, Cif byperici mo do perf oralis. Houf. Annual ftinking American Golden-rod, with a very !fmal! Flower, and Leaves growing by Pairs, which are perforated in the manner of St. Jobns-ivort.

Virca Aurea

annua

gra<veolens,

Ne^w- England Golden-rod, with long fmooth Leaves. 18. Virga Aurea Americana
hirfuta, radice odorat 0. Joncq.

27. Virga Aurea Americana, urtica foliis rugofis conjugatis sf birfutis, forumfpicis fcliofis.

Houf. Ame-

Hairy

rican Golden-rod, with rough

tle-leaves

American Golden -rod, with a fweet Root. 19. Virga Aurea Americana ett*

Netgrowing by Pairs, and the Spikes of Flowers fet with fmall

Leaves.
28.

fa

glabra.
20.

Hart.

Eltb.

Smooth

Virca Aurea 'Americana

American Golden -rod.

Americana, foex alts foliornm prodeuntibus. Dale. American Golden-rod, with very narrow fmooth Leaves, and the Spikes of
liis

Virca Aurea

fruticofa, falicis folio, floribus quafi umbellatis. Houf. Shrubby Ameri-

angufijfimis glabris , fori 6 us

can Golden- rod, with a Willow-leaf,

and Flowers growing almoft

in

an

Umbel. There
of

are feveral other Varieties

flowers coming out from the Wings of the Leaves. 21. Virga Aurea Americana
ferotina,

caulibus

purpurafcentibus,

which are preferv'd in fome curious Botanic Gardens ; but thofe here mentionM are the moll valuable Sorts which I have yet feen
this Plant,

foliis oblongo-onjatis glabris fejjilibus,

fpicis forum crajfioribus. Dale.

in the Englijb

Gardens

the greateft

Late

Stalks,

Atnerican Golden-rod, with purple and oblong oval fmooth

the Stalks, and

Part of which are Natives of America, from whence it is very probable,

there

may be many

other

Leaves embracing

Sorts brought, fince thefe Plants pro-

thick Spikes of Flowers. 22. Virga Aurea major, foliis gra<veolentibus. Inf. R. glutinofis

&

H. Greater Golden-rod, with clammy and {linking Leaves.

23.
II.

Virga Aurea

minor, foliis
Inf. R.

glutinofis

& gra<veolentibus.

my

Smaller Golden-rod, with clamand ftinking Leaves.

pagate themfelves by ftiedding thier Seeds, which are likely to produce new Varieties annually ; as do moft other Sorts of Plants ; fo that there may be no End to their Variety. Thefe Plants are very great Ornaments in the Borders of large Flower-gardens, where, by their Succeffion of Flowering, they afford a very
great Pleafure; for the earlieft Kinds

24.

Virga Aurea

major, foliis
gallas

glutiuofs

&

gra<Vchntibus,

fevens.

Greater gallbearing Golden-rod, with clammy

Inf. R.

H.

and ftinking Leaves.

25. Virga Aurea Virgin!ana annua. Zan. Annual Pirgii tan Gold-

begin to flower in June, which are fucceeded by other Sorts until the Latter-end of Oclober; and their Flowers, being produced, for the moft part, on Jong fpecious Spikes
or Panicle?,

make a very handfome Appearance, and are very ornamen-

V
tal to Flower-pots,

T
intermixed

when

flower after each other from July ta

with Flowers 0/ different Colours, to

place in

Rooms.

They are all eafily propagated by parting their Roots in the Spring,
before they begin to moot; andihould be planted in the Middle of the larger Borders in the Flower-garden
:

November. Thefe are all perennialPlants,which die to the Surface of the Ground every Winter, but rife again the fucceeding Spring moft of them, produce their Flowers in Autumn ; and if the Seafon proves favourable,
:

they will

grow

in almoft

any

Soil or

will ripen

their

Seeds;

which, if

Situation; but will thrive Deft in a

fown foon

after ripe, will

and an open Expofure ; tho' fome of the hardieft of them may be plac'd under Avenues of Trees, where they will continue in Flower a long time, and look: very
frefh light Earth,

the following Spring, from

come up whence

fome new
ed.

Varieties

may

be obtain-

The

twenty- fecond, twenty-third,

well.

The
faft

firft

twelve Sorts are har-

dier than the

reft,

very
ty

by

OfF-fets,

and will increafe which fome of

if

them fend
;

forth in very great Plen-

and twenty- fourth Sorts feldom continuing longer than two or three Years, fhould be often renewed. Thefe may be increafed by parting their Roots ; but the Plants which
as thofe

infomuch that

they are not

carefully

dug round,

at leaft once in

are thus parted, rarely thrive fo well which are raifed from Seeds

every Year, and their Roots cut round, they will fpread over the Borders where they are planted, and deftroy fuch Plants as ftand near them. The other Sorts fhould have a warmthefe er Situation, and a dry Soil are not fo apt to fpread at their Roots as the others ; fo that there will be no Difficulty of keeping them within Bounds. The firft Sort here mention'd is fometimes ufed in Medicine. This grows wild in moft fhady Woods in the South Parts of England from whence the Roots may be tranfplanted into a fhady Part of the Garden, where they will thrive and flower very well. The fecond Sort grows upon the Mountains in Wales, as alfo upon the Alps and Pyrenees: this is a very low Plant, feldom rifing more than a Foot high, and flowers toward the Latter-end of June. The nineteen Sorts next-mention'd are Natives of America : thefe
:

but as thefe Plants do not perfect their Seeds every Year in England, the other Method muft be pradtifed to preferve the Kinds. The belt time for this Work is in Autumn,

may be well rooted before the Spring, otherwife they will not flower very ftrong. Thefe Sorts
that they

fhould be planted on a loamy Soil on open Borders ; for they will not
thrive under the

Drip of Trees.

twenty-fifth Sort is an annual Plant of no great Beauty ; which,

if

The

become

permitted to fcatter its Seeds, will a Weed over the Garden. This Plant is now become a comin the Fields in divers Parts of England: but it is generally believ'd the Seeds were at firft blown

mon Weed

out of Gardens

grow fome two

iome four and

Feet, others three,

five

Feet high

and

; for it was originally brought from America. The twenty - flxth, twenty - feventh, and twenty-eighth Sorts were difcover'd by the late Dr. Houjloun, at La Vera Cruz. Thefe, being tender Plants, will not live in the open Air in England. They may be propagated by Seeds, which fhould be

fown

V
We
VlSCUM
haccis

I
this

fown on a moderate Hot-bed early in the Spring; and when the Plants are come up, they fhould be tranfplanted into Pots fill'd with frefti Earth, and then plung'd into a moderate Hot-bed of Tanners Bark ;
obferving, after they have taken

have but one Species of Plant in England; viz.

albis.

C. B. P.

Common
ries.

Mifleto, with white Ber-

new
free

Root, to admit a large Share of

Air to them every Day, when the Weather is warm, as alfo to water

them

conftantly every

Day
is

for they

naturally

grow

in

moid

Places.

The
.

twenty-fixth Sort, which

an annual

Plant, will flower toward the

Mid-

dle of June, and the Seeds will ripen the End otAugujl when fome of them mould be fown to come up before Winter ; becaufe the Seeds will more certainly grow at this Seafon, than in the Spring and the Plants will grow much ftronger. The twetv
;

always produced not to be cultivated in the Earth, as moft other Plants ; but is always found growing upon Trees ; from whence the Antients accounted it a Super plant; moft of whom thought it was an Excrefccnce on the Tree, without the Seed being previoufly lodg'd there : which Opinion is now generally conis
is

This Plant from Seed, and

futed from a repeated

Number

of

Experiments.

The Manner
gated
thrufli,
is

of

its

being propa-

this; viz.

The

Mifleto-

which feeds upon the Berthis

ries
it

of

Plant in Winter,

when

ty-feventh Sort,

being a biennial
firft

Plant, rarely flowers the

Seafon;

therefore this, and the twenty-eighth

Sort, which is an abiding Plant, fhould be removed into the Stove at Michaelmas j and placed where they may have a temperate Degree of "Warmth in Winter, in which they may be preferv'd : but they muft be frequently refreflVd with Water,

the Seeds from Tree to Tree ; for the vifcous Part of the Berry, which immediately iurrounds the Seeds, doth fometimes faften it to the. outward Part of the Bird's Beak ; which to get difengaged of, he ftrikes his
is

ripe,

doth

often

carry

tho* in very cold

Weather

it

mull:

not be given in great Quantities.

With

this

Management the

Plants

will flower extremely well, arid

add

Beak againft the Branches of a neighbouring Tree, and thereby leaves the Seed flicking by this vifcous Matter to the Bark ; which, if it lights upon a fmooth Part of the Tree, will faften itfelf thereto, and the following Winter will put out
and grow
it
;

to the Variety in the Stove.

and

in the

fame manner
;

VISCUM,
The

Mifleto.

may be

propagated by Art

for

Characters are

if the Berries,

when

fu!l-ripe, are

The Flower coiffifis of one Leaf, which is fiatfd like a Bafin, and, for
the moft part, divided into four Parts,

rubbed upon the fmooth Part of the Bark of a Tree, they will adhere
clofely thereto
;

and, if not deftroy-

and befet with Warts : the Ovary , which is produced in the Female Flowers, is pined in a remote Part of the Plant from the Malt Flowers, and
conffs of four Jhorter Leaves : this afterward becomes a ronnd Berry, full cf a glutinous Subfance inclof.ng a
flain heart -fcap'd Seed.

ed, will produce Plants the follow-

ing Winter.

The Trees which this Plant doth moft readily take upon, are, the Apple, the Afh, and fome other fmooth-rinded Trees ; but I have feveral times try'd
y\ rthotlt
it

upon the Oak

Succefs ; for the Bark of that

Tree

V
Tree

v
make
improper

is of too clofe a Texture to admit the Seeds ftriking therein ; which

Birdlime, which

may

not be

to infert in this Place for

is alfo the Reafon it is fo rarelyfound upon that Tree: and not-

the Satisfaction of the Curious.

withstanding the great Encomiums which have been given to theMifleto

of the Oak, for

'

its

Medicinal Vir-

tues; yet I can't help thinking, that

it
is

equally good, from whatever

it

Tree
to

be taken

nor

is

it

pofiible

find this Plant

growing

in fo

any
that

[Quantity upon
!

the

Oak;

thofe Perfons

who
it

pretend to furnifh
for phyfical Ufe,

the

Town

with

do but impofe upon the World ; for it is fo rarely met with, that whenever a Branch of an Oak-tree hath any of thefe Plants growing upon it,
it

preferv'd by the is cut off, and Curious in their Collections of Natural Curiofities- ; and of thefe there are but few to be feen in England. As to what fome Perfons have afferted of the Manner how it is propagated, from Tree to Tree, by the

The Italians make their Birdlime of the Berries of Mifleto, heated and mix'd with Oil, as that made of Holly-bark; and, to make it bear the Water, they add Turpentine. That which is commonly us'd with us, is made of the Bark of Holly which they boil for ten or twelve Hours and when the green Coat is feparated from the other, they cover it up for a Fortnight ia a moift Place, pounded inco a tough Parte, that no Fibres of the Wood be left ; then they warn it in a running Stream till no Motes appear, and put it up to ferment for four or five Days, and fcum it as often as any thing arifes, and then lay it up
;
:

When they ufe it, they incorporate with it a third Part of that Oil over the Fire.
for Ufe.
is brought from fuppofed to be made of Sebeftens, their Kernels being frequently found in it ; but this will not endure either Froft or Wet. The Birdlime brought from Spain is of an ill Smell. The Bark of our Lantone or Wayfaring Shrub, as it is faid, will make Birdlime as good as the beft.

The Birdlime that

is

Mifieto-thrufhes, which eat the Berries,

Da mafeus

and void the Seed in their Dung, upon the Branches of Trees, whereby the Seeds are ftuck thereon, and take Root into the Bark, and produce frefti Plants, I can by no means agree to ; fince if it were only this vvay propagated, it would always be found upon the Upper-part or the bides of fuch Branches, upon which
can only be fuppofed to lodge ; whereas it is generally found jpon the Under-fide of Branches,
:he

Dung

Spanifb Picktooth. Characters are // is an umbelliferous Plant, with a rofe-jhaped Flower, confifiing offe-

VISNAGA,
The

*vhere

it is

almolt impofTible for thefe

deral Petals, which

palement
;

rejl

on the E/n-

Birds to caft their

relieve the
ire too

Dung ;

befides, I

Stomachs of thefe Birds powerful Digefters to fuffer my Seeds to pafs intire through the fnteftines. But I mall leave this to uch as have Leifure to make Observations in thofe Places
5

the Fruit,

which afterward becomes compofed of two oblong fur:

row d
1

Seeds

to

thefe Notes

?nufl

be

added, The Leaves are finely di-vided

like
off,

Fenel
the

and when the Flowers fall Umbel contracts together.

;

where this abounds and (hall add only a hort Account of the Method us'd to
lant
;

The
I
.

Species are
s

n a c a feu Gingidium.

Mor.

Vmb.

Common Spanijfj

Picktooth.
2.

Vis-

V
2.

1
;

Visnaga feu Gingidium Montis

The
It

Characters are

Libani. Munt. Plant. Greater Tooth-

hath a Flower
:

pick of

Mount Libanus.
firft

Leaf which
Lips

The

Sort grows plentifully in

of one appears as if it had two the Fore-part is tubulofe ; from

confijling

whofe Flower-cup rifes the Pointal, which afterward becomes an almojl of the Footftalks of the Umbel for fpherical Fruit, which is divided into Tooth-picks, from whence it obtain- four Cells, in which are contained obed this Name. This Plant is pre- long Seeds : to which may be added, The Leaves are digitated^ or finger d9 ferv'd in the Gardens of fome curious Perfons, for the fake of Variety. like thofe of Hemp. It is an annual Plant, and perimes The Species are; foon after the Seeds are ripe. The 1. VlTEX foliis anguflioribuSy canSeeds of this Plant mould be fown nabis modo difpofitis. C B. P. The early in Autumn, that the Plants- Chafte-tree with narrow Leaves. 2. Vitex latiore folio. C. B. P. may obtain Strength before the Thefe will endure the Cold The Chafte tree with broad ferrated Froft. of our Winters extremely well, pro- Leaves. vided the Seeds are fown on a dry 3. Vitex five Agnus, /lore albido. H. R. Par. Soil; for thefe Plants do not very The Chaite-tree, with
well bear tranfplanting
:

the South of France, as alfo in Spain and Italy. The Spaniards make ufe

therefore,

whitifh Flowers.
4.

the Seeds mould be fown where the

Plants are defign'd to remain.

Vitex fi-ve

Agnus minor,

foliis
lefler

In

angu/iitfmis. H. R. Par.

The

mould be thinn'd where they come up too thick, leaving them about fix or
the

Spring the Plants

Chafte -tree, Leaves.

with

very

narrow

eight Inches afunder

and if they are afterward kept clear from Weeds, it In is all the Culture they require. June they will flower, and their Seeds will ripen in Auguft.
;

common-

of thefe Plants is pretty molt of thofe Englijb Gardens, where a Variety of hardy Trees are preferv'd but the other Sorts are lefs common, and only in
firft

The

in

The
5n

fecond Sort is England than the

lefs
firft

common
:

this

is

fome curious Gardens at prefent. Thefe Plants are all very hardy, and may be propagated by planting their
Cuttings early in the Spring, before they moot
Soil,
:

found on

Mount

Libanus, and in fe-

veral other mountainous Places in

they require a frefh light

the Eaft Country.

The Umbels of

this Sort are much larger than of the former, and the Leaves of the Plant The Seeds of are not fo finely cut. this Sort have been often brought into England, from which I have raifed the Plants, which have grown very well the former Part of the SeaIon ; but they have always decay 'd

foon after Midfiar.mer ; fo that I never could preferve any of them to

flower.

and muft be frequently refrelhed with Water, until they have taken Root after which they muft be carefully clear'd from Weeds, during the Summer-feafon and if the Winter prove ievere, you muft lay a little Mulch upon the Surface of the Ground between the Plants, to pre-* vent the Froft from penetrating to their Roots, which would injure
;

them while they

are young toward the middle of March, if the Seafon

:

VITEX,
Chafte- tree.

Jgtitu

Qijtui,

or the

be favourable, you fhould tranfplant

them

either into

the Places whn'e they

V
The
1.

they are defign'd to remain, or into a Nurfery for two or three Years to get Strength j where they rauft be prun'd up, in order to form them
into regular Plants, othervvife they are very fubjecl to (hoot out their
in a dragg ing manner. If thefe Plants are plac'd in a warm Situation, and have a kindly light Soil, they will grow to be eight

Species are

Vitis

fylveftris

Labrufca. C.

B. P.

The

wild Vine,

commonly

Branches

or ten Feet high, and produce their Spikes of Flowers at the Extremity of every ftrong Shoot in Autumn ; which, akho' of no great Beauty, yet coming late in the Year, and having an odd Appearance, together with the Variety of their Leaves, renders them worthy of a Place in
fmall

This Sort of Grape is pretty well known in England : it has a Berry of arniddl.ng Size, of a deep black Colour, cover'd over with a Bloom like a Plum, which may be wiped off; the Juice ltains of a deep-red Colour and ne, is of an before it is quite de^o auftere Tafte: the Bunci are pretty iarge, but fnert, having commonl) avo Side-bunches o, Shouldt:-- on the Upper-part of the Bunch: the Leaves of this Vine an. jagged, and change to a deep-red C -.our becall'd the Claret
;
; .
.

Grape.

fore they
2.

fall off.

Wildernefs- quarters, amongft

other Shrubs of the fame Growth. They may alfo be propagated by laying down' their Branches in the Spring of the Year ; in doing of which you muft be very careful not to break them; for their Shoots are extremely brittle, and very fubjett to fplit off with the leaft Vio-

Vitis prarcox CoIume'Lr. H. P. Par. This is called in England the July Grape but in Franc? Mo r
;
,

rilior.,

and Vigne hdtive.

To is

is

the eariiell in

Grape at prefent known England, for which it is chicfty

it is
:

preiervM, for
for
its

not

much

elleem'd
is

Goodncfs

the Skin

thick,
;

lence

thefe will take

Root

in

one

the Juice but very indifferent the Berries commonly grow

and
very

Year, provided they are water'd in very dry Weather; and may then be tranfplanted out, and manag'd,
jas

thin upon the Bunches. Thefe are of a middle Size, and of a dark mud-

was directed

for thofe Plants rais'd

Ifrom Cuttings.

dy-red Colour. lTisCorinthiaca five Apyria^ 3. J. B. The Corinth Grape, vulgar-

VITIS, The Vine.

ly
;

call'd

the Curran Grape,

the

is

an

The Charahers

are

The Flower confijh of many Leaves, \whicb are plac'd in a circular Order,
find

Berry is fmall and flenGer, the Juice very fweet, Of this and hath very little Stone.
early Ripener;
there are two or three different Colours, as red, black, and tawny. This is the Sort which is brought from the lilands of ant, Cephalcnia,

expand in form of a Rofe : the Ovary, which is fetuated in the Bottom of the Flo-iver, afterward becomes oval or round Fruit, 'which is very full of Juice, and contains many fmall
\ltones

Kind

Z
'

Sec.

in each

to

which jlould
is

be

fold

by the Name of Currans, and by V.ic Grocers of London, to put

iifc.

iddcd,
'ending

That
it

the

Tree

climbing,
;

into Pudciens,
4.

forth Clafpers at the Joints

Vitis
Parlley

Iciciniatis foliii.
-

Cornuf.

7 which
;

faft ens

it/elf to

whatever
the Fruit

flant frands near it ; s produced in Bunches.

i

and

Grape, vu/go. This -Sort was originally brought from Canada, where it grows wild
leav'd

The

Vol.

III.

in

V
in the

I
is

V
preferv'd
in

Woods

and

Chafielas noir,
felas.

i. e.

The

black Chaf-

the Gardens of the Curious, for the Variety of its fine jagged Leaves.

This is very often calPd the black Muicadine. The Berries of

this are as large

This is a pretty large white Grape, and has a fweef Juice, but not very
vinous
:

as thofe of the for-

mer

the Bunches

are

commonly
later ripe;

the Berries are very apt to

larger,

and are fomewhat

is

grow

upon the Bunches, unlefs the Vine is pruned fhort, and left but
thin
5.

the Juice

thin with

Wood. Vitis fuhhhfuta.

C. B. P.

The
1,

very rich. If well expofed, they bear well, and are ripe toward the End of September. wva ptrampla, acinis 9.

Vms

Morillon Taconne, or Munier,

the Miller's Grape; this
is

e.

dulcibus rubentibus. Tourn.

The

calPd the

Burgundy in England. The Leaves of this Sort art very much powder'd' with White, efpecially.in the Spring, when they firft come out, from whence it had the Name of Miller's Grape. It produces middle-fiz'd black Grapes, which grow clofe upon the Bunches, and are generally This is an excelfiiort and thick. lent Bearer, and an hardy Sort. 6. VlTIS precox Columellas, acinis dulcibus niyyicantibus.

This red Mufcadine.

Chafielas.

is

alfo calTd

red the

The

Berries of this

Sort are a

little

larger than thofe of

the former, and

grow much thinner

;

upon

are of a faint-red Colour; and the Juice is very fweet, but later ripe; upon which account
it is

the Bunches

10.

not fo valuable in England. Vitis u<va pcrampla, acinis

Tourn.

cvatis albidis.
lais,

The

Burde-

vulgarly calPd Burlake.

The

Berries of this

Kind

are very large,

The

black

Morillon. This is calPd in Burgundy, Pineau, and at 0;7*v?.r, AuIt is a very fweet Grape, of verna. a middle Size, fomewhat oval, and of a fine black Colour the Bunches are fomewhat longer than thofe of the former. Thib makes very good
;

of an oval Shape, and grow pretty] clofe on the Bunches, which are-! fometimes of a prodigious Size. I-

have feen a Bunch which has weighed

of thefe
five

they never ripen in that they are fit for nothing except; Verjuice, or to make Tarts.
11.

GrapesJ Pounds butt this Country, fo|

:

Wine. 7. Vitis wva

Chafielas

Vitis

acinis albis

dulciJpmiA

pcrampl.t, acini s al-

Vitis Apiana. C. B. P. Garidel. Thd-1

bidis dulcibus durioribus. Tourn.

The

Bar - fur - Aube, White Ch-jflelas, or Royal MufcaThis is a large white Grape, ftine. and grows clofe upon the Bunches, which are alfo very large, and have commonly two fmall Side-bunches or Shoulders produe'd from the Upper part of the Bunch the Berries,
blanc,
:

Mufcat, or White Frontiniac. Thm Berries of this Kind are large, an$5 grow extremely clofe upon the' Bunches, which are very long, and have commonly two Shoulders the" Fruit, when ripe, has a rich mufky Flavour ; but it is commonly very
:

late in

Autumn

before

they ripens

when
;

fuli-ripe, if well expos'd to the

and the Berries, being fo very clofe upon the Bunches, detain the
Moillure in their Middles
they
;

Sun, change to a pale amber CoJour the Juice is very rich, and the
Fruit
8.

fo that

commonly

perifh

to prevent

is^ommoniy

ripe early in Sep-

tember.

Vitis uva perampla,

acinis

dulcibus nigricemtibus. Tourn.

The

which, fome very curious Perfons look over their Vines, foon after the Grapes are formed, and with a Pair of Sciffars cut out all the fmall one\.
fo

I
16.
dulci

v
& rotundo.
This
;

1
a-cho
nigral

fo as to leave the others at a moderate Diftance, whereby the Sun and Air are eafily admitted, which diffi-

Vitis

pro? cox,

The
a lefs

black Sweet-

water.
lour,

is

patesthe iMoilture, and prevents their penfhing. This is a great Bearer. 12 V I T s acinis rubris nigricantiI

the former

it is

Grape than of a fine black Co-

the Bunches
it is

and grows pretty clofe upon its Juice is fweet, and ;

bus dulciffimis. Garidel.

The Mufcat

early ripe.

rouge, or red Frontiniac. The Berries of this Kind are of the Size of the former ; but grow much thinner

17.
this

Vitis alba

dulcis.

J. B.

The
of Co-

white Mufcadine.

The

Berries

on the Bunches
ed, and,
richeft

it is

higher flavour-

Kind lour, and

ripe.
1

are large, of a white

when thorough ripe, is the Grape yet known but this

:

the Juice is very fweet ; the Bunches are long, and it is early
3.

muft have a very dry

South-earl Afped,

Soil,

and a
it

Vitis Alkbrcgica

Plinii.

Car.

otherwile

fel-

Stepb. Prad.Rujl.

TheRaifin Grape.
;

dom
I

ripens well in England.

3.

Vitis

acini s nigricantibus dul

black Frontiniac. The Berries of this Kind are lels than the wo former ; but are not fo highlavour'd ; their Juice is fweet, and
f.ijfimis.

The

ihey are earlier ripe.

This

is

good
the

is a large oval Grape of a blackColour, when ripe the Bunches are very large, and make a fine Appearance ; but never ripen well in England. I have known ibme Perfons who had a great Quantity of this Sort of Grape, \vh ch they com-

This

ifn

fearer

but the Grapes upon

ripen at the

ame Bunch feldom

fame
VI

me

fo that they can't be gathei

Middle of October, with pretty long Stalks to the Bunches, and hung them on Strings in
in the

monly cut

full

Bunches

but mult be picked

Rows

in their

fingly as they ripen.

14. Vjtis Damafcena. H. R. Par. he Damalk Grape. The Berries this Kind are very lzrge, black, d of an oval Form ; the Bunches very large, and the Vine proces vigorous Shoots. This ripens e in England. I t s precox, acino rotunda ido dulci. The white Sweet- waThe Berries of this K;nd are ttie Skins are very e and white
j .

itance as not to touch each

Kitchen, at fuch a Diother

and about ChAfimus thefe Grapes would be fo ripen'd by the Warmth,

of the
well. 19.

Room,

as to eat extremely

V IT is

acino rubro duriori, far

pore dulci. Garidel. T\\cGreek Grape. This is a middle nVd Grape, of a

deep-red Colour ; the Skin is very tough, and the Stones are frriaH this is by many People calPd the Brick Grape. In a kindly Seafon,
:

and che Juke

y early ripe to be thin
it
;

is

iweet
the

this

is

but the Berries arc

upon

Bunches;
Sorts,

Grapes ripen well, they Wine but it muft have a good Wall, otherwise it will
thefe

when

make

excellent

is

one of the tendered

Flower, that
it
i

in

fo that

have yet there happens bad

Seal on,

not ripen in England. 20. Vitis pergulank

piny acino
j'ub'-viridi.

vktiet

per am-

obljngo

dure,

m'jori

&

ather at

they are fubject to blight ; and being fo :rtain in bearing, lias rendered
that
it

Garidel,

cali'd

in

1 he PearfGrape, Prwer.ce, PendoiAav.^ cr

W~s eltcem'a than

was formerly.

This is a large, oblong Grape, of a greenilh-wnite CoVin de Ponfo.

lour

V
leur
ripe.

I
It

the Juice has a Mixture ; of Tweet and four, and it is late

21.

was brought into England by Mr, Warner, with the former.

26. Raijin Suiffe, i. e. The SwitThis is preferv'c zerland Grape. only as a Curiofity ; the Fruit of thi;

Vitis

u<va perampla, acini

nigricantibus majoribus.
ter 's

The

St.

Pe-

Grape, or Hefperian. The Berries of this Sort are very large, r^und, and of a deep-black Colour when ripe ; the Bunches are very large, and have two Shoulders to them the Juice is very rich, and a little ting'd with Red the Leaves of this Sort are remarkably jagged, fo as to be known when there is no
; ;

Kind

are Itriped with White anc Black, and fometimes divided int< Quarters of thofe Colours ; and man]

times half the Bunch

the other half black
tire
;

is

white, an<

and fome in Bunches are white, and other

;

black

fo that it

appears as if twi

fruit upon the Vines: 1 believe this

is

it is

late ripe.

the fame Sort which

the French
i. e.

callGw Noir d'Efpagne, Great Black Spanijb. 2 2. La Mal<voije, i. e. Malmfry Grape, is a middle-fiz'd Fruit, of a muddy-red Colour its Juice is very rich and loft; the Bunches are large;
;

and it is a great Bearer this ripens toward the Latter-end of September.

:

23.

Malvoife Mufquec,

i. e.

the

Kinds had been grafted on the fam Root. The Fruit is good for littl but Shew therefore one Plant c this Kind is enough in a Garden. 27. The White Mufcat, or Fron tiniac of Alexandria, by fome call' the Jerujalem Mufcat, and Grol Mufcat. The Berries are of an ov* Shape, and very large ; they gro\ very loofe on the Bunches, are ver flefhy and firm, and, when ripe, ar of a greenifh-white, and have a d< licate Flavour, fomewhat like th
;
:

Malmfey Mujcadine. This is a middle fiz'd Grape, rather Jong than round, of a rich mufcy Flavour when ripe. This is one of the Sorts of Grapes from which the Madeira Wine is made. It ripens late in England.

white Frontiniac, but not quite f ltrong this, being a very larg Grape, rarely ripens in Englan without fome Afliltance but as iti
:

an excellent Fruit when

ripe,

merits a Place againft Hot-walls

24.

The

The

Berries

Hamburgh Grape. of this Kind are large,

red

and of a
a Flue
it is
;

redifh Colour, covered with

; and This ripens toward the End of September, and is a It was brought into fine Grape. England by Mr. Warner of Rother-

the Bunches are large

Bearer.

where, with a little artificial Fleal it will ripen very well. 28. The Red Mufcat, or Front niac of Alexandria, by fome call' Red Jerujalem Mufcat. This is n<
quite fo late in ripening as the
foi

good

mer

therefore

is

more

elleem'

about Paris, where,

kith,

who hath fupply'd many curious Perfons with it. 25. The black Hamburgh, or Warner Grape. This has a middle fiz'd Berry, rather long than round, of a fine black Colour, when ripe ; the Juiee is very rich, fomewhat inclinemg to a mufky Flavour. This ripens about the Middle of September,

againft goo Walls, it ripens very well without 211 artificial Heat. T he Beiries of thi Kind are not quite fo large as thofe c the White; but they are ofthe fam Form, and are equal in Goodnefs.

The

29. The White Mtlit Grap< Berries of this Sort are or

middle Size, fomewhat oval-fbapec and grow pretty clofc cn the Buncf
es.

When

tlefe

arc ripe, they

ar

I
is

v
:

of a greenifh-white, cover'd with a Flue, which wipes off the Juice is very fweet, and makes an excellent white Wine. This ripens very well againft Walls and in a good Seafon will ripen on the Efpaliers, or in
;

frequently brought over from Portugal ; and is fold in Winter in the London Markets.
are a great Variety
Befide thofe heremention'd, there of other Sorts,

Vineyards.
is

which are the Produce of warmer Countries ; fome of which have

been introduc'd
but as
it is

This 30. The White Morillon. a middle-fiz'dGrape, almoft round,

clofe

lately into

England;

uncertain at prefent,

how

and grows pretty

on the Bunch-

thefe will ripen in this

Climate, I

es : the Juice is well flavour'd, but This ripens vethe Skin is tough. ry well againft good Walls. This 31. The Aiicant Grape. is a large Fruit, of a deep-red CoJour, cover'd with a blue Flue ; the Bunches are alfo very large, and the Grapes grow fparfly on them. The Juice is rich and vinous, when the

proper to omit mentionthis Place; befides, it is very probable, that many of them may prove the fame we already have,
it

thought

ing them

in

Grapes are thoroughly ripe ; which feldom happens in this Country, unkfs they are brought forward with an artificial Heat. This is the Sort of Grape of which the llrong Spanijb Wine is made. 32. The White Auvernat. This is in Shape very like the black Auvernat Grape it grows pretty clofe on the Bunches, and is of a muddy white Colour when ripe. The Juice
:

under different Names ; for as thefe are brought from different Countries, fo they feldom come with the fame Names and it is th:s haily Temper to increafe the Number of Sorts, which has confounded the prefent Catalogues of Fruits. All the Sorts of Vines are propagated either fromLayers or Cuttings, the former of which is greatly praclis'd in England ; but the latter is what I would recommend, as being
Fruits
;

"of this Sort

is

not lb palatable to eat

;

but it makes an exWine. 33. The Grey Auvernat is alfo fhaped fomewhat like the former ; but it is of a palemurry Colour, inclining to brown. This Sort produces its Grapes loofer on the Bunches than the former, and rias
others
cellent white

many

the other for of Vines do not grow ftrong and woody, as in moll Sorts of Trees, but are long, flender, and plain ; fo that when they are taken out of the Ground, they feldom

much

preferable to

the Roots

tfrike out again,

but mrivcl and dry;

fo that they rather retard than help

pens fooner
to ripen in a

fo

it is

better to plant
it

the Plants in their Growth, by pre-' venting the new Fibres from pufhing out ; for which Reafon I had rather plant a good Cutting than a rooted Plant, provided it be well chofen ; and there is lefs Danger of its not

for Vineyards, becaufe

feldom

fails

good Afpeft.

34. The Raifin Mufcat. This is a large oblong pointed Grape,whofe Berries are firm and flefhy, and are loofeiy placed on the Bunches. It is a very late Fruit, fo will not ripen 'in England without the Affiftance of an Hot-wall. This Sort of Grape

growing. But as there are few Perfons who make Choice of proper Cuttings, or at leaft who form their Cuttings rightly, in England ; fo it will be
proper to give Directions for this Work before I proceed. You mould always make choice of fuch Shoots as are ftrong and well ripened/of the 4Z 3

V
the lad Year's

I
;

v
thefe fliould

Growth

which

be cut from the old Vine, juit below the Place where they were produced, taking a Knot of the former Year'^ Wood, which mould be pruned fmooth; then you fhould cut off the Upper-part of the Shoots, fo as to leave the Cutting about fixteen Inches long when the old Wood is cut at both End;, near the young Shoot, the Cutting will refemble a little Mallet from whence Columel:

difpofe

and them for taking Root Then preparing the Ground fet about where the Plants are defign'd to remain (whether againil Walls, or for Standards) for they mould not be removed again. But in this Place,
will diftend their VefTels,
;

1 fhall confine

myfclf only

to fuch

as are

planted either againft Walls

or Pales, for eating. In preparing the Ground, you

fliould

confider
if

the Nature of the

la

gives the Title of Malleolus to the

:

Soil,

Vine- cuttings but, in making the Cutiings after this manner, there can be but on taken from each Shoot whereas molt Perfons cut them into Lengths of about a Poor, and plant them ail which is very wrong ; for the Upper-part of the Shoots is never fo well ripened as the Lowerpart, which was produe'd early in the Spring fo that if they take Root, they never make fo good Plants for the Wood ofthofe Cuttings, being fpongy and foft, admits theMoiiture too freely ; whereby the Plants wilt be luxuriant in Growth but never fo fruitful as fuch whofe Wood is cloler, and more nor will the Upper-part compact of the Shoocs make fo good Roots, as thofc which have a Joint of the
; ; ;
;
;

and inclinable Wet, is by no means proper for Grapes ; but where it thus happens, you fliould open a Trench againft the Wall, which fhould be hll'd with
which,
llrong,
to

Lime-rubbifh, the better to drain off then raife the Border with frefh light Earth, about a Foot thick ; fo that it may be at leaft a Foot above the Level of the Ground ; then you fhould open the Holes about fix Feet Diflance from each other, putting one good ftrong Cutting into each Hole, which fhould be laid a little floping, that
the Moifture;
their

Tops may

incline to the

Wall

but mull be put in fodeep, that the uppermoftEye may be level with the Surface of the Ground: for when
there are two or three Eyes left above-ground, as is the commonMethod ufed by the Englijh Gardeners, they all attempt to ihoot ; fo that the Strength of the Cutting is divided to nourifh fo many Shoots ; whereas, on the contrary, by burying the whole Cutting in the Ground, the Sap is all employ 'd on one Angle Shoot, which confequently will be much Aronger befides, the Sun and Air are apt to dry that Part of the Shoots which remains above-ground, and fo often prevent their Buds from
;

eld

Wood.
the Cuttings are thus pre-

When

paid, they mould be plac\i with their Lower- part into the Ground in a dry Place, laying fome Litter about their Upper- parts, to prevent them from drying in this Situation they may remain until the Beginning of
:

dpril (which

is

the beft time

for

planting them),

when you

fliould

take them out, and wafli them from the Filth they have contracted; and if you find them very dry, you mould
let

Ihooting.
into the

them

fland

with

their

Lower-

parts in Walter, fix or eight Hours,

Then, having plac'd the Cuttings Ground, you fhould hll up

the

V
little

I
ful in the

v
Top
of the

the Hole, gently prefiing down the Earth with your Foot, and raile a Hill juft upon the

Cutting, to cover the upper Eye quite over, which will prevent it from drying. This being done, there
is

nothing more necelfary, but to

doing of this, not to injure the Roots of your Vines you mould alfo raiie the Earth up to the Stems of the Planes, fo as to cover the old Wood, but not fo deep as to cover either of the Eyes of the lait Year's Wood. After this they will require
:

keep the Ground clear from Weeds, until the Cuttings begin to moot; at which time you mould look over them carefully, to rub off any danfuch are produc'd, and faften the main Shoot to the Wall which mould be conftantly faften'd up, as it is extended in Length, to prevent its breaking, or hanging down. You mud continue alfo, during the Summer - fe?.fon, conftantly rubbing off all lateral Shoots which are produc'd, leaving only the firft main Shoot; and be
gling Shoots,
if
;

no farther Care until they begin to moot, when you mould look over them carefully, to rub c** all weak
dangling Shoots, leaving no more than the two Shoots, which are produc'd from the two Eyes of the Year's Wood, which mould be
til

lalt

faft-

en'd to the Wall; and fo from this.un-

theVines have done mooting, you mould look them over once in three Weeks, to rub off all lateral Shoo.?, as they are produc'd, and to faften the two main Shoots to
the Wall,
in

Aire to keep the

clear from

Ground

conftantly
ifluffered

Weeds, which,

of the

Goodnefs and ftarve. the Cuttings. The Michaelmas following, if your Cuttings have produc'd ftrong Shoots, you mould prune them down to two Eyes, which, tho' by fome People thought to be too fhort, yet 1 am fatisfy'd, from feveral Exto grow, will exhauft the
Soil,

as they are extended Length, which mull not be morten'd before the Middle ofJufy,\xhen it will be proper to nip off theirTop*,

which

will

ftrengthen

the

lower

Eyes. And during the SummerBeafon you mull conftantly keepMhe

Ground clear from Weeds nor mould you permit any Sort of Plants to grow near theVines; whichwould not only rob them of Nourilhment,
;

periments, to be the belt Method : the Reafon for advifing the pruning
the Vines at thisSeafon, rather than

deferring

it

til'

Spring,

is,

becaufe

the tender Parts

of

thofe

young

Shoots,

if left

on, are fubjedt to de-

but fhade the lower Parts of the Shoots, and thereby prevent their ripening ; which will not only caufe their Wood to be fpongy and luxuriant, but render it iefs fruitful. At Michaelmas you mould prune
theie again, leaving

cay in Winter, and imbibe fome noxious Matter from the Air, which greatly weakens their Roots fo that if they are cut off early in Autumn, the Wounds will heal over before the bad Weather, and thereby theRoots will be greatlyftrength;

three Buds to
better to
;

each of the Shoots, provided they

areftrong
it is
;

otherwife

it is

ihorten them

down

to

two Eyes

for

a very

wrong

Practice to leave

much Wood uron young Vines, or

to leave their Shoots too long, which

en'd.
In

the

Spring,

after

the

cold

Weather

is pafs'd, you mull gentiy dig up the Borders, to loofen the Earth ; but you muft be very care-

greatly weakens the Roots j then you ihould faften them to the Wall, drawing each of them out horizontally from the Stem and, in the
;

Spring, dig the Borders as before.

4^4.

T*e

: "

V
The

v
you muft go

third Seafon

over the Vines again, as Toon as they begin to fhoot, rubbing off all

DaBglers, a> before, and training in the ltadingShocts, whicli this Seafon may be fuppoftd to be two from each Shoot of tfre laft Year's Wood ;
but it they attempt to produce two Shoots from one Eye, the wrakcit of them A till be rubbed ofT for there thould never be n: ,r- than one If allow'd to come out of an ye. any of them produces Fruit, as many times they will the third Year, you fhould not ftcp them, fo foon ai is generally p^actifed upon the bearing Shoots of old Vines, but permit
;
.

Trees ; for the Fruit are always produe'd upon Shoots which come out from the Buds of the laft Year's Wood ; fo that it is always upon the fame Year's Shoots. The Me-* thod commonly pra&is'd by the Gardeners in England is, to (horten the Branches of the former Year's

Growth, down
there are

to three or four Eyes, at the time of pruning ; tho*

thefe Shoots four or five

fome Perfons, who leave Eyes long ;

and

affirm, that by this Praclicethey obtain a greater Quantity of Fruit but this is very wrong, fince it is impoffible,

that one

forty or fifty

Root can nourifh Bunches of Grapes, fo

;

them mer

to fnoot
at

forward till Midfumwhich time you may pinch

;

well as

it

can ten or twelve

gotten
in

fo that
is

what

is

Number,
;

for if l ops of the Shoots this were done too focn, it would fpoii the Buds for the next Year's Wood, which in young Vines muft be carefully preferv'd, becaufe there are no Shoots laid in on purpofe for Wood, as is commonly pra&is'd on

off the

loft in their

Magnitude

befides, the
is

greater Quantity of Fruit there

left

old Vines.
ftantly

During theSummeryou muft congo over your Vines, and disall

place

weak
clear

lateral Shoots as they

on Vines, the later they are ripen'd, and their Juice is not fo rich. And this is well known in theWinecountries, where there are Laws enacted to. direel the Quantity of Shoots, and the Number of Eyes that thofe are to have upon each Shoot, left, by overbearing them, they not only exhauft and weaken
the

are produe'd, and carefully keep the

Roots, but thereby render the

Ground

from Weeds,

as

was

Juice weak, and fo deftroy the

Re-

before directed, that the Shoots may which is a material ripen well thing to be obferv'd in moft Sorts of Fruit-tree?, but efpecially in Vines;
:

putation of their Wine.

Wherefore the beft Method is, to leave the bearing Shoots about four
in Length, becaufe the lowermoft never produce, and three Buds are fumcient ; for each of thefe will produce two or three Bunches ; fo that from each of thofe Shoots there may be expected fix or eight Bunches, which is a fufheient Quantity. Thefe Shoots muft be laid in about eighteen Inches afunder for if they
;

Eyes

which feldom produce any Fruit Thefe from immature Branches.

things, being duly obferv'd, are all

that

is

necefiary in the
:

Management

I fhall therefore of young Vines proceed to lay down Rules for the Government of grown Vines, which I fhall do as briefly as poffible. And, Fir ft, Vines rarely produce any bearing Shoot? from Wood that is more than one Year old ; therefore great Care mould be taken to have every Part of the jiuch Wood

are clofer,

when

the Side-fhoots are

produe'd, there will not

be room

enough to train them in againft the Wall, which fhould always be obferv'd and as their Leaves are ve;

ry

V
at

I
cYion,

ry large, the Branches fhould be left

a proportionable Diftance, that they may not croud or made each
other.

the Fruit will not thrive ; fo that the not obferving this Ma-

In Pruning, you mould always

Cut juft above the Eye, lloping it backward from it, that if it mould bleed, the Sap might not flow upon the Bud and where there is an Opportunity of cutting down fome young Shoots to two Eyes, in order to produce vigoobferve to
the
:

make

nagement, will caufe the Grapes to be a Fortnight later before they ripen befides, by fuffering the Fruit to hang from the Wall, and be fhaded
:

with the Clofenefs of the Branches,

it is

greatly retarded in
the

its

Growth

therefore, during
fon,

growing Seaall

you Ihould conftandy look over

difplacing

the Vines,

dangling

rous Shoots for the nextYear's Bearing, it ihould always be done, bepaufe trie flopping of thofe Shoots

have Fruit upon them inMy, often fpoils the Eyes for Bearing : pnd this referving of new Wood is what the Vigncrons abroad always
fcvhich
ipraclife

and ; up the other Shoots regularly to the Wall, as they are extended in Length; and toward the Latterend of May, you ihould flop the bearing Branches, which will
fatten

Branches,

and wild

Wood

ftrengthen the Fruit, provided you always leave three Eyes above the

in

their

Vineyards.

The
is

Bunches
foon,
it

for if

you Hop them too

Deft Seafon

for pruning of Vines

about the Middle or End of Odobcr, for the Reafons before laid down. The Latter-end of Aprils or the [Beginning of May, when the Vines
(begin
to

the Fruit, bytaking away that Part of the Branch

will injure

which is neceffary to attract the Nourifhment to the Fruit, as alfo to

perfpire off the Crudities of the Sap,

fhoot,

you

mutt, carefully

which

is

not proper for the Fruit to

look them over, rubbing offals/mall

receive.

Buds which may come from the old Wood, which only produce weak Wangling Branches as alfo when two Shoots are produe'd from the fame Bud, the weakeit of them mould be pifplac'd, which will caufe the others to be the ftronger and the fooner
; ;

But although I recommend the flopping thofe Shoots which have Fruit at this Seafon, yet you ihould

by no means

flop

thofe which are

intended for bearing the next Year, before the Beginning of July, left, by flopping them too foon, you caufe
the Eyes to lhcot out ftrong lateral

this is

done, the better

it is

for the

"Vines.

Branches,

In the Middle of May, you mud go over them again, rubbing off all the dangling Shoots, as before ; and at the fame time you muft nail up all the ftrong Branches fo that they may not hang from the Wall ; for if their Shoots hang down, their Leaves will be turn'd the wrong Way ; which, when the Shoots are [afterward nail'd upright, will have Itheir back Surface upward and un;:il the Leaves are turn'd again, ind have taken their right JJire;
;

greatly injured.

whereby they will be Thefe therefore

.

Ihould be trained upright againft the Wall until that time ; when their

Tops may be

nipp'd eff, to give Strength to the lower Buds.

During the Summer-feafon, you mould be very careful to rub oft all dangling Branches, and train up the Shoots regularly to the W'all, which
will

greatly accelerate the

Growth

cf the Fruit ; and alfo admit the Sun and Air to them, which is abfolutely neceffary
to

ripen, and give

the

I
;

the Fruit a rich Flavour but you mutt never diveft the Branches of their Leaves, as is the Practice of 1 fame Perfons ; for altho the admitting of the Sun is neceflary to ripen them, yet if they are too much expofed thereto, their Skins will be tough, and they will rarely ripen befides, the Leaves being abfolutely r.eceffary to nourilh the Fruit, by taking them off, the Fruit is fhrv'd, and ieldom comes to any Size, as I have feveral times obferv'd ; therefore a great Regard fhould be had
:

Porders mould be raifed at leaft two Feet above the Level of the Ground, that the Roots of the Vines may not be injured by the Wet. When the Earth is taken out, the Bottom of the Trench mould be rilled with
Stones,

Lime-rubbifh, &c. a Foot

to the

Summer Management

of the

Vines,where Perfons are defirous to have their Fruit excellent, and duly
ripen'd.

and half thick, which mould be lavell'd and beaten down pretty hard. The Trenches fhould be made five Feet wide at lean1 otherwife the Roots of the Vines will in a few Years extend themfeives beyond the Rubbilh and finding an ealy PafTage downward, will run into the^ moift Ground, and thereby imbibe
,

fo

much Wet,

a> to leffen the vinouii

When

the Fruit are

all

gather'd,

Flavour of the Grapes. But before the Rubbifh is filled into theTrencftj
it is a better Method to raife a nineinch Wall, at five Feet Dittance from the Hot-wall, which will keep the

you mould prune the Vines, whereby the Litter of their Leaves will be
intirely

remov'd

at

once, and the

Fruit will be the forwarder the fucceeding Year, as has been before
obferv'd.

As many of

the richeft and be:t

Sorts of Grapes will not ripen in England, unlefs the Seafon proves

very warm, or the Soil and Situation are very favourable ; fo there have

been manyHot-walls built to acceleand bring it to full Perfection by artificial Heat ; and
rate this Fruit,
as thefe fucceed very well, when they are properly contriv'd, and theVines

Rubbilh from intermixing with the neighbouring Earth, and alfo confine the Roots of the Vines to the Border in which they are planted, fo that they cannot reach to the Moiiture of the Ground about themV This nine-inch Wall mould be raised to the Height of the intended Border fo will be of great Ufe to lay the Plate of Timber of the Frames upon, which will be necefiary to cover the Vines when they are for;

ced,

whereby the Timbers

will be
;

rightly manag'd,

mall

here give

better prelerv'd from rotting

and

proper Directions, which, if duly attended to, will be fuflkient to inItruft Perfons in both.

The Method of building Hotwalls will be treated under the Article Wall\ fo I mail pais it over in this Place, and proceed to the preparing. of the Ground for planting. The Borders againtt thefe Hot-walls {hou!d have the Earth taken out two

where the Borders are rais'd to any confiderable Height above the Level of the Ground, thefe Walls will preferve the Borders from falling down into the Walks. But in carrying up of thefe Walh, it will be proper
to leave little Openings, about eight

or ten Feet Dillance, to

ter pafs off
;

let

the

Wa-

Feet deep (provided the Ground is dry), otherwile one Foot will be fufficient
;

becauie w hen the Rubbifh at the Bottom of the Trench unites and binds very hard, the Water cannot eafily find a Pailage

becauie in wet

Land

the

through

it

therefore

it

will be the

betttf

V
>etter

I
prefTed
tings,
left

v
the Moiil-

Method

to leave thefe fmall

'afl'ages in
ire,

the Wall,

>e
>e

b-ing conhVd at Bottom, mould pent up as in a Ditcn which will of ill Confequence to theV.nes.
;

When

the Walls are finifiVd, and

thoroughly dry, the Rubbifh fhould oefiird in, as before directed; then ;here ihould be frefh light Earth laid jn, about a Foot and an half thick, which will be a fufficient Depth of
Soil for the

with the Foot to the Cutin an Heap over them, k) as jult to cover the uppermoft Eyes of the Cuttings. Afterward lay a little Mulch on the Surface of the Ground about the Cutting, to prevent theSanandAir from drying the Earth and if the Spring mould prove very dry, they ihould

and raifed

have fome Water once a Week, which will be as often as thefe Cutrequire it ; for nothing will hurt them fooner than too much
tings

Vines to root

in.

Thefe

Borders ihould be thus prepar'd at leaft a Month or fix Weeks before

the Vines are planted, that they

may

The belt time have time to fettle. to plant them, is about the End of March, or the Beginning of April,
according as the Seafon proves early
or
late.

Water, which rots their Bark, and deftroys them. If thefe Cuttings are well chofen, and the Inftructions
here laid
will

Thefe

would

alfo advife

down duly obferv'd, they make ftrong Shoots the firft: Summer for I have frequently planted Cuttings which have mot
:

to be planted with Cuttings rather than rooted Plants, for the Reafons but there Ihould be (before afiign'd (two Cuttings put into each Hole, left lone of them Ihould fail ; for if both ihould fucceed, the weakeft of them
;

be eafily drawn out the followThefe Cuttings ihould ing Spring. be well chofen from good bearing [Vines, and the Shoots ihould be well never I'ipen'd, otherwile they will

may

[make good
Icheie

Plants.

The

Diftance

be
If. e.

Vines Ihould be allowed, is fame as for common Walls;

about
fix

Fe?t.

In planting
fif-

fchem there ihould be Holes open'd

Ivith a Spade, about fourteen or

teen Inches deep

for

if

there be

put

three or four Inches of good liarth under theFoot of theCuttings,

It will befufHcient.

Ihould be
I

laid in

loping, but in

ThetwoCuttings the Hole a little fuch a manner as not

:aufe, if they do,

o touch or crofs each other ; bewhen one of them

ilt

taken away the following Spring, cannot be done without difturbing Then the Earth fhould <he other. >e filled into the Holes, and gently

one Year; but then I rubb'd off all the fidedangling Shoots as they were product, and never permitted more than one Shoot to remain on each Cutting which is what ihould always be obferv'd by thofe who have the Management of Vines. With this Direction there wiil be little Hazard of the Cuttings taking Root for in upward of five hundred Cuttings, which I receiv'd from Italy, and which had been cut off" from the Vines in the Beginning of November, wrappM up in Mofs, and. put on board the Ship (which did not arrive at the Port of London until March, fo that they were full four Months cut off before they were planted), there were not twenty of the Number which failed; and many of them (hot above fix Feet the firft Seafon As I have directed the pruning of Vines to be performed in Autumn (which is without Difpute the beft Seafon for this Work; ; fo, in preferving of the Cuttings till the plantfive Feet in

carefully

ing Seafon, I have advifed them to

be

be cut to their Lengths, and their Ends laid into the Ground, and then covered with Litter to keep the Air from them but,unce, I have found
:

three or four Years, and, during that time, produce very weak Shoots ;

it

much betterMethod not to

is

fhort-

en

the Shoots, from which

the Cut-

ting

to be made, but lay their

juft into

the Ground,

about

Ends two

Inches deep, and fo leave them at full Length, only obferving to cover then with dry Litter or Peas-haulm in frcfty dry Weather ; though in moift Weather the Covering mould not remain on, becaufe it would make the Cuttings grow mouldy, %vhich would greatly injure them.

Then

in the Spring,

when they

are

mould be taken out of the Ground, and their Upperpart cut off, fo as to reduce them to
to be planted, they

about fourteen Inches in Length, according to the Diftance of the Buds or Eyes ; for thofe Cuttings, whofe

and whatFruit they producers fmall, and not well-flavour'd fo that, in being over-hafty to fave a Year or two, very often the whole Defign is loft ; for, unlefs the Trees are in a proper Condition to bear much Fruit, it is not worth while to make Fires for a fmall Quantity of ftarved ill-tafted Fruit; the Expence and Trouble being the fame for ten or twelve Bunches of Grapes, as it will be for an hundred or more. Thefe Vines fhould not be fore'd every Year; but with good Management they may be fore'd every other Year ; though it would be yet better, if it were done only every third Year therefore, in order to have a Supply of Fruit annually,
;
:

there Ihould be a fufficient Quantity of Walling built, to contain as many

Buds grow pretty clofe together, need not be left more than one Foot
but in others fourteen Inches The leaving the Upper-part of the Shoots on all the Winter, is of great Service to the Cuttings ; becaufe when they are cut off in Autumn, the Air penetrates the wounded Part, and greatly injures the lower Eyes. The Management of thefe Vines, for the three firft Years after plant-

long

will be full fhort.

Vines as will be neceffary for two fo that by making ; the Frames in Front moveable, they may be-mifted from one Part of the Wall to another, as the Vines are alternately forced. Therefore I would advife about forty Feet in Length of Walling, to be each Year forced, which is as much as one Fire will heat ; and when the Vines are in
or three Years
full Bearing,will fupply a reafonable Quantity of Grapes for a middling Family. In mod Places where thefe Hotwalls have been built, they are commonly planted with early Kinds of Grapes, in order to have them early in the Seafon ; but this, I think, is hardly worth the Trouble ; for it is but of little Confequence to have a few Grapes earlier by a Month or

ing, being the

fhall

fame
it

as

is

practib'd

for thofe againft

common
in

Walls, I

not

repeat

this Place,

having fully treated of that already ; only will obierve, that, during thefe three Years, the Vines Ihould be encouraged as much as poffible, and
the Shoots not
left

too long, nor too

many

in

Number on
may be duly
bearing
is
;

each
the
fooneft

Root,

that they

ripen'd,

and
they

prepaid for Year, which

fourth
Sorts

the
for

Ihould be-forced

when any

of Fruit-trees are forced by Fire too young, they feldom continue above

thofe againft comWalls ; therefore I mould advife, whenever a Perfon is willing to be at the Expence of thefe Walls, that they may be planted with fome of the beft Kinds of Grapes, which
fix

Weeks, than

mon

V
rarely

I
the Seafon, or

v
not taken
Air, to
in

come to any Perfection in th is Country, without the Afliftance of fome artificial Heat ; of which the following Sorts are the molt valuable. The Red yiufzTA. ofAlexandria. The White Mutcat of Alexandria. TheRaifin Mufcat, or trontiniac.

efpecially if they are fore'd early in

where great Care

the

is

Summer,

to

let

them have a proper Share

of free

The Red Front iniac. The Grifly Trontiniac. The White Frcntiniac. The Black Frcntiniac. The Malmfty Mufcadine. When the Vmes which are

prevent their being drawn too much, and to ripen their Shoots. Thofe Years when the Vines are fore'd, the only Care mould be to

plant-

ed againft the Hot-walls are grown to full Bearing, they mull be pruned, and

encourage the Fruit, without having much regard to the Wood ; fo that every Shoot mould be pruned for Fruit, and none of them fhortened for a Supply of young Wood ; becaufe they may be fo managed in
the other Year's Pruning, as to replenifh the Vines with

managed

after the

fame

new Wood.

manner

hath been directed for with thole againft common Walls this Difference only; 'viz. that thofe Seafons when they are forced, the
as
;

Thofe Vines which

are defign'd for

Forcing in the Spring, Ihould be pruned early the Autumn before ; that the Buds which are left on the
Shoots,

Vines mould be carefully managed in the Summer for a Supply of good Wood, againft the time of
their

may

receive

all
;

poflible

Nourilhment from the Vine and at the fame time the Shoots mould be
faften'd to the Trelafe
in the

being

forced

fo that

it

will

Order

be the better Method to divert the Vines of their Fruit, in order to encourage the Wood for as few of
:

they are

the Sorts w\ll

it is

ripen without Heat,

not worth while to leave them on the Vines, during the Seafons of refting, except it be the common FroTitiniacs, which in a good Seafon will ripen without artificial Heat but of thefe Sorts Iwould not advife

but the GlafTes mould not be placed before the Vines till about the End of January at which time alfo the Fires mull be lighted for if they are forced too early in the Year, they will begin to moot before the Weather
to
lie
;
:

will be
to the

warm enough
;

to

admit Air
caufe the

V nes

which
to

will

young Shoots

draw out weak, and

many Grapes
caufe
as

t:>

be

left

on

be-

the Defign of refting

the

Vines is, to encourage and itrengththerefore all poilible Care en them

;

thereby their Joints will be too far afunder ; fo confequent;y there will be fewer Grapes on them, and thofe

mould be had,
is

that the

young

Wood
;

not robbed by overbearing

for
for-

thofe Years

when

the

Vines are

ced, the Joints of the

young

Wood
in

are generally

drawn

farther afunder,

than

they ordinarily

grow

the

open Air ; fo that when they aie fore'd two or three Years fucceffively, the Vines are fo much exhaufted, as not
to be recover'd into

Bunches winch are produced will be fmaller, than when they have a fufticic.:: Quantity of Air admitted to them every Day. If the Fires are made at the time before directed, the Vines will begin to (hoot the Latter end of February ; which will be fix Weeks earner man
they ufually

ccme out
fo that

againft the

common Wars;

a good bearing State, for feme Years;

by the time that other Vines are mooting, thefe will be in Flower which will be
;

ear|y

V
Fires fhould not be

V
The
at the fecond Joint

r beyond the F#uit,

early enough to ripen any of thefe

Sorts of Grapes perfectly well.

formed, the Shoots fhould be flopped

made very

ftrong

for if the Air is heated to about ten Degrees above the temperate Point, on the Botanical Thermometers, it will be fufficiently warm to force oat the Shoots leifarely ; which is much better than to force them violently. Thefe Fires fhould not be continaed in the Daytime, unlefs the Weather fhoald prove very cold, and the Sun not appearing to warm the Air at which' times it will be proper to have fmali Fires continued all the Day for where the Walls are rightly contrived, amoderateFire made everyEvening, and continued till Ten or Eleven of the Clock at Night, will heat the Wall, and warm the inclofed Air to a proper Temperatare ; and as thefe Fires need not be continued longer than aboat the Middle or End of May (anlefs the Spnr.g Ihoald prove very cold), fo the Expence of the Fire will not be very becaale they may be congreat trived to barn either Coal, Wood,
; ; ; ;

in thefe Walls

Nourimment may not be drawn away from the frait, in ufethat the
lefs

as

Shoots, which maft be avoided as poihble in thefe forced Vines, upon which no ufelefsWood

mach

fhoald be
Frait,

left; which will fhade the and exclude the Air from it

by

their Leaves.

As the Seafon advances, and the Weather becomes warm, there fhoald
be a proportionable Share of free Air admitted to the Vines every Day ; which is abfolutely neceflary

promote the Growth of theFraitj but the Glaffes mould be fhut clofe every Night, unlefs in very hot Weather ; otherwife the cold Dews
to
in the Night will retard the Growth of the Frait. The Bunches of the

White

Front imac,

and

theRaifin

Mufcat, mould alfo be looked over, and the final Grapes cut oat with
1

Scillars, in

order to thin them

for

thefe Softs

grow

fo clofe together

on

the Banches, that the Moiltare is detained between the Grapes, which
often
occafions their rotting
;

and

Turf, or almoft any other Sort of Fuel tho' where Coal is to be had
;

reafonabie,

it is

the eveneft Fael for

thefeFires,and will not require

much

Attendance.

excladed from the Middle of the Bunches, the Grapes never ripen equally; which by this Method may be remedied, if done in time ; and as thefe Grapes are

the Air being

When the Vines begin to moot, they mall be frequently looked over to fallen the new shoots to the Trelafe, and to rab oir all dangling Shoots : in doing of which great for they are Care malt be taken very tender, and very fabjeft to
;

by the Glaffes from the which freqaently take thole which are expos'd, there will be no Hazard in thinning thefeGrapes fcon after they are fet ; at which time it
protected
Blights
,

will be eafier for this Operation, than

break when any

V tplence

is

offe/M.

when the Grapes are grown larger, and confequendy will be cloier toBut in doing of this, the roughly handled ; for if the Grapes are the leaft brnifed, or the Blue wiuch there r.nprally is upon them, be rubbed off, their Skins will harden, and turn of a brown Colour fo the
gether.

The Shoots mould alio be trained very regular, fo as to lie as near as pomftle at equal Diitances, that they may equally enjoy the Benefit of which is ahfothe Air and Sun
;

Bunches

mult, not be

lutely necefiary for

of tut Fruit.

Wnen

thelmprovement the Grapes are

Fruit

V
his

V
Thereufed for
againft Birds

toit will never thrive after.

ore the Sciflars which are

Operation, Ihould

have very

tarrow Points, that they may be nore eahly put between the Grapes,
without injuring the remaining ones. Hie other Sorts of Grapes which I lave
vails,
:lofe

recommended

for thefe Plot-

do not produce their Fruit fo together on the Bunches fo

;

iiey will not require this

Operation,

unlefs

receive a Blight,

by any Accident they mould which often occa-

Sons a great Inequality in the Size if the Grapes ; which, whenever it ;hus happens, will require to be remedied by cutting off the fmall prapes, that the Bunches may ripen pquaily, and appear more fightly. By the Beginning of July, thefe Jjrapes vviil be full-grown ; therefore :he Glades may be kept off ccntinuilly, unlefs the Seafon mould prove very cold and wet ; 1.1 which Cafe hey mult be kept on every Night, when the Days are cold or wet, and mly open'd when the Weather is for as the racy virous favourable
:

and Wafps, otherwifc they will be in Danger of Deftruclion in a Ihort time : to prevent which, the Vines mould be carefully cover'd with Nets, fo as to exclude the Birds, which will make great Havock with the Grapes, bybreaking of their Skins; and if there are a few Twigs cover'd with Birdlime, plac'd here and there on the Outfide of the Nets, it will be of Service becaufe the Birds are often fo bold as to attempt to break the Nets to get to theGrapes,and fo maybe entangled on thefe Twigs ; froia which, whenever that happens, they mould not be difengaged, but furfer'd to remain to keep off their
;

Companions
themielves,

and
will

if

they get off

have the dehYd Effect; for there will few other Birds come to the fame Place that Seafon, asl have more than once experienced. As to the Wafps, the beft Method is to hang up fome Phials, about half filled with fugar'd Water, and rub the Necks of the Phials with a little Honey, which will draw ail flavour of thefe Fruit is increafed the Wafps to them ; which , by attempting to get at the Liquor, wilt |>y a free Air, fo, during the time of fall into the Phials, and be drowned, pe'ir ripening, they ihould have as Thefe fhould be carefully look'd jarge a Share as .he Seafon will admit But when the over once in three or four D ys, to o be given them. take out the Wafps, and dcitroy old Nights begin to come on in them, and to replenifh the Phials tugujl, the Glaffes* mult be every If this be duly obwith Liquor. N igiu (hut to exclude the Cold, feiVd, and the Phials placed in time, I'therwiie it will greatly retard the before the Grapes are attack'd, it ipening of the Fruit; for altho' the will effectually prevent their being /ines are brought lo forward in the iniur'd ; but where thefe Precautions pring, as that the Fruit by this Seaare not taken, the Grapes will be ia jn are quite turned to their Colour
it
r

et if they are

expos'd to the cold

Danger of being
ed
:

abfolutely deftroy-

)ews and
jr-parc
le
s

morning Frofts, which equently happen toward the Latthe

for

as

theie early

Grapes will

Fruit

of Auguft, it will prevent from ripening fo kindly

it.

turn Colour long before any others againit common Walls, they are
in

when the/ are guarded from

the

Vheii
ley

Grapes begin
be
carefully

to

ripen,

much more Danger, the're being nootherFruit for them in theNeighbourhood; whereas, when Grapes in
general begin
to

mull

guarded

ripen,

there

is

V
large Quantity
in

I
almoft

v
every
Soil,

fo that if they deftroy a ; Part in each Garden, yet there will be a greater Chance to have fomc efcape, than where there is only one

Garden

Wall for them to attack. Thefe Sorts of Grapes, being forced in the manner before directed, will begin to ripen early in September, elpecially the Black and
Frcntiniacs,

Red

and to a proper Afpett, and the Sorts rightly chofen, they feldom produce any Fruit which are fit to be eaten. The Soil proper to plant Vines in Efpaliers, mould be the fame as hath been directed for Vineyards; *ufa, either a chalky or gravelly Bottom, with about a Foot and half of light hazel Earth on the Top, a little Hoping to the South or
South-eaft, that the

which

will

be

fit

for the

Wet may

eafily

than the other Sorts ; bur as the Defign of forcing them is to have them in as
earlier

Table a Fortnight

find a Paffage, fo as not

to remain

great Perfection as pollible in this

Climate, they mould not be gather'd

until they are thorough-ripe
;

on the Ground. In fuch a Soil fituated to the Sun, and fcreened from cold Winds, there are feveral Sorts of Grapes, which in warm Seafons
will ripen very well in England.

for

which Reafon, fome of the later Sorts fliould be left on the Vines till
Ofiober, or

who

fometimes longer 5 but then the Glafies mould be kept over them in wet and cold Weather, to
:

it but whenever the Weather is fair, the Glafles mull be open'd to let in the freeAir ; otherwife the Damps, arifing from the Earth at that Seafon,will caufe a Mouldinefs upon the Grapes, which fo that if the Seafon will rot them fhould prove very cold and wet, it will be proper to make a fmall Fire every Night, to dry off the Damp?,
:

protect the Fruit from

But there are fome curious Perfona line the Backhde of their Efpaliers with losv Reed-hedges, and others who do it with thin flit Deal 1 ; both of which are a good Defence to the Vines againft Blights in the Spring, and accelerate the ripening of the Grapes ; fo that in
tolerable Seafons they will

come
;

to

good Maturity.

Neither of thefe
expenfive
for

Methods

is

very

thefe clofe Fences need not be

more

and prevent

this

Injury.

By

this

than four Feet high ; becaufe the Vines, being to be managed after the fame manner as thofe in Vineyards, will never rife above the

Method

the Grapes

may be

continu-

ed upon the Vines until the Middle or Latter-end of November, when ibme of the large late ripe Sorts will be in very great Perfection. But molt People in England gather their Grapes too foon, never fuffering them to remain on the Vines to ripen, even in the warmerl Sealons when, if they are left on till after Michaelmas, they will be perfectly good. Of late- Years many Perfons have planted Grapes againft Efpaliers, which, in fome Places, have fucceeded very we'll in good Seafons ; but if thefe are not planted in a good
;

Height of a Man and the bearing Shoots muft always be trained about two Feet above the Surface of the
;

Ground
will be

fo that the Fruit-branches

always below the Top of the clofe Fences ; and as for the upright
Shoots, which are defign'd for the next Year's Bearing, it matters not how much they rife above the Fence; fo thefe may have a loofe Trelafe, to which they may be faften'd, to

prevent
Fruit.

their

overhanging of

the

Jn the making of thefe Kinds of

clofe Efpaliers for Grapes,
it

will bs

proper to lay one llrong oake.iPlank

(fuch'

V
(

V
up
be troublefome to
laft fo

I
fallen,

fuch as are procured in breaking

and not
are

of old Ships or Barges) next the Surface of the Ground, which will latt many Years found, and be very ufeful in fupporting of the Fences.

Jong, as

when they

made

If

thefe Planks are fifteen Inches broad, as they

may always be

readily pro-

cured ; then, if the Upper-part of theFence be Reeds, there may be two Lengths cut out of the;n (provided the {teeds are of a due Length), without including their Tops. In the Front of thefe Hedges lhould be a flight Trelafe, to fallen the Vines to, which may be made ofAth-poles. The upright Poles of thefe Trelafes need not be nearer together than eighteen Inches and if there are three crofs Poles, at about a Foot lafunder, they will be fufficient to fatten the bearing Shoots of the .Vines at proper Diftances, in the manner they, are defign'd to be train'd ; which fhould be in fuch
;

Pofitions, as that the Fruit

ibe

may not overfhadow'd by the Branches.

if the

And

upright Poles are cut fo long, as co be a Foot and half above :he Reeds, they will be tall enough
:o'

of a moderate Thicknefs. Therefore, as the Reeds will be cut into twoLengths, each Bundle will fpread about fix Feet in Length observing firft to fpread the Bol .om. parts of the Bundles, which contain the largeft Ends of the Reeds, the whole Length ; and then the Upper-parts of the Reeds fhould be revers'd, and fpread in Front of the other which will make the Upper-part of the Fence almoft. as thick as the Bottom. But neither thefe, nor the boarded Fences, need be made till the Vines are in full Bearing ; which will be the fourth or fifth Year after planting, according to the Progrefs they make ; during which time the Shoots may be fupported by any common Stakes. For if the Fences are made before the Vines are planted, as is frequently pra&is'd, they will be half decayed by the time the Vines are fit to bear and before this time, the Fences are of no Ufe to them. The Sorts of Grapes which are proper to plant againtt thefe Fences,
; ; ;

:he

the upright Shoots for next Year's Bearing ; which, Deing trained fingly at proper Distances, will have the Advantage of he Sun and Air to ripen the Wood,

fupport

are,

Tiuch better than where four or five Shoots arc failen'd to the fame
>ole.

The Miller Grape. The Black Morillon. The Chaflelas White. The White Mufeadine. The Me tie Grape. The Sweet Water. The Awvernat, or true Burgundy.
if well managed, will ripen verywcll, provided the Seaibn is tolerably good, and will come in foon after thofe on the Walls ; fo

To
>e

this Trelafe

the

Reeds may

faften'd

with

jack-fide, after the

>raclis'd in

Hoops on the manner ufually

Thefe,

making of common reed

if

'ences

and
is

on the
the

Top

of the
the
will

there

falten'd a thin Slip of

that if they are taken care

of,

by

Iteeds
)eal,

to fecure

Tops of
it

Leeds from being broken,

'referve

them a longtime. In makeig of thefe Fences the Reeds fliould

Ot be laid too thick
;

for that will

hanging of Mats before them, when the Nights prove cold in Autumn, and are permuted to hang till Ot!ober, the Fruit will prove very good. But where the Sweet-water Grape is
planted
5

jot

only be more Expence, but will

again!!

thefe Fences, they

wiii

Vol.111.

V
will

I
the
Soils very

v
will

require to be coverM in

Spring, at the time when they are in Flower, if there Ihould be cold

improper for this Purpofe; and fcarce any of the Perfons who have engaged in this Undertaking,

Nights; othervvife the Bunches

have had fufneient Knowlege how

to

receive a Blaft, which will deflroy

make

the greateft Part of the Grapes ; fo that many times there will not be

Wine; fo that in thofe Seafons when the Giapes have rithe

more than fix or eight good Grapes on each Bunch and the others will
;

pen'd tolerably well, the Wine which has been made from them, has been

be fmall ftarved Fruit, hardly fo

large as the fmallefi: Peas. In planting of thefe Vines, either
for
ces,

very indifferent, which has difcouraged others from attempting to plant Vineyards in England: but as
there

may

be fome Perfons

who may

open Efpalicrs, or the

it

clofe

Fen-

fhould be perform'd in the

lame manner as for Vineyards, which Ihould be from Cuttings planted fix Feet afunder, putting two into each
Hole.

And

as theie are only de-

figned for the Table, a fingle

of a moderate

Row
fuffi-

Length

will be

where there are others againft Walls to come before them. But where a Pcrfon is inclinable to have more
cient to

fupply a

Family,

be inclined to make farther Trials; fo I fhall give fuch Directions for the Choice of Soils and Situations, as alfo for the Culture of Vineyards, and the Method of making the Wine, as have been found to fucceed bell* in this Country. Of Vineyards in England. The firft and great Thing to be confider'd in planting Vineyards, is the Choice of Soils and Situations;" which if not rightly chofen, there
wiii be little-Hopes of Succefs
;

Rows than one, they fhould be plac'd twelve Feet afunder, that they may equally enjoy the Sun and Air. As to the Pruning and other Management of thefe Vines, that being the fame as for thofe in the Vineyard, I fhall not repeat it in this Place, it being fully treated of beand to which I have nothing fore here to add, more than that I find the Grape which is preferr'd by the mod ikilful Vignerom in Trance > and what they call the Auvernaf, as be;

fori

upon

this

the whole Affair greatly

depends. The bell Soil for a Vine-' yard in England is fuch, whofe Suris a light fandy Loam, and not, above a Foot deep above the Gravel or Chalk, either of which Bottoms are equally good for Vines;but if the Soil is deep, or the Bot-

face

tom
it
is

either Clay, or a ftrong

Loam,

fore-mention'd,
in England
is

is

the

fame which

calTd the Blue Clutter Grape, and hath been long in this Country planted as an eating Grape again il Wails ; fo that from thefe, Cuttings may be eafily procur'd. There have been many Vmeyards of late Years planted in England ; but very few of them have anfwered the Expectations of the Planters.

by no means proper for this Purpofe for altho' the Vines may fhoot vigoroufly, and produce a great Quantity of Grapes, yet thefe will be later ripe, fuller of Moifture and fo confequently their Juice not mature, nor well digelted, but willabound with Crudity, which in fermenting will render the Wine four and ill-tafted which is the common Complaint of thofe who have made Wine in England. Nor is a very rich, light, deep
; ;
;

Indeed the greater Part of them have been fuuated in Places and

Soil,

fuch as

is

commonly found
this

near Lmdon, proper for

Purpofe;
becaufe

V
will be enticed

I
ferv'd).

bccaufe the Roots of thefe Vines down too deep to receive the Influences of Sun and Air, and hereby vviJI take in much crude

greatly prejudiced (as was before ob-

Nourifhment
:

'whereby

the

Fruit

and be later ripe which is of ill Confequence to thefe Fruits, which are known to imbibe a great Share of their Nouriftiment from the Air, which, if replete with Moiiture (as is commonly the Cafe in Autumn) mull necelfarily contribute greatly
to render
the Juices
lefs

will be render'd !efs valuable,

Thefe Vineyards fhould always be open to the Eaft, that the morning Sun may come on them to dry orF the Moiiture of the Night early, which, by lying too long upon the Vines, does greatly rerard
the ripening of their Fruit, and ren-

ders

it

fince the

crude and ill tailed. And Fruit of Vines are rarely

ever injur'd by Eafterly Winds, there

perfect

therefore great Attention

had to the Nature of the Which they are planted.

mould be Soil upon

no Reafon to apprehend any Danger from fuch a Situation the South-weft, North-weft, and North Winds being the mod injurious to
will be
;

Vineyards in England
that,
if poflible,

(as

indeed
;

they are to molt other Fruit)

fhelter'd therefrom.

fo

The
Place
;

next

Thing

neceflary to be

they Ihould be
Soil

coniider'd,

is

the Situation of the

if poflible,

on the an Elevation inclining

mould be North Side of a River, upon

which,
to the South,

Having made choice of a

Situation

and

with a fmall gradual Defcent, that the Moifture may the better drain jofF ; but if the Ground flopes too much, it is by no means proper for
.this

Purpofe, but
this

if,

at a Diftance

i^rom
ills,

Place,

there are

larger

which defend it from the orth and North-weft Wind, it will

becaufe hereby he Sun's Rays will be reflected with greater Force ; and the cold Winds, eing kept off, will render the Situaon very warm. Add to this, a halky Surface ; which if thofe Hills abound with (as there are many
;

proper for this Purpofe, the next thing to be done is, to prepare it for planting in doing of which, the following Method fhould be obferv'd in the Spring it fhould be plow'd as deep as the Surface will admit, turning the Sward into the Bottom of each Furrow; then it mould be well harrow'd, to break
:
:

of great Service

tuat>ons in
11 ft 11
i

England which do),

to the

it

the Clods, and cleanfe it from the Roots of noxious Weeds and after this, it mult be conftantly kept plow'd and harrow'd for at leaft one Year, to render the Surface light ; and hereby it will be render'd fertile, by imbibing the nitrous Particles of the Air (efpechlly if it be long expofed thereto before it is
:

add

Heat of the

Place,

planted)
after

then in

March

the

Ground
and

y reflecting a greater Quantity of le Sun's Rays.

mould be

well plow'd again;

The Country
pen and hilly
;

about

this

mould be

anted, or low
,11

be much and boggy, the Air

for if it
fill'd

conftantly be

with moift
plenti-

trtictes,
l

occafion'd by the

Pcripiration of the Trees, or the

(halations
ar/hes,

from the adjoining whereby the Fruit will be

having made the Surface pretty even, the Rows mould be mark'd out from South-eaft to North-weft, at the Diftance of ten Feet from each and thefe Rows Ihould be other crofs'd again at five or fix Feet Diftance, which will mark out the exact Places where eacd Plant fhould be plac'd ; fo that there will be ten Feet 5 A 2
;

v
much
clofe planted

I
pl?/-

Feet Row from Row, and five or fix Feet afunder in the Rows; nearer than which they ought never to be planted. And herein moft People who have planted Vineyards,

where the Rows of Vines were

cedat a great Diftance, the Wine was

preferable to thofe which were
;

and

this

he pofuively

affirms to be the Cafe in moft

tries

CounIn-

have greatly err'd, fome having alio wM no more than five Feet Row from Row, and the Plants but three Peet afunder in the Rows ; and others, who think they have been
full liberal in this Article, have only planted their Vines at fix Feet Diitance every Way but neither of thefe have allow'd a proper Diftance
:

where he had travelTd.

deed,

need not have recourfe to Antiquity for the Certainty of fuch Facts, when we are daily convinced of this Truth in all clofe Plantations of any kind of Fruit, where it is
constantly obferv'd, that the Fruits
in fuch Places are

we

to them, as I fhall fliew

fir (I

for, in the
fet

Place,

where the Rows are

too clofe, there will not be room for the Sun and Air to pafs in between them to dry up the Moillure ; which, being detain'd amongft the Vines, muft produce very ill Effects. And, fecondly, where the Vines are plac'd in exact Sqjares fo near together as fix Feet, there can be no room for the Current of Air to pafs between them, when their Branches are extended on each Side ; and fo consequently the Damps in Autumn will be entangled and detained amongft the Vines, to the great Prejudice of their Fruit. For iince
the

never fo well conear fo well flavoured, as thofe produced on Trees, where the Air can freely circulate about them, and the Rays of the Sun have full Accefs to the Branches, whereby their Juices are
lour'd, fo

early ripe, nor

better prepar'd before they enter the

Fruit.

Having thus
ftance

confider'd the Di-

which

is

necelTary to be allow-

ed to thefe Plants,
the Planting
:

we come next to but in order to this,

mould be
Par;

the proper Sorts of Grapes

judicioufly chofen
ticular,

and

in this

we have

egregioufly erred

in England.

prefent

All the Vineyards at planted here, are of the

fweeteft and belt Sort of

Grapes for

Autumns

in

England are often

attended with Rains, cold Dews, or Fogs ; all proper Care mould be Liken to remove every thing which

contrary to the general Practice of the Vignerons abroad, who always obferve, that
Eating,
is

which

fuch Grapes never

make good Wine;

Experience,
thofe

may

obftrucl the drying

arife

which

up the Damps from the Ground.

Vignerons abroad are

and

therefore,

from

The

fltilful

alfu fenfiblehow

much

it

contributes

to theGoodnefs of their Vines to allow a large Space between the Rows

Sorts of Grapes, whofe Juice, after fermenting, affords a noble rich Liquor; which Grapes are always obferv'd to be auftere, and not fo palatable.

make Choice of

and therefore where the Quality of tile Wine is more regarded than the
they never plant their Vines at lefs than ten Feet Row from Roiv ; and fome allow twelve. It was an Oblervation of Be//om'us r aimoit two hundred Years fmce, that
Quantity,
th re in

This

is

alfo agreeable to the conusant

of our Cyder -makers in who always obferve, that the beft Eating-apples make but whereas the more poor Cyder rough and auftere Sort?, after being
Praflice

England,

prel-'d and- fermented, afford a llrong

tnoie Ifiands

or'

the A'chl^elogo,

vmous Liquor.

And

believe

it

will

V
will

v
;

be found true in all Fruits, that where the natural Heat of the Sun ripens and prepares their Juices, fo as to render them palatable, whatever Degree of Heat thefe Juices have more, either by Fermentation, or from any other Caufe, will render them weaker, and lefs fpirituous. Of this we have many Jnftances in Fruits
;

Burgundy, Champaigne, Orleans, and moft of the other Wine Countries in France and I am inform'd, that it fucceed s very well in feveral Places to the North of Paris, where proper Care
is

ment

fo that I

taken of their Managemould advife iuch

Perfons as would try the Succefs of Vineyards in England, to procure

for

if

plant any of our

Summer

or

we tranfAutumn

Fruits, which ripen perfectly in England, without the Affittance of Art,

into a Climate a few Degrees
er,

Cuttings of this Grape from tl Countries ; but herein fome I of Integrity and Judgment fhould bfe emp'oy'd to get them from fuch
i

warmor

thefe Fruits will be mealy and

:

Vineyards, where no other Sorts of Grapes are cultivated which is very

;

infipid

fo likewife if

we bake

rare to find, unlefs in

lar

fome particu-

Hew any of

thefe Fruits, they will

be good for little, lofing all their Spirit and Flavour by the additional Heat of the Fire and fuch Fruits as are by no means eatable raw, are hereby render'd exquifite and, when
;
;
,

Vineyards of the Citizens, who are very exadl to keep up the Repunothing betation of their Wines
;

than for the Vig~ mrons to plant three or four Sorts of ing more

common

Grapes
at the

in

the fame Vineyard,

and

tranfplanted into a warmer Climate, have, by the additional Heat of the

Sun, been alfo altered fo as to exceed the molt delirious of our Fruit in this

time of Vintage to mix them all together; which renders their Wines lefs delicate than in fuch Places

Country.

From whence
i|

it

is

plain,

that

thofe Grapes which are agreeable to

the Palate for Eating, are not proper for Wine ; in making of which,

where they have only this one And here I Sort of Grape. would caution every one againft mixing the Juice of more Grapes than one Sort, which will caufe it to ferment at different times, and in
true
different

their Juices mult undergo a itrong Fermentation therefore fince we i;have in England been only propagating the mod palatable Grapes for Eating, and neglected the other Sort?, before we plant Vineyards, we mould take care to be provided with the proper Sorts from abroad ; which fhould be chofen according to the Sort of Wines intended to be imitated tho' I believe the moft probable Sort to fucceed in England, is the Auvernat or true Burgundy 'Grape (which is at prefent very rare to be found in the Englijh Vineyards though it is a common Grape IB the Gardens again ft Walls) This. Sart of Grape is moft preferr'd in
:
i

manners.

Cuttings being thus provided (for I would always prefer thefe to Layers, or rooted Plants, for the

The

Reafons given
ning of April
Planting
in
;

at the Beginning of the Article Vitis ), about the Beginis

the
it

bed Seafon for

be proper to put the Lower-ends of the Cuttings

when

will

Water about three Inches, fetting them upright for fix or eight Hours
then at the ; Centre of every crofs Mark already made by a Line, to the Difrance the Vines are defign'd, fhould bean flole made with a Spade, or other Inilrumen:, about a Fooc deep, into each of which fhould be put one
5

before they are ufed

Ow*

Cutting,

it a little doping ; then the Hole mould be fili'd up with Earth, preffing it gently with the Feet to the Cutting, and raifing a little Hill to each about three Inches,

Cutting, placing

uppermoft Eye which will prevent the Wind and Sun from drying any Part of the Cuttings, and this upper Eye only wi lfhoot; the under ones moft of them will pum out Roots ; fo thac tius Shoot will be very ftrong and
jfo

as juft to cover the

;

or Bud

be a fmall Stick of about three Feet long (tuck down by each, to which the Shoots mould be faftcnM, to prevent their breaking, or lying upon the Ground ; fo tnat as the Shoot3 advance, the Fattening fliould be renew'd; and all fmall lateral Shoots (if
there are any fuch produe'd)

mould

be

and the Ground between the Vines always kept clean. This is the whole Management which is requir'd the firft
conftantly
difplac'd,

vigorous.

Sum mer.
But at Michaelmas, when the Vines have done mooting, they mould be pruned for if they are left unpruned till Spring, their Shoots, being tender (efpecially towards their up;

After they are thus planted, they will require no other Care until they
ihoot, except
-o

clear from Weed.-,

keep tne Ground which mould be

;

conftant'y obferv'd
ft.nce between the

but as the Di-'

is

Rows of Vines

per Parts), will be in

fcriog, if the
fevere.

Danger of

fuf-

pret:y great, (o ine Ground between them it iy be fown or pknted with

Winter mould prove

is

any kind of efculent Plant?, which do not grow tall, provided there is proper Diitance left from the Vines, and Care taken, that the Vines are not injured by the Lrops, or in tne ga.hering, and carrying of them off the Ground; and this Hulhandry may be continued three or four Years, till the Vines come to Bearing ; after which time there mould be no Sort of Crop put between

This Pruning
all

only to cut
;

down
and
if,

the Shoots to two Eyes

this
is

Earth be drawn up in an Hill about each Plant, it will ftill be a greater Deafter

done,

the

fence again ft Frott.

At the Beginning of March the Ground between the Vines fliould

be well "dug, to loofen it, and renbut you mould be careit clean fu not to dig deep ciofe to the Vines, left thereby their Roots mould be Cut or b; uifed and at the fame time the Earth mould be again laid up in an Hill about each Plant ; but there mult be carf taken not to bury the two young Eyes of the former Yearns Shoot, which were left to produce
der
1

them

in

Summer

becaufe the cleanthe

er the

Ground is kept between Vines, from Weeds or Plants, more Heat will be reflected to
Grapes; but
after

the
the

Grapes are gacher'd, there may be a Crop of Cauhvorts for Spring-ufe, planted between the Rows of Vines and the cultivating of thefe will be of Ufe to
the
;

the Vines, by ltirring of the Ground but as to Watering, or any other

new Wood. At the Beginning of May, when the Vines have made Shoots, there fhould be fome Stakes fix'd down to
the Side of each Plant, which mull be fomewhat taller and ftronger than thofe of the former Year to thefe the two Shoots (if fo many are prodtx'd) mould be faften'd ;and all the fmall trailing or lateral Shoots mould
;

Trouble, there will be for it, notwithstanding People have directed ; land there is no Danger carrying by Drought. Cuttings begin to moot,

no Cccafion what fome for in Engof their mif-

When

the

there fhould

V
;

be conllantly difplac'd, that the other Shoots may be ftronger and the

Ground mould
clear

alfo

be kept very

from Weeds,

as before.

At Michaelmas
:

thefe Vines

mould

be pruned again, in the following manner thole of them which have produc'd two ftroiig Shoots of equal Vigour, mull be cut down to three Eyes each ; but in fuch as have one

Urong Shoot, and a weak one, the Itrong one mull be Ihorten'd to three Eyes, and the weak one to two and fuch Vines as have produc'd but one ftrong Shoot, mould be morten'd down to two Eyes alfo, in order to
;

obtain more Wood againft the fucceeding Year. In the Spring, about the Beginning of March, the Ground between the Vines mould be again dug, as

beforehand two Stakes mould be

the Side of all fuch have two Shoots, at fuch 'Diftance on each Side of the Plant as the Shoots will admit to be faften'd thereto; and the Shoots mould be drawn out on each Side to the Stakes, fo as to make an Angle of about forty-five Degrees with the Stem ; but by no means fhould they be bent down horizontally, as is by
p'ac'd

down by
as

Vines

be repeated at leaft every three Weeks, from the Beginning of May to the End of July ; by which means, the Shoots which are trained up for the fucceeding Year will not only be itronger, but alfo better ripen'd, and prepared for Bearing, becaufe they will have the Advantage of Sun and Air, which is abfolutely neceHary to prepare their Juices; whereas if they are crouded by a Number of fmall dangling weak Branches, they will made and exclude the Rays of the Sun from the other Shoots ; and fo, by detaining the Moiilure a longer time amongtt the Branches, occafion the Veffels of the young Wood to be of a larger Dimenfion and hereby the crude Juice finds an eafy Paffjge thro' them ; fo that the Shoots in Autumn feem to be moflly Pith, and are of a greenilh immature Nature ; and where ever this is obferv'd, it is a fure Sign of a bad Quality in the
;

Vines.

The Soil alfo mould be conllantly kept clean becaufe, if there are any Vegetables (either from Weeds, or Plants of other Kinds) growing be;

tween the Vines,

it

will

detain the

Dews
ration,

longer, and,

by

their Perfpi-

occafion a greater Moifture,

if the

fome

pracliled

for

the Branches,

than would be,

intirely

Ground were
thofe

lying too near the Earth, are generally injured

arife

clear

fo

that

who

by the

Damps which
efpecially
is
;

plant

from

thence, but

Rows
Error.

between their of Vines, are guilty of a great

other Things

when

they have Fruit

which

ne-

mpon
are a

ver fo well tailed, nor fo early ripe thofe Branches, as when they
little

more

elevated.
the

In May,
over,
are

when
all

Vines begin

to

At Michaelmas the Vines mould be pruned, which Seafon I approve of rather than the Spring (for Reafons given already) ; and this being
the third Year from planting, the Vines will begin to produce Fruit j therefore they muft be pruned acNow, fuppofe the two cordingly. Shoots of the former Year, which were Ihorten'd to three Eyes, have each of them produc'd two ftrong Branches the Summer part, then the
5

(hoot, they mull be carefully look'd

and

the

weak dangling

Shoots fhGuld be rubb*d off as they

produc'd ; and thofe Shoots which are produc'd from ftrorsg Eyes,

mould be
Bfkid.

faften'd to the Stakes to prevent their being broken off by the

Tms Management mould

u^per-

I
directed,

v
not to too
horizontally)
taller

I draw them down

uppermoft of thefe Shoots upon each Branch fliocM be fhorten'd down to threi good Eyes (never including the lower Eye, which is fituate juft above the former Year's Wood which feldom produces any thing, except a weak dangling Shoot) ; and the low;

then ; another Stake mould be placed down near the Foot of the Vine, to which
the two Shoots,

down
ened,

which were pruned two Eyes, mould be fattprovided they are long enough
to
;

er Shoots fhould be fhorten d

to two good Eyes each
for
;

down

for that Purpofe

their

but

if not,

when

thefe being

Eyes begin to moot, thefe mull

deiign'd to produce vigorous Shoots

the fucceeding Year
;

and the
:

former are defign'd to bear Fruit but where the Vines are weak, and have not produc'd more than two or three Shoots the laft Seafon, there fhould be but one of them left with three Eyes for Bearing the reft muft be morten'd down to two, or, if weak, to one good Eye, in order to obtain ftrong Shoots the following Summer for there is nothing more
;

be trained upright to the Stakes, to prevent their trailing on the Ground, or being broken by the Wind. In May the Vines mould be care*
fully

look'd over again, at which time all weak lateral Branches mould be rubb'd off as they are produc'd ;

injurious to Vines, than the leaving

too

much Wood upon them,

;

efpe-

young, or the which will weaken them fo much, as not to be recover' d again to a good State in feveral Years though they mould be manag'd with all pofTible Skill. In March the Ground between
cially while they are

overbearing them

and thofe Shoots which fhew Fruit, mull be faften'd with Bafs to the Stakes, to prevent their being broken, until they are extended to three Joints beyond the Fruit, where they lhould be llopp'd but the Shoots which are defign'd for bearing the following Seafon, fhould be kept trained upright to the middle Stake; by which Method the Fruit branches will not made thefe middle Shoots, nor will the middle Shoots made the
:

Fruit

fo that each will enjoy the

Benefit of

the Vines fhould be well dug, observing not to injure their Roots by digging too deep near them ; but where there are fmall horizontal

Roots produc'd on or near the Surface of the Ground, they mould be pruned off clofe to the Place where

they

were produc'd

thefe being

what the Vigverons call Day- roots, and are by no means neceffary to be and after having dug the left on Ground, the Stakes mould be plac'd down in the following manner on each Side of the Vine mould be a
:
:

about fixteen Inches which the two inches, which were pruned to J>i, three Eyes, each for Bearing, mould be falkivd (obierv'ng, as was before
Stake put
f
in at

Sun and Air. This Method mould be repeated every Fortnight or three Weeks, from the Beginning of May to the Middle or Latter-end of July, which will always keep the Shoots in their right Pofition, whereby their Leaves will not be inverted, which greatly retards the Growth of the Fruit; and, by keeping the Vines conftantly clear from horizontal Shoots, the Fruit will not be crouded with Leaves, and fhaded, but will have conftandy the Advantage of the Sun and Air equally, which is of great Confequence ; lcr where the Fruit is
covered with thefe dangling Shoots and are afteiward in the Spring,

om

the Root, to

expofed to the Air, either by diveftins;

thefe' of their

Leave?, or e!fe
dif-

V
is

v
When
thio
1

i
is

difplacing their Branches intirely, as

the Fruit

ripe,

if the

often practifed, the Fruit will be-

Stalks of the Bunches are cut half

a Fortnight before they are
it

come

hard, and remain at a perfect

Stand for three Weeks, and fometimes will never advance afterward, as I have feveral times obferv'd ; therefore there cannot be too much Care taken to keep them conftantly in a kindly State of Growth, as the Vigverons abroad well know tho' in England it is little regarded by the Generality of Gardeners, who, when their Grapes fuffer by this Neglect, immediately complain of the Climate, or the Untowardnefs of the
;

gather'd,

will

cawfe the Juice to

be much better, becaufe there will not be near fo great a Quantity of Nourishment enter the Fruit whereby the watry Particles will have time to evaporate, and the Juice will be better digefted. This is practifed by fome of the moft curious I'ignerons in the South of France where they make excellent Wine. But if,
; ,

after the Fruit be cut,

in a dry

Room

it is hung up upon Strings, fo as

Seafon, which

is

too often a Cover

for Neglects of this Nature.

And

not to touch each other, for a Month before they are prefied, it will alfo

I can't help taking notice of the abfurd Practice of thole who pull off" their Leaves from their Vines, which are placed near the Fruit, in order

here

add greatly

to the Strength of the becaufe in that time a great Quantity of the watry Parts of the Juice will evaporate. This is a con-

Wine;

let in the Rays of the Sun to ripen them not confidering how much they expofe their Fruit to the cold Dews, which fall plentifully in Autumn, which, being imbib'd by the

to

usant

Practice

with fome Perfons,

who

inhabit in the Tirolefe, on the

Fruit, greatly retard.them

befides, in-

Borders of Italy, where is made a moft delicious rich Wine, as hath been attefted by Dr. Burnet in his Travels; and I have heard the fame

no

Fruit will ripen fo well

when

from

feveral

Gentlemen, who have

tirely expos'd

to the Sun, as

when

travel I'd that

Road
all

fince.

they are gently fcreen'd with Leaves;

and by the polling off thefe Leaves, which are abfolutely neceftary to
prepare the Juices before they enter the Fruit, the grofs Parts of which are perfpired away by the Leave?, the Fruit mull either be deprivM of

the Care that can pofiibly be taken, either in the Culture of the Vines, or in making the

But with

Wine, it will not be near fo good while the Vineyard is young, as it will be after it has been planted tea or twelve Years and it will be con;

Nouri foment, or

elfe

fome of the
the

ftantly

mending,
is

until

it is fifty

Years

grots Particles will enter with

old, as

attefted

by

feveral curious

more

refined Parts of the Juice,

and

Perlons abroad, as alfo by the moft

fkilful

thereby render the Fruit worfe than were the it would otherwife be*

can

Leaves permitted to remain upon for if the weak danthe Branches

:

gling Shoots are conftar.tly d;fylac'd as they are produc'd, the Fruit will

not be too much (haded by the Leaves which are upon the btaring Branches.

Wine-coopers at home, who the Produce of a young Vineyard from that of an old one, after it is brought to England, by the Colour of the Wine. This Difference is very eafily accounted for, from the diiFerent Structure of the VeiTeis of the Plants thofe of the
tell
:

young Vines, being

larger,

and of

eafily admit a larger Quantity of grofs Nourifliment to pafs thro' them ; whereas thofe of old Vines, which are more

a loofer Texture,

to bring a Difreputation on the Vineyard, to the great Lofs of the

Proprietor.

The Number

of Branches, which

woody,

are

more

c'ofely conltrittis

ed, and thereby the Juice

itrain'd in paffing thro'

better

them, which mult confequently render ic much better ; iho' the Grapes from a young Vineyard will be larger, and afford a greater Quantity of Juice; fo that People mould not be difcouraged, if their Wines at firft are not
fo good as they

the Italians generally agree to leave upon a itrong Vine, ar^ four ; two of the itrongeft have four Eyes, and

the two weaker are Ihorten'd

to
;

down

afterward,

when

would wifli the Vineyard

;

fince
is

few Years older, the Wine may anfwer their Expectation. As to the fermenting and managing the Wine, that is treated of particularly under the Article of Wines, to which the

Header

is

defired to turn.

Vineyard, being now arrived to a bearing State, mould be treated after the following manner: Firit, in the Pruning, there mould never be too many Branches left upon a Root, nor thofe too long for altho*, by doing of this, there may be a greater Quantity of Fruit produe'd, yet the Juice of thefe will never be fo good as when there is a moderate Quantity of Fruit, which will be better nourilh'd, and the Roots of
:

The

two Eyes each which is very different from the common Practice in England, where it is ufual to fee fix or eight Branches left upon each Root, and thofe, perhaps, left with fix or eight Eyes to each fo that if thefe are fruitful, one Root muft produce near four times the Number of Bunches which the Italians do ever permit and fo confequently the Fruit will not be fo well nounfh'd, and the Roots will alio be greatly weaken'd as is the Cafe of all Sorts of Fruit trees, when a greater Num;
;
;

ber of Fruit

is left

on, than the Trees

is,

can nourifh.

The

next thing

conftantly to

much weakened found to be of fo bad Confequence to Vineyards, that when Gentlemen abroad let out Vineyards to Fignerovs, there is always a Claufe
the Plants not fo
;

keep the Ground perfectly clean between the Vines, never permitting any fort of Plants or Weeds to grow there the Ground ihou'ld alio be carefully dug every Spring, and every third Year mould have fome Manure, which Ihould be of different Sorts, according to the Nature of the Ground, or which can be mofl
:

which

is

infer ted in their Leafes to diredt

how

conveniently procur'd. If the Land is ft iff, and inclinable to bind on the Surface, then Seafand, or Sea-coal Afhes, are either of them very good Manure for it , but
if the

many

Shoots

fhall

be

left

upon each

Ground

be loofr and dry, then

Vine, and the Number of Eyes to which the Branches mult be fhortened fc^caufe were not the Vignerons thus tied down, they would overbear fo that in a few Years the Vines they would exhauft their Roots, and render them fo weak, as not to be recoverd again in feveral Years; and their Wine would be fo bad, as
; ;

Lime, mix'd with Dung, is the bell Manure for it. This muft be fpread thin upon the Surface of the Ground before it is dug and in
a
little
;

digging ihould be buried equally in every Part of the Vineyard. Thefe

are

much preferable Dung for Vines fo

;

to

that
ic

of
will

all

that

worth the Expence

to

be procure either
j

of them

and

as they require

manu-

ring but every third Year, where the Vineyard is large, it may be divided
into three equal Parts
;

N. B. All this Summer Drejfing Jhould be performed with the Thumb

caufe the

each of which

be manured in it? Turn, whereby the Expence will be but little fiopfd by gently nipping the leading every Year * whereas when the Bud which if done before the Shoot Whole is manur'd together, it will is become woody it may be effected add to the Expence and in many nvith great Eafe, being very tender

may

and Finger, and not with Knives j be* Wounds made by Injiruments in Summer do not heel fo foon as when
;

there can't be a fufticient Quantity procured to manure a large Vineyard in one Year.
Places

nubile young.

When

Vineyard
it

is

thus carefulas

ly drefi'ed,

will

afford
it

much

TheDiggingandManuring

fho'jld

Pleafure in viewing

always be perform'd about the Beginning of March ; at which time

all

the fuperficial or Day-roots, as they are cdl'd, mull be cut off; but the larger Roots muft not be injur'd by the Spade, cjrV. therefore the Ground clofe to the Stem of the Vines muft not be dug up deep.

After this done, the Stakes mould be placed down, one on each Side the Vines, at about fixteen Inches from their Stems to which the longeft [bearing Branches mould be faiten'd, and one Stake dole to the Stem, to which the two fho.ter Branches fhould be train'd upright, to furnifh
;

any Plantation of Trees or Shrubs whatever, the Rows being regular; and if the Stakes are exaclly plac'd, and the upright Shoots ftopp'd to an equal Height, there is nothing in Nature which will make a more beautiful Appearance and during the Seafoa that the Vines are in Flower, they emit a moft grateful Scent, efpecially in the Morning and Evening; and when the Grapes begin to ripen,
as
:

there will be a

freflj

Pleafure ariftng

in viewing of them.

Wood

for the fucceeding Year.

In the
off all

Summer

they muft becare-

[fully Iook'd over, as before,

rubbing

weak dangling

Shoots, and

good ones to the Stakes ; and [:bofe of them which have Fruit,
[training the
[regularly, as they are produc'd

But as the Beauty of Vineyards from the regular Difpofuion of the Branches of the Vines, great Care mould be taken, in their Management, to train them regularly, and to provide every Year for new Wood to bear the fucceeding Year; becaufe the Wood which has produced Fruit, is commonly cut quite away, after the Fruit is gather'd,
arifes

Mny, about three beyond the Bunches; but the lipright Shoots, which are defign'd I or bearing the following Year, muft
lliould be ftopp'd in
Ifoints

or at leaft is fhorten'd down to two> Eyes, to force out Shoots for the next Year, where there is not a
fufficient Number of Branches upon the Vine, of thofe trained upright

liot be ftopp'd
Wfulj,

till

the Beginning of
left

when they may be

;

about

fo that in

Summer, when

the Vines

live Feet long

for if they are ftop-

are in Perfection, there fhould be fix

|>ed fooner in the Year, it will caufe hem to moot out many dangling
branches from the Sides of the Eyes ; l/hich will not only occafion more "rouble to difplace them, but alio
all

upright Shoots train'd for the next Year's Wood, and three or four bearing Branches, with Fruit on

them
to be

left

more than thefe ought never upon one Vine, for the
N. B.

be injurious to the Eyes or Buds.

Reafons before given.

1
the Inhabitants of thofe Countries}, if they would plant them upon rifing

y. B. The duvemar, or true Burgundy Grape, is valued in Trance before any other Sort; becaufe the Fruit never grows very clofe upon the Bunches, therefore are more equally ripen'd ; for which Reafon
it

Ground,

where the Bottom was rocky or hard near the Surface, I dare fay they would have very good
Succefs
plain'd
;

for the great Fault,

com-

mould

alfo be preferr'd in England*,

though, in general, thofe Sorts are moll etteemM with us that have always clofe Bunches, which is cer-

of in thofe Countries, is, that the Grapes generally burn: before they are fully ripe which muft certainly be occafion'd by their having
;

wrong for it may be obfervM, that the Grapes upon fuch

tainly
;

much Nourimment; therefore, when they are planted on a poorer

too
Soil, this will be, in part,

Bunches are commonly

is

ripe

Side, and green on the other

a

on one which

remedied.

cd

to

bad Quality for fuch make Wine.

as are preff-

I (hall now fubjoin a few Sorts of Vines, which are preferv'd in fome curious Gardens, more for the fake of Variety, than the Value of their Fruit thefe are, I .VlTis fyl<vejlris Virginiana.Par. The wild Virginian Grape. Iheat.
:

Another Caufe of this may proceed from the Moifture of the Air (occafioned by the Perfpiration of Trees, which, being imbibed by the Fruit, may break their Skins. This,
indeed, can't be prevented until the

'

Country
ber
;

is

better clear'd of the

Tim-

but, however, this fhould cau-

2.
Tta

VlTis

<vulpina dicla y Virginia-

to plant Vines in fuch Places where there are great Quantities of Woods, becaufe of this

tion People not

alha. Pluk. Aim.

The

Fox-grape,

UttlgQ.

3.

VlTis alba

dulci.'ffoliis <varie-

gath.
4.

The

blotch-leav'd Vine.
dulc'iSy

VlTis alba

limbis folio-

rum argent at is.

Vine.
5.

The

ftriped-leav'd

quinquefolia Canadenjis

fcandens. Tourn.

The Virginian Vine, common Creeper. The firft and fecond Sorts grow in great Plenty in the Woods of Ameor

which it hath on the Grapes. But to return Thefe_ two Sorts of Vines are preferv'd in the Gardens of thofe who are curious in Botany but I have not feen either of them produce Fruit in this Country. Thefe may be propagated by Layers, which will take Root in one Year, and may be taken off, and tranfplanted in the Spring where they are to remain, which Ihould be againft a warm
Effect
: ;

where, I have been inform'd, other Sorts, fome of whieh produce Fruit very little inferior to moft of the fine Sorts which are cultivated in Europe ; notwithftanding which, it is generally thought imrica,

are

many

poffible to

make Wine

in Ajnerica

dare fay, mult proceed from a want of Skill, rather than any bad Quality in the Soil or Cli-

but

this, I

mate: fo that inftead of planting Vineyards on their loofe rich Lands (as kath Seen generally pra&k'd by

if they are expofed to Winter, they are often deftroy'd, efpecially while they are young. Their Pruning and Management is the fame with any other Sorts of Grapes; only they fhould have fewer Shoots, and thofe (horten'd down very low otherwife they will make very weak Shoots, and never,' arrive to any confiderable Strength ; fo will not be capable of producing
;

Wall

becaufe
in

much Cold

Fruit,

The

V
The two Sorts
Plants.
as the

with ftriped Leaves

are alfo preferved by thofe who are curious in colle&ing a Variety of

Thefe may be propagated

other Kinds of Grapes ; but are tender, and muft have a warm Situation, otherwife they will not
thrive nor do the Cuttings of thcfe take Root fo readily as thole whofe Leaves are plain ; but as there is no very great Beauty in thefe Plants, they are fcarcely worth cultivating,
;

ing Summer, and the Spring after may be tranfplanted where they are to remain, which may be in almoft any Soil or Situation ; for they are very hardy Plants.

VITIS ID^A.
um.

Vide Vaccini-

VITIS SYLVESTRIS.
Clematis.

Vide
"

ULEX,
The
//

Furze, Gorz, or Whins. CbaraSiers are ;

unlefs for Variety.

The fifth Sort was originally brought from America ; but from its Hardinefs, and being eafy to propagate,
it

hath a butterfly ( or pea-bloo?n Flower, confifttng of the Standard, the Keel, and the Wings, included in a permanent Empulement, which bas t-jjo oval concave Leaves : tbe Stand-

ard is large, ered, and vertically is become as common as if heart-Jhaped : tbe Wings are oblong, were a Native of this Country. This Plant is chiefly planted in blunt, and Jhorter than tbe Standard: fmall Gardens near London, where it tbe Keel is divided into two Parts, endures the Smoke better than moft which are obtufe, and inclofe the ten and, being a rampant Stamina with tbe Pointal; nine of the other Plants Grower, is planted againft high Stamina being joined in one Body, tbe Walls and Buildings, which it will other Jlanding Jingle : the Pointed afcover fooner than any other Sort of terward becomes an oblong fw elling Plant ; and in Summer will look Pod, inclofing feveral kidney-foafd Seeds. green, which is what the InhabitThe Species are ants of London are greatly pleas'd t. Ulex folio fub Jingulis [pints with. The Branches of this Plant Hort. Cliff. will fometimes {hoot twenty or thirty fubulato piano acuto. Feet long in one Summer, and fend The common Furze, Whins, or Gorz. forth Roots from their Joints, where; ;

by they

to the fallen themielves Building where they are plac'd fo that they do not require much Trouble to fupport them. The only Culture they require, is to cut out all the fmall weak Shoots in March, and fhorten the ftrong ones to about ten Feet long ; which will firengthen them againft the fucceeding Summer, and caufe them to moot
:

2.

Ulex

foliis

obtufis fo lit ariis,

fpinis fimplicibus. Flor. Leyd. African

Furze, or Whins, with fimple blunt Leaves.

This Genus of Plants has been by the antient Botanifts, Genifla fpiuofa, and Genijla fpartiumtitled,

but thefe being,

compound Name?,
1

vigoroufly.

This Plant mav be propagated by mould be planted in the Spring, upon a ftiady Border, where they will take Root freely; and, if water'd in dry Weather, will
Cutting?, which

have been rejected and as there is another Genus of Plants under the Title of Genifla, Dr. Linn/sus has applied this Title of Ulex, which is a Name ufed by Pliny, to this Ge;

nus.

make

a great Progrefs

the fucceed-

There are two or three Varieties of the common Furze or Gorz, which are frequently met with in the

Com-

TJ
Trtons

L
by
this Plant.

u L
practifing
in

and Heaths, in moll Parts of England but as they are not fpeciiically different, they are not worthy to be enumerated here, especially as they are Plants which are not much
;

But this is not worth fuch Countries where

is

Fuel
fuch

o'

any Kind
as

cheap, or upon

cultivated.

Thefe Plants propagate themfelves very plentifully by Seeds ; fo that when they are eftablinYd in a Spot of Ground, they foon fpread over the Place for as the Seeds ripen, the Pods open with the Warmth of the Sun, and the Seeds are caft out with an Elafticity, to a great Di flance all round, and thefe foon ve:

produce good Grafs or Corn therefore it is only mentiun'd here, to fliew that j.oor Lands may beib manag'd, as to bring an annual Profit to their Proprietors.
will
;

Land

Thefecond Sort is a Native of the Country near the Cape of Good Hope, where it ufually grows to the
Height of five or fix Feet but in Europe, where it is preferv'd as a Curiofity in fome Gardens, it feldom
;

is

more than

half that Height.

It is

whereby the Ground is filled with young Plants, which are not
getate
;

too tender to live in the open Air, through the Winter, in England ;
therefore
tic Plants,
it

eafily detfroyed,

when

they are well

is

preferv'd

in

Green-

rooted in the Ground. Some Years ago the Seeds of this Plant were fown to form Hedges about Fields ; where, if the Soil was light, the Plants foon became flrong

houfes, with the hardier Sort of Exo-

enough for a Fence againft Cattle but as thefe Hedges became naked at the Bottom, after a few Years, and fome of the Plants frequently fail'd, fo that there became Gaps in the

which do not require any preferve them. It is propagated by Layers, which are generally two Years before they have fufficient Root to tranfplant fo that thefe Plants being fomewhat
artificial Pleat to

difficult to

propagate in
has render'd
it

this
lefs

Cli-

mate,

this

com-

mon
it

Hedges ; therefore the Culture of thefe Hedges has been, of lateYears, little pra&is'd. But there are fome Perfons who have fown the Seeds of this Plant upon very poor hungry
fandy Land, which has producM more Profit than they could make of the Ground by any other
gravel
or

in tc&Englifi Gardens; becaufe never produces any Seeds here,and but rarely any Flowers in England: but as it is an Ever-green, it is admitted into the Gardens of thofe

who

are curious in Botany, for the

fake of Variety.

Crop ; efpecially in fuch Places for where Fuel of all Sorts is dear
:

ULMARIA, Meadow-fweet, or Queen of the Meadow. The Cb a rafters are ;

It bath a Flower composed of federal Leaves, which are placed in a circular Order, and expand in form of

Furze is frequently ufed for heating Ovens, burning of Lime and Bricks, as alfo for the drying of Malt and in fome Places, where there has been a Scarcity of Fuel, I have known poor Lands, which would not have lettfor five Shillings per Acre, which have been fown with Furze, produce one Pound per Acre per Ann. fo that there has been a conquerable Improvement made
this
:

a Rife
rifes

out

of whofe Empale?nent

the Pointal,

becomes a Fruit

which afterward compofed of many

little membranaceous crooked hujks f gathered into an Head, each of which

gent rally contains one Seed,

The Species are Ulmaiua. Cluf dow -fweet.

;

i.

Hif.

Mea2.

Ut-

U L
phno. JuJJleu. Meadow- fweet with a double Flow2.

u L
continue in Beauty a long time.Thk doth not differ from the common

Ulmaria fore

er.

Ulmaria fcUis ex hrteo variegatis. Meadow -fweet with Leaves

3.

variegated with yellow.

The firli Sort grows wild in moilr, Meadows in molt Parts of England
:

any thing, except that the Flowers are very double and large ; fo that when it is planted on a moift Soil, or is duly water'd in dry Weather, it makes a fine Appearance for
Sort in
at lead

and flowers the Beginning of June, when it makes a fine Appearance amongft the Grafs. It alio grows plentifully on the Sides of Ditches and Rivers, where, as it is not often mowed down, it continues much longer in Beauty, and the Stalks rife
to a greater Height.

near

fix

aMonth, or, in a cool Seafon, Weeks ; and as the Flowers

have an agreeable Sweetnefs, fo they are a fine Ornament in BaHns to

Rooms. Thefe Plants are propagated by parting of their Roots, which mould be done in Autumn, that they mayplace in

The

Flowers

which are produced on the Tops of the Stalks, in form of anUmbel, are white, and fmell very fweet. Thefe, as alfo the Leaves and Roots, are This Plant is ufed in Medicine. elleemed to be cooling, drying, and binding, and alio is fudorific and
alexipharmic.

be weil rooted before the dry Weacomes on in the Spring ; otherwife they will not flower very llrong
ther
the following Summer. Thefe Rcots need not be parted oftener than every other Year, and then they mould not be parted into fmall Heads ; for as the Beauty of this Plant is to have

The

Preparations of

many Stems of
the Roots are

this Plant are, the diftilled

Water of

the Flowers and Leaves, and the Extract ; which by ibme is much commended. The Flowers give an
agreeable Tlavour to Wine, and are fometimes ufed to add a Flavour to ftrong Spanijb Wines, like that of the Mahtatic Wine, which is made in the Ifiand of Candy. Thefe Flowers are proper to place in Bafons

Flowers, fo, when divided too much, there will be very few Stems produced; and, confequen tly, the Plants will make but a mean Appearance,
thefe Plants are placed in moiit fhady Borders, intermixed with other flowering Plants, they
in

Where

mould be allowed good room

as their

for

to

adorn Halls and Chambers ; becaufe they are of an agreeable Sweetnefs, which deck not clfend the Head. This Plant is feldom admitted into Gardens, being fo commonly found wild in the Fields ; but in low mc;it Places, in large Gardens, if fome of thefe Plants were placed, they would afford an agreeable Variety and in fuch Places few other Plants, which are more valuable,
,

Roots fpread pretty far ia the Ground, fo, when they have but little room, they will rtarve in Summer, unlefs they are plentifully watered, and the Soil be very good ia which they are planted ; for whereever their Roots intermix with thofe of other Plantf, there will be a great Struggle for the Mattery, and there-

by both Sorts will berender'd weak'. So that thefe fliould be planted two Feet afunder, and'as much from any
other Plants ; and this will be room, enough to dig the Ground between

will thrive.

The
of
its

in every

fecend Sort deferves a Place good Garden, for the fake

fine

double Flower;, which

mould always be done thofe Years when the Which will Plants are not remov'd
carefully
;

the Plants,, which

encourage

U L
ncourage theRoots, and
to flower very ftrong.

U L
caufe

them
is

giijlis eff

magis acuminatis famarris,

The

Sort with

llrip'd

Leaves

folio latijjimo jcabro, eleganter <variegato. The Dutch Elm, with ftriped

alfo preferved in fome Gardens for the fake ofVariety.This may be pro-

Leaves.
10.

Ulmus

minor, folio angujlo

pagated by parting of the Roots in the fame manner as the former Sort but this mufl not have a rich Soil;
for that will caufe
it

glahro.

The fmooth

narrow- leav'd

Elm, by fome caird the Upright narrow -leav'd Elm,

11.
tice

to run plain.

Ulmus folio
glahro.

la to fcahro, cor-

ULMUS, The
The
The
ivbicb
is

Elm-tree.
;

Characters are

Flonver confjls

of one Leaf,

Jhaped like a Bell, having many Stamina ( or Threads ) in the Centre : from the Bottom arijes the
Tointal,

The Whiteby fome call'd the fmooth Witch-elm, and by others, the Irijh Elm.
cinereo

bark'd Elm,

12.

Ulmus

folio lato fcabro, an-

gujlis famarris.

which afterward becomes

or
;

a membranacLoas
tnojl

let

>fy

Fruit, al-

The French Elm. The four firft-mention'd Sorts are very common in divers Parts of Eng-

heart Jhaped
is

in

'which
veffel,

placed a

the Middle of pear-fbaped Seedthe

land, though
tives

it is generally believ'd neither of them were originally Na-

containing one Seed, for

Wioft part

of the fame Shape, having a

Species are
;

Border or filing round it.

The
1.

Country ; but, however have propagated themfclves by Seeds and Suckers, which have nlen from the Roots of old
this

of

that be, they

Ui.mus

njulgatijjima, folio la~

to fcahro. Gar.

Emac.

The common

Tree?, in fuch Plenty, as hardly to be rooted out, where they have had

rough-leav'd Elm.
2.

Ulmus

folio latijjimo fcahro.

Ger. Emac. The Witch-hazel, or broad-leavM Elm by fome untk.ilful PerfonscalFd the Britijh Elm.
;

long Poflemon, efpecially in Hedgerows, where there is Harbour for their Roots, which, when left undifturb'd, will

fend forth

a.

frefh Parcel
;

3.

Ulmus
Ger.

minor, folio

anguf.o

fcahro.

Emac.

The

fmall-

leav'd or EngUJh Elm.

4. Ulmus folio glahro. Ger. Emac. The fmooth- leav'd or Witch-elm. 5. Ulmus major Hollandica, av-

of young Plants annually from whence the People who fupply the Nurfery men gather them. The fifth Sort is equally hardy, and almoft as common in England, as either of the former. This is pretty quick of Growth while young,

gufis 5 mngis acuminatis famarris,

folio latijjimo fcabro. Pluk. Aim.

and
lijh

will outtlrip the

common Eng*
;

The

Elm

for

a few Years

but after

Dutch Elm.
6. bro,

ten or twelve Years

Growth, the

Ulmus

minor,

f Ho angujlofcaThe

eLgo.niijfme

<variegato.

Englijb Elm, with beautiful ftriped

Leaves.
7.
itarirge'to.

EngliJhElm will get the better every Year and the Timber thereof being much preferable to that of the Dutch Elm, renders it more valuer
,

Ulmus folio The

glahro, elegant er

ble for Planting.

Witch- elm, with

ftriped Leaves.

Ulmus
Ulmus

minor, foliis fa-vejeen-

tihus.

The yellcw-leav'd Elm.

major fiollandtca, cn-

9.

This Sort of Elm was introdue'd about the time of the Revolution, and was a fnfliionable Tree at that time fcr Hedges but as the Bark of the i'ho*c;5. is very rough and ua;

fightly,

UL
Whole Tree making a ragged Appearance, the Leaves coming out late in the Spring, and falling early in the Autumn, renders it not worthy of a Place : fo mould be rooted out of every Garden. The Sorts with ftripedLeaves are preferv'd by thofe who are curious
in collecting variegated Plants ; but they are not worth propagating, unlefs for the fake of Variety ; being

UL
Thefe Trees may be either propagated by Layers or Suckers taken from the Roots of the old Trees; the latter of which is greatly praclt!-

many Places but as thefe are often cut up with indifferent Roots,
fed in
:

of flower Growth, and, in mod Peoples Judgments, lefs beautiful, than

the plain Sorts.

they very often mifcarry, and render the Succefs doubtful ; whereas thole which are propagated by Layers, are in no Hazard, and always make better Roots, and come on fafter, than the other,nor do they fend out Suckers from their Roots in fuch Plenty for which Reafon this Me;

There are fome other Varieties of thod fhould be more univerfaliy the Elm, which differ fo little from pra&is'd. And fmce a fmall Compafs of Ground fill'd with Stools of the Sorts here enumerated, as fcarcely to be diftinguifli'd
needlefs to
;

fo

it

will be

thefe Plants will be fufficient to fur-

mention them, becaufe

they are not fo proper to

tations, as the other
Sorts.

make

Plan-

more common
very

Nurfery of a considerable Exwith Layers to be tranfplanted, it is richly worth every Perfon's while, who would cultivate
nifh a
tent, annually,

The
in
(in

tenth Sort

is

common
and
is

thefe Trees,

to

allot

a Piece

of

fome

Parts of Hertford/hire,

Ground

for this Purpofe.

Camhridgejhire, where there

The
is

bell Soil

for fuch a

Nurfery

carceany other Sort of Elm to be "een. This makes a very handfome npright Tree, and retains its Leaves
\

a frefh Hazel loam, neither too

light

and
;

dr.y,

heavy

this

Ground
;

nor over-moift and ihould be well

little

lis

late in the

Autumn

as the

com-

trench'd, and a

rotten

Dung

non fmall - leavM Elm, which is I all'd the EngHJh Elm by the Nurfely-men near London-, but it doth
I

buried therein

ot

come out

fo early in the Spring.

is

I The eleventh Sort

|ons preferr'd to

by fome Perretaining the

mod
its

others for the

Iree Growth, and

.eaves longer than

""he Bark of this nooth, and of an Afli-colour

any other Sort, Tree is very

;

and in doing of this, great Care mould be taken to pick out all Roots of pernicious Weeds ; which, if left in the Ground, would be very injurious to the Layers, and can't afterwards be fo eafiiy rooted out then having laid the Ground level, the Plants mud: be planted at about eight Feet afunder each Way.
:

the

The

bell Seafon for this

Work

is

in

eaves are of a lively green Colour;

Autumn,

as loon as

the Leaves be-

lid
tj

the

"gular

Growth of the Tree and upright.

twelfth Sort
as either

is

very

gin to decay, that they may take Root before the dry Weather in the

Iteem'd

is not fo much of the former; but, lung a very hardy Kind, it will I'ow in fuch Soils as the former will l.)t ; for which fome Perfons cultil.te it; tho I think neither this, nor

The

Spring comes on, whereby a great Expence of watering them will be

faved
the
:

for if they are well fettled in

fle

Dutch Elm, worth planting.

III.

before the dryWeather, they will require little more than to m ulch theirRoots, to keep the Earth from drying,
5

Ground

1 Vol.

Thefe

UL
Thefe Plants mould be perm'tted to grow rude two Years ; during which time the Ground between mould be carefully clean'd and dug
every Spring
time they will be ftrongly rooted, and have made pretty ftrong Shoots, fo that they
:

U L
every Spring, and to trim them as before directed ; which will promote
their

ftrong

Growth, enough

and
to

render
tranfplant

them
out

by

this

where they are

to remain, in the time

before-mention'd.

may

be laid in the Ground. The manner of performing this being already defcrib'd in the Article of

Thefe Trees are very proper to plant in Hedge-rows, upon the Borders of Fields, where they will thrive

hayn s,

I fhall

forbear repeating

it

much better than Cvhen planted in a Wood, or clofe Plantation and their
;

in this Place.

When
ed, they

thefe Layers are well root-

mould be taken
out into

off,

and
:

tranfplanted

a Nurfery

which fhould be upon a good Soil, and well prepaid (as before for the The Plants mould be Stools).
planted in

Shade will not be very injurious to whatever grows under them ; but when thefe Trees are tranfplanted out upon Banks after this manner, the Banks mould be well wrought and clear'd from all other Roots,
otherwife the Plants,

Rows

four Feet afunder,

from a

better Soil, will

being taken not make

Places;

and two Feet Diftance Plant from This fhould be Plant in the Rows. done in Autumn, as foon as the and if there Leaves begin to decay is fomc Mulch laid upon the Surface of the Ground about their Roots, it will preferve them from being hurt by Froft in Winter, and from drying Winds in Spring, and thereby iecure them from all Hazard. The follovvingSummer thcGround between them mould be conftantly kept clean from Weeds, and in Autumn they mould be pruned up,
;

much

Progrefs

in

thefe

About Michaelmas will be a good time for this Work, for the Reafons before afiign'd but when they are
;

planted, there fhould be fome Stakes

fix'd

in

by them,

to

which they

fhould be faftcn'd, to prevent their being difplac'd by the Winds ; and

Part of their Heads fhould be taken
off before they are planted, vvhich

their

will alfo be of Ufe in preventing being eafily overturn'd by^

Winds; but by no means mould

Branches too clofely cut off
there are not
;

their

leading Shoot be ftopp'd, nor their

for if

cutting off

all

ltrong lateral Shoots,

which,
their

if

left

on,

would impede
;

fome Shoots

left

on

to

but there muft be fome of the fmaller Shoots left on to detain the Sap, in order to augment the Stems of the Trees for where they are pruned up too naked, they are apt to grow up too {lender to fupport themielves ; fo that their
upright
:

Growth

draw and attract the Sap, they will be in Danger of mifcarrying. Thefe Trees are alfo proper to plant at a Difiance from a Garden
or Building, to break the Violence of Winds; for which Purpoie there
is

Heads

will

recline to the
their

Ground,
to

and caufe
crooked.

Stems

grow

not any Tree more ufeful; for they may be train d up in form of an Hedge, keeping them cut every

In this Nurfery they may remain five or fixYears, obferving conflantly to dig the

Ground between them

Year ; which will caufe them to grow very clofe and handfome, to the Height of forty or fifty Feet, and be a great Prottclion agamlt

U L
but they mould not be planted too near a Garden, Where Fruit-trees, or other Plants, are placed ; becaufe the Roots of the Elms run fuperficially near the Top of the Ground to a great Dijftance, and will intermix with the Roots of the other Trees, and deprive them of Nourishment. Nor Ihould they be planted near Gravel or Grafs-walks, which are defign'd to be well kept ; becaufe the Roots will run into them, and fend forth Suckers in great Plenty ; which will deface the Walks, and render them
:

U
.flroyed.

L
faid,

the Fury of

Winds

dry Summer, they are generally de*

But although I have

that

Elms which aretiain'd up

in a

Nur-

fery may be remov'd with Safety, at a larger Size than moft other Trees, yet I would not have it underftood, that

by

this I

would recommend

the planting of them

for if People

when

large

unfightly.

But Shade

for
is

large

Gardens,
is

requir'd, there

fcarce

where any

Patience when they plant, and never plant any of thefe Trees which are more than four or five Inches in Girt of their Stems, they will in a few Years become better Trees than any of thofe which are tranfplanted of a much larger Growth, and they will always grow to a much larger
little

would have a

Tree

fo proper for that Purpofe, being eafy to remove when grown to a confulerable Size fo that a Perfon who is willing to have his Plan;

Size

befides, they are

much more

tations for

Shade

in

a fhort time,

may

procure Trees of one Foot Cir-

cumference in their Trunk, which will be in no Danger of fucceeding, provided they are. remov'd with And thefe will take Root, Care. and grow again, almoft as well as young Plants, which is what few other Sorts of Trees will do ; but then they mould be fuch Trees as have been thus regularly train'd up in a Nurfery, and have good Roots, and not fuch as are taken out of Hedge-rows (as is by fome pradtis'd), which feldom rife with any tolerable Roots, and confequently often mifcarry ; and this has been the Occafion of fo many Plantations of thefe Trees failing for although fome of them may live a few Years, yet few of them are of long Duration, and they rarely increaie much
;

and do not require to be fo ftrongly fupported; nor is there much Danger of the young Trees mifcarrying therefore it is much more eligible to make choice of young thriving Trees (but not out of a better Soil than that where they are to be planted),and never to plant any large Trees, unlels where a fmall Number may be wanted for an immediate Shade ; and in fuch Cafes, it is always proper to plant fome youngTrees amongft the large ones,
eafily remov'd,
:

to fucceed

them when they

fail.

In Planting of thefe Trees, great Care mould be taken not to Oury which is very their Roots too deep injurious to them, efpecially if they are planted on a moill Loam or Clay ; in which Cafe, i\ the Clay is
;

near the Surface, it will be the belt way to raife the Ground in an Hill, where each Tree is to be planted ;
will advance their Roots above the Surface of the Ground, fo that they will not be in Danger of rotting in Winter with Moifture. When thefe Trees are propagated by Suckers taken from the Foot of

which

but frequently grow hollow, their Heart decaying rft j fo that they are fupported only by their Bark or Shell, for a few Years,
in their Stems,

and

the tidt fevere Winter, or very

old Trees, they are 5 B 2

commonly

laid

into

U L
into the

u R
clofe in Beds,

Ground very

for the

Timber

therefore the

be#

where, in dry Weather, they may be frequently water'd, to encourage In thefe their putting out Roots. Beds they-are left two Years ; by

way

which

time, thofe that live will

(tho' a

be

well rooted

great

many of

them generally
and manag'd
for the Layers.

die); then theyfhould

be tranfplanted into the Nurfery,

as

hath been directed

There are fome who raife the Witch elm from Seeds, which it
generally produces in great Plenty,

of the Kinds which a Pcrfon would choofe to propagate, is to have a Nurfery of Stools, in order to furnifh Layers ; for when they are grubb'd up from Hedgerows, there will often be many Sorts intermix'd, efpecially if the People who go about to gather them, furnifh them ; becaufe they take them indifferently, where-ever they can procure them ; fo that when they are planted out thus blended together, there will be a confiderable
to be fure

and are ripe \nJfriL Thefe mould be Town upon a Bed of frefh loamy in dry Earth, and gently cover'd Weather they mould be water'd, and if the Bed is fhaded from the violent Heat of the Sun, it will be of
:

Difference in their Growths, which

will deface the Plantation.

URENA,
The
a

Indian Mallow.

Characters are ; hath a malvaceous Flower , with

great Service to the Seeds

(for I al-

ways obferve

the Plants to

better in the Shade,

than

come up when ex-

come

When the Plants pos'd to the Sun). up, thev mould be carefully
from Weeds and after they have itood two Years in the Seed;

double Empalement ; the outer being of one Leaf /lightly cut at the Brim into five Parts ; but the inner is fiveJjaved, being cut to the Bottom : the Flower is compofed of f<ve Leaves,

which are

oblong

and blunt at their

clear'd

Extremity, but are narrow at their

bed, they will be fit to plant out into the Nurfery, where they mull be

jnanag'd as the former.

Elm

Sometimes the common Engli/h but it is will produce Seeds

;

Bafe : in the Centre there are many Stamina, which are joined, and form a Column at theirBafe, but fpread open above : thePointal afterward changes to a pentagonal Fruit, which is burry,

a nd divides

not fo contiantly fruitful as the Witch-elm, which feldom fails to produce great Quantities, when they have arrived to a due Maturity ; which Seeds will fall to the Ground, and when they light upon a Spot which is not difturb'd, the Plants will

into five Cells, each ing one angular Seed.

hav-

The Species
t.

are
angulatis.

Urena
Cliff,

foliis

Lin.

Indian Mallow, angular Leaves.

Hort.
2.

with

Urena

foliis

lobatis, petiolis

longijjimis

afperis.

Indian Mallow,

come up in great Plenty. The Timber of the common Englljh Elm is generally preferr'd to the
reft
;

veral Lobes,
Footftalks.
3.

with Leaves deeply divided into feand very long rough

tho' that of

the
is

Witch-elm
;

is

Urena foliis

bryonia alh<e di-

often as good, and

the largeftTree,

vifuris. Indian

when

planted on a kindly Soil

but

divided like

Mallow, with Leaves thofe of theWhite Bryo-

the Dutch

Elm

affords

the

word
This
to this

Timber, and never will grow to the Stature of either of the other Sorts ;
fo that this fcould net be cultivated

Name of Urena was applied Genus by Dr. Dillcnius, in

racter*-

the Hsrtus Elthamenfis, as the Cha-

U R
rafters

UR
from
all

of the Plants

differ

the Genera of the malvaceous Tribe; and this being a Name applied to it
in the Hortus Malabaricus.

fift

hath an apetalous "Flower, conf man y Stamina, included in an Empalement ; but thofe are Barren ; for the Embryoes are -produced
It

ing

Thefe three Species are Natives of the Eajl-Indies, from whence I received their Seeds, by the Tide of Indian Mallow ; which, for want of a better Englijb Name, I have continued to them. Thefe Plants grow about two Feet high, and toward their Top they put out fome Side-branches thefe are garnifh'd with Leaves
placed alternately at a confiderable
Dittance. Thofe of the firft Species are cut into feveral obtufe Angles ;

either on different Plants , or on different Parts

of the fa??ie Plant, without

Flower, which afterward a bivalve Seed-vfffel, fometimes gather d into round Heads, and at other times are fmall and hairy, inany
njifible

becomes

clofing fe-oeral Seeds.

The Species are Urtica urens maxima. C.B.P. The greateit Stinging-nettle. 2. Urtica urens minor. C.B.P. The leffer Stinging-nettle. 3. Urtica urens pilulas ferens,
1.

but thofe of the two

latter are divi-

ded deeply
tions.

into feveral obtufe Por-

The Flowers

are produced

femine lini. C. B. P. bearing Stinging-nettle, with a Seed like Flax.

I. Diofcoridis,

Pill

from theWings of the Leaves, which are fmall, fo make no great Appearance ; therefore thefe Plants are only kept in the Gardens of thofe who are curious in Botany. They are propagated by Seed, which fhould be foWn on an Hotbed early in the Spring; and when the Plants are fit to remove, they fhould be tranfplanted into Pots, and plunged into a frefh Hot-bed to bring them forward and afterward they muft be treated in the fame manner as hath been directed for the tender Sorts of Ketmia, to which
.

4.

Urtica

altera pilulifera, pa-

rietari<e foliis.

H. R.

Par.

An-

other

Pill-bearing

Stinging-nettle,
,

with Leaves like Pellitory

ly call'd Spanifh
5.

commonfolio an*

Marjoram.
pilulifera,

Urtica

gujiiori, caule ruiridi, Balearica. Sal-

njad.

Narrow -leav'd

pill

bearing

Stinging-nettle from Majorca, with a green Stalk.

6.

Urtica maxima

r a centofa

Ca-

the Reader

is

defired

to

turn,

to

avoid Repetition. If the Plants are brought forward in the Spring, and afterward placed in the Stove, or under a deep Frame, they will ripen Seeds the firft Seafon ; but if they fhould not, the Plants may

H. R. Par. The greateft branching Nettle of Canady. myrrhi7. Urtica Canadenfis, Canady Netdis folio. Infl. R. H. tle, with a Leaf of fweet Cicely. 8 Urtica racemofa Americana, amplo coryli folio. Plum. Cat. Branching American Nettle, with a large
nadcnfis.
.

Hazel-ieaf.
9.

Urtica

racemifera

maxima

be preferv'd through the Winter in the Stove, and will ripen their Seeds the following Seafon ; after which the Plants feldom remain.

Sinarum, foliis fubtus argenteis, lanugine wliojis. Plvk Amalth. Greatefl branching Nettle of China, with

Leaves which are white, and woolly

underneath.
10.
niatis,
5

URTJCA, The
The

Nettle.
;

Urtica
femine

foliis

profunde laci-

Characters are

lini.

Amman.

Ruth.

B 3

Siberian

U R
Siberian Nettle, with deeply
-

U R
cut

Leaves, and a Flax -feed.

taken Root, they will require no farther Care, but only to keep them
clear
will flower,
in June they and their Seeds will ripen inAutumn ; which, if permitted
:

The firft of thefe Sorts common Weed upon the

is

a very

from Weeds

Sides

of

Banks, Ditches, and other uncultivated Places, where its Roots will fpread, and over-run the Ground; fo that it mould always be carefully extirpated from Gardens. It is fometimes ufed in Medicine; but may b.j eafi] v procured from the Fields at almoit any Seafon. The fecond Sort is alfo a very common Weed in Gardens, and but, being an cultivated Fields annual Plant, it is not fo difficult to
;

to flied

upon the Ground, will come up the following Spring, and flouwithout any farther Care. Seeds of the third Sort are fometimes ufed in Medicine. The fixth Sort is very common

rifh

The

in
is

many

Englijb Gardens

where

it

preferv'd

more

for

the fake of

Variety, than for any Beauty. This hath an abiding Root, which fends forth a great Number of Shoots

eradicate as the former.

and fifth Sorts are preferved in many Gardens for Variety ; but the fourth, which is commonly called SparAJh Marjoram, is moft common in the Englijb Gardens, where it is cultivated for makemany ignorant Perfons, ing Sport taking it for a Sort of Marjoram, are often feverely flung by fmelling to it ; and others put it into theMiddle of Nofegays, amongft other Greens, which they prefent to Perfons who are not acquainted with the Plant ; and by fmelling to it
third, fourth,
:

The

every Spring, which rife about three Feet high, and form a thick Tuft or Bufh, which continues green til the Autumn, when the Shoots decay to the Root. This may be propagated by parting of the Root in the Spring, and may be planted in almoft any Soil or Situation, and will endure the fevereft Cold of this Climate in the open Air.

The
in

feventh Sort

is

alfo preferv'd

tame curious Gardens-,

for the

fake of Variety.
into

The Leaves of
and jagged

this Plant are finely cut

many

Parts, in

tame manner

they fufFcr in former.

like

manner
is

as the

The

third Sort

mention'd to

grow wild in England. ; but the other two are brought from warmerCountries.
.

All thefe Plants

may be

eafily

propagated by tawing

their Seeds in

March, upon a Bed of light rich Earth and when thePhnts are come up, they mould be tranfplanted out
;

into Beds., or the Borders of the Pleafure garden, interfperfmg them amongft other Plants, that they may

refembling thofe of fweet Cicely. This is alfo a very hardy Plant, and may be treated as the former. The eighth Sort was difcover'd by Father Plumier in America. This is more impatient of Cold than the other; fo mould be planted in Pots, interand placed in Shelter in the feafon, otherwife it will not live in But as it is a Plant this Country. of little Beauty, it is only preferved by tame curious Perfons for Varie-

The
all

ninth Sort retains

its

Leaves

not be ealily difcover'd by Perlons whom there is a Defign to deceive, by gathering a Sprig from them to After thefe Plants have Jmell to.

Winter ; which, being very large, and hoary underneath, make an agreeable Variety in the Greenthe

houie in the Winter-feafon.

The
Stein 3

U
;

V
a
foft

V u
Berry or Fruit, of a fpherical Form, inclojing hard Seeds, which are fome plain, and others gibbous. There is but one Species of this
Plant at prefent

Stems of thisPlant rife fourFeethigh, or more and thefe often branch out, at the Top, into Side-fhoots ; and the Flowers (which are like thofe of the common Nettle) are produced from the Wings of the Leaves. This Sort is too tender to live in the open Air in Winter ; wherefore the Plants mould be potted, and in Autumn removed into the Green - houfe ; where, if they are fecured from the Froft, and frequently refrefhed with Water, they will thrive extremely
well. In Summer they may be placed abroad in a fhelter'd Situation, and in dry Weather they muft be plentifully water'd for they are This may alfo very thirfty Plants. be propagated by parting of the Roots, which mould be done in May, when they are removed out of the Qreen-houfe ; for at that Seafon this Plant is in its leaft Vigour, the
;

known
Cluf.

viz,"

Uv A

Ursi.

Hi/}.

Spanifh

Red whort.
This Plant is very near akin to our common Whorts or Bilberries :
about a Foot high, and hath which are cover 'd with a redifh Bark, fomewhat like the young Branches of
it rifes

feveral flexible Branches,

the Strawberry-tree
ly befet

thefe are thin-

ftiff green Leaves, which are ferrated on their Edges. The Fiowers grow on the Top of the Branches, which are of a whitifh - blue Colour : thefe are fucceeded by red Berries, fomewhat

with

oblong

larger than

thofe of our

common

Winter being the Time when it is flourifhing. The Seeds of this Plant were brought from China, where the Plant is call'd Peama. The tenth Sort came from Siberia,

mod

and, being an Exotic, is preferv'd in fome Botanic Gardens, for the fake of Variety ; but ii muft be confined, otherwife it will become a very bad

Whorts, which have an acid Tafte. This Plant muft be treated in the fame manner as our Vitis Uaa, or Bilberry which is, to procure the Plants, with Bails of Earth to their Roots, from the Place of its native Growth; becaufe the Seeds feldom grow, and, when they fucceed, it will
;

be a long time before

will

the

Plants

grow

to

any Size

but as there

are Directions for the

Article of Vaccinium,

Management
fhall

Weed
five

in

Gardens.
will

of thefe Plants exhibited under the

to the

This

grow

Height of

not re-

or fix Feet in good

Ground

peat them in this Place.

are djeply cut

flings like the

the Leaves are plac'd by Pairs, and but the whole Plant
;

VULNERARIA,
The

Woundwort.

Characters are;

common

Nettle, and

the Roots abide, though the Plants decay annually to the Surface of the

7/ hath apapilionaceous or [peabloom) Flower, out of whofe tubular and tur-

Ground

gidEmpalent arifes the Pointal, which afterward becomes a fliort Pod filled

UVA
whort.
It er,

URSI, The

Spanijh

Red-

Characlers are ; hatb a globular bell-jhaped Flowconjijiing of one Leaf, from whofe

The

with roundijh Seeds : to thefe Notes may be added, That the Pod is incloft d in a membranous Bladder, which was
before the Empalement.

Empalement arifes the Pointal, fixed like a Nail in the hinder Part of the Flower ; which afterward becomes

I,

The Species are VULNERARIA

ruflica. J. 2?.

Ruttic

Woundwort, Kidney Vetch,

B 4
2.

or Lady's ringer.
5

Vul-

V u
2.
io.

V u
fori al-

Vulneraria
Injl.

ruflica,

R.

H.

Ruftic
jlore

Woundpurpura -

wort, with a white Flower.

3
.

Seeds of this Plant fhould be fowtt about the Middle of March, on a Bed of light Earth, in an open Si-

Vulneraria
Injl.

fcente.

R. H.

Ruftic

Wound.

wort, with a purplilh Flower. u L n E R a R I A pent aphy lbs Injl. 4 R. H. Five-leav'd Woundwort.
.

where they are defign'd to remain becaufe the Plants do not very well bear tranfplanting. Theretuation,
;

5.

Vulneraria
njario.

Cretica,

Jlore

far<vo

Tourn. Cor.

Candy

Woundwort, with a
Flower.

fmall variable

The firft Sort grows wild on poor chalky Ground in divers Parts of England; but is rarely cultivated in Gardens. This fends forth feveral Stalks from the Root, which are about eight or nine Inches long, alternately befet with hairy Leaves, which are compofed of four or five Pair of Lobes, terminated with an odd one. On the Top of the Stalks the Flowers are produced, which are fmall, and of a yellow Colour, collecled together in a broad Head, which are fucceeded by fhort Pods fill'd with roundifh Seeds. This Plant flowers toward the End of May, and the Seeds are ripe in
July.

Method is, to fow the Seeds in fmall Drills, made two Feet afunder; and when the Plants are come up, they mould be thinned where they are too clofe, fo as to leave them fix or eight Inches afunder in the Rows ; and then keep the
fore the belt

Ground
all

clear

from Weeds, which

Plant fpread
flat

is

the Culture they require.

this

The
on

Branches of

the Ground, and the Flowers are produced in large Bladders from the

Wings of
in June,

the Leaves. Thefe appear and the Seeds will ripen the
thefe Seeds are

End of Augujl.
If

fome of

the Beginning of September,

fown on a

dry Border, the Plants will in Autumn, and live thro* the Winter (provided it is not very fevere), and will flower early the following. Summer, whereby good Seeds may be obtain'd for when the Summers prove cold and wet,

warm

come up

The fecond
rft,

Sort

is

a Variety of the

thofe Plants

which come up from

from which it only differs in the Colour of its Flowers, which

are white.

Seeds fown in the Spring, do not produce ripe Seeds ; fo that the Species may be loft, where there are not

The

third Sort

is

found wild fn

Autumnal

Plants.

fome Parts of Wales, from whence

the Seeds and Plants have been pro-

cured by feme curious Botanifts, who them in their Gardens. This Sort produces pretty purplifh Flowers, collecled into Heads, which make an agreeable Appearance. The fourth Sort is found wild in Italy, Sicily, and fome other warm Countries ; but in England it is preprefer ve

Sort was difcover'd by Dr. bournefort in the Ifland of Candy, from whence he fent the Seeds to the Royal Garden at Paris. This is alfo an annual Plant therefore mould be manag'd in the fame manner as hath been dire&ed for the forfifth
;

The

mer

Sort.
nrft,

The
Years,
greateft

fecond, and third Sorts

their

will abide two,

fome curious Gardens for This is an the fake of Variety. annual Plant, which perifhes with The the firft Approach of Winter.
ferv'd in

before

and fometimes three Roots decay

though they generally are in the Vigour the fecond Year; lor thefe rarely flower the fame

Year

U V
Year they are fown.

W
The
fureft.

A
Ground. They

Method to have in a Garden is, in the Autumn,

thefe Plants fucceed

to

low their Seeds foon as they are ripe, on a Bed or Border of poor, dry, gravelly, or chalky Soil, on
as

Germany, from whence it has beeri brought to feveral curious Gardens. They are both very hardy Plants,
fo will live in the full

which they will thrive much better than on a rich garden Earth. When
the Plants are

come
;

up, they

mould

be thinned, leaving them fix or eight Inches afunder and afterward, if they are kept clear from Weeds, they will require no farther Care. The firft Sort was formerly much ufed by the Germans, as a Woundherb, from whence it obtained its

Name

but at prefent

it

is

not in

any Ufe.

UVULARIA.
The CbaraBers
It is

are

of the

liliaceous "Tribe

the
is

Flowers in March and April, at the fame Seafon with the Fritillarias but as the Flowers have not much Beauty, the Plants are only cultivated for the fake of Variety. They are only propagated by parting of their Roots for they do not produce Seeds in England. The bell: Seafon for removing them is about Michaelmas, when their Roots maybe feparated, and planted in the Borders of the Flower-garden ; but this mould be done every third Year for if they are often removed, the Plants will not thrive fo well, or flower fo ftrong, as when they ftand two or three Years unremov'd,

produce

their

Flower has no Empalement , and

\Compofcd
i

They delight
ItirF,

in a Soil not too

wet or

of fix Leaves, which are long and narrow : in the Centre of the Flower the Vointal arifes, being furgrounded by fix Stamina, each fupport 1

but a gentle Hazel-loam.

an oblong Summit the Point al of \terward becomes an oblong three- cornerd Seed-vejfel, having three Cells, which are filled with round compreffed
\ing
;

Seeds.

The
1
.

Species are;

Uvular

WALKS
Gravel,
tr.eie

Flor. Leyd.

a folio integerrimo. Uvularia with an intire

i

made either of Sand, or Grafs; three Sorts of Walks are the

are

Leaf.
2.

Uvularia

foliis

cordatis ob-

hngis. Flor.

Leyd. Uvularia with Dblong heart-map'd Leaves. The firft Sort is a Native of Canaia and Virginia, and has been long

moll common in Engla?:d; but where Gravel or Sand cannot be procur'd, they are fometimes laid with powdered Coal, Sea-coal Allies, and fometimes of powdered Brick; but
thefe are rarely
ufed,

when

either

:ultivatedin feveral curious

Gardens

It was firft ranged in the n Europe. 3enus of Polygonatum and, by Dr. 3cerhaave, it was placed with the
;

7ritillaria

but

this
it

Title of

Uvu-

aria was given to

by Dr. Linn.?s, from the Refemblance which the 'ruit of it has to the Uvula. The fecond Sort is a Native of

Gravel or Sand can be procur'd : however, where Sea-coal Ames can be had, it is preferable to the powder'd Coal or Bricks ; becaufe the A(hes bind very hard, and never ftick to the Feet in frofty Weather, which is a very good Quality ; but the Darknefs of its Colour has been an Objection to the Ufe of it in Gardens:

W
t!ens: I

A
great

however, for Wildernefs-walks it is preferable to moft other But I mail proceed to Materials. give Directions for the making of the feveral Sorts of Walks, and firft
think

Rounding takes off much from the feeming Breadth of the Walk.

of the Gravel -walks.

in Gardens,

The common Allowance for a Gravel-walk of five Feet Breadth, is an Inch in the Crown; fo that if a Walk be twenty Feet wide, accordto this Proportion, it will be four Inches higher in the Middle than on each Side; one of thirty Feet, fix Inches and fo on. When a Walk has been thus carefully laid, or rather, after every Length, or Part of it (which com;

In order to the laying of Walks it will be very proper, that the Bottom of thembefill'd with

fome Lime-rubbifh, or coarfe Gravel, Flint-ftones, or other rocky

which will be ferviceable Weeds from growing through the Superficies of the Gravel. This Bottom mould be laid eight or ten Inches thick, over which the Coat of Gravel mould be fix or eight which Gravel fnould be fine, but yet not fcreened, becaufe that This mould be laid on an fpoils it.
Materials
;

in preventing

monly
then
it

is

about

fifteen

mould be

roll'd well,

Feet each), both irt

Length, and alfo crofs-ways. The Perfon who rolls it, mould wear Shoes with flat Heels, that he may not make Holes in the Walks ; for when they are once made in a new

Heap, rounding, that the larger rough Stones may run down on the Sides-; which being every now andthen raked off, the Gravel by that means will be fufficiently fine.
After the Gravel has been laid to the Thicknefsabove- mentioned, then
the
as

W alk,
r

it

will not be eafy to roil

them

out again.
In order to lay Gravel-walks firm,
it

will be neceffary to give

;

them three
is,

or four Water-rollings

that

they

mull very
to

be roll'd
faft,

that
this

when it rains fo the Walks fwim with

Gravel

Walks muft be raked

from
all

true,

and

Water:

will caufe the

level

great Drips, as well

bind, fo

that

when

the

Walks
hard

Holes. By this means moil: of the Stones of the Walks will bs raked under your Feet; which mould rather be gentlyfprinkled back again, over the laft Length that is raked,
little

come

to be dry, they will be as

as Terrace.

Iron mould Gravel

the
beft.

is

accounted
it j

for binding

or Gravel with

little

binding

Loam amongft
it

than buried (as is the Praclice of many Gardeners) for by this means the Walk will liemuch harder, and the coarfeft Stones will very much contribute to its Firmnefs, provided
;

they are not too large, or angular, becaufe the latter are often displaced by walking. There is alfo a great Fault committed frequently, in laying Walks

be apt to Hick to the Heels of Shoes in hot wet Weather, yet nothing binds better in dry Weather. When the Gravel is over-fandy or fharp, Loam is frequently mix'd with it which, if they be cart together in Heaps, and well mix'd, will bind like a Rock; whereas loofe Gravel is as uncomfortable and unlatter,
;

which

though

too round

and fome to that De-

eafy to
in a

walk on,

as

any other Fault

is

gree, that they cannot be walked on with that Eafe and Pieafure that

Walk can render it. The beft Gravel for Walks

ought

to

be

and

befides, this too

fuch as abounds with fmooth Pebble*

(as

\V
(as
is

WA
ridiculous Sight, than that of a flrait

that dug at Black-heath j,which,

being mix'd with a due Proportion of Loam, will bind like a Rock, and is never injur' d by wet or dry Weather and the Pebbles, being fmooth, are not fo liable to beturn'd up, and loofen'd by the Feet in walking, as are thofe which are angular and
;

Gravel-walk, leading to the Front of the Houfe, interfering the Grafs, fo as to make it appear like the itifF formal Grafs plots frequently made in little Court-yards by Perfons of

low Tafte.
Grafs-walks in a Garden are both ornamental and delightful in Summer-time, and dry Weather. Thefe may be made either by laying them with Turf, or fowing them with Hay-feed, and raking them fine and level ; which, keeping them well roird, and frequently mow'd, will make the Grafs fine but thofe which are laid with Turf, are pre:

rough for where Walks are laid, with fuch Gravel as is full of irregu;

they appear unfightly in becaufe after rolling the Stones will rife upon the Surface whenever they are walk'd upon ;
lar Stones,

a Day's time

but the fmooth Pebbles will remain handfome two or three Days without rolling.

The Width of thefe Walks mull always be proportion'd to their Length, and the Size of the Garden; but fmall Walks are every-where
difagreeable
;

ferable to the fovvn

Walks.
roundthe better;

Thefe may be

laid a little

ing, to caft off the

Water

fo that if the

Walks

were
ilong,
Ijjnade

to be only
I

two hundred Feet

:

(for

it

{hould advife them to be fourteen or fifteen Feet wide is much better to have but few
in a

but the Slope mult not be fo great as to be difcover'd with the Eye. About a fourth Part of the Roundnefs allow'd for Gravel- walks will be fufficient
for
thefe, if in

wet Ground
dry,
it is

but
bell

if

the

Ground be

the

Walks

Garden, and thofe

to

be

fpacious, than to

make many

fmall

'Walks, as is often praclifed. Gravel-walks are very necelTary near theHoufe ; becaufe, being foon dry after Rain, they are proper for But walking on, in all Seafons. then thefe mould be but few, and
thofe ought to be large and magnificent, proportionable to the Gran-

way to lay them quite level. Sometimes there are Water-tables on each Side of thefe Walks, which is very good for draining them, and alfo for keeping the Grafs and Weeds from mixing with the Borders ; and,
befides, thefe

Water-tables

renier

Walks the handfomer, and appear the more beautiful.

the

deur of the Houfe and Garden. The principal of thefe Walks mould be elevated parallel with the Houfe, fo
as to

Thefe Water-tables ought to bs new-cut once or twice a Year ; and this ought to be done by a flrait
Line, as exactly as pofiible.

:end
i:he
r

form a Terrace itfelf each way,

this

mould exfo that

The oftener

thefe

Walks are mow-

in proportion to

Width of

the

Garden;

be a Communication with the Sand-walks, without Toing on the Grafs ; or there mould
rorn this there

may

3e

Side

walks of Gravel to lead

ed and rolled in Summer, the thicker their Bottoms will be ; and in Autumn the Grafs fhould be kept very fhort, and well roll'd ; for, if it be permitted to grow pretty long at this Seafon, the Blade will decay in

lry

there may be a continued quite through he Gardens. But there is not a more

them,"' that

Walk

Winter, Roots.

and greatly

injure

their
alfo

The Worm-cads muft

be carefully beat

to-pieces with

a long

W
:

A
new-laid.

W
it is

A*
if they

long Afh-pole, and fpread over the Grafs this the Gardeners call Polling of a Vfalky which is done by bruming the Surface cf the Ground ftrongly with a {lender Pole: theoftener this
is

and handfome as

had been

In the modern Way of laying out Gardens, the Walks are carried through Woods and Plantations ; fo

repeated, the better

;

for the Grafs

befides,

it

will deftroy

the

Worm-calls,

and

render

the

Walks more beautiful. Having given Directions for the making of Gravel and Grafs-walks, I mall come next to treat of Sandwalks, which are now very frequently made in Gardens; as being lefs
expenfive in the making, and alfo in keeping, than either of the former and in very large irregular Gardens, which are fuch as mod Perfons efteem, this is a very great Article
: :

and convenient walking in the Middle of the Day. Thefe are ufually carried about, winding as much as the Ground will admit of, fo as to leave a fumcient Thicknefs of Wood, to make the Walks private and that the Perfons who are walking in one Part of them, may not be feen by thofe who are in any of the other
that thefe are fiiady
for
;

for as the greater! Part of the

Walks
twift

which are made

in

Gardens

Where thefe Walks are conwith Judgment, a fmall Extent of Ground will admit of a great many Turns ; fo that a Perfon may walk fome Miles in a fmall Garden. But thefe Turns mould be made as
Parts.

trived

about in an irregular manner, it would be very difficult to keep them handfome, if they were laid with Gravel. And as thefe Walks are for the mod part fliaded by Trees, fo the dripping of the Water from their Branches, in hard Rains, would warn the Gravel in Hole?, and render the Walks very unfightly. When thefe Wood -walks are Grafs, they do not appear fightly, nor are they very proper for walking on for after
:

natural as poflible, fo as not to ap-

pear too

much

like a

Work

of Arr,

which will never pleafe

former.

fo long as the

Rain they continue damp fo long, that they become unhealthy to walk on; and the Grafs generally grows fpiry and weak for want of Air and hy the continual dropping of the Trees, will by degrees be deltroved.
;

Therefore
thefe

it

is

much

better to lay

Walks with Sand, which will be dry and wholfome; and whenever they appear mofTy, or any Weeds begin to grow on them, if they are moved with a Dutch Hoe in dry Weather, and then raked over,
it

The Breadth of thefe Walks mufl be proportion'd to the Size of the Ground, which in a large Extent may be twelve or fourteen Feet wide; but in fmall Gardens five or fix Feet will be fumcient. There are fome Perfons who allow a much greater Breadth to their Walks, than what I have aflign'd to the largeir, Gardens but as thefe Walks are fuppos'd to be (haded by Trees, fo, when they are made too broad, the Trees mult be planted clofe to the Sides of the Walks and then it will be a leng time before they will afford a fufficient Shade, if the Trees are young. Therefore I imagine, the Width here allowed will by moft People be thought fumcient, efpeci; ;

ally

as

the

Walks

are defign'd to
will alare, the
j

will deftroy the

and make the

Weeds andA'Iofs, Walks appear as frefh

wind as much as the Ground low ; becaufe the wider they greater mull be the Turns

other-

W
wife the
it

A
Befides, as

A
:

Walks

will not be private

for any fmall Diftance.

thefe

will be proper to line the Sides of

Walks

with

Honeyfuckles,

Sweetbrier, Rofes, and

many

other

fweet-flowering Shrubs; fo the tall Trees mould be placed five or fix

Feet from the Walk, to allow

for thefe.
treat

room

But

as I (hall particularly

of the Method of laying out WildernelTes, and planting of them, in fuch a manner, as to render them as nearly refembling a natural Wood as poflible, under its proper Head ; I (hall add nothing more in this Place, except a few common Directions for making of thefe Sandwalks.
/

fmooth the Surface. In doing of thrs the Whole mould be laid a little rounding to throw off the Wet but there will be no Neceflity of obferving any Exaclnefs therein ; for as * the whole Ground is to have as little Appearance of Art as poflible, the rounding of thefe Walks mould be as natural and only fo contriv'd, as that the Water may have free
;

PaiTage off them.

The Sand
are laid,
to

with which thefe Walks mould be fuch as will bind ;

it

otherwife

will be very troublefome

When
n the
lgn'd,

Ground is traced out manner as the Walks are dethe Earth mould be taken
the

walk on them in dry Weather for if the Sand be of a loofe Nature, it will be mov'd with ftrong Gales of Wind, and in dry Weather will Aide from under the Feet. If, after
thefe

Walks
two or

rolled
tle

are laid, they are weft three times, it will fet-

}ut of the

Walks, and laid in the The Depth of this mull )e proportion^ to the Nature of the for where the Ground is dry, toil
Quarters.
;

them, and caufe them to be firm.

it

If the Sand

Loam,
as
ill

is too much inclinable to will alfo be attended with

Confequence, as that which

;
;

is

he

Walks need not be elevated much

too loofe

for this will flick to the

ibove the Quarters; fo the Earth hould be taken out four or five
.nches

deep

in

fuch

Places; but

vhere the

Ground is wet, the Botom of the Walks need not be more

han two Inches below the Surface,
hat the

Feet after every Rain fo that where Sand can be obtain'd of a middle Nature, it mould always be preferred. In fome Countries where Sand

cannot

be

eafily
laid

procur'd,

thefe

Walks may be

Walks may be
;

raifed fo high,

lis

throw off the Wet into the which will render them Quarters nore dry and healtay to walk on.
to

After the Earth is taken out to he intended Depth, the Bottom of he

(im, coarfe Gravel, or

with Rubwhatever of he like Nature can be moft readily This mould be laid four rocured. r five Inches thick, and beaten
laid

Walks mould be

with Sea-fhells well pounded, fo as to reduce them to a Powder, which will bind extremely well, provided they are rolled now-and-then but where neither of thefe can be eafily procured, Sea-coal Alhes, or whatever elfe can be gotten, which will bind, and be dry to the Feet, may be ufed
:

for this Purpofe

and where any of

thefe can only be had in fmall Quantities, the Walks fhouid have a greater Share of Rubbifh laid in their Bottom, and thefe fpread thinly over

own
le

as clofe as poflible, to prevent

from working thro' it len the Sand mould be laid on about and after treadiiree Inches thick
;

Worms

ig

it

down

as clofe as poflible,

it

them ; and in moil: Places Rubbifh, rough Stones, or coarfe Gravel, may be eafily procured.

ould be raked over, to level and

WALLS

are abfolutely neceffary

in

vv

i\

VV

| 1
Jt\

5n Gardens, for the ripening of all fuch Fruits as are too delicate to be perfected in this Country, without fuch Afiiftance. Thefeare built with
different Materials
tries
;

in

fome Coun-

they are built of Stone, in others

with Brick, according as the Materials can be procured belt and cheapeft.

fix'd up againft them, for the mora* convenient faftening of the Branches of the Trees the Timbers of thefe Efpaliers need not be more than an Inch and an half thick, and about two Inches and an half broad thefe mould be fix'd crofs each other, at
:

about four Inches Diftance ; for if they are at a much greater Diftance,
it

Of all Materials proper for building Walls for Fruit- trc?s, Brick is the beft ; in that it is not only the handfomeft, but the warmeft and
.iides that,

kindtft for the ripening of Fruit ; beit affords the beft Cori-

will be difficult to fallen the Shoots of the Trees properly as this Trelafe will be laid clofe to the Wall, the Branches of the Trees will be bud about two Inches from the Wall;
:

'

in

which Pofition the Fruit

will ripen

veniency of Nailing ; for fmaller Nails will ferve in them than in

Stone-walls, where the Joints are larger ;and Brick-walls, with Cope-

better than

when
fo that

it lies

quite clofe tol

the Wall

are built, there

thefe Efpaliers

where Stone-walls mould always be? framed againft them ; j

?

ing of Free-ftone, and Stone Pilafters or Columns, at proper Diftances, to feparate the Trees, and break oft the Force of the Winds, make not only the moft beautiful, but the moft

which will render thefe Walls veryJ good for Fruit-trees ; which, with-] out the Efpaliers, feldom are found I
anfwer the Purpofe of ripeningj befides the Incon-0 venience of having no good Fallening for the Branches of the Trees. .* The*re have been feveral Trials-' made of Walls built in different Forms; fome of them having been built femicircular, others in Angles of various Sizes, and projecting more toward the North, to fcreen off the cold Winds but there has not been any Method as yet, which
to

the Fruits well

durable Walls of any others. In fome Parts of England there are Wails built both of Brick and Stone, which have been very commodious. The Bricks of fome Places are not

of themfelves

fubftantial

enough

for

Wall?, nor are they any-where fo durable as Stone ; and therefore fome Perfons, that they might have Walls

both fubftantial and wholfome, have built double ones, the Outfide being of Stone, and the Infide of Brick, or but a Stone-wall lined with Brick when thefe are built, there mull be
:

has fucceeded near fo well, as that of making the Walls ftrait, and building them upright.

The
feen

faireft

Trial which I havo

at

great Care taken to bond the Bricks well into the Stone, otherwife they are very apt to feparate one from the

made of circular Walls, was

of Richmond, where,
in

Goodwood

in Sujjex, the Seat of the

Duke

the

other
after

efpecially
;

when

Froft

comes
the

much Wet

which

fvvells

Morter, and frequently throws down the Bricks, when the Walls are only
faced with them, and not well tied into the Stone. Where the Wall? are built intfrely

Middle of two South Walls, there were two large Segments of Circles, in which there were the fame Sorts
of Fruit-trees planted, as againft the ftrait Parts of the Walls but there never was. any Fruit upon the Trees in the circular Part of the Walls, which came to Maturity ; nor were
:

of Stone, there fhould be Trelafes

W A
drawn
Calculations, that Walls fa
built will be

the Trees of long Continuance, being blighted every Spring; and in a

few Years were totally deftroyed and when the Branches of thofe Trees, which grew upon the ftralt Parts of the Walls, had extended themfelves fo far, as to admit of
:

accelerating of Fruit

of great Service in the ; and has taken the Trouble of calculating the different Inclinations, which fuch Walls mould have in the different Climates,
in order to receive the greateft

Num-

their being led into the circular Parts

of the Walls, they were conftantly blighted and kill'd.

the Trees which had been planted in the circular Parts were
deftroyed, the Walls were
filled

ber of the Sun's Rays. This Theory feems to have all the Demchftration
neceffary for
for
as
its

Support

but upon
;

When

Trial has not fucceeded in the lealt

thefe
againft:

Walls muft be built

with

Vines ; but the Grapes of the fame Sort were a full Month later than thofe growing againft: the ftrait Parts of the Walls fo that they rarely ripen'd, which occafion'd their being rooted out, and Figs were after;

Eanks of Earth, the Damps from the Ground overbalance the Advantage of the Sun's Rays: befide, thefe fioping Walls being more expos d to the cold Dews
which
arife

in the

Night, the Fruit will be

chili'd

much

more

thereby

and

in the

ward planted
fucceed
little

but the Fruit of thefe

;

Spring the morning Frofts will prove

nor can it be fuppofed, that any Trees or Plants

better

much more

will thrive fo well in thefe Circles,

when there is a conftant Draught of Air round them, which renders the Situation much colder than the open
free Air.
I

have alfo feen at Mr. Le Courts

in Holland, fome Walls Angles of different Forms but thefe fucceeded no better than the Circles before mentioned; for I did not find one Tree in Health againft the Walls ; nor did they produce Fruit. There are feveral other Schemes, which have been propofed by different Perfons, for the building of Walls to accelerate the ripening of Fruits ; among which there was a very ingenious Book written feme Years ago, intituled, Fruit-walls imfro<vd, by inclining them to the Horiz.on in which the Author has {hewn, by Calculation, that there will be a

Garden

built in

deftruclive to the tender Bloffoms of the Fruit-trees, as they will be more expbfed to them, than againft an upright Wall : add to this their being much more expofed to the Winds and the Rain, and it will be found, by comparing the Advantages propofed from thefe Walls, with the Difadvantages to which the Fruit-trees will be expofed, that

upright Walls will have the Preference; for it is not the ftrongell Rays of the Sun, in the Heat of Summer,

which is fo much wanting for ripening of Fruit, as the Continuance of a moderate Share of Warmth ; and,
above all, the having of the Sun in a Morning, to dry off the cold Dews of the Night early, is of the greateft Ufe ; which renders thofe Walls which are built inclining to the Eait preferable to South Walls ; as the, Fruit will always ripen earlier againft: them.

There

are the

fome Perfons who

painting

re-

much
\

greater

Number
fail

of the Sun

of the Rays upon fuch Walls,

commend

ithan upon thofe ^hich are built peripend.cular; and fremi thence has

of Walls black, or of a dark Colour ; as they fuppofe the dark Colour will imbibe more of the Sun's Rays, fo will retain

W A
tain

W
alfo

the

Warmth
;

longer: this
1

anfwers better in Theory than in

Practice
for altho
it

mull: be allow-

gard to the Pleafure of viewing the neighbouring Country from the Garden, but alfo in regard to the Expence,
2.
i. Of building thefe Walls If they are planted with Fruit,
is

ed, that a black Wall

the

is warmer to Touch than a common Brickis

wall, yet, as the Fruit generally

fituated at a fmall Diftance

as

frequently pra&ifed, to main-

from the Wall, it receives no Benefit from the Warmth of the Wall ; and it is the reflected Heat which accelerates the ripening of Fruit therefore I would advife every one to make fair Trials of thefe Things, before they put them in Practice, and not to take upon Trull: what they may be told
:

tain

them

will

be
:

conftant

Charge,
too

without

receiving
for

much
there
is

Profit or Pleafure

when

'by Perfons

who

are too fanguine in

recommending to others Schemes which they have adopted upon very

flight Principles, or perhaps

upon a

fingle Trial

this

Painting of the
inclining

Walls
Perfon

is

recommended by the fame

who wrote upon

;

Walls and he has propos'd this, upon the fame Principles but the introducing of thefe Schemes mould be avoided, until there have been fufiicient Trials made, to warrant
;

their Ufe.

Where
their
find

Perfons are willing to be

at the Expence, in the building of

Walls fubftantial, they will anfwer much better than thofe which are llightly built, not only in their Duration, but alfo in their Warmth therefore a Wall two Bricks thick will be found to anfwer better than one Brick and an half: and if in the building of Garden-walls they are grouted with foft Morter, to fill and clofe all the Joints, the Walls will be much itronger, and the Air will not fo eait
:

fily

penetrate thro' the Walls, as

1

it

does thro thofe which are

ly built.

common-

According to the modern Tafte in Gardening, there are very few Walls built round Gardens ; which is certainly very .right, not enly with re-

with Fruit-trees, they are feldom taken much care of ; fo that the Quantity of Fruit produe'd will be fmall, and that ill-nouriuYd, and bad-tafted therefore the Quantity of Walling mould be proportion'd to the Fruit confumed in the Family: but as it will be neceffary to inclofe the Kitchen-garden, for the Security of the Garden -Huff, fo, if that be walled round, it will contain as much Fruit as will be wanted in the Family becaufe the Kitchen-garden is always proportion'd to the Number of Perfons maintained: but if the Quantity of Walling which furrounds the Kitchen-garden mould be judged too little for the Supply of Fruit, there may be a crofs Wall built thro" the Middle of the Kitchen- garden ; or, where the Length of the Garden will admit, there may be two crofs Walls built; but this muft not be done where there is not room to place the Walls at lead eighty Feet afunder and as the Kitchen-garden fhould always be placed out of Sight from the Houfe, the Walls may be hid by Plantations of Trees at fome little Diftance, which will be of Ufe in Iheltering the Fruit. The beft Afpeft for Walls in England is, to have one Point to the Eaftward of the South ; for thefe will enjoy the Benefit of the morning Sun, and will be lefs expend to the Weft and South-well Winds (which are very injurio/js fo Fruits in Engplanted
;
.

much Walling

land) than thofe Walls which are

built

W
built

A
I

W
there are

due South.
Perfons

know

which

many

who

object to the turn-

ing of

Wain

Eall, on account

the leaft Point to the of the Blights which

that Quarter in

is an excellent Method, 5ecaufe the Fruit will be always at a proper Dillance from the Walls, fo

as not to be

they fay

come from

will

but, from many Years ; Experience and Obfervation, I can

the Spring

injured by them, and have all the Advantage of their Heat. And by this Method the Wails will not be injured by drive-

affirm, that Blights as

often attack

Walls which are open to the South -well, as thofe which are built to any other Afpedt: and I believe, whoever will be at
thofe

ing Nails into their Joints, which, by every Year being drawn out,

Trouble to obferve for fewhich afpecled Walls fuffer moli from Blights, will find thole which are built with a Point to
the

ven

Years,

draws out the Morter from between makes Holrs, in which Snails and other Vermin will harbour, and deilroy the Fruit and the Walls will be alio greatly
the Bricks, and thereby

impaired.

the Ealhvard of the South, as feldom

blighted, as thofe which are turned
to

any other Afpedt

therefore, in

the Contrivance of a Kitchen-garden, there mould be of thefe Walls built,

as great

Length

Thefe Trelafrs may be contrived according to the Sorts of Fruit which are planted againft them. Thofe which are defign'd for Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots (which, for the moll part, produce their Fruit on the young Wood), mould have
their Rails

as the Situation

of the Ground

will admit.

three, or, at moll,

but
:

due South, and the next to that South -e ul, which is preferable to the Southwell, for the Reafons before alligned but as there will, for the mod (part, be South well and Well Wails
next
belt.

The

Afpect

is

four, Inches afunder every

Way

but

for other Sorts of Fruit,

which con;

tinue bearing on the old Wood, they

may

be

five or fix

Inches apart

and

thofe for Vines

may be

eight or nine

every Garden ; thefe may be planted with fome Sorts of Fruit, [which do not require fo much Keat
in to ripen them, as thofe defign'd for

Inches Dillance. For as the Shoots of Vines are always trained at a

greater Dillance, than thofe of any other Sort of Fruit, the Trelafes for thefe need not be near fo clo'fe ; efpecially as thofe mull be for Peaches and Nectarines, whofe Shoots are generally lhorren'd to about five or fix Inches or lefs ; fo
that, if the Rails are not pretty clofe,

much

the bell Walls : but where-ever there are North Walls, thofe will nly be proper for Baking-pears

nd

Plums,

Morello -cherries

for

referving;

or fome Duke-cherries

.ay be planted againft thefe

Walls,

many of

the ihort Branches cannot

o continue them longer in the Seaon, which w ll be found very ufeul in fupplying the Table until eaches, Nectarines, and Plums, are
pe.
\\ here Perfons are verv curious to

be faften'd to them.

Thefe Trelafes may be made of any Sort of Timber, according to the Expence which the Owner is
willing to bellow
;

but Fir
this

is

moft

commonly
which,
will iafr
if

ufed
well

for

Purpofe,
painted,
if a P' j r-

lave
fe

Trewhich prods about two Inches from them, o which fhey fallen their Trees

good

Fruit, they erect a

dried and

again!! their Walls,

many Years; much

but

fon will go to the Expence of

it

Oak,

will hit found

longer.

And
if

Vol,

111,

W
if

A
Afh-poles, in the
practifed in

\V

any one
be

is

Expencc of

unwilling to be at the either, then a Trelafe

as

may

made of
ii

driven into the Wall, they difplace the Morter in the Joints, and injure the Wall.

fame manner

make-

ing Efpaliers; with this Difference only, that every fourth upright Rail or Poft fhould be very ftrOng, and iron Hooks to the faftea'd with 1, which will fupport the Whole: and as thefe Rails mult be laid much

In the buildingof the Walls round a Kitchen-garden, the Infides, which are defign'd to be planted with
Fruit-trees, fhould be
as

made

as plain

pofiible, fo that the Fiers

fhould

Wa

not project on thofe Sides above four Inches at moll; and thefe mould be
plac'd about fourteen Feet afunder,
in fuch Walls as are defign'd for Peach and Nectarine-trees ; fo that each Tree may be planted exactly in the Middle between the Piers ; which will render them more fightly, and be better for the Trees but where Apricots, Plums, or Cherries, are to be planted, the Piers may be only ten Feet afunder; and againft every other Pier the Trees fhould be planted, which will allow them fufHcient room to fpread and as the Trelafe will project as forward as the Piers, the Branches of the Treesi may be trained on a Plain but when the Eiers project no more on the Infide of the Garden, they fhould be built ftronger on theOutfide, for the
: ;
:

clofer together,

than

is

generally

practifed for Efpaliers, thefe ftrong

upright Rails or Polls will not be farther diftant than three Feet from

each other.

To

thefe

the

crofs

Rails which are laid horizontally mould be well nail'd, which will fecu're

them from being

difplaced,

and

alfo ftrengthen the Trelafe; but to

the other fmaller upright Poles, they

need only be

faften'd with

Wire.

To

thefe Trelafes the Shoots of the Trees

ihould be faften'd'with Ozier-twig?, Rope-yarn, or any other foft Bandage for they mull not be nail'd to
;

it,

becaufe that will decay the

Wood-

work. Thefe Trelafes need not be erected until the Trees are well fpread, and begin to bear Fruit plentifully; before which time the young Trees may be trained up againft any ordinary low Efpaliers, made only of a few flender Afh-poles, or any other llender Sticks; by which Contrivance the Trelafes will be new when
and will laft many Years after the Trees have overfpread them ; whereas, when they are made before the Trees are planted, they will be decayed before the Trees attain half their Growth.
the Trees
to Bearing,

better fupporting of the Walls.

The ulual Thicknefs which Garden-walls are allow'd, if built with

Bricks, is thirteen Inches, which is one Brick and an half: but this fhould be proportionable to the Height ; for
if

they are

all built
is

twelve or fouroften practifed,

come

teen Feet high, as

then the Foundations of the Walls fhould be at leaft two Bricks and an
half thick, and brought up level
to

the Surface of the

fet off two.Inches

Ground, of

the

Where thefe Trelafes are intended to be made againft new Walls, it

will be proper to fatten

fome ftrong
it

iron

Hooks

into the Wall, as

is

built, at the Diftance

which the up-

VightPofts are intended to be plac'd ; becaufe when thefe are afterwards

fame Thicknefs; then they fhould'be on each Side, which will reduce them to two Bricks; and five Feet above the Ground, they may be diminiftYd on each Side, to reduce them to the Thicknefs of a Brick and an naif, which muft be

continued to the

Top

of the Walls.

And

W
And
er than er Wajls
;

A
Length
;

W
much
Gales of

the Piers in thefe high Walls

fhould alfo be proportionally Wrongis commonly ailow'J to lowfor as thefe will be

to ftrong

therefore will not require very high Walls.

if the Pears which are defign'd to

more expofed Wind, if they

they will

are not well built,

blows down.

be in Danger of being Therefore the Piers of thefe Waiis &ouJjd be projected the Length of a Brick: on their

be planted, are allow'da South-welt Afpect, on which they will ripen very well; then the Wall to this Afpecl mould be built fourteen Feet high or more ; for as thefe Trees
fpread

very far,

when on

Free-

Back -fide, and the Thicknefs of a Brick on their Front and if thefe are built about ten or twelve Feet
:

.afunder, they will greatly ftrengthen

mould not be ftiorten'd, nor' flopped in their Growth, which Bearing, by caufwill prevent Numing them to fend out a ber of grofs luxuriant Shouts, which
itocks, they

the Wails.

will never

produce Fruit

therefore

But there is no Neceffity of building Walls higher than nine or ten Feet, unlefs it be for Pears, which, if properly manag'd, will fpread over a great Compafs of Walling ; but as only fome of the lateft Winter-pears require the Alliance of a Wall, there need no more but that Part of the Wall where thefe are debe builthigher; forPeaches and Nectarines never require a Wall gher than nine or ten Feet, provided they are rightly manag'd ; becaufe, whenever they are carried to greater Height, the lower Part of the Wall is unfurniihed with bearing
iign'd, to

thefe fhould never be planted

amonglt

other Sorts of Fruit-trees, which are of fmaller Growth; bccaufe then the
in

Walls muft appear very unfightly, having fome Trees planted more than double the Diilance which the
;

others require

fo that as there

is

no other Sort of Fruit which requires

the Afhftance of Walls to ripen their Fruit, which need fo great room for

fpreading, as

Pears,

except

it

be

Figs

there will not require a great

Branches.
urns,

And
;

altho'

Apricots,

and Cherries, will frequentyet

if

Quantity of high Walls ; for the latter may be planted againft the Backwalls of Offices or Stables, where there is Conveniency, becaufe this Fruit is feldom coveted by Servants and being planted in Places which

are much frequented, they will not be in fo much Danger of being deranches trained horizontally from ltroyed by Birds, as thofe which are But T (hall now ne Bottom, they will not foon cover in private Places. Wall of this Height: and Vines proceed to give fome Directions for ay be kept as low as any Sort of the building of Hot-walls, to promote the ripening of Fruity which for when they are planted ruit they mult be is now pretty much praclis'd in Engainft low Walls,

grow higher
at

they are plantr

a proper Diilance, and the

eated

fomewhat

after

the
;

danner.as thofe in Vineyards

fame which

land.

In fome Places thefe Walls are

built at a very great Expence, fo contriv'd as
to

to cut out the greateft Part of the

ood which produc'd Fruit the preding Year, and train in new
loots for the next Year's Bearing,
hich.

and confume a great Quantity of Fuel but where thi-y are judicionfly built, the firft Ex;

are

rarely

left

a Yard

in

pence will not be near fo great, nor

5

will

W
will the

WA
pofed to the open Air ; and where there is not a Quantity of Walling planted fufiicient to let one Part reft
;

iiderabie

Charge of Fuel be verv conbecaufe there will be no NccelTity of making Fires more than turee or four Months beginning about the Middle of January, and ending by the Beginning of June, when there will be no want of Fires,
;

every other Year, the Trees will never be very healthy, and will la ft but a few Years. The Quantity of Walling to produce early Fruit for a middling Family, cannot be lefs than eighty or one hundred Feet in

if the Glalfes

are clofe thut every Kight, or bad Weather for half an Hour's Sun ihining on the Glaifes

Length
is

therefore where a Perfon

at this Seafon, will furficiently

warm

defirous to have the Fruit in Per-

the Air incioitd in the Chiles, for

the

fection,

Growth

ol

any of our European.

in a

and the Trees to continue good Condition many Years,

;

Fru:ts.

there lhould be three times thisQuantity

There are (ome Perfons who plant Vines, and otner Fruit trees, by the Sides o. Stovep, and draw fome of
their Branches into the Stove, in or-

of Walling built
it

fo that

by

di-

viding

into three Parts, there will

be two Years for the Trees to recover their Vigour between the Times of their being fore'd ; whereby a
greater Quantity of Bearing-wood

der to obtain early Fruit ; but this is by no means right, becaufe where the Stove is defigrfd for the Anana's, the

may

Air mult be kept much warmer for them, than is required for any of the other Fruits lo that they can never fucceed well toge;

ther; for

when

there

is

a fufiicient

Quantity of Air admitted, to promote the Growth of the other Fruit, the Ananas are ftarwd for want of proper Heat and fo, on the contrary, when the Stove is kept up to the proper Heat for the Anana's, it will be too hot for Fruit and it will alfo be proper to have the Vines on a particular Wall by themfelve?, becaufe thefe require to have a greater Share of Air admitted to them, when they begin to moot, than Peaches or Nectarines fo that it is by much the better Method to have them fe;
:

be obtain'd, and the Fruit will be fairer, and in larger Quantities, than when they are fore'd every other Year and as the GlalTes may, becontriv'd fo as to move from one to the other, the Expence of building the Walls fo much longer, will not be very great, becaufe the Frames
;

and GlalTes will be the fame one Year's Fruit.

as for

lhould be

Foundations of thefe Walls made four Bricks and an half thick, in order to fupport the Flues ; otherwife, if Part of them reft on Brick-work, and the other on
the
for

The

Ground, they

will

fettle

un-

equally, and foon be out of Order;

where - ever there happen any Cracks in the Flues, thro' which the

parate.

The ordinary Height of thefe Hot-walls is about ten Feet, which Will be funicitnc for any of thofe Sorts of Fruits which are generally forced,; for by this the Trees are commonly weakened in their Growth,
io that they will not grow fo vigoroufly as thole which are always ex-

Smoke can make its Efcape, it will prevent their Drawing ; and if the Smoke gets within the Glaifes, it This will greatly injure the Fru;t.
tinued

Thicknefs of Wall need not be conmore than fix Inches above

the Ground, where

lhould be the

Foundation of the firtt Flue; which will raile it above the Damps of the Farth then the Walls may be
:

let

W
fet off"

A
ea^h Side,
to the

W
Thick-

A
four Fett
attends the

four Inches on
will recLace
it

which

eight Feet in the Clear ; for as the Steps will require four Feet Space,
there fhould be at leaft

nefs of three Bricks and an half; fo that the Back-wall may be two Bricks

more

for the Perfon

who

thick,
to

which is abfolutely neceffary throw the Heat out more in Front;

for

when

the Back-walls are built too

Heat willefcape thro' them. The Wall in Front next to the Fruir,
thin, the

Should be only four Inches thick whereby there will be an Allowance of nine Inches for the Flues, which
:

be cover'd with ten Inch Tiles for if they have half an Inch Bearing on each Side, it will be furncient. The Ovens in which the Fires are made, mutt be contrived on the Back-fide of the Walls, which mould be in Number proportionable to the Length of the Walls. The Length ufually allow'd for each Fire to

may

have room to turn himfelf Ames, and to put in the Fuel. Where the Length of Walling requires two Ovens, it will be proper to have them in the iddie included in one Shed, which will fave Expence, and allow more room to attend the Fires for in this Cafe the Sheds muft be at leait ten Feet long, and then they need not be
Fire, to

to clear out the

more than

fix in

Breadth.

The

Steps

down End
;

into thefe
fo that the

mould be

at

one
into

Door opening
:

the Sheds, will not

be oppofite to

warm, is forty Feet; tho' they will do very well for fifty Feet: but I
would not
advife the Flues
to

Ovens whereby the Fires will burn more regular ; for whenever the Doors are contriv'd to front the Mouths of the Ovens, if
the
the
the
it

Mouths of

Wind

fets

directly againlt them,

be

longer than this is to each Fire ; becaufe when they are made at a great Diltance, there is a Necefftty of

making
to

the Fires fo
;

much

ftronger

warm them

which

will occafion

burn too and the Fuel will be foon confum'd. Thefe Ovens may be contrived in the fame manner as thofe which are already defcrib'd for Stoves wherewill caufe the Fire to
fiercely,
:

the Heat to be too violent near the

Fires. Thefe Ovens mould be fhedded over, to keep out the Wind and Rain ; otherwiie the Fires will not

fore

fhall
;

Place
the

not repeat it again in this but muft obferve, that when

burn. Some People make thefe Sheds of Timber; but it is much better to build them of Brick, and tile them over ; becaufe the wooden Sheds will in a few Years decay, and
to keep in Repair

two Ovens are jojn'd together, there mould be a Partition-wall at leaft two Bricks thick between them,
otherwifethe Fires will foon deiiroy and if there mould be the leait Hole in the Wall, thro' which the Smoke of the two Fires can communicate, it will prevent their Drawing. The lower Flue, trro" which the Smoke firil pafles from the Fire, may be two Feet and an half deep ; therefore the Back-wall fhould be two Bricks thick, as high as to the Top of tnis Flue; and then it may heist ofrto
it;

afterward will be a conftant Charge ; and befides, they may be in Danger of firing, if great Care ;s not constantly taken of the

Fires.

As

it is

abfolutely neceffary

to have the Ovens below the Foundation of the hrit Flues, there rnufl:

be Steps down into the Sheds,

to to

come

to the ivJouth of the

Ovens

a Brick and an half Tiiickr.efs, w hich muft be continued to the Top of the

fupply the

Fuel. Therefore the Sheds mould not be narrower thau

Walk
5

The

fecond

Flue,

whicla

(hould return over the &ril>

may be
rua4s

W
made two
;

A
third a

W
make them
will find
this
its

Feet

deep, the

fo tight, that no

Foot and an half, and the fourth one Foot deep which four Flues, with
their Coverings, will rife near eight

Smoke Way, which, without

it is

thro' the Joints

Feet in Height ; fo that there will be about two Feet left for the fixing

of the Frames

at the

Top

to fupporc

very apt to do, of Walls ; efpecially when they are fo thin as thefe mult be built and this Covering will ftrengthen the Wall of the Flues, and

Covering,

the Glafles, and for coping the Wall. And thefe four Returns will be fufficient to warm the Air in the

join the whole

at eath
final 1

Work
fe

together.

If,

End of th

Flues, there are

that there

Arches turn'd in the Back-

Frames ; for the Smoke will have ]6ft its Heat by the time it ha3 pafied
thus far.
there

walls, in fuch a

manner

may

In the carrying up of thefe Walls, fliould be fome ftrong iron Hooks raileird at convenient Diitances, which mould project about two Inches from the Wall, to which the Trelafe mult be faften'd, which
is

be Holes open'd to clean the Flues of Soot, whenever there is a Neceflity for it, the Trouble will be

much
Front

lefs
;

than to open the Flues in

to

Hooks
fatten

fupport UiGuld

the Trees.

Thefe
;

be long enough to
for

into the Back-wall

in Front, being

the

Wall

but four Inches

will not be ftrong enough to fupport the Trelafe but, in placing of them, Care fliould be had not to lay them crols the Middle of the F'ues, becaufe they would oburucl the clearing the Flues of Soot, when

thick,

ever
j aft

there

fliould

be occafion
is

fo that the beft

Way

to lay

them

under the Tiles which cover each

Flue, at about three Feet afunder;

which will be near enough, provided

the
ftrong.

Hooks As

are

made

fufficiently

the Flues mull be well

plafter'd with
fo,

Loam on

their Infide;

likewifc, fliould

the

Loam

be

and there will be no Damage done to the Trees, nor will the" Flues be the leaft injured by this, which they mud be, when they are open'd in Front. The Borders in Front of thefe Hot-walls fliould be about four Feet wide, which will make a fufficient Declivity for the Hoping Glaffes and in thefe Borders there may be a Row of dwarf Peas planted to come early, or a Row of dwarf Kidney - beans, either of which will fucceed very well ; and if if they are not planted too near the Trees, will not do them any Injury. On the Outfide of thefe Borders fliould be low Walls erected, which fliould rife about an Inch or two above the Level of the Borders upon which the Plate of Timber fliould be laid, on which the Hoping Glafles are to reft and this V/all will keep
;
:

fpread under the Tiles, which cover

up

the Earth of the Border, as alfo

them, to the Thicknefsof the Hooks, may be very fmooth; otherwife the Soot will hang to the iron Hooks, a>d flop the Smoke from palfing. It will alfo be very proper to cover thefe Flues cn the Side next the Trelafe with Hepthat the Flues

preferve the

Wood

from rotting.

The
into

Glafles which are defign'd to

cover thefe Walls, muft be divided

two Ranges ; for as they muft reach from the Ground-plate (juft above the Level of the Border) to almoft the Top of the Wall, they wiH be near twelve Feet long ; which will be too great Length for fmgle Frames, which, when they are more

bags, or fome fuch coarfe Cloth, in the fame manner as hath been directed for the Stoves
i

which

will

WA
than
are
fix

WA
the

Feet long, are too heavy

if

to move, efpecially

Frames

made of

a proper

Strength to

fuftain

the Glafs.

Thefe Frames

he enough to throw the Wet on the GlafTes, and likewife to fecure them faft down. The Breadth of thefe Frames for
the Glafies

mould be
as
j

contriv'd in fuch manner,

upper Row may Aide down and by making on one Side three fmall Holes in the Wood-work which fupports the Frames, at about a Foot Diftance, and having a fmall iron Pin to fix into them, the top GlafTes may be let down one Foot,
that the

may be about three Feet, more, according as the Divifions of the Length of the Wall will admit ; for a fmall Matter their Width is of no Confequence, provided they are not too wide to be
or a
little

eafily

moved

for

when

they are

two
as

Feet,

or three Feet, according

Trie be Occafion. of GlafTes may be conbut trived fo as to take eafily out as they muft lie (loping, and the upper Row muft: bear on them, they cannot be contriv'd to Aide upward ; nor indeed will there be any Occafion of their moving j becaufe it is much better to let the Air
there

may
!

lower

Row

wider than a Man can eafilv reach with his Arms, to manage, they will be very troublefome to carry from cne Place to another. The Bars of thefe Frames, which are to fupport the Glafs, mould be piae'd lengthwife of the Frames for when
1

they are plac'd acrofs, they flop the Moifture which is lodg'd on the Infide of the GlafTes, and caufe it to
fall in

in at the

Top, than

in the

Front of
are

the Tree:-.

The Hoping Timbers, which

failen'd at

to fupport the Glafs-frames, muft be

Drops on theBorders at every which will be very injurious to any Plants which are put there ; and, if it falls on the Trees, will greatly damage them, efpecially
Bar
;

Bottom, into the Ground-

when they

are

in BlofTom.

The

plate in

the Front of the Border, the

and

at

Top

into

ilrong iron

Cramps fix'd in the upper Pare of Thefe the Wall for that Purpofe. Timbers mould be made of Fir,
which will not twill as Oak and fome other Wood will, where it is They muft laid in fuch Pofition. be made fubftartial, otherwife they
will not
laft

Lead into which the GlafTes of thefe Frames are fix'd, mould be very broad, and the Joints well cemented otherwife the Wet will find an eafy PafTage thro', and do great Da;

mage

to the Fruit.

GlafTes,

many

Years, efpecially

as they are defign'd to be

moveable.

of thefe mould be fix'd a Ilrong Board, under which the upper Row of GlafTes mould run. The Ufe of this Board is, to fecure the upper Part of trie Glafies from being rais'd by the Winds, and alio to
the

On

Top

Range of be an angular Space between the Glafies and the Wall, which mult be clofely ftopp'd to prevent the Air from getting in, which might greatly .injure the Fruit. Thefe are by fome Perfons clofely boarded up; but if they are clofed with Glafies, fo contriv'd as to open to let in Air at proper times, it will be of great Advantage ; beof the
there will

At each End

keep the Wet from getting to the therefore it mould be joinM Trees as clcfe as pofftble to the Wall, and mould project ^ about two Inches over the Glafs-frames j which will
:

caufe

when

the

Wind may

be toi

ftrong againfl the Front-glafTes, on-; or both of thefe End-glaiies may b?

open'd, according to the

the Air inclpyi'i
5

Warmth of
will

which

be

ofie-u

A
Month

W
forcing,

A
;

often very uleful to cool theAir, and to admit a fmall Quantity of frefh

Sorts of thefe Fruits

earlier in

yet, as they

naturally ripen three

will be very early

Weeks

or a

Air to the Fruit. The Soils of Fruit, which are

uiually

the Seafon, they

ripe,

when they
artificial

planted

for

are

are brought

forward by

Cherries, Plums, Apricots, Peache 1 , and Nectar nes but the two Iaft1

Warmth.
In the preparing of the Borders
for plant'ng

rncntion'd rarely fucceed well ; nor will the Trees continue long ; fo
againft Hot-walls.

thefe Fruit-trees, there

fhould be the fame Care taken, as for

thofe againft

that they are fcarce worth planting As for the Vines,

would prppofe they mould be planted by thcmfelves againft a particularWall for as they will require more Air to be admitted to them when they begin to (hoot, than any of the above mention'd Fruits, they will not all fucceed, if they are inI
;

open Borders ; which, being fully treated of in the former Part of this Work, I ihallnot repeat here. There muft alfo be the fame
Care
in training
:

up the Trees, when

they (hoot

but the Trelafes need

againft thefe Walls, un-

not be
til

made

to fpread,

As to cluded in the fame Frame* the others, they will do very well in
the fame Border, and will demand the fame Temperature of Warmth. The belt of thefe Sorts to plant
againft thefeHot-walls, are thofe here

grown large enough and produce aQuantity of Fruit ; till which time they may be fupportedby any low ordinary TreJafe, which will do very well till the time that theTreeswill have Strength enough to force, which will not be until the fourth or fifth Year after
the Trees are

mention'd

planting, according to the Progrefs

Cherries.

they

The

Early

May, and May

fore'd too

have made ; for young, it

if

they are

will

weaken
:

Duke.
Plums.

them

fo

much,

as that

they feldom

make
sides,

Thejean Hative, orWhite

The

Primordian. Early Black Damafk,

or Morocco.

vigorousTrees afterward bethe Quantity of Fruit which fuch young Trees produce, is not

The Great Damafk Violet

The Drap

of Tours. <TOr. Peaches.

worth the Expence and Trouble of Forcing ; for the Quantity of Fuel ufed,and the Trouble, will be the fame for fmall Trees, which are not capable of producing more than
fix or eight Fruit each, as for

thofe

The Red Nutmeg. The Red Magcelain. The Montauban.

Nectarines.

Fair child's Early Nutmeg. The Elruge. Apricot.

Trees which may produce three or fo that the longer f'me four dozen the Trees have to grow before they are fore'd, the better they will pay for the Trouble and Expence.
:

The

Mafculine.

Thefe, being the Sorts which ripen early, are the moil proper to
plant againft thefeWalis,A!tho' fome

But it will be the belt way net to have any of the Frames made, nor the Trelafe, or any other of the Wood -work, until trfe Trees are
ftrong

enough to force

for if thefe

are done
built, as
is

when

the Walls

are

frft

f them are not fo valuable

as of.her

by loaie Pcrfons

practifed,

A
:

WA
very turgid during the Winter-feafon, and will be prepared to open

they will be half decayed, before but then there is any Ufe for them the Perfons who are employ'd in making the Trelafe, muft be very careful in putting it up, not to injure the Trees. When the Trees have acquired Strength enough to produce a Quantity of Fruit, that Part which is defign'd to be forc'd the followiing Spring, fhould be carefully pruned at Michaelmas ; when the very weak Shoots muft be cut out or pruned very fhort, becaufe thefe, by being forc'd, will for the moft part decay ; and tho' fome of them may be full of Flower-buds, yet ihefe Shoots, being weak, cannot nourifh them ; fo that the Flowers having exhaufted all the Sap, the Shoots die foon after, and rarely produce any Fruit. The other more vigorous Shoots mould alfobe fhorten'd to a proper

when
the

the Fires are fet to work.

time for beginning to make is about the Middle or Latter-end of January, according as the Seafon is more or lefs favouraFires
ble
;

The

early into Flower,

for if the Trees are forc'd too they will be in

fome Danger of mifcarrying, if the Weather mould prove fevere ; fo

that
it is

by much the

fureft

Method

time here directed, becaufe there will be a Neceflity of admitting frefh Air to the Trees when they are in Flower ; which

to begin about the

cannot be done with Safety, when they flower in very bad Weather. And thofe Trees which are forc'd
into Flower by the Beginning of February, will ripen their Fruit as early as moft People will defire to
eat

them

for the Cherries will ri-

Length
|j

after the

directed for

fame manner as is thofe Trees in the open

only; <viz.

Air; with
that

this Difference

thefe

which are defign'd for

-

pen early in April, and the Apricots by the Beginning of May ; and foon after, the Plums, Peaches, and Nectarines, will be ripe.

forcing, fhould not ha e their Shoots

left fo

long, becaufe the forcing of

will

There are fome Perfons who plant Strawberries in their Borders before
their Fruit-trees,

them
I

weaken them

and conse-

quently, fhould there be as great a Length of Branches, there will pro-

early Fruit,

bably be a greater

Number of Fruit

on them
fcreen'd

becaufe, as thefe will be

in order to have which often fucceed very well: butwhere ever this is praclifed, great Care fhould be taken to keep them from fpreading over the Bor-

will not be liable to Blafls

I

from the open Air, they and the having too many Fruit on theTrees, will render them final 1, and alfo too much weaken the Trees then the
;
:

der, becaufe thefe Plants will exhauft the principal Goodnefs of the Earth,

and thereby injure the Trees

that

fo

when

it

is

Strawberries

in

defign'd to have thefe Borders, I

Shoots fhould be all regularly faften'd to the Trelafe at a proper Difiance from each other ; fo that when
|

would
at a

advife, that the Roots fhould be either planted in Pots, or fingly

good Diftance on

a fhady

Bor-

the Branches Spring, they each other.

early
in

moot

the

following

may not overhang The Reafon for my

is,

der of loamy Earth, one Year before they are defign'd to be forc'd ; during which tiix:e the Runners fhould

advifing thefe Trees to be pruned fo

the Seafon,
that thofe

Branches which are left on, may enjoy the whole Nourifhment of the gap ; fo that the Buds will become

encourage and ac ; Michaelmas thefe Plants may be tranfplanted, with lar^e Balls of Earth to their Roots, into the Boroff, to

be diligently pulTd

the

main Root

for Fruiting

ders*

W
fo that they

W
Fruit. cold,

A
of
the

ders, before theFruit-trees

which are
;

otherwife they will produce but few

to be forc'd the following Spring

While

the Nights continue

may have time

are

to get
;

the Glaffes

Hot-bed
to

new Root
ifthefe

before that Seafon

carefully

Plants

and wa-

fhould

be cover'd with Mats,

preferve a kindly
:

Warmth

in the

when they begin to (hew their Flower-buds, they will produce a good Quantity of Fruit, which will
tered

Beginning of May
alfo

ripen the Latter-end of April, or the : but then I would

advife, that thefe Plants be taken away as foon as they have done bearing, that they may not rob the Trees of sheir Nourifhment. Since I have mentiorfd this Method of having early Strawberries, I fhall take the Liberty to infert another Me'.hod, which is often prattis'd

Beds but in the Day-time,when theWeatheris favourable, the Glares mould be rais'd to admit frefh Air to the Plants for if' they are too much drawn (efpecially when
;

they begin to flower), they will not produce much Fruit. If the Seafon Ihould continue long cold, and the Heat of the Beds mould decline, it
will be proper
to

lay

fome

frefh

Hot-dung round
ways

the Sides of the

al-

Beds to renew their Heat, being

careful not to

make them

too

to obtain this Fruit early in the Spring, tho' it doth not fo properly
this Article ; which is, up the Plants either in Pots or Border?, after the manner before direc\ed,for at leaft one Year or more

hot ; that will fcorch theirRoots,and prevent their Fruiting. If the Plants
ftrong,

come under
to train

which are planted in thefe Beds are and in a good Condition for bearing andCarebe taken in tranfplanting of them to preferve good
;

then, about the Beginning of February, there

Balls of Earth to their Roots, as alfo

mould be a mocbrateHojin

to

keep a

due Temperature
;

of

bed prepared,
able to

Length proportion-

Warmth

theNumber of Plants defignbe forc'd ; and the Breadth fhould be proportionable to the Width of the Frames which are defign'd to cover them. Thefe Frames
cd
to

they will produce ripe Fruit by the End of April, or the Beginning of May, in Plenty; and will continue bearing, until fome

in the Beds

may

be fuch as are ufed for

common

of thofe in the open Air come in to fucceed them. The beft Kinds of Strawberries
to plant for forcing, are the Scarlet
for the

Hot- beds, to raife early Cucumbers, &c. This Hot-bed muft be cover'd with frelh loamy Earth about eight Inches thick, into which the Strawberry Plants mould be plac'd, with large Balls of Earth to the Roots, as clofe as they can conveniently be planted (for, as they muft be kept clear from Runners, they will not
fpread

Hautboys grow too rampant

for this Purpofe.

But to return to theSubjeft of Hotwhat I have here inferted concerning the forcing of Fruits, has been only to obtain thefe Fruits earlier in the Seafon, than they would
walls
:

naturally

ripen

againft

common

much during
in the Bed,

the time they

will be

remain
longer,

which

no

than until their Fruit is Then they mould be gengone). tiy watefd to fettle the Earth to their

Roots, \vhich muft be frequently repeated as the Earth becomes <'ry,

But in fome Parts of Englavd, where moft of our good Kinds of Fruit feldom ripen, it might be very well worth while to build fome of thefe Walls, to obtain good Fruit from the beft Kinds of Peaches, Plums, tjfe, efpecially in fuch Places
Walls.

where

A
much

W
clofe Covering,

A
any
other
will not ad-

where Fuel is plenty, becaufe there the Expence will not be great after For the firft Building of the Walls. I would not propofe to have Coverings of Glafs, excepting for a fmall Proportion of the Walls ; the reft

better under them, than they

will under Canvas, or

which

mit the Light lb well thro' to the

Plants.

may have Frames

GlafTes are

of Canvas, to fhut
as the

The Frames defign'd for either Canvas or Paper, may be made

{lighter than thofe for Glafs ; becaufe thefe, being very light, will not require much Strength to fup-

over them, in the fame manner

contriv'd
;

much

which will fucceed very well,where properCare

:

for as there will not be is taken Occafion to cover thefe Trees until the Latter-end of February, at which time alfo the Fires muft be made ; fo, before the Trees are in Flower, the Weather may be frequently warm enough to open the Covers to admit Sun and Air to the Trees

portthem.

And

if thefe are

well
their

painted, and every Year,

when
;

Ufe

is

over, carried into Shelter,

laft

they will

a long time

for they

wanted abroad longer than four Months ; viz. from the End of February to the End of May ;
will not be

Middle of the Day ; for if jthefe Covers are kept too clofely Ihut,- the Shoots of the Trees will Idraw very weak, and their Leaves will turn pale, for want of Light and And as the Delign of thefe Air.
in the

for after this time the Fruit will not require any Covering, the Trees be-

ing then

full

of Leave?; and the

young Shoots will by that time have made fuch Progrefs, as to become a
good Defence for the Fruit: but thefe Covers mould not be too fuddenly taken away but by degrees the Trees mould be enured to the open Air otherwife the Change will be too great, and may occafion
; ;

Contrivances

is

only to bring the

moft,
fix,

Trees

five, or, at

Weeks

earlier,

than they would naturally

come

Walls, there wiil be no Neceflity of making very large Fires, or keeping the Covers too clofely over the Trees.
againft

common

moft of the Fruit to fall off, efpecially if cold Nights mould follow.

of Canvas for thefe Covers, oiled Papers may be ufed;which fhould be done in the manner diMelons, by pattrected forraifmg ing as many Sheets of Paper togeInftead
ther, as will
fit

By this Method Gentlemen may be fupplied with moft of the belt Kinds of Fruit, in theNorthern Parts of England where, without force
;

fuch Care, they can expect very

tle

lit-

good Fruit
as

in
in

their

Gardens.
will

the Frames on which

fix'd
;

And
very
that
live

Coal

is

great Plenty in

and when the Pafte is dry, the Paper mould be faften'd into the Frames, and then the Oil rubb'd over on the Outfide with a Bru(h, which will foak thro* and when the Paper is the Paper dry, the Covers may be ufed. This Paper will laftvery well oneSeafon, and the Expence of repairing it will
they are to be
;

thofe Places, the

little
;

Expence
I

be

therefore

in

moft cf the the North, do not put this

in

am furprifed, Gentlemen who

That
there

Method

Practice.

are fome few of thefe Walls built in the North, is well known ; but then

not bs very great wherefore thefe are to be preferr'd to the Canvas,

:

becaufe

all

Sorts of Plants wiil thrive

they are chiefly defign'd to produce a little e-irly Fruit, more for Curiofity than any renl Ufe : and thefe Walls are, for the moft part, fo ill contriv'd, that four times the Fuel is

expended,

W
:

A
Walls,
with
ftances to

W
that they have

A
been
like
:

expended, as will be requifite when the Walls are built after the manner and where the Heat here directed
not pretty equally diftributed thro' every Part of the Wall, fome of the
is

Places at the Fires

;

double proper Dibut thefe

make

can be of little Ufe for if theVents are open at their Tops to let out the

Treeswill have too

others will have

much Heat, while

Benefit

Smoke,

the

Heat

will

alfo efcape

little

from
build

the Fires.

There

are fomePerfons

who

with it ; becaufe, if the Smoke be not led about three or four times in Flues, in order to warm the Bricks,
the Heat will pafs off at top, without doing much Service to the Trees. Where the Walls are planted with the beft Kinds of Fruit, which are
defign'd to ripen
if the

manner, as to have the greateft Heat under the Border, near to the Roots of their
their Hot-walls in fuch a

Trees, fuppofing there is a Neceflity of Heat to the Roots, as well as the Branches but this is a great Mittake;
:

them

in Perfection

Autumns mould prove

cold,

for the Fires, fo fituated,muft greatly injure the Roots of the Trees, by

or very wet,
ripe,

before the Fruit are

drying up the Moifture of the Earth,

as alio in fcorching the tinder Fibres of thofe Roots which lie near them. Therefore this Practice fhould

not be continued ; for it is much the better Method to elevate the firft Flue nine Inches, or a Foot, above the Level of the Border, according
dry or wet, than to below ground, which will only dry the Earth, and not warm the Air about the Trees,
asthe
is

Ground
it

place

the leaft

which Heat

is

the only
it is

for

very

Ufe of artificial commonly pra-

draw a Branch of aVine, or other Fruit-tree, into a Stove; which

dtis'd to

it will be proper to put the Covers over the Trees and if there are fome flow Fires made to dry off the Damps, it will be of great Ufe to prevent the Fruit from growing mouldy, and to haflen their Ripening. But when this is practifed, the Covers fhould be taken off whenever the Weather will admit of it, that the Fruit may enjoy the Benefit of the free Air, without which they will be infipid or ill-tailed. Although in the former Directions for forcing Trees, in order to have early Fruit, I have advifed,' that fuch Trees fhould have one or two Years Reft, in order to recover
:

Branch

will

produce

its

Fruit as

Vigour
defign'd

yet that
to
to
:

is

early as if the whole Tree had been fore'd : when, at the fame time, all

ftood of thefe Trees,

not to be underwhich are only

the other Branches of thefameTree, which are expos'd to the open Air, will not be the leaft forwarded, tho*
all nourifh'd by the fame which is a plain Proof, that there is no Neceflity of adding any Warmth to the Roots of Fruit trees, to have their Fruit earlier or better

enough

be brought forward produce their Fruit in

for, as the Fires are

Perfection

not

defign'd to be

made

till

the Middle

they are

Root

ripen'd..

I have alfo heard of fome Walls which have been built for Forcing

of Fruit, with one continued Chafm from their Bottoms to the Tops j fo

or End of February 9 the Trees will not befo much weakened therebyjbecaufe they will be enured to the open Air long before their Fruit is ripe, and will have time to ripen their Shoots, and form their Buds, for the next Year's Bearing therefore thefe Trees may be thus forced every Year, without doing them any Injury, pro:

vided the/Trees are careful!yir.anag'd.

W
generally hang

W
as

In Forcing of Fruit-trees, People

up Thermometers

under their GlalTes, for the better adjufting the Heat, and regulating the Fires. But when this is practifed, they lhould be hung where the Sun can never mine on them j for one Hour's Sunfhine upon the Ball of the Thermometer, in the Spring of the Year, will fo much rarefy the Spirits, that they will rife to the Top of the Tube ; when, at the fame time, the circumambient Air may not be much more than of a temperate Heat. But as the principal Ufe of thefe Thermometers
is

with a Fork, to prevent the Heat going off too foon j but it mould not be trodden down too hard, left that mould prevent its Heating. The Outfide of the Dung mould be laid

fmooth

as poffible, that the

Wet

run off more eafily ; and if there is a Covering of Thatch, as is fometimes practis'd, it preferves the Dung from rotting too foon ; whereby the Heat is continued the longer. The time for laying this Dung to the Back of the Wall, is the fame as
for

may

making

the Fires

/. e.

about

the Middle or
firfh

End of January. The

to regulate the Fires, they are fel-

dom

of much Ufe in the Day-time

becaufe, if there be only one Hour's

Parcel of Dung will continue warm about a Month or five Weeks; when there mould be a Supply of new Dung prepared, and the old

Sunfhine in the
it

Day on

the GlaiTes,

taken quite away, or mixed up with

to renew the Heat ; works kindly, will be fufficient to laft the Seafon. Thefe Walls are cover'd with GlaiTes or Canvas, in the fame manner as the Fire-walls ; and the Trees mull be treated the fame way: but there muft be more Care taken to open the GlaiTes againft thefe Walls, whenever theWeather will permit otherwife the Steams of the Dung will occafion a great Dampnefs through the Wall which, if pent in about the Trees, will be very pernicious
this

will

warm

the Air fufficiently for

new Dung,
if
it

the Production

of European Fruits,
;

which,

without any additional Heat wherefore there will rarely be any Occafion for continuing of the Fires in
the Day and if, by the Fires in the Night, the Air is warmed to the
:

template Point mark'd on the Botanic Thermometers, the Fruit will thrive better than in a greater Heat. There are fome Perfons near London,

who make
;

it

their Bnfinefs

to

produce early Fruit to fupply the Markets which they perform by the Heat of Dung only, having no Fire-walls in their Gardens. The Method which thefe People follow, is, to have good Quantity of new

to them, efpecially at the time they are in Flower.

By
old

this

Method fome Gardeners

filled

have forced long Walls

well

with

grown
;

Fruit-trees,

which

Dung

laid in

an

Heap

to

warm

(af-

fame manner as is praclifed for making of Hot- beds). When

ter the
this

Dung

is

in a

proper Tempera-

have produced great Quantities of Fruit annually which has well anfwer'd their Expence. But as, in many Parts of England, it will be
very difficult to procure a fiifficient Quantity of new Dung for this Pur-

ture of Heat, they lay itclofeon the

Back-fide of their Fruit-wall, about four Feet thick at the Bottom, and

foping to about ten Inches or a Foot thick at the Top. This Dung mould be gently beat down

and
I

pofe, the Fire-walls are molt ufeful, leafl expenfive.

have feen

in

feme Places long

trees

Timbe*

fences ereled to iorceFruit-

W A
;

VV
againft

/i
he

tree?,

by laying new Dung

a fingle Seed to each Flower,

theBack-fice,in the fame manner as h pra&is'd for the Walls ; but thefe are by no means proper, becaufe the

compounded
thtria, in

this

Name
it

but Dr.

Linnaus has altered

to this of

Wal-

Honour

to Auguflus Fre-

Steam of the Dung will cafily get through every little Crack or Joint
of the Boards, of the Trees
:

Jeric

Walt her,
is

Profeflbr at Leipjic,

who
in

a curious Botaniit.

to the great Prejudice

befides,

thefe

damp, fo any Moillure remains in the Dung, which will alfo be very injurious to them and as thefe Beards will in a few Yeais decay, fo thefe will be
will continue very
;

Boards long as

Both thefe Plants grow plentifully moft of the I Hands in the WeflIndies, from whence I have receiv'd their Seeds, which have fucceeded very well ; and the Plants perfect
their Seeds annually,

when

they are

plac'd in the

Tan- bed in the warm

the moil expenfive,

if

they are kept

Stove.

in Repair for fome Years, and will never anfwer the Defign fo well as

fhrubby, and rife to to the Height of fix or eight Feet,

They grow

Wails.

fending out long

Vide Leu-

lateral

Branches,

WALL-FLOWER.
coium.

which are garniuVd with

Leaves,

foft

woolly

placed alternately.

The

WALNUT.
It
is

Vide Juglans.
are

WALTHERIA.
The Characters
;

a Plant of the malvaceous Tribe : the Empi lament of tht Flower is of one Leaf fight ly cut at theBrim into fovc Farts : the Flower is compos! d

of five Leaves, which fpread

:

open

in

the Centre

is

fituated the

oval Point al, attended by five Stamias

na, which coalefce vjith the Style, fo to form one cylindrical Body : the
inclofcs

Flowers are fmall, of a yellow Colour, and are many of them collected in an Head. Thefe grow upon long Foot-ftalks, which arife from the Wings of the Leaves/ The Flowers are of fhort Duration, and make butt an indifferent Appearance fo the Plants are feldom preferved, but in Botanic Gardens, for the fake of Variety.

impalement

cue Seed-veffel,

Thefe Plants are too tender to open Air in England, not even in the Summer-feafon nor do
live in the
;

which

opens in

t/WQ Valves,

having

one obtufe Seed.

1.

The Species are Waltkeria

they thrive well, unlefs the Pots are plungM in the Hot-bed of Tanners Bark fo that the Seeds mull be
:

foil is

cordatoCliff.

fown on an Hot-bed, and when the

fit to tranfplant, they muft be each planted into a feparate fmall Pot, and plung'd into a frefn Hotbed and afterward treated in the fame manner, as other tender Plants of the fame Country. The fecond Year the Plants will flower, and produce good Seeds; but they may be continued three cr four Years, if the

cvatis

ferrat is.

Lin.

Hort.

Plants are

Wakheria with
Leaves fawed on
2.

oval "heart-maped
their
i

Edges.

folds lanceolatis fsrratis. Flor. Leyd. Wakheria with fpear-lhap'd Leaves fawed on their
a

Walt iier

Edges.

This Genus of Plants

in the French

is

defcrib'd

Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences by Monf. D Ifnard,

*

Plants are

who

has given

it

the Title of Mono-

often fnifted, and their Roots pared,- to keep them within

fpermalthfsa: from the Habit of the Plant being'like Altha: a, but having

Compafs

for if the'Plants are per-

mitted, to remain long

undifturbed

W
when
this

W
Tan
:

I
them
in

in the Tan-bed, their Roots will run

Plants, fo as to place

fuch

out through the Holes in the Bottom of the Pots, and extend to a
great Diftance in the

manner, that they may not oburuft the Sight from the feveral Parts cf
the Plantation
to
:

and

happens,
cut
off,

torn, or

Roots are the Plants feldcm

if their

furvive
ant,

it.

When

into theTan, they

grow very

the Plants root luxuri-

fonable Compafs

and cannot be kept within reabut on theirRocts

;

which are prefented theView I fnall therefore briefly fet down what has occurred to me from time to time, when I have confidefd thefe Parts ofGardens;whereby a Perfon will be capable to form an Idea of the true Beauties, which
ought always to be ftudie'd in the Contrivance of WiidernefTes. 1. Wilderneffes mould always be proportioned to the Extent of the Gardens in which they are made,
that they

'being dilturb'd, their Branches will hang, and their Leaves mrivel up,

and drop

off.

'thefe Plants within

Therefore, to keep Bounds, they

-at leaftonce in three

'mould be drawn up out of the Tan, Weeks, during the Summer-Seafon ; and the Plants fhifted out of the Pots once in two Months with thisManagementthey
:

m?y correfpond in Magnitude with the other Parts of theGarden ; for it is very ridiculous to fee
a large Wikiernefs planted with tall Trees in a fmall Spot of Ground ; and, on the other hand, nothing can be moreabfurd, than to fee little paltry Squares orQuarters of Wildernefswork, in a magnificent large Garden.
2.

may
1

be continued feveral Years.

is

WATER
-

one of :hemoft con-

fiderable Requifites belonging to a

Garden
it

if a

Garden be without
planted.

it,

brings a certain Mortality upon

is

'

whatsoever

By Watcr-

As

to the Situation

of Wilder-

ings the great Droughts in

Summer

neffes, they

mould never be placed

-arc allay'd, which

;

would infallibly burn up moil Flants, had we not the Help of Water to qualify the befides, as to noble excefiive Heats Seats, the Beauty which Water will add to them in making Jets d'Eau, Canals, and Cafcades therefore they are fome of the nobleft Ornaments of a Garden.
;

becauie ; Quantity of Moifture which is perfpired from the Trees, will caufe a damp unwholfome Air about the Houfe, which is often of Confequence ill nor mould they be fituated fo as to obftruct any diitant Profpecl of the Country; which mould always be preferved whereWILDERNESSES, if rightly fi- ever it can be obtained ; there being nothing fo agreeable to the tuated, anfuily contrived, and judiMind as an unconfined Profpect of cioufly planted, are very great Ornaments to a fine Garden but it is the adjacent Country. But where the Sight is confined within the Lirare to fee thefe fo well executed in Gardens as could be wifh'd, nor is mits of theGarden from its Situation, then there is nothing fo agreeait often they are judicioufly fituated:
the

too near the Habitation

great

for either they are fo fituated as to

ble to terminate

the Profpect, as a

hinder a dittant Profpecl, or elfe are not judicioufly planted : the latter of which is fcarce ever to be found in any of our moil magnificent Gardens, very few of their Defigners ever iludying the natural Growth of

beautiful Scene of the various Kinds

of Trees judicioufly planted ; and if it is fo contrived, that the Termi-

nation
the

is

planted

circularly,

with
it

Concave toward the

Sight,

will have a

much

better Effect, than

VV
if
It

W
ters

end in flrait Lines or Angle;, which are never fo agreeable to the Mind. 3. The Plants mould, always be
adapted to the Size of the Plantation; for 'tis very abfurd to Tee tall Trees planted in fmall Squares of a litile Garden; and fo likewife, if in large Defigns are planted nothing bat fmall Shrubs, it will have a mean Appearance. It fliould a'.fo be obfei'ved, never to plant Ever-greens unlefs it among!! deciduous Trees be toward the Front or Borders of
;

Elm, tlornbeam, &c. and the Quarwithin are planted with various

Kinds of Trees promifcuoufly without Order. But this can by no means

be efteemed a judicious Method ; be-caufe hereby there will be a great

Expencein keeping the Hedges of a large Wildernefs in good Order,

which, inftead of
Parts of a

being beautiful,
;

are rather the reverfe

for as thefe

Garden

fhould, in a great

meafure,

be defign'd from Nature,

ftiff

fo whatever has the

Appearance

of Art does by no means correfpond

therewith.
to
Befides,

the Plantation chiefly in Sight

fure both in

be-

thefe

Hedges

caufe thefe afford a continual Plea-

are generally trained up fo high, as

obfi:ruc~t

Summer and Winter,

fo agree-

the Sight

when

in

the latter Seafon the deci-

in the Quarters,

from the Trees which ought never

duous Trees do not appear

to be done.

able : therefore, if the Borders of W:ldernefs-quarters are fkirtcd with

In the next place, the

Walks

are

commonly made

Ever-green, they will have a good

Effect
4. The Walks mult alfo be proportion^ to the Size of the Ground, and not make large Walks in a

each other in Angles ; which alfo (hews too formal and trite for fuch Planto interfett
tations,

fmall

Wildernefs

(nor

too

many

"Walks,

though fmaller), whereby

:

the greatcft Part of the Ground is cmployM in Walks nor mould the grand Walks of a large Wildernefs

and are by no means comWalks as have the Appearance of Meanders or Labyrinths, where the Eye cannot d'feover more than twenty or thirty Yards and the more thefe in Length
parable to fuch
;

Walks

are turn'd,

the greater Plea-

fure they will afford.

lar Piece

be too fmall, both of which are equally faulty. Thefe Walks fhould not be enter'd immediately from thofe of tne Fleafure-garden ; but rather be led into by a fmall private Walk, which will render it more entertaining or if the large Walk be turned in Form of a Serpent, fo as not to {hew its whole Extent, the
:

Thefe mould now- and -then lead into an open cirof Grafs
;

in the

Centre of

which may be plac'd either an O'oeli/k, Statue, or Fountain ; and if in the middle Part of the WildernciTes there be contrived a large Opening, in the Centre of which may be erected
a

Dome or

Binqueting-houfe, fur-

Mind wiil be better pleas'd, than if the Whole were open to the Vew. The ufual Method of contriving
.WilderneiTcs
is,

to divide the

whole
into

Cornpafs' of

Ground,

either

Circle^ or other Figures, making the Walks correfpondeiirto them planting theSides
Squares, Angles,
;

rounded with a green Plot of Grafs,, it will be a conquerable Addition to the Beautv of the Place. From the Sides of the Walks and Openings, the Trees mould rife gradually one above another to the Middle of theQoarters, where mould always be planted the largeit growing Trees, fo that the Heads of
the Trees will appear to the
ail
;

of the Walks with Hed^ei of Lime,

View

W
fo that

W
as thofe

but their Stems will be hid from Sight, which will have a valtly different Effecl from the common Method, where the Trees are planted large arid fmall without any Order ;

ed, they never thrive half fo well*

nor will they continue half fo long, which are allowed a propef Diflance; for their Roots, running and interfering with each other,

many times the largeft are next the Sight, and fmall ones behind them, juft according as it happens ;
which manner the fmall ones, being overhung and lhaded, feldom
in

draw

the

than the

Nourifhment away farter Ground can fupply them;

which caufes their Leaves to be fmall, and, in dry Seafons, to decay, and fall off, long before their ufual time ; and thereby renders the
Plantation
lefs

thrive well.

But in order to plant a Wildernefs with Judgment, the ufual Growth of all the different Sorts of Trees

agreeable.

mould be
nitude

well confider'd, that each

may be placed
to

grow

according to the Magthey generally otherwife, if they are at firit

In the Diftnbution of thefe Plantations, in thofe Parts which are planted with deciduous Trees, may be planted next the Walks and

which

planted one above another, as before directed, they will not continue to

Honeyfuckles, and other Kinds of low flowering Shrubs, which may be always kept very dwarf, and mayRofes,
Spiraea Frutex,

Openings,

grow fome
tation
ire

in this

Sorts will greatly

Order many Years; for outgrow the

others,

and thereby render the Plan-

beautiful ; but when they placed according to their ufual nanner of growing, they will always
lefs

be planted pretty clofe together ; at the Foot of them, near the Sides of the Walks, may be planted Primrofes, Violets, Daffodils, and

and

continue nearly in the fame Order,

other Sorts of Wood -flowers not in a ftrait Line, but rather to appear accidental, as in a natural

many

vhich renders them very entertain-

ing to the Sight. Thefe Trees fhould alfo be allowd a proportionable Diftance, acording to their Growth, and not e crouded fo clofe as is commonly racliled, whereby there are four mes the Number of Trees planted hich need be and this clofe Plant:

Wood. Behind the firft Row of Shrubs mould be planted Syringas, Cycifus's, Althaea Frutex, Mezereons, and other flowering Shrubs of a middle Growth ; which may be back'd with Laburnums, Lilacs,
Gelder-rofes,

and other flowering

:

ig
I

caufes
;

them

to afpire to a great

but then they want the |)ble DifFufion of Branches, whjch I vaftly more agreeable to the Sight, an a Parcel of thin, taper Stems,
eight
I

Shrubs of large Growth thefe may be back'd with many other Sorts of Trees, rifing gradually to the Middle of the Quarters, from whence they mould always Hope down every

Way
By

to the

Walks.

this Diftribution

you

will

have

any Heads, as is Jo often the Cafe in fome of the I geft Gardens in England, where,
th

fcarcely

the Pleafure of the flowering Shrubs

lead of looking at a noble Parabola

I

flar

Trees with their fpreading gloHeads, a Parcel of naked

near the Sight, whereby you will be regaled with their Scent, as you p2fs through the Walks ; which is feldom obferved by thofe who plant Wilderdernefles ; for nothing is more com-

:ms prelent themfelves to

]

View

mon
5

than

to

fee Rofes,

HoneyShrubs,

where the Trees are thus croudVol. III.

fuckles,

and other fmall flowering

W
the Pleafure of

; ;

I
:

Shrubs, placed in the Middle of large Quarters, under the Dropping and Shade of large Trees, where they feldom thrive; and if they do,

Pleafure they will afford

and

Cince,

according to this Method of Defigning and Planting, the different Parts never prefent themfelves to the fame

them is loft, becaufe they are fecluded from the Sight. If thefe Quarters are (lightly dug every
Winter, it will keep the Ground clean from noxious Weeds, and be a great Benefit to the Trees. And
the Expence of doing this, where Labour is cheap, cannot be very
confiderable,
Plantations.
unlcfs
in

very

great

But, befide thefe grand Walks and Openings (which mould always be laid with Turf, and kept well mowed), there fhould be fome fmaller Serpcntme-walks through the Middle of the Quarters, where Perlons may retire for Privacy. There need be nothing but the Ground of the Place made level, and kept hoed, to clear it from Weeds, which will be no great Trouble to do with a Dutch Hoe which is broad, and will make great Riddance; and then rake them over to make them handfome. Thefe
;

Views, it is no matter how different they are varied afunder ; that Part of th,em which is molt in View from the Houfe, or other Parts of the Garden, may be planted with Evergreens; but the other Parts may be planted with deciduous Trees in the foregoing manner. The Part planted with Evergreens may be difpofed in the following manner ; wix. in the firft Line, next the great Walks, may be placed Lauruo-tinu?, Boxes, Spurge-laurel, Juniper, Savin, and other dwarf Evergteens. Behind thefe may be placed Laurels, Hollies, Arbutus's, and other Ever - greens of a larger

Growth. Next to. thefe may be placed Alaternus's, Phyllirea's, Yews, Cypreffes, Virginian Cedars, and, other Trees of the fame Growth behind- thefe may be planted Norway and Silver Firs, the True Pine, and other Sorts of the like Growth ;
and
in the

Walks need not be very broad but Ihould be turned in fuch a manner, as not to deviate far from the Middle of the Quarter ; becaufe there the Trees being largeit, will afford the ampleft Shade-, fix or feven Feet will
;

Middle fhould be planted

Scotch Pines, Pinafter, and other of

be a

iufEcient

Width
;

for thefe

Walks,

of the largeft-growing Evergreens, which will afford a moll delightful Profpeft, if the different Shades of their Greens are curioufly intermixed. And in order to render the Variety

in large Quarters

but in fmall ones,

greater, there

may

be

many

four Feet is full enough. By the Sides of thefe private Walks may alio be fcattered fome Wood-flowers and Plants, which, if artfully planted, will have a very good Effect. In the general Defign for thefe Wildemeffes, it mould not be ftudied

Kinds of hardy Ever-greens obtain'd from the North Parts of America as there are already fome in England, which are very fit for this Purpofe, and are mentioned in different Parts of this Book. This manner of feparating the Ever-greens from the deciduous to make the feveral Parts correfpondTrees will not only make a much ent ; for that is fo formal and ftiff, better Appearance, but alio caufe the as to be now quite rejected greater 'Diverfity there is in the Dif-~ them to thrive far beyond what they ufually do when intermix d j theretribution of thefe Parts, the more
:

W
gether.

I
tended to half the Compafs of the and on the back Part from the Sight, may be planted the federal Kinds of flowering Shrub^, according to their different Growths,

fore I mould never advife any Perfon to plant them promifcuoufly to-

Ground

By what

have

faid

concerning

the Planting of the Trees in Rows, one behind another, according to their different Growths, I would not

have
the

it

underitood, that

mean
Lines,
to

which will ftill add to the Variety. Thefe fmall Quarters mould not be furrounded with Hedges, for the
Reafons before given
Plantations
;

placing
is

them
ft iff

in

{trait

for the larger

which

too
:

and formal for thefe

is

Plantations

all

that

intended

is,

place the front Rows of Trees on each Side the Walks, at an eq'ial Diftance from the Side of the Walks;
fo that the Lines of Trees (efpecial'y

nor fhould they be cut into Angles, or any other ftudied Figures, but be defigned rather in a rural manner ; which is always preferable to the other, for thefe Kinds

of Plantations.
In WilderntfTes there
is

fame manner as the Walks. Thofe behind may be placed after the fame manner, provided Care be taken to allow each fufficient room to grow, and that there may appear no uneven Gaps in the Diftance of their Heads;
the three
firft)

will turn in the

but Kttle

Trouble or Expend after their firft planting, which is au Addition to their Value: the only Labour required, is to mow and roL the large Grafs- walks, and to keep the other Ground-waiks free from Weeds.

but that they

fo as to

may

ail rife

gradually,

And

form an handfome Slope. In fmah Gardens, where there is not room for thefe magnificent Wilderneffes, there may be fome rifing

Quarters, if the Weeds down two or three times in a Summer, it will ftill add to their Neatnefs, The Trees mould alfo be pruned to cut out all dead Wood, or
in the

are hoed

Clumps of Ever-greens, fo defigned as to make the Ground appear much

larger than
it is

irregular Branches, where they crofs

in Reality

and

if

fome Serpentinewalks well contriv'd, it will greatly improve the Places, and deceive
in thefe there are

thofe

who

are unacquainted with the

as

each other, and jult to preferve them within due Bounds ; and, as was before obferv'd, if the Ground be flightly dug between the Trees, it will greatly promote their Vigour. This being the whole Labour of a
Wildernels,
fo
'tis

Ground,

to

its

Size.

Thefe

no Wonder they are

efteem'd,
efpecialiy

Quarters of Evergreens fnould be placed juft beyond plain Opening of Grafs before I. the I the Houfe, where the Eye will be learned from the plain Surface of I Grafs, to the regular Slope of Everto the great Pleafure of the 1 greens,
little
:

Clumps or

generally

when we
afford.

confider the Pleafure they

SWEET WILLIAMS.
Caryophyllus Barbatus.

Vide

WILLOW. WILLOW,
Eoilobium.

FideSsAix.
the

French.

Vide

'Beholder

.
:

it

but if there is a diftant Profpecl of the adjacent Country from the Houfe, then this fhould not be obftrucied, but rather a larger Opening allowed for the View, oounded on each Side with thefe fifing Clumps, which may be ex;

WINE.
Having given
Directions for plant-

ing and managing of Vineyards in England, under the Article Vitis ; it

will be neceffary under this Article,
to

give fome Directions for the D 3 making

W
making of Wines;
:

I
in

w
dcing

which, 1 (hall briefly infert been found the molt beneficial Method, of any yet praclifed in this Country for as our Climate wants
the

of what has

the Grapes
:

do not arrive to a proper Maturity in which Cafe the Pignerons have recourfe to Art, to affilt and
help their Vines, in the time of their

AlMance

of the Sun, to

ripen

the Grapes properly for this Purpofe ; fo the Practice of the Vigne-

Vintage and it has been chiefly owing to the Want of this Skill, that the Wines made in England have
;

failed.

rom abroad
cient
in

will be
;

found very
tho'

defi-

In thofe Countries where there

is

England

there

are

by thofe of France, which are very worthy of the Notice of thofe who are defirous to
things praftifed

many

not Heat enough to ripen the Grapes perfectly well, or in bad Seafons, when the Grapes do not

make Wine
I

in

England.

have

before

mention'd,
fo

that

good Wine as thofe which are twenty or thirty Years old ; fo that it cannot be expected, that thofe Vineyards which are fo young, as thofe which

young Vines never produce

come to Maturity, the Juice is always watry and poor, therefore greatly difpos'd to Fermentation and where there is not Art ufed to Itop the Fermentation at a proper time, the Wine will turn eager af;

ter
it,

which

it is

impofiible to retrieve
:

have been planted lately in England, fhould produce fo good Wine, as they might do when grown to a greater Age; and efpecially thofe v. hich have been planted upon rich Garden ground near London, where they have generally been fituated on a fiat level Ground, and frequently Under thefe in low moift Land.
Difadvantages, together with a Want of Skill, not only in the Planting and Management of the Vines, but alfo in the Method of making the Wine ; in which lait, molt of thofe who have attempted to make Wine in England, have been extremely ignorant ; therefore, from their Succefs, there cannot be any tolerable Judgment formed of the PracticaIndeed, the bility of this Scheme. Seafons of late have not been very favourable to this Project ; but one or two cold Years fhould not difcourage People from attempting this ; fmce it is often the Cafe in thofe Countries where the Wines of highell Price

fo as to render it good altho' by mining and brewing of this weak eager Wine with fome of the ftrong foreign Wines, there may be a Liquor compounded for Sale, yet this can never be fo pure, or wholfome, as a Wine which is made without yet that this has been fuch Art practis'd by fome of the Dealers in Wine, has been pofitively affirmed by the Perfons who have fold them the EngUJh Juice ; fo that, in fome Years, there has been a great Quantity of the Juice of Englifo Grapes fold, which has been ufed in the brewing and mixing of Wine for Sale, by thofe who have Art enough
:

to render
if the

it

palatable.

Therefore,

Produce of the EngUJh Vineyards can, by being help'd with the

Wines of other Countries, be render'd drinkable ; if a Method can be found to anfwerthis, by properly manageing the EngUJh Juice, at the time of
making
tne

Wine

fo as

to

add

are

made

for the

Summers

there are often cold and moift fo that

Strength to it, and prevent its turning eager by Fermentation ; this Wine will be much better for keeping, and a wholfomer Liquor for
drinking,

W
;

I
Is

W
fo

drinking, than any which

mix-

that

by diminifhing the Quantity,

ed and compounded therefore it is worthy of the Attention of every

Perfon,

the Quality of the

:

Wine

is

greatly

who

is

defirous of Succefs in

the Propagation and of Englijh Vineyards.

Improvement

The firft thing to be obfervM in the making of Wine in England (after the

improv'd this has been praclifed by an ingenious Perfon, who made the belt Wine from the Juice of EngUJb Grapes, without any other Art or Mixture, than has been done by any other Perfon in his firit Trial he
:

Grapes are

as ripe as the Sea-

boiled

all

the Juice, but not to the

fon will admit) is that of gathering the Grapes in the middle of the Day, and in dry Weather, that they may

Confidence before-mention'd, only

for a fhort time to evaporate Part
the

of

Water

but in this he d;d not

have no external Moifture on them

as alfo to ke careful not to

mix un-

ripe Grapes with ripe

;

thofe

which are

fucceed fo well, as in the former way, the Juice not fermenting fo well however, that might be ow:

fo that

it

will be the belt

Me-

ing to the want of

Heat in

the

Room,

thod, to gather only fuch as are the

ripeft
firil,

and make good Wine of

leaving thofe which are lefs ripe for another Gathering, which
thefe,

where the Wine was making; for if the Weather proves cold at the time of Vintage, there fhould be Stoves
contriv'd to

warm

the Air of the

of lefs Value; rather than by endeavouring to increafe the Quantity, by mixing the Wnole together, and thereby render the Quality of it lefs delicate: and then the Grapes mould be pick"d off the Stalks; in the doing of which, all unripe Grapes, or fuch as are rotten, fhould be rejected ; putting only fuch into the Vat, as are found and ripe.

may make. a Wine

which will be of great Ufe in promoting the Fermentation of the Wine. In proportion to the Goodnefs of the Grapes, the Juice mould be more
;

Room

or

lefs

boiled

as alio,

according as
lefs
it

the

Wine may be defired more or

ftrong; for by boiling

ter,

to evape-

rate a greater Quantity of the

Waby

the remaining Juice will be the

;

When

the Juice

is

prefs'd out,
is

be-

Wronger and richer

as

we
;

find

fore any Fermentation

begun, Part of the Juice fhould be put into one or two large Coppers (in proportion to the Quantity of Wine intended to

the rich Wines of Greece

as alfo the

be made)

and
it is

this Juice fhould

be

Malmfey, and other rich fweet Wines, which are all boiled before Fermentation and thefe boiled Wines rarely ever alter fo that the
; j

boiled until

brought to the Confidence of Honey: and this fhould be added to the fermenting Juice which will prevent left in the Vat it from fermenting too ftrongly, fo as to turn eager and will give fuch a Body to the Wine, as to render it fit for keeping, and make it a pleafant wholibme Liquor; for by this boiling of the Juice before Fermentation, the Water only is evaporated, and the Spirit is preferv'd ; fo
;
;

longer they are kept, the better they grow and as this is the Practice of thofe Countries where there is fufficient Heat for ripening of the Grapes,
:

fo in thofe Countries

where there
is

is

Want
;

of Sun, there

a greater

NecelTity for making ufe of this Help and every Perfon of tolerable Judgment will, by a few Trials, be

enabled to know,' to a Certainty, the Length of Time which will be

proper
5

to

boii

the Juice,

fo

as

to

W
to

I
perfectly

W
the

render

the

Wine

Wine

to

be always

on

the
is

good.
If at the time when the Wine is fermenting, the Weather mould prove cold, it wiil be necefiary to exclude
the outer Air from the
silo to

Frer.

When the greater! Fermentation

over, the

Wine

fhould be drawn off

into frefh Cafks,

Room

and

make

gentle Fires to pre-

which mull be filled within a very little of the Top ; but the Bung-hole fhould be left

vent the cold Air from Hopping the Fermentation, which is the Practice of the Vignerons upon the Rhine ;

whole Practice we mould imitate, fmce their Climate approaches the ne-areft to ours, of any Wine Country.

open three Weeks, or a Month, to give Vent to the generated Air ; and as the Wine fubfides in the Cafks, fo they mould be carefully refilled with Wine of the fame Sort from a Store-cask, which fhould be
provided for that Purpofe; but this muft be done with much Care, left by haftily refilling the Casks, the Scum which is naturally produe'd upon all new Wines, mould be broken thereby, which will mix with
the Wine,
to take

But when the Wines have properly

fermented,
to

it

requires Skill

to

know how
tion
;

flop

the Fermenta-

for riic Enzl'Jb

Wines do
:

fre-

quently ferment too much, whereby indeed they become acid and poor by this Method of boiiing a third Part of the Juice to the Confiftence before-mention'd, this is generally prevented. But if there fhould be

any Danger of
violently,
it

their fermenting too

may

not be improper

to add a fmall Quantity of highly

rectified Spirits,

drawn from the Lees

is

of the Wine, which pridtifed by the moft

rons abroad.

generally

and foul it, caufing it an ill Tafte; therefore it would be proper to have a Funnel, which fhould have a Plate at the fmall End, bored full of little Holes, like the Nolfel of a Water-pot, that the Wine may pafs through in fmall Drops which will prevent its breaking of the Scum. After the Wine has remained in
this State a

fkilful

Vigne-

Month

or fix

Weeks,

it

will be neceffary to ftop

up the Bungtoo

The Method of judging when Wine has fermented its proper time,
is

hole, left by expofing

it

the Air, the

Wme fhould
its

much to grow flat,

and

chiefly by the Tafte; but it depends in a great meafure on the Perfon who directs this Affair having a

and

lofe
;

much of

Spirit

good

Palate,
is

to

know when
;

the

Wine

in Perfection

for in hot dry

Years it will require a much greater Fermentation, and to be continued longer, than in moift cool Seafons and fome particular Sorts of Grapes will take a longer time to ferment
than others; fo that
advifeable to
it is

mix

different Sorts

by no means of

Grapes together in thePrefs, becaufe there are not any two Sorts but w ill require a different Degree of Ferwhich will occafion mentation;

but it muft not be quite flopped up, but rather fhould have a Pewter or Tin- tube, of about half an Inch Bore, and two Feet long, placed in the Middle of the Bung-hole. The Ufe of this Tube is to let the Air, which is generated by the Fermentation of the Wine, pafs off, becaufe this, being of a rancid Nature, would fpoil the Wine, if it were pent up in the Cafk ; and in this Tube there may always reStrength

main fome Wine,

full,

to keep the
fhall fubfide
;

Cask
and,

as the
ihall

Wine

as

it

be necefiary, the

Wine in

W
the

I
replenimed.

W
" "
evident, that moft

I
Wines
are

Tube may be

eafily

more

For want of
choiceft

rightly understanding

or

lefs

Quantity of the and other Countries, have been loft. A great Complaint of this Misfortune I received from a very curious Gentleman in Italy, who fays ; " Such is
this Affair, a great

Wines of

Italy,

" per, " making."

affe&ed with this Diftemduring the firft Year after

receiving this Information

Upon

from Italy, I confulted the Reverend Dr. Hales of Teddington, who was)
then making many Experiments on fermenting Liquors; and received from him the following curious Solution of the Caufe of this Change in Wine, which I fent over to my Friend in Italy, who has tried the

*'

the Nature of this Country

in general

Wines
two

" "

(nor are

the choiceir.
a't

" Chiantis

excepted), that
z//js.

Seafons of the Year,

firft

the Be-

u
"

ginning of June and September, the

er,

" " "

u

when the Grapes are in Flowand the other when they begin to ripen, fome of the belt Wines are apt to change (efpecially at
;

Experiment
anfvvered
serving the

and

it

has accordingly

his

Expectation, in

pre-

" u

not that they turn eager, but take a molt unpleafant Tafte, like that of a rotten Vine-leaf, which renders

the latter Seafon)

Wine, which was thus managed, perfectly good he has alfo communicated the Experiment
:

to

feveral

Vignerons

in

different

Parts of Italy,

who

are repeating the

"
41

them

"
** **

"

"
**

not only unfit for drinking, but alfo to make Vinegar of ; and is called the Settembrim. And what is moft ftrange is, that one Cask, drawn out of the fame Vat, (hall be infe&ed, and another remain perfectly good, and yet both have been kept in the fame Cellar.

which take in Dr. HaleSs Words. u From many Experiments which " I made the laft Summer, I find " that all fermented Liquors do generate Air
**

fame:

in

large Quantities,

" As this Change happens not to " Wine in Flasks (though that will " turn eager), I am apt to attribute " it to fome Fault in refilling the " Cask, which mult always be kept
**
*'

full

which,

either

by

letting

tc

alone too long, till the Decreafe be too great, and the Scum there
naturally

is on all Wines thereby being too much dilated, is fubjecT: " to break ; or elfe, being broken " by refilling the Cask, gives it that * vile Tafte. But againft this there n is a very ftrong Objection; i. e. tc that this Defect feizes the Wine * f only at a particular Seafon ; wis. ** September; over which if it get?,
'*

"

keep good many Years. So is worthy the Jn" quiry of Natural) Us, fince it ii
it

will

"

that

the Cafe

during the time of their Fermen" tation; for, from an Experiment " made on twelve Cubic Inches of " Malaga Raifin^, put into eighteen " Cubic Inches of Water the Be" ginning of March, there were "411 Cubic Inches of Air gene" rated by the Middle of April ; " but afterwards, when the Fermen" tation was over, it reforbed a " great Quantity of this Air. And u from forty-two Cubic Inches oF " Ale from the Tun (which had " fermented thirty-four Hours be" fore it was put into the Bolt- head) " had generated 639 Cubic Inches u of Air, from the Beginning of " March to the Middle of June, af" ter which it reforbed thirty-two " Cubic Inches of Air: from whence " it is plain, that fermented Liquors " do generate Air, during the time

" of
5

their Fermentation; but after-

" wards

wards they are in an imbibing State whi^D may, perhaps, account for the Alteration of the nice Itclicn Wines ; for Wine, during the fnft Year after making,
1

" no Danger
" Air
to the

of letting

in

too

much
Tube
by

Wine.
in the

" As
"
fliall

the

Wine
it

lower

fubfide,

may

be

re-filled

continues fermenting more or Iefs, during which time a great Quan-

'

'

'

'

*
'
1

'
'

1
c

'

of Air is generated, until the Cold in September put a Stop to it afar which it is in an imbibeFor the Air thus geing State. neratcd is of a rancid Nature (as the Grotto delCano), and will kill a living Animal, if put into it. So that if, duri'g the Fermentation of the Wine, there are two Quarts of this rancid Air generated, which is cloi'ely pent up in the upper Part oTthe Vefltl, when the Cold ihouid Hop the Fermentation, the Wine, by absorbing this Air, becomes foul, and acquires this ranto prevem which I cid Talle would propofe the following Experimpnt Suppofe the Vef lei A filled with " Wine; in the Bung,
tity
; ; ,

" introducing a flender Funnel thro' u the fmall Tube, down to the " Scum upon the Surface of the " Wine in the larger Tube, fo as to " prevent its being broken by the " Wine falling too violently upon it.
" This Experiment being tried with u Glafs Tubes, will give an Oppor" tunity to obferve what Impreiiion " the diffe rent States of the Air have " upon the Wine, by its rifing or "falling in the Tu'jes and if it
;

"

fucceeds,

it

may

be

afterwards

" done by wooden or meral Tubes, 94 which will not be in Danger of

" breaking/'

Trm curious Experiment, having fucceeded where-ever ic has yet been

tried,

will

be of grent Service

in

the

Management of Wines,

there being

"
l
*'
[(!

many
it,

ufeful

nts to be

taken from

particularly with

rrgard to fer-

menting Wines;
that
cially thofe

for fince

we

find,

Wines too long fermented

(efpe-

hole of
b' 1

this

Veflel

would have a I W " Glafs Tube of two V Feet long, and about two Inches Bore, fixed with a Pewter Socket clofely cemented, fo as that there may be no Vacuities on the Sides and into this Tube mould be another, of about half an Inch Bore, clofely fixed ; the lower Tube ihouid always be kept about half full of Wine, up to X, which
will

# AW

which are produced in cool Countries) do feldom keep well

fo,

by

letting

them

itand in a cool
will

Place,
foul,

the Fermentation

be

checked, which will render the

Wine

and

fubjeel to turn eager: there-

taken to keep the Wine in an equal Temperature of Air ; which may be known by hanging a Thermometer in the
Vault.

fore great care fhculd be

fupply

the

Veflel,

as the

Wine

therein mall fubfide, fo that

there will be
tain

no room

left

in the

upper Part of the Veflel

generated Air,
pais oft

to

conwill

which

through the upper fmall Tube, which muft be always left open for this Purpofe and the Tube bting fmall, there will be

But after the Wine has pafled its Fermentation ki the Vat, and is drawn off into the Casks, it will require fomething to feed upon ; fo that you fhould always preferve a few Bunches of the bed Grapes, which may be hung up in a Room for that Purpofe, until there be Occafion for them, when they fhould be picked off the Stalks, and two or
three

w
three
:

o
may be

wo
fo contrived by cutting a winding Walks thro' them, as to render them the moll delightful and

good Handfuls put into each Cask, according to their feveral Sizes for want of this, many times People make ufe of other things, which are by no means fo proper for
this Purpofe.

pleafant Parts of a Seat (efpeciallyin the Heat of Summer), when thofe

When
when

the

Wine

has remained one

is

Year upon the Lees, it drawn oft into other

this is

commonly
but

Veff.-ls;

not be improper to add a Quantity of dried Grapes, or Raifins of the Sun, fuffi.-

done,

it

may

from Heat of the Sun. As I have already treated of the Ufe and Beauty of Wilderneffes, and have given Directions for the. making and planting of them I (hall not inlarge much upon that Head in this
the fcorching
;

Walks

afford a goodly Shade

cient for the

Wine

to feed

upon

Place

therefore I fhall only give

but great Care muft be had, that the Quantity is not fo great, as to raife a new Fermentation in the Wine, which will endanger its turning acid. About fix or feven Pounds of thefe, clean picked from Stalks, will be fufficient for one Hogfhead of Wine, and more may be prejudicial.
the

fome
ting

Ihort Inftruclions for the cut-

and making of thefe Woodwalks in thofe Places where Perfons are fo happy as to have any grown

Woods,

fo fituated as to be near the Habitation, and are either taken in* to the Garden, or Walks made from the Houfe.or Garden, leading tci

Wine
its

will fubfide in the

them

as alio

how

to plant

and de-

VeiTeU during
in; fo
re-fill
it

Continuance there-

corate the Sides of thefe

Walks witn

is

the ufual

Method,

to

the VefTels from time to time

with fome Wine, as nearly like the Sort a pofiible for if it is of a different Nature from that in the Veffels, or much newer, it will often excite a Fermentation, which will prove hurtful to the Wii e therefore, when there is wanting a Supply of proper Wine, it will be a good Method to fill up the VefTel with fmall Pebbles cleanly walhed, which is what I have known practifed with
-

Shrubs and Flowers, fo as to render them agreeable and pleafant. Where Perfons have the Convenience of grown Woods near the
Habitation, fo as that
th-re

may
s

be an eafy Communication from one to the other, there will be

little

Occafion

for
;

in

the

Garden

fince

Wilderneffes the natural

Woods may

Succefs

be fo contriv'd, as to much pleafanter than any new Plantation can polfibly arrive to within the Compafs of twenty Years, where the Trees make the
render them
greateft Progrefs in
their

WOODS
greateft
feat
;

and Groves are the Orraments to a Countryis

Growth

and

in

fuch

Places

where

their

therefore every Seat

greatly

defective without

them

Wood
Woods

and

Water being
fant,

abfolutely neceflary to there are

render a Place agreeable and plea-

Where

al-

is flow, there cannot be exShade equal to the grown Woods, in double that Number of Years but there is not only the Pleafure of enjoying a prefent Shade

Growth

pected

ready grown

to a large Size, fo fitua-

ted as to be taken into the

or fo nearly adjoining, as
eafy

Garden, that an

from thefe Woods, but alfo a great Expence faved in the planting of
large,

Communication may he made from the Garden to the Wood ; they

which, if they are ; and the Trees to be purchas'd, will amount to no fmall Sum. If
Wilderneffes

wo
tween
the
the

w
great Pleafure,
riety,

o
to the

If the Wood is fo fituated, as that the Garden may be contriv'd be-

by adding
by

Va-

as

alfo

their

fragrant

Houfe and
into
as
;

that,

then

Odour.

Walk

the

Wood mould
to

The
thro*
ftrait

former Method which was

to have
fo

be made
as poffible

near

the

Houfe
not be
thro'
if

practis'd in cutting of thefe

that there
to

may

Woods, was,
as
poflible;

Walks them
there

too much open Space

the

walk

that
to

in order to get into the Shade:

was
ction

much Trouble

make

Wood

is

of fmall Extent, then

fo as to

there will be a Neccflity of twitting

of the Walks pretty much,

alking as the Comof Ground will admit ; but there mould be Care taken not to bring the Turns fo near each other, as that the two Walks may be expofed to each other, for want of a fufficient Thicknefs of Wood between ; but where the Wood is large, the Twifts of the Walks mould not approach nearer to each other than

make as much

pafs

Woods, for Direthem but where this was practis'd, every Tree which Hood in the Line, good and bad, was cut down; and many times boggy or bad Ground was taken into the Walks ; fo that an Expence"
Sights thro' the

how

to cut

ceffary

of Draining and Levelling was neto render them proper for walking on befides this, there were
:

many
firlt,

other Inconveniencies attendftrait

ing thefe

Cuts thro'

Woods;

as,

fixty or eight Feet

Woods

or in very large ; double that Di dance will be

;

Draught of Air, which in windy Weather renders the Walks unpleafant ; and
by
letting in a great

yet better

becaufe,

when

the

Un-

der-wood is cut down, which will be abfotutely neceffary every tenth or twelfth Year, according to its Growth, then the Walks will be
quite open, until the

then thefe Cuts will appear at a great Diftance from the Woods, which will have a very bad Effect : therefore the

the

modern Practice of twifting Walks thro' Woods is to be

In the cutting of thefe

Under-wood

preferr'd.

grows up again,

unlefs a Border of

Shrubs, intermixed with fome Evergreens, is planted by the Sides of

Walks, there mould be particular Care taken to lead them over the fmootheft and foundeft Part of the

which the Walks recommend, as this

;

would add to the Pleaf'ure of thefe Walks. Thefe Wood-walks mould not be
is

what

Ground;

as alfo

to avoid
;

cutting

will greatly

down

the

good Trees

fo that

when-

ever thefe ftand in the Way, it will be better to lead the Walk on one
Side, than to have the

lefs

fmall

than eight or nine Feet broad in Woods; but in large ones

the middle

for altho'

Tree ftand in fome Perfons

fifteen Feet will not be too much: and on each Side of the Walks, the Border of Shrubs and Ever greens may be nine or ten Feet broad which may be fo managed, as to fhut out the View from one Part of

may

contend for the Beauty of fuch Trees which are left Handing in Walks ; yet it mull be allow'd, that
unlefs the

Walk

is

made much broad-

er in thofe Places than in the other,

the Trees will occafion Obftruclions

to the Walkers, efpecially

the

Walk to the other, at thofe times when the Under-wood is cut down ;

when two

at which times there will be an abfo}ute Occasion for fuch Plantations ; a-sci at all tinsiis they will aSbrd

or three Perfons are walking togefo thatnt will be much better ther
:

to have the

Trees

Walks intirely clear from and where any large fpread-

X E
ing Tree ftands near the Walk, to cut away the fmall Wood, fo as to make an Opening round the Trees, where there may be fome Seats
plac'd, for Perfons to reft under the
1.

XE
Xeranthemum
majore.

purpureo

fore fmplici H. L. Eternal

Flower, or Ptarmica, with a large

fingle purple Flower.

Shade

the Turns

made

in

thefe

Walks
fible
;

fhould be as natural as pofnor mould there be too many of them, for that will render the

2 Xeranthemum florephno purpureo majore. H. L. Eternal Flower, or Ptarmica, with a large double purple Flower.
.

3.

Xeranthemum
H. L.

fore flmplici

them difagreeable therefore the great Skill in making of thefe Walks is, to make the Turns fo eafy as not to appear like a Work of Art, nor to extend them
thro'
;

Walking

alba.

Eternal Flower, or Ptarmica, with a fingle white Flow4.

er.

ftrait

to

fo great Length, as that

Xeranthemum fore pleno alH. L. Eternal Flower, or Ptarmica, with a double white Flower.
bo.

Perfons

great the Sight of each other both thefe Extremes mould be avoided as much as poffible, fince they are equally difagreeable to Perfons of true When a Wood is properly Tafte.
:

who may be walking at a Diftance, may be expofed to

5.

Xeranthemum
minore.

fore fmplici

purpurea

Eternal Flower, or Ptarmica, with a leiTer fingle purple Flower.

Tourn.

manag'd
i

Places

a few an open Grove, where there are fome large Trees fo fituated as to form them,
in
this

Way, and
like

properly

left

6. Xeranthemum fore purpurea fmplici minima, femine maxima. H. L. Eternal Flower, or Ptarmica, with a very fmall fingle purple Flower, and a large Seed.

Thefe

Flowers

were

formerly

much more

cultivated in the Englijb

there can be no greater

Ornament

to

a fine Seat, than fuch a

Wood.

Gardens than at prefent; efpecially the two Sorts with double Flowers; which the Gardeners near London did
cultivate in great Plenty for their

Flowers,

which they brought to

in

Market

the Winter-feafon, to fet

in GlafTes in

X E

XERANTHEMUM,
Flower, or Ptarmica,

Eternal
njulgo.

Rooms, to fupply the Place of other Flowers, which are not eafy to be procur'd at that Seafon ; for thefe, being gathered when they are fully blown, and carefully
dry'd, will continue frefh and beau;

The Char afters

//

are

hath a fcaly fiver-colour d permanent Empalement : the Flower is dry ; the Dijk conjijiing of many plain Petals, having no Embryces affixed to them ; yet are included in the fame Empalement nvith the Florets, which
reji

on the Emhryoes,

which

after-

ward
leafy

become Seeds, each bearing a

Species arej

Read.

The

many Months but as there are no other Colours in thefe Flowers but White and Purple, the Gardeners had a Method of dipping them into various Tinctures, fo as to have fome of a fine Blue, others Scarlet, and fome Red, which made a pretty Variety; and, if they were rightly itain'd, and afterwards hung up till they were thorough-dry, they would
tiful

continue

X
1

x
t

continue their Colours as long as the The Characters are ; It bath a Lily-fo-wer, conffting Flowers endured. of All thefe Sorts are propagated by one Lea/ and Jhaped exaclly like that Seed -, which fhould be fown in a of the common Iris: the Point al is warm Border in Auguji obferving furnifed with three Lea-vcs ; but the to water and (hade the Ground, if Empalement turns to a Fruit faped the Seafon proves warm and dry, like that of the common Iris : the Root
;

lentil the Plants are come up; after which they muft be kept clean from Weeds, and, in dry Weather, fliould be now-and-then refrelh'd with Wa-

is

bulbous, or confifts of many Coats, in

it differs

which

from
;

the Iris.

The

Species are

ter.

When

the Plants

are about

two Inches high, they fliould be prick'd out into another Border under a warm Wall, Pale, or Hedge, at about four or five Inches Diftance from each other. In this Place the Plants will endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters extremely well; and in the Spring will require no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds; for they may remain in the fame Place for good. In June they will begin to flower, and the

1. Xiphion Per/icum precox, fl^re variegato. Tourn. Ezr]yPerfan bulbous Flower-de-luce, with a varie-

gated Flower.
2.

Xiphion
labia

angujlifolium,
riflus

fore
aureo.

alboy

inferior!

Boerh. Ind.
Iris,

Narrow-leav'd bulbous with a white Flower, and the lower Part of the Lip of a yellow Colour.
3.

Xiphion

angujlifolium , ca-ru-

leo njiolaceumy

Beginning of July they will be fit to but a few of the gather for drying ben and moft double Flowers of each Kind fliould be fuffer'd to remain for Seed ; which, in about two Months time, will be ripe, and the Plants will p.rilh foon after ; fo that the Seeds mult be annually fown, in order to preierve them. The Seeds of thefe Plants are many times fown in the Spring but
:
;

nonodorum. Boerh. Ind. Common narrow-leav'd bulbous Iris, with a blue violet-colour'd Flower, without Scent.
4.

Xiphion

luteo inodoro. Tourn.

bulbous Iris, without Scent.

5.

fore Narrow-leav'd with a yellow Flower,

angujlifolium,

Xiphion

anguftifoliumy

fore

ex violacto purpurco& eaeruleo palle*

fcente, -variigutOy notata. Boerh. Ind,

Narrow-ieav'd bulbous Iris, with a and pale-blue variegated Flower.

violet-purple
6.

they feliom row fo well at that Seafon ; nor will the Plants grow near fo largf, or produce near the fame Quantity of Flowers, as thofe which
are

Xiphion
alb'iSy

anguftifoliumy fetalis

repandis

ereBis dilute cazruleis,

incumbentibus pallide cazrulefantibus.

Boer, Ind.
Iris,

Narrow-leav'd bulbous

fown

in

Autumn:

for

which

whofe Flower hath white Fails;

ferr'd.

Reafons, that time fhould be preBefides, it often happens,

upright Leaves of a Sky blue, and the under ones of a pale-bluifli

the

that the Plants which come up of the Spring-fowing, rarely produce good Seeds, uniefs the Seafon prove

Colour.
7.

Xiphion
trzlis

anguftifoliumy pet a lis

dilute cocruleis. Boerh,

rfpandis aureis, incumbentibus pallide

very favourable.

fa<vis,
Ind.

XIPI1ION, Bulbouslris, or Flower-de-luce.

Narrow-leav'd bulbous Iris, whofe Flower hath yellow Falls, and

tire

I
of
this

1
Varieties

ike upright Leaves are of a sky-blue Colour. angufifclium, fiore 8. Xiphion major e dilute cceruko. Narrow-leav'd bulbous Iris, with a large aky-blue

There ar many other

Flower, which have been of late Years obtain'd from Seeds their Numbers are every Year fo mud*
:

increas'd that

way,

that

it

would be
all

Flower.
9.

endlefs to enumerate
angufiifolium,

Xiphion
flriato.

fore
leav'd

; therefore I mall proceed to their Culture;

them

majore dilute cceruleo,

elega-nter

liueis rubris
-

in which, I fhall

firft

begin with the

Narrow

bulbous Iris, with a large sky-blue Flower, elegantly ftriped with Red. 10. Xiphion angujlifolium, fore majore albo. Narrow-leav'd bulbous Iris, with a large white Flower. 1 1. Xiphion angufiifolium, fire
majore albo,
pitiis
lineis dilute cazruleo,

Method of raifing them from Seeds, that being the way to obtain new
Varieties.

&

Having procured a Parcel of Seeds from good Flowers, the Beginning of September, you mould provide fome flat Pans or Boxes, which mug have Holes in their Bottoms to let
the Moiiture pafs off ;
thefe lh-ould

violaceo

diftinclo.

Narrow-

leav'd bulbous Iris, with a large white

Flower, with sky-blue Stripes, and

fpotted with Violet.
12.

Xiphion

angufiifolium, fore
<violaceo.
Iris,

with a large deep violet-colour'd Flower. 13. Xiphion angufiifolium, fore major e, pe talis repandis dilute cceruNarleis, erect is faturate <violaceo. row-leav'd bulbous Iris, with a large

major e fat urate leav'd bulbous

Narrow-

with frem light fandy Earth, and the Seeds fown thereon pretty thick, obferving to fcatter them as equally as polfible ; then cover them over about half an Inch thick witia the fame frelh light Earth, and place the Boxes or Pans where they may
fill'd

be

Flower, whofe Falls are of a Skybut the upright Petals are of a deep violet Colour. 14. Xiphion angufiifolium, fore
blue,

majore dilute caeruleo,

dis

petalis repan-

Narrow-leav'd bulbous Iris, with a lar^e sky-blue Flower, with yellow Falls.
15.

fwis.

Xiphion

anguflifolium,

fore

majore faturatius vioiaceo,

bris elegantcr ^variegato.

flriis ru-

Narrow-

have the morning Sun till Eleven o'Clock ; and if the Seafon mould prove very dry, they muft be nowand-then refrenYd with Water. In this Situation they may remai* until the Middle of Otlober, whea they mould be remov'd into a more open Pofition, where they may have the full Sun moll Part of the Day; in which Place they muft abide all the Winter, obferving to keep them clear from Weeds and Mofs, which, at this Seafon, are very apt to fpread over the Surface of the Earth, ia Pots, when they are expofed to the

leav'd bulbous
let
-

colour'd

with a deep vioFlower, beautifully

Iris,

ftriped with

Red.
anguflifolium,

16.

Xiphion

fore

majore, petalis repandis dilute coeruleo,

creclis

favo.

Narrow-leav'd

bulbous Iris, whofe Flower hath paleblue Falls, but the upright Leaves are of a yellow Colour.

open Air. In the Spring the Plants will appear above-ground; when, if the Seafon is dry, they muft be nowand-then refrefh'd with Water, and conftantly kept clear from Weeds; and as the Seafon advances, and the Weather becomes warm, they fhould be again remov'd into their former

A
are beautiful, to

Uiady Situation, where they may enjoy the morning Sun only. When che Plants begin to decay (which will be in June J, they mud be cleared from Weeds, and dead Leaves, and fome frelh Earth fifted over them about half an Inch thick, ftill fuffering them to abide in the fame
Situation
all

fully look over them, and put down a Stick by all thofe whofe Flowers

mark them; and

as

foon as their Leaves are decay'd, the e Roots may be taken up to plant
in the Flower-garden

amonglt other

choice Sorts.

the Summer-feafon

no

during which time they will require farther Care, but to keep them

clear from Weeds, until the Beginning of October ; when they mull be again removed into the Sun, and the Surface of the Earth lightly taken off, and fome frefh Earth fifted over them. In this Place they muft: remain all the Winter, as before and in the Spring they muft be treated as was directed for the former Year. When the Leaves are decay'd, the Bulbs mould be carefully taken up (which may be belt done by lifting the Earth through a fine Sieve) and a Bed or two of good frefh light Earth mould be prepared, into which the Bulbs mjft be planted, at about three Inches afunder each "Way, and three Inches deep. Thefe Beds muft be conltantly kept clean from Weeds and Atfofs and in the
; ; ;

But the Nurfery-beds mould ftill remain ; obferving to keep them clear from Weeds, as alfo to fift frefh Earth over them, as was before directed ; and the following Seafon the remaining Part of the Roots, which did not flower the foregoing
Seafon, will

now

ftiew

their Blof-

foms ; fo that you may know which of them are worth preferving in the Flower-garden, which mould now be mark'd ; and when the;r Leaves are decay'd, they muft be taken up, and planted, with the other fine Sorts, in an Eaft Border of frefh light Earth ; but the ordinary Sorts
be intermix'd with other bulbous - rooted Flowers in the large Borders of the Pleafure - garden, where, during the Continuance in Flower, they will afford an agree* able Variety. But after thefe choice Flowers are obtain'd from Seeds, they may be
increafed by Oft-fets, as other bulbare. Thefe Off fets I lowers mould be planted in a feparate Border from the blowing Roots, for one

may

Spring, juft before the Plants come up, the Surface of the Beds mould

ous

be ftirr'd, and fome frelh Earth fifted over them about half an Inch thick, which will greatly ftrengthen
the Roots.

During the Spring and Summer they mult be conftantly weeded and at Michaelmas the Earth fh'ould be again ftirr'd, and fome frefh fifted over the Beds again, as before; obferving in Winter and Spring ftill to keep the Beds clean, which is the whole Management they will require; and in June following the greater! Par: of the Roots wiil flower ; at which lime you mould care;

they have Strength produce Flowers, when they may be placed in the Flowergarden with the old Roots. Thefe Bulbs need not betaken up oftener than every other Year which mould always be done foon after their Leaves decay, otherwife they
Year,
until

enough

to

will fend forth frefh Fibres,

when

it
:

will

be too

late to

remove them

nor mould they be kept long out of

the

Ground
is full

Week
;

night

enough

for

or a Fortwhen they

are kept longer, their BulUs arefub-

X
3 eel

I
their

x Y
the other Sorts ; but their Roota mould not be tranfplanted oftenex
the

to fhrink,

which caufes

Flowers to be weak the following

Year.

Flowers thrive belt in, is a light fandy Loam; and if it be taken from a Paftureground, with the Sward, and laid in an Heap until the Grafs is throughly rotted, it will be ftill better ; for thefe Bulbs do not delight in a rich dunged Soil: nor mould they be
planted in a Situation where they may be too much expofed to the S^n ; for in fuch Places their Flo'w-

The

Earth which

than every third Year : nor mould they be ever kept out of the Ground long; becaufe their Roots will intirely decay in a fhort time, fo as not to be recover'd again. This Sort was formerly more common ia the Gardens near London than at prefent ; which, I fuppofe, has been occafion'd by the keeping the Roots above-ground too long, which deftroyed them.

XYLON, The Cotton Plant.

The
into

few Days in Beauty, and their Roots are apt to decay but in an Eaft Border, where they have the Sun until Eleven of the Clock, they will thrive and flowers will continue but a
;

Characters are
confifts

The Flower

of one L;af, cut

er extremely well, elpecially if the

Soil be neither

too wet, nor over-

dry.

From

the moil beautiful of

thefe Flowers mould Seeds be faved, and (own every Year ; which will always furnifh new Varieties, fome of which will greatly exceed the ori-

ginal Kinds.

The Perfian Iris is greatly efteemd for the Beauty and extreme S weetnefs of its Flowers, as alfo for its early Appearance in the Spring, it
generally being in Perfection in F<?hruary, or the Beginning of March,

federal Segments almojt to the Bottom ; and is of the expanded Bellfiiape : from the Centre rifes an hollow pyramidal Tube, adorned and loaded, for the mofi part, with Chives : from the Empalement Jhoots up the Point al9 fixed like a Nail in the Bottom of the Flower, and out of the Tube ; which is afterward charged into a roundijh Fruit, divided into four or more fernsnal Cells, gaping at the Top, and incloying Seeds covered over with, and

wrapped within, that j'oft ductileV/ool, commonly known hy the Name of Cotton.

1.

The Species are; Xylon, Jive Goffypium

hcrha-

according to the Forwardnefs of the Seafon, at which time there are few other Plants in Beauty. This may be propagated by Seeds,

fame manner as the other but the Boxes in which they are fown, mould be put under a Garden-frame in Winter, to (helter them from hard Froft; becaufe, while
in the

ceum.J.B. Kerb or Shrubby Couon. 2. Xylon Americanwn prseftanLigon* tijfimum, femine virefcente. The moit excellent American Cotton, with a greenifh Seed.
3
.

Sorts

Xylon,

Jive Goffypium frute<viti<

fcens annuum, folio

ampliari quitz-

quefdo,

lnjulte

Prov'tdentiee.

Pluk.

Phyt.

Annual fhrubby Cotton of

the Plants are young, they are fome-

the Ifland of Providence, with a large

what tender. From the Seeds of this Kind I could never obtain any Varieties, their

Flowers being always

alfo propagated fame manner as

the fame.

quinquefid Vine-leaf. The 4. Xylon arbor eum. J. B. Tree-cotton. 5. Xylcn arbor eum, fore flaw.

Thefe Plants are

Tmm.
Flower.

Txee-coiton, with a yellow

by

OfF-fets, in the

There

X
There
of

Y
warm
Parts of
:

X Y

; ;

are feveral other Varieties

this Plant in the

the Eaft and Wefl-Indies, where they in great Plenty ; fome of which have been obferved by the Curious in Botany ; but others have efcaped

Bazacs, and are the beft which are fold. The fecond and third Sorts are alfo annual thefe areculti vated in the
Weft-Indies in great Plenty. But the fourth and fifth Sorts grow in Egypt
thefe abide

grow

their Notice

however, thefe being

what

I have obferved growing in the European Gardens, I ihall not trouble the Reader with an Enumeration of the other Varieties. The firit Sort here mention'd is cul*

many Years, and often arrive to be Trees of great Magnitude, from which the Inhabitants

are annually furnifhed with great Quantities of Cotton. One of thefe

Trees has a purplifb, and the other

a yellow Flower; which, I believe,
is

tivated plentifully in Candia, Lemnos,

the only Difference between them.

Cyprus, Malta, Sicily , and at Naples

between Jerufalem and Damafcusy from whence the Cotton is brought annually into thefe NorthIt is fown ern Parts of Europe.
as alfo

The firft Sort, which is what the Inhabitants of the Greet Iflands cultivate, produces fmall Pods, which contain but a fmall Quantity of Cotton
;

therefore
as

is

upon tilled Grounds in the Spring of the Year, and cut down, and reaped, in Harveft, as Corn with us. The Ground muft be tilled and fown
fucceeding Year, and manag'd in fuch fort, as we do the Tillage for Corn, and other Grain.

cultivating
Sorts

not fo well worth fome of the other

The
I

nor is the Staple of it fo fine. ; Sort which produces the largeft

again

the

Heads, and the fineft Cotton, of any have yet feen, is the fecond Sort but the Cotton of this fo ciofely adit

heres to the Seeds, as to render

It
it

is

an annual Plant, perifhing when

its

very
it;

difficult to feparate

them from

hath perfected

Fruit.

This Cotton is the Wool which inclofes or wraps up the Seeds, and is contained in a kind of brown Hulk or Seed-veffel, growing upon for it is from this Sort this Shrub
;

which has occafion'd die Inhabitmuch Trouble, as to make them inclinable to give up the Culture of this Sort but
ants of America fo
;

could a Gin be invented, whereby the Seeds could be readily taken

out, this

that the vail Quantities of Cotton are

Sort of Cotton might be-

taken, which furnifh our Parts of the World: it is brought from the

come

a very beneficial Plant to the

Inhabitants of Carolina.

where the Natives take There great Care of its Culture. are feveral Sorts of Cotton fold, which chiefly differ according to the Countries from whence they come, and the various Preparations made of them the firft is the Cotton in the Wool that is to fay, that which comes from the Shell, from which
iflands,
:

There are fome oiher Kinds of Cotton in the Eajl- Indies, which might be introduced into the Britijh Colonies in America, where they
would
tage
;

thrive as well as in their na-

tive Soil,

and be a national Advan-

for the Cottons produced in

only
tons

we

take the Seed

thefe Cot-

come from

Cyprus, Smyrna, kc.

The fecond is the Cotton in the Yarn, which comes from Datnafcus. The
Jerufalem Cottons, which are called

bear a much greater Price, than either the Levant or American Cottons, the Staple being much finer: and fmce the Manufacture of Cottons is at prefent in great Repute in England, and the Wear of them
India
becoiiiC

general

fo, if this

Country

X Y
try can be fupplied with thebeft Sort in Plenty from the American Colonies,
it

X Y
fore. Thus, from time to time, as the Plants advance, the muft be removed into larger Pots ; and as the

to thofe Places; and

would be of great Benefit it might be af-

Warmth of

the

Seafon

increafes,

forded at a much cheaper Rate, than is now paid for it.

The Seeds of two of the India Cottons have been very lately brought to England-, and the Plants, which have been produced from them, have a very different Appearance from any of thofe Sorts which
were before known here but as they have not as yet produced either Flower or Fruit, I cannot fay any thing of their Worth.
;

they mould have a greater Share of Air ; and when they are too tall to continue under the GlafTes of the

Hot-bed-frame,

they

muft be re-

moved

into the Stove,

and placed

in

the Tan-bed, amongft other tender

Exotic Trees and Shrubs; in which Place the annual Sorts will produce
their

Flowers in

Autumn

but they

rarely produce Pods in this

try.

Coun-

The
rally

fecond Sort has

more genethe

All thefe Sorts are preferved in the Gardens of thofe who are curi-

ripen'd in England than

;

ous in collecling rare Plants they are cafiiy raifed from Seeds (which may be obtain'd frem from the Pla:

Growth) thefe muft be fown upon an Hot-bed early in the Spring; and when the Plants come
ces of their
:

up, they mull be transplanted out each into a feparate fmall Pot fiiPd with frem light Earth, and plung'd into a moderate Hot- bed of Tanners Bark, obferving to water and (hade them until theyhave takenRoot; after which they mould have Air and Water in proportion to the Warmth of the Seafon, and the Heat of the Bed in which they are placed for if they
:

and the Seeds which have been ripened here, have always fucceeded better, than thofe which have been obtained from abroad. The Tree-kinds muft be continued in this Bark-Move all the Winter and if they are placed with the Allfpice, Sea fide Grape, and fuch other Wejl- Indian Trees, obferving to keep the Air of the Floufe about ten Degrees above the temperate Heat markM on the Botanical Thermomeother
ters, they will thrive very well, provided they are often rcfrefti'd with.

Water.

XYLON ARBOREUM.
Ceiba.

Vide

are too

much drawn, by keeping the GlafTes clofedown in the Day-time,

XYLOSTEON,
fuckle.

Upright Honey-

they will run up very weak and flender, fo as not to be able to fupport themfeives and if they are too
;

The

Characters are

much expos'd to not make any

Growth.

the Air, they will

Prcgrefs

in

their

When

the Plants are fo far ad-

fill the Pots with their Roots, they mould be (haken out, and put into larger Pots which mould be filPd with the fame frem Jight Earth, and again plung'd into the Hot-bed, and managed as be-

vance.], as to

The Flower confifts of one Leaf, is tubulous, and divided into federal Parts at the Top, and refls on the Empalement thefe are for the mofl part produced by Pairs on the fame FootJlalk : The Empalement afterward becomes a foft double Fruit or Berry,
;

inclojing cqmprejjfed roundijh Seeds.

There is but one Species of this Plant at prefent known ; <vi%. Xylosteos Pyrenaicum. Inji. R.
H. Pyrenean Upright Honey fuckle. This 5 E

VOL.

III.

Y E
This Plant crows wild on the Pjh renean Moui t uns, and is feparated from the Chama?cerafus, by Dr. Tournefort on account of the Shape of its Flower, which differs To of thofe little from the Flowers
Plants, that
it

Y U
YUCCA, The
The
It

Indian Yucca,

W-

Cbarafters are

hath the Appearance of an Aloe, the Leaves ending in a Jharp Point, but will grow in the Habit of a Tree :
the
is

doth not deferve to be

;

Flower conffs of one Leaf, which

removed from them

fince the Fruit

btll-Jhaped, cut into

:

fx

Segments,
in the

agrees perfectly with thofe of that

and naked
Spikes
:

thefe are produced on long

Genus. It grows about three or four Feet high, and divides into many Branches, after the fame manner as the other Upright Honey tuckles the Flowers, arefmall, and come out but Iparfedly on the Branches, fo do not make any great Appearance. The ufual Time of its flowering is in February, about the fame time as the Mezerecn ; wherefore it may be admitted to have a Place in Gardens, amonglt other hardy Exotic Shrubs, in order to make a Variety. This Plant may be propagated by Cuttings, which mould be planted at Michaelmas on a fhady Border, and in a llrong loamy Soil where, if they are duly watered in dry Weather, and kept clear from Weeds, they will make good Roots by the following Mi;

the

Ovary, which

is

Centre of the Flower, afterward becomes a tricapfular Fruit, as in the

Aloe.

The Species are Yucca folis aloes. C.B.P. The common Yucca. 2. Yucca foliis filamentofts.Moriff.
;

1.

Yucca with Threads growing from

the Leaves.
3.

Yucca

Caroliniana arborefcens

angufifolia, marginikus WtX ferratis.

The

narrow-leav'd Carolina Yucca, with Leaves fcarcely ferrated on the Edges.

The
hardy,

firft

of thefe Plants

is

pretty

ajid,

when grown

ftrong, will

endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters in the open Air very well ;
provided
it

be planted

in a

dry Soil.

chaelmas,

when

they

may

be re-

where they are defigiVd to remain, which ihould be in a Itrong loamy Soil, and in a co 1 fhady Situation. For if thefe Plants are planted on a light dry Soil, and in an open Situation, they will not live through one Summer,
to the Places

moved

This Sort (eldom rifes with a Stem above three Feet high, which is garniflfd with Leaves almoft to the Ground. The Leaves of this are broad, and of a dark-green Colour, ending in a marp black Spine. This
Sort frequently produces its Spikes of Flowers, which grow very fparfedly on the Stalks,

and the Spike

un'efs they are plentifully watered in dry Weather ; and, even with this

of

this

Sort branches out on every

it

Side to a conhderableDirlance; which renders

lefs

Care, they will

grefs.

make

but

little

Pro-

beautiful

than the

Y E
Y^W-tree.
Taxus.

Flowers of the other Kinds. The third Sort is not fo hardy as the two other, fo mult be houfed in Winter; for they will not live thro* the Winter in the open Air. This Sort will rife with a Stem five or fix Feet high the Leaves are narrower, ftiffer, and of a paler Green, than
;

are

Y U
are thofe of the Common Sort. The Flowers are of a fine purplilh Colour on their Oatiide, and a clear

Z A
manner as hath been already directed for them ; to which the Reader is
dt fired to turn, for furtner InUTUclions.

which are produc'd in a long, clofe Spike, and make a very beautiful Appearance but thefe do not flower oftener than once in tour or rive Years, which is always
; ;

White within

When
Strength,

thefe Plants have acquired

i

thofe of the commo Sort may be afterward turned out into a warm Border, where they will en-

in

Autumn

fo that they never proin this

Country. The threaded Sort is not fo common as the others in the Enghjh Gardens ; but as it is a Native of Virginia, it might eafily be procured in Plenty from thence.

duce any Seeds

nvery well ; but the other Sorts murt be kept in Pots, that they may be theltcrM in Winter? and if they
ters

dure the Cold of our ordinary

are treated in the fame way as the large American Aloe, they will do

The Ca-

very well.

rolina Sort hath been railed of late

The

OiF-fets

taken from the old

Years from Seeds which came from thence, and is now pretty common
in England.

Plants (hould be laid in a dry Place, for a Week or ten Days, before they

are planted, that their

Wounds may

All thefe Plants are eiiher propagated by Seeds, when obtain 'd from

heal

otherwise they will befubject to rot with Moifture.

;

Abroad or elfe from OrT lets or Heads taken from the old Plants, after the manner of Aloes.
;

When they are raifed from Seeds, they fhould be fown in Pots hii'd with frelh light E.xrth, and plunged into
moderate Hot-bed, where the Plants will come up in five or iix Weeks after; and when they are two or three inches high, they mould be
each into a feparate Pot filled with freHi light Earth, and plung'd into the Hotbed ; where the Plants mould have Air and Water in proportion to the Warmth of the Seafon, and the Eed wherein they are placM. In July they mould be enured, by degrees to bear the open Air ; into which they mud be remov'd, to harden them before Winter placing
tranfplanted

As the fecond and third Sorts do not put out OfF-lecs fo plentifully as the firft, fo, in order to propagate them, the Heads of the Pian^ may be cut OiF in June ; and after having
laid the

wounded Part to dry, the Heads may be planted, which will

are plunged

loon take Root, provided tne Pots into a moderate Hotbed ; and this cutting oft the Heads
the Stems
to

will occafion

put out

fmall

Suckers, which they feldom do without ; fo that, by this Merhod, the

Plant;,

may be

obtaia'd in Plenty.

Z A
ACINTHA,
The
lc

them in a weil-lhelter'd Situa:ion, where they may remain until the Beginning of Gttober, when they muli be removed into the Greqnhoufe, where they may be ranged
ftuiongft the hardier Sorts of Alo^s,

Warted Succory,
;

Characters are

hath a flfcuhus

Flu-veer,

con-

Jijhnq of many tla If floret s, CQnftantly rejVi.tg on tbi Embryoa, and included
in

and

iiiould

be treated in lha fame

a fcLtly Empnlement : the Empaltm:nt afterward become a~ furrowed H^ad, 5 2

Z A
Bead, whofe
Capful X, have /welling Seeds, which arc c ha[ingle Parts, cr

z A
are pall,
the

Empalcment

fwells to

ndle.
.

We
;

have but one

*vi&.
I

Species

of

this

a furrowed Head, fomewhat refembling Warts or Excrefcences, in which the Seeds are included.

Plant

When
fown done
in

the Seeds of this Plant are

th a fide cichorium verrucarium. Matth. Warted Succory. This Plant grows abundantly in the Illand of 7,ant, from whence it
n
it alfo grows obtained the Name wild in feveral other warm Countries : but in England it is preferved
;

Z ac

the Spring,

it

fhould

be

in Drills
;

afunder

come

up,

made about two Feet and when the Plants are they mould be thinned to

the Diltance of fix Inches

in the becaufe they do not thrive very well when they are tranfplant-

Rows

in the

Gardens of fome Perfons who

for

ed, fo that they fhould remain in the

are curious in Botany,

the fake

ofVariety ; there being little Beauty or Ufe at prefent known in this

Plant.

Places where they ate fown they are kept clear from

and

if

Weeds,
Pelli-

they will require no other Care.

ZANTHOXYLUM, The
is
?

an annual P ant, which perifties foon after the Seeds are ripe ; therefore mutt be fown every Year, or the Seeds permitted to fcatter on
It

tory, or Tooth-ach-tree.

The Cbarafien are ; The Empalement of the Flower

is

the Ground in Autumn, which will come up in the Spring, and furnifh a

Supply of Plants more certainty than the Seeds are fown in thatSeafon for the Seeds which are fown in the Spring, will remain in the Ground a whole Year before the Plants come up; and fometimes they intirely mifcarry whereas thofe Seeds which fcatter in Autumn, or are fown at the fameSeafon, rarely

when
;

of one Leof divided into five Parts at the Top : the I lower is cornpofed of five Petals, having a Point al in the Centre, which is attended hy fve Stamina the Pointal afterwai d becomes
:

a .oundifb cunprcjjed fruit divided into four Cells, in each of which is

,

one roun'dijh

We know
Genus
;

hardfining Seed.' but one Species of

this

viz.
fpinofum, lentifci

Zan:thoxylum
pfulari, ex

longioribus fcliis, tuonjmi ftuclu

ca-

fail.

When

the Plants are

come

up,

infula jfnmaicenfi. Pluk.

they will require no other Care, but

Phjt. Pellitory, or

Tcoth

ach-tree.

them where they are too clcfe, fo as to leave them about fix or eight Inches afunder and after this to keep them clear from Weeds. In June thefe Plants will begin to flower, and their Seeds will ripen
to thin
;

This Plant grows on the Seacoafts of Virginia and Carolina ; but

in the latter it
tiful
is

much more
former
;

plenit

than in

the

and

about the End rf Avgufl, or the Beginning of September. The Flowers of this Plant are fmall, and generally produced fingly from the Divarications of the
Branches, fomewhat after the manner of Succory ; the Flowers are of a yellow Colour, and refemble thofe After the Flowers or Hawk weed.

grows larger in South Carolina, than in the Northern Parts of America, The ufual Height of this in Carolina is about eighteen or twenty Feet ; the Stem is woody, but not very hard ; the Bark of the large Stems
is

clofely befet with pointed Protu-

fome of which are as large Walnuts ; fo that the whole Stem has the Appearance of a ragged Starr ; which has occalion'd its beberances,
as

ing

Z A
ing called Hercules^ Club, by fome of the Inhabitants of America. The young Stems, as alio the Branches, are armed with fharp Thorns. Toward the Top of the Stem, the
der.

Pots

under a from hard Froft but they muft have free Air in mild Weather. Thefe Plants mould remain in the

mould be placed
to be

Frame,
;

fcreened

Leaves are produced without OrThefe have long Footftalks,

Seed -pots until the following Spring,

when they mould be

tranfplanted

garnifhed with three, four, or five Pair of Pinner, terminated by an odd Lobe thefe are oblong, and end in a (harp Point. Between the Leaves, the Flowers are produc'd in loofe Panicles, which are white, having red Summits in the Middle. Thefe Flowers are fucceeded by round Capfules, each being divided into four Cell?, containing fo many fhineing black Seeds. The Leaves, when
:

each into a feparate fmall Pot ; and if they are then plunged into a moderate Hot-bed, it will greatly pro-

mote

their Growth ; but they fhould be harden'd again to the open Air, and placed abroad in Summer, in a

(helter'd Situation

and

in

Winter

they muft be again placed under a

Frame, and
three Years,

fo
till

treated for

two or

the Plants have ob-

of the Orange-tree ; the Bark and Seeds have a ftrong aromatic Scent, and
bruifed,

fmell

like

thofe

tain'd Strength ; then, in the Spring of the Year, fome of the Plants may be fhaken out of the Pots, preferving a Ball of Earth to their Roots, and

are very pungent to the Tafte. Thefe

are frequently ufed by

ants of

the Inhabit-

the
;

Toth ach

Country to cure the from whence the Plant

the full Ground, on a where they will live through the ordinary Winters
fhelter'd Situation,

planted in

had the Name applied to it. This Plant is propagated bySeeds, which muft be procured from the
Place- of
its

without Shelter ; but as they are fometimes deftroyed by hard Froft, it will be proper to keep fomePlants
in Pots,
ter,

to be melter'd in the

Win-

natural

Growth

for

it

to preferve the Kind.

doth not produce Seeds

in England.

Thefe Seeds mult be fown in Pots filled wiih light Earth, and plunged where, into a moderate Hot-bed fometimes, the Seeds will come up
;

Thefe Plants Ihed their Leaves in Winter, and theLeaves feldom come

in fix or eight

often remains

in

Weeks time the Ground

firit

but

it

They dea loofe rich Soil, not too wet, nor very dry : in the one, they are often kill'd by Moifture in
out
April following.
light in

Year

fo

that if

whole the Plants mould

a

Winter

and

in

the other, they

frequently

die in

Summer,

unlefs

no: appear the

Seafon, the Pots

they are duly watered.

mould be
and, early

(helter'd

the

in the Winter, following Spring,

ZINZIBER,
The
confijls

Ginger.
;

Characters are

plunged into a frefh Hot bed; which will bring up the Plants, if the Seeds When the Plants are are good.
fjur or five Inches high, they fhould be enured to the open Air by degrees and they may be removed abroad in "June, where they may re;

The Flower (for the m~fi part)

of five Leaves, 'which

me

fiiaped fomevjbat like tbofe

thefe are

ef thelris :

main

till

October

at

which time the

produadin axHrad or Clisb % of a f pirate ie^fy Scale : the Ovary afterward bccoi?t a triangular Fruit having three Cc lh % which contain the Siais.
each coming out
5

E3

The

Z
The
I.

I
;
;

z
B. P.

Sprcies are

Zinziber.
Ginger.

C.

The

Common
2

Zingiber

h. L. Broad or Zerumbeth. Ti e firft of thefe Plants is cultivated in the warm Parts of the Wcflfrom whence Jndies in great Plenty we are annually furniCh'd with the The fecond dried Roots for Ufe. Sort is moll common in the Erft-In4ies, though it grows wild in fome
;

latifolium fylvifire, leav'd wild Ginger,

for they are too terder to Bark endure the open Air in England in the warmed Part of Summer and in Winter they muft be placed in a for although Bark ftove their Leaves decay in Autumn, and their
;
:

Roots feem to remain

Srate moll Part of the
if

in

an unalive
;

Winter

yet,

they are not preferved in a very

Place during that Seafon, they
;

warm
will

intirely rot

as

have more

There are Parts of tne Weft Indies'. firiafl Quantities of theRoots brought
\n\bEurope for medicinal Ufe
is
;

than once obferv'd. Nor do thefe Root> abide the Winter fo well when placed upon Boards in the warmeft
Stove, as

when

but

it

the Bark-bed, though

they are plunged in they are pre-

never ufed i;;Kitchens as the other. Thefe Plants are prefer ved as Curiofities in the Gardens of thofe

ferved in the fameDegree of Warmth:

which I conceive to be owing to the Moiilure of the Bark, which, in Fermentation, afcends, and entering the Holes at the Bottom of the Pots, af-

who

delight in rare Plants.

They

are both propagated by parting of the belt, time for which their Roots
:

is in

the Spring,

before they begin

agreeable Nourifhment to the Roots, preferving them always

fords an

may be

to {hoot ; when each large Shoot divided into feveralParts; obferving always to preferve two or
three Eyes to

plump and

full

whereas thofe in

each Piece. Thefe ihould be planted into Pots filled with rich light Earth, and plunged into an Hot-bed of Tanners Bark,

a dry Stove often fhrink for want of Moifture, and fo, many times, decay for it is not very fafe to give
:

them much Water

are decay'd
;

after their

Leaves

where they muft be frequently reand in hot with Water Weather the GiafTes mould be raifed with a Brick, to give them Air in
freftied
:

becaufe they are very apt to rot with too much Moifture at that Seafon.

proportion to the

Warmth
:

of the

When the Leaves are decay'd, is the proper Time to take up thefe Roots ; but thofe that are defign'd to plant again, mould not be difturb'd
till

Seaion, and the Heat of the Bed in which they are placed for when their Leaves are come up, if they are too much drawn, they will grow very
tall

the Spring, juft before

they begin to (hoot

before obferv'd,
tranfplant
is
;

them

which, as was time to becaufe they foon

;

the belt

and weak, and the Roots will

after fend forth

their Fibres,

which

but very indifferent Progrefs. But when they have adueProportion of Heat,Moiiture, andfreeAir, their

make

will preferve

them from
;

rotting.

ZIZ1PHORA.
The
Characters are

Roots

will thrive

fo faft, as, in

one
ly

The Flower hath a long rough

llndrical Empalement, uohich

cy~

Seafon, froma fmall Head, to fpread over a large or, and fometimes will

is flight*
:

cut

into fi<ve

Parts at the Brim

produce Flowers in this Country. But thefe Plants muft beconliantJy kept in an Hgt-bed of Tanners

Flower is of the labiated Kind, having a long Tube : the Upper-lip is

the

oval, eretl,

and bordered

t he

Under"
lip

Z
lip

I
divided into three in the Centre is

Z
dom

I
fel*

( or Beard)

is

Plants of little Beauty, they are

cultivated but in Botanic

equal Segments : placed the fquare Pointal, attended by i-zvo Stamina, fupporting obLng Summits : each Flo-tver is fucceedtd by four angular Seeds.

Gar-

dens, for Variety-fake.

The
1.

Species are

Ziziphora foliis
terminatricilus.

lanceolatis,

Jloribus
Cliff.
2.

Lin.

Hort.

Dwarf Indian Field-bafil. Ziziphora foliis lanceolatis,

Jloribus lateralibus. Lin. Hart. Cliff. Hairy Eaftern Field-bafil, with Hyf-

Seeds of thofe Plants which in the Autumn, will be ripe in July ; but thofe of the Springplants will not ripen till the Latterend of Augujl, when, if the Seeds are permitted to fcatter, the Plants will come up, and require no farther Care, but to clear them fromWeeds, and thin them where they are too

The

come up

clofe.

fop-leaves.

ZIZTPHUS, The
Plants,
is

Thefe are both annual

of

The

Jujube. CharaSfers are j

confijls

humble Growth
tive of the

the

fir ft

Na-

The Flovucr

offeveralLeazet,

ca

Northern Parts of Amerithe fecond was difcover'd by

'which are placed circularly , and ex-

pand in form of a Rofe

Dr. Toumcfort, in the Levant, from whence he fent the Seeds to the Royal Garden at Paris. Both thefe Plants have been ranged in the Genus ofClinopGdium.by all theBotanifts before Dr.' Linnaeus who has feparated them, not only from that Genus, but alfo from the r Claf>, on account of their Flowers having each but two Stamina, whereas the other Species have four. But as they have paffed under the Title of Clinopodium i'o long, I have given them the Englifb Name of Field-bafil, for want of one more proper. The Seeds of thefe Plants may be Town in a Border of light Earth, either in Spring or Autumn. Thofe Plants which iome up in the Autumn, will abide through the Winter, and will grow much larger than thofe which come up in the Spring though neither of them will rife above fix Inches high. The Seeds fhculd be fown where the Plants are for they do not thrive to remain
;
;

: out of ivhofe Empaltment rifes the Poimal, which afterward becomes an oblong flejhy Fruit Jbnped like an Olive, including an hard Shell divided into tvuo Cells, each containing an oblong Nut or Ker-

nel.

The
i.

Species are

Ziziphus. Dod. The common manured Jujube. 2 Ziziphus fylveftris. Tourn.

The
3
.

wild J-jube. Z l P H u ? qua? Jujube Americai

na fpinofa, loti arboris foliis facie, fruclu rotwido parvo duli. Hort. Beaumont. Prickly American Jujube, with Leaves like the Nettle tree, and fmall round fweet Fruit commonly
call'd,
fteen.

&

in

the Wefl Indies ,

Mango-

Ziziphus

argent e a Zeylaniea,
'.

Jpinis cartns, Waltembiil

Xeylanmjibusdiaa. C. B. P. Silver-leav'd Jujube of Cylon, without Spines,

calied Wqltembilla.
is

commonly

The

flrftof thefe Plants

cultiva-

well

when they

are

tranfplanted,

ted in the Gardens of Italy, and the South Parts of France, from whence

remains to their Thefe have a pretty ftrong Roots aromatic Scent,fomewhat refembling Summer - favory ; but as they are

unlefs the Eartn

the Fruit was formerly brought mro England for medicinal Ufe out of
:

late

Years
5

it

has been very

little
is

ufed
ai

in the Shops, fo tJiat there

rareh'

E 4

Z
any of
fent.
it

1 over
at

z
pre-

brought

In thole warm Countries they prefervc the Fruit for the Table in
the

inter- feafon,

when few
;

other

but after their Leavc3 are fallen (as they always fhed them in Winter), they muft not be overwatered which would rot the tender Fibres of their Roots, and caufe
; ;

with Water

Kinds are

in Perfection

at

wS.ich

the Plants to decay.

time thefe, and Services, and fome other Sorts, furnim their Defftrts.
fmall
is fomewhat like a but has not a great Share of Flefh upon the Stone yet, having an agreeable Flavour, it is

In March, juft before the Plants begin to fhoot, they lhould be tranfplantcd, each into a feparate fmall
it

The

Fruit
;

Plum

Pot filPd with frelh light Earth ;and they are plunged into a moderate Hot- bed, it will greatly promote

by fome Perfons greatly efteemYl. The fecond Sort grows wild in the Hedges in the South of France but in thefe colder ftafy, and Spain Countries it is preferv'd in the Gar;

their taking

Root ; but in May they mult be enured to the open Air by degrees, into which they mould be foon after removed.

dens of thofe

who

are curious in col-

lecting the various Kinds of Trees and Shrubs. Thefe Plants may be propagated by putting their Stones into Pots of
freth
light

Thus thefe Plants fhould be manag'd while young, at which time they are tender; but when they are
three or four Years old, they may be planted in the full Ground,where, if they have a dry Soil, and a warm Situation, they will endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters very well. Thefe Plants may be alfo propagated bySuckers, which the old ones many tknes fend fortn from their Roots but thefe are feldoni fo well rooted as tho/e produe'd from Seeds, or ieidom make fo good Plants ; for which Reafon they are but rarely propagated that way. The third Sort is very common in Barbados, Jamaica, and the other warm Parts of America ; from whence I have feveral times received the
;

Earth,
;

foon after their

and in Winter they fhould be placed under a common Hbt- bed-frame, where they may be
Fruits are ripe
ihelter'd

from fevere

Froft.

In the

Spring thefe Pots fhould be plunged into a moderate Hot- bed, which
will

greatly
;

facilitate

the

Growth

and when the Plants are come up, they fhould be enured 'to the open Air by degrees, into which they muft be remov'd in June, placing them near the Shelter of an Hedge ; and in dry Weather they inuft be frequently refrefh'd with Water. In this Situation they may remain until the Beginning of OSlober, when tr.ey muft be removed either into the Green houfe, or placed under an Hot- bed-frame, where they may be defended from Froft; but fhould have as much free Air as pomble in T eather. mild

of the Seeds

Seeds,
freely

which generally on an Hot-bed

rife
;

very
I

but the

During the Winter - feafon they fhould be. now-and then refrefh'd

being very tender, require the Heip of a Bark-bed conftantly, without which they will not make any Progrefs ; and in Winter they muft be placed in the Bark-ftove, where, if they are frequently refrefhed with Water, they will thrive extremely well. There are feveral Plants of this Kind in the Gardens
Plan
s,

of the Curious

but I have not obferved

Z
ferved any
yet.

I
from abroad,

to produce Flowers as

The fourth Sort was brought into England, from fome curious Garden Holland, many Years ago. This
raifed in the

was

Gardens of MynSeeds

heer Van Beaumont, from the

which he received from Ceylon, and fmce hath been communicated to

many

curious Perfons inHo/Jandand

England.

There

is

no way

as yet

found fuccefsful to propagate tnis Plant, but from Seeds ; which being never produc'd in thefe cold Countries, and but rarely brought

is the Reafonit is not very common in the European Gardens at prefent. This is preferv'd in Pots of frefti light Earth, and placed in a Stove in Winter, where it may be kept in a moderate Warmth, and mull be frequently refrefhed with Water, with which Culture the Plants will thrive very well but I have not feen them produce any Flowers as yet in England, though there have been feveral pretty old Trees in the Gardens at Hampton-Court, when the
;

Exotic Plants were kept up there,

INDEX

INDEX LATIN US.

A
Agrifolium.
Vide AquifoHum

ABIES Abrotanum
Abrotanum Fcemina. Vide
Santolina

Agrimonia Agrimonoides Ahouai Aizoon

Alaternoides.

Abrus. Vide Orobus Abfinthium Abutilon Acacia

Acacia Germanorum.
Sylveftris.

Vide Phylica, Clutia,

&
Vide Prunus

Celaflrus

Alaternus Alcea
Alchimilla

Alkekengi
Alliaria.

Acacia Virginiana. Vide Robina Acajou. Vide Anacardium

Vide Hefperis

Acanthus Vide Cnicus Acarna. Acer

Acetofa
Acetofella.

Allium Alnus Alnus nigra baccifera.

gula

Vide Fran-

Aloe
Vide

Oxys

Aloides.

Vide Stratiotes

Achillea.

Vide Millefolium

Acinos

Alpinia Althaea

Aconitum Aconitum Hyemale

Acorus
Acriviola

A ly (To ides
Alyffon

Amaranthoides Amaranthus
Amaryllis

Adhatoda Ad'anthum Adonis

Vide Mimofa ,/Eichyncmene. .Ageratum Ageratum ofneinarum. Vide Ptarrr.ica

Ambrofia Amelanchier

Ammi Amomum
con

Plinii.

Vide Soianum

Amoris Pomum.

Vide Lvcoperfi-

Agnus

Callus.

Vide Vitex

Amygdalus
Anacam^feros

Ana-

IIN
Anagallis

UbX

L A

1 JN

5.

Afcyrum
Afparagus Afperugo
Afperula Afphodelus

Anagyris

Ananas Anapodophyllon
Anchufa.
Vide Bugloffum

Andrachne

Afplenium
After
Afterifcus

Andromeda
Androface

Androfaemum

Afteroides

Anemone
Anemonoides Anemonofpermos. Vide Arctotis

Aftragalus
Aftrantia

Atradylis.

Vide Cmcus'
Vide Blitum

Anethum
Angelica

A triplex
Atriplex baccifera.

Auguria

Avena
Aurantium
Auricula muris Auricula urft

AnU
Anifum. Vide Apium Anona. Vide Guanabanus Anonis
Antholyza

Azederach

Anthofpermum
Antirrhinum. Aparine

BACCHARIS
Balauftia.

Vide Punica

Aphaca

Baliamina
Vide Glycine

A pi os.

Balfamita

Apium Apocynum
Aquifblium
Aouileaia Arachis Aralia Arbor Camphorifera. Vide Laurus Arbor Coral. Vide Corallodendron Arbor Judas. Vide Cercis Arbor Vitae. Vide Thuya.

Bamia Mofchata. Vide Ketmia Banana. Vide Mufa

BarbaCapras. Barba Jovis
Barbarea.
Vide Ulmaria

Vide Sifymbrium

Bardana.
Barleria
Bafella

Vide

Lappa

Bafilicum.

Vide

Ocymum

Arbutus Ar&otis

Bauhinia Becabunga. Vide Veronica aquatica Belladona

Bellis Bellis major.

Argemone
Aria Theophrafti. Arifarum
Ariftolochia

Vide Crataegus

Vide

Leucanthemum

Beilonia

Benzoin.
Berberis

Vide Laurus

Armeniaca
Armeriu?. Vide Caryophyllus Artapnaxis Arcemifia

Bermudiana
Bernardia
Befleria

Arum
Arundo

A far um
Akle.^ias

Beta Betonica Betonica aiuatica.

laria

Vide Scropha-

Betoiica

IN

D H-A
Veronica

J-i

ri

IN

O.

Betonica Pauli. Betula Bidens Bifolium

Cachrys
Cadi us
Csefaiptnft

Cainico. Vide Chryfophyllum

Bignonia
JBihai

Cakile Calaba
Vide Thlafpidium

Biicutella.
Bifferula.

Calamintha
Calceolus

Vide Pelecinus

Biflingua.
B-.ftorta

Vide Rufcus

Cakha
Caltha
paluftris. Vide Populr.g*

Bixa.

Vide Mitella

Blattaria

Camara. Vide Lantana Cameraria

Blitum Bocconia Boerhaavia

Campanula
Camphorifera.
Vide Laurus
Vide Cannacorus

Bonduc
Bontia

Camphorata Canna Indica. Cannabina

Vide Chenopo-

Bpnus Henricus. dium

Borbonia Borrago
Bofia
Botrys.
Vide

Cannabis Cannacorus Capnoides

Capparis Capparis Fabago. Capraria Capri folium
Vide Fabago

Chenopodium
Vide Acanthus

Brabejum
Branca Urfina.
Braffica

Capficum
Caracalla.

Vide Phafeolus
Vide Acrivola

Breynia
Brunella
Brunsfelfia

Cardamindum. Cardamine
Cardiaca
Vide Rufcus
Vide

Brufcus.

Bryonia Bryonia nigra.

Buglofiura

Tamnus

Carduus Carduus Benediclus. Vide Cnicus Carduus Fuiionum. Vide Dipfacus

Cariina

Bugula
Bulbocaftanum Bulbocodium

Carpinus

Carthamus
Carui Caryophyllata Caryophyllus
Cafia.
\

Buphthalmum
Eupleuroides.
Vide Phyllis

Bupleurum Bur fa Paftoris^ Butomus Baxus

Vide Ofyris
Vide Scutellaria

CafTia
Caffida.

Cafline

Carlanea Caflanea Equina.

Vide Hippocafta-

num

CAAPEBA
Cacalia

Caftorea

Catanance

Cacaiianthemum. Vide Kleinia Cacoa

Cataputia major.
Cataputia minor.

77<fc

Vide Ricinus Tithyrnalus

Cataria

INDEX
Cataria
Catefbasa

L a t
Cicer

n u

s.

Chryfofplenium

Ceiba
Celaftrus
Celfia
Celtis

Cichorium
Cicuta
Cicutaria.

Vide Liguflrum
Vide Jaccbaea

Cinara
Cineraria.

Centaurium Centaurium minus Centinodium

Circea Cirfium
Ciftus

Cepa
Cephalanthus Ccrafus Cerafus racemofa. Vide Padus Ceratonia Cere is Cerefolium. Vide ChasrophyHum Cereus
C erinthe

Citreum
Clematis
Clethra
Cliffortia

Ciinopodium
Clitoria.

Vide Ternatea

Clufia

Clutia

Celtrum
Charr.rccerafus.

Clymenum
Vide Lonlcera
Vide

Chamaxiftus. Chamarclema.

Helianthemum Vide Glechoma

Vide Rufcus

Oypeola Cneorum
Cnicus

Cha~a;cypariflijs. Vide Santolina

Cca
Coccygria. Cochlearia
Vide Cotinus

Chanuedaphne.

Ch arrived rys
Chamce!:ea.
Vide

Cneorum

Chamx-melum
Chamaimefpilus.
Chan.aeinoras.

Coix Colchicum
Collinfonia
Colocafia.

/^V&Mefpilus Vide Rubus

Vide Epilobium

Vide

Arum

Chamsnerium.
Chamsepitys.

Colocynthis

Vide

Teucrium

Columnea
Colutea Colutea Scorpioides. Vide Emerus

Chamxriphes. Chama>rubus.
Chama^fyce.

Vide Palma Vide Rubus

Vide Euphorbia

Chamzrhododendron
Chelidonium minus. Vide Ranunculus

Coma A urea. Comarum

Commelina

Vide Chryfocoma

Chelidorium majus Chelone Chenop< djo-morus.

Vide Blitum

Chenopodium
Chio-anthus
Chordritla
Chrirtophoriana.

Vide Protea Confolida major. Vide Symphytum Confolic a media. Vide Bugula Confolida minima. Vide Bellis Confolida regalis. Vide Delphinium Convallaria

Conocarpodendron.

Convolvulus

Conyza
Copaiba
Oorallodendron Corchorus Cordia
Coreopfis

Chryfanthemoides. Vide CHeofper-

mum
Chryfanthemum
Chry.'bbaianus

Chryfocoma Chryfophylium

Coriandrum

Coriaria

INDEX LATINUS.
Coriaria

Corindum
Coris

DA

LEA

Dalechampia

Corifpermum Cornus
Cornutia

Damafonium
Daucus Daucus Creticus. Delphinium Bens Canis Dens Leonis
Dentaria
Diapenfia.

VideMynhls

Corona Imperial is Corona Solis. Vide Helianthus

Coronilla

Coronopus
Cortufa Corylus Cortus Cotinus

Vide Sanicula

Didtamnus albus. ^/'^Fraxinella Didlamnus

Diervilla

Cotonea Malus.
Cotonealter.

Vide Cydonia Vide Mefpilus

Digitalis

Diofcorea

Cotula foctida. Cotyledon Courbaril

Vide

Chamxmelum

Diofma
Diofpyros Dipfacus Dodartia

Crambe
CraiTula

Dodoncea
Doria.
Vide Solidago

Crataegus

Crinum Crithmum
Crifta Galli.

&

Othonna

Doronicum
Dorftcnia
Vide Pedicularis

Dorycnium
DouglalTia

Crifla Pavonis.

Vide Poinciana

Crocus
Crotolaria Cruciata

Draco Herba. Vide Abrotanum Draco Arbor. Vide Palma Dracocephalon

Vide SerratuJa

Crupina Belgarum. Cucubalus

Cucumis Cucumis Agreftis.

Cucurbita Cuiete Cuminoides.

Vide Elateria

Dracunculus Dracunculus Pratenfis. J7^Ptarmica Drofion Dulcamara. r/^Solanum

Vide Lagcecia

EBulus.

Vide

Sambucus
Vide Caclus

Cuminum
Cunila
Cupreflus

Cururu

Echinus Ecninomelocaftus. Echinophora Echinopus

Cyan us Cyclamen Cydonia

Cynogloflum
Cyfticapnos Cytifo genifla.
Cytifus

Echium
Edera quinquefolia.
Elaterium
Elatine.

Vide Vitis

Vide Linaria

Vide Spartium

Elsagnus Elephantopus
Eiephas Elichryfum

Emerus Emp.tr urn

Enala

INDEX
Enula Campana.
Vide Helenium

a t
Fraxinus

n u

s.

Fraxinella
Fritillaria

Ephedra Ephemeron
Epilobium

Fritillaria Crafla.

Vide Afclepias

Epimedium
Equiietum Erantihemum.
Vide Adonis Erica ^VEmpetrum Erica Baccifera. Erigeron. Vide Senecio

Frumentum Indicum.

Vide

Mays

Frutex Pavonius. Vide Poinciana

FucMa
Fumaria

Eruca P>uca^o
;

G
/^Alanthus
Gaiega
Galenia

Ervum
Eryngium Eryiimum
Efchynomene.
Vide Mimofa.

VX

Gale.

Vide Myrica

Galeoplis
Galeopfis frutefcens.
Vide Prafium

Euonymus
Vide Celaftrus Eupatoriophalacron
1

Euonymoides.

Gallium
Garidella Genifta Genifta fpinofa.
Geniitella.

Eupatorium Euphorbia

Vide Ulex

Vide

Ulex

Gentiana

FA
ros
'

B A

Geranium

FabaCrafla.

^Anacampfe-

Gefnera

Geum
Gingidium.
Gladiolus
Vide Vifnaga

Fabago
Fagonia

Fagopyrum Fag us Ferrum Equinum

Ferula Ficoides

Glaucium Glaux Glechoma

Globularia Gloriofa

Ficus
Vide Opuntia Ficus Indica. Vide Gnaphalium Filago. Filipendula Flammula Jovis. Vide Clematis Vide Tagetes Flos Africanus. Flos Paffionis. Vide Granadilla Vide Helianthus Flos Solis. Vide Viola Flos Trinitatis.

Glycine Glycyrrhiza

Gnaphalium Gnaphalodes
Goflyp.ur.i

Gramen
Granadilla Grevvia

Gronovia
GrofTularia

Fceniculum Fcenum Burgundiacum.

dica
Foeriurn

Vide

Me-

Guaiabara
Guajacana.
Vide Diofpyros

Grascum.

Vide Trigonella

Guajacum
Guajava

Fragaria

Fransula

Guanabanus

Guazuma

J.

IN

JLJ

j2

JL#

ri

1\

Guazuma
Guidonia Gundelia

Hyacinthus Pmivianus. Vide Ornithogalum Hyacinthus Stcllatus. /^Ornitho-

H
HyEmanthus
Haematoxylum
Halicababum.
Vide Alkekengi

galum
Hyacinthus Tuberofus.
anthes
Vide Co-

Vide Foly-

Hdlicacabus pertgrinus.

rindum
Halimus. Vide Atriplex
Halleria

Hydrocotyle Hydrolapathum. Vide Lapathum Hydropbyllon

Iiydropiper.

Vide Perficaria

Hyofcyamus
Iiypecoon

Hamamelis Harmala Hedera Hedera Terreftris. Hedypnois Hedyfarum

Helenia

Hypericum Hypericum
Vide

frutex.

Vide Spiraea

Glecoma

Hypociitis

Hyffopus
I

Helenium Helianthemum
Helianthus

A J ACE Jacobsta
Jalapa Jafminoides. Vide Ceftrum

Heliotropium Helleborine Helleborus Vide Veratrum Helleborus albus. Hemerocallis Hemionitis Hepatica Hepatorium. Vide Eupatorium Heptaphyllum. Vide Pentaphyllum Heracleum. Vide Sphondylium Herba Gerardi. Vide Angelica

Jaiminum
Iberis
Ibifcus.

Vide Althaea

Icaco.
Ilex
.

Vide Chryfobalanus

Imperatoria

Inga
Intibus.
Iris
Iris

Vide Cichorium

bulbofa.

Vide Xiphium
Vide

Herba Paris. Hermannia

Hermodaftylus Hernandia
Herniaria Hefperis Hibifcus

Vide Paris

Iris Periica.
Ifatis

Xiphium

Ifora
I tea

Hieraciam Hippocaftanum Hippolapathum.

Plippofelinum.

Judaica Arbor. Vide Cercis Juglans Jujube. Vide Ziziphus Julian. Vide Hefperis
Vide
Vide

Lapathum Smyrnium

J uncus Juniperus
Juiticia

Hirundinaria.

Vide Afclepias

Hordeum Horminum
Hottonia

K
XV.

Hura
Hyacinthus

Yi

L1
Ketmia

Kara'tas

iv^nptera

INDEX LATIN
Ketmia
Knautia
lan a

US
Vide Conval-

Liiium Convaliium.

LABLAB.
Labfum
facus

Lihum Supcrbum. Limon Limonium

Vide Phafeolas
Veneris,

Liiium Pcrficum. Vide FnrfHaria Vide GlGiiob

Linaria

Vide

Dip

Lingua Cervina

Labrufca.

Vide Vitis

Laburnum. Vide Cytifus Lacryma Jobi. Vide Coix

Linum Linum Umbilicatum.

lodes

Vide

Ompha-

La&uca
Ladluca Agnini. Vide Valerianella Lagcecia Lagopus. Vide Trifolium

Lippia Liquid
Lobelia

Amber

Lithofpermum
Lobus Echinatus. Vide Lonchitis

Lamium lam pf ana

Lantana

Bonduc

Lapathum
Larix Laferpitium Lathyrus Lavatera Lavandula
Laureola. Vide Thymela^a Lauro-cerafus. Vide Padus

Lonicera Lotus Lotus Arbor. VideQdih

Ludwigia
Luffa

Lunaria Lupinus Lupulus Luteola

Lychntdea. Vide Phlox Lychnis Lycoperficon Ly cop us Lyfimachia Lyfimachia Galericulata. Vide S
teliuria

Laurus Laurus Alexandrina. Vide Rufcus Laurus Tir.us. Vide Tinus Lens Lens paluftris
Lentifcus

*u*

Leontopetalon Leonurus

Lepidium
Lepidocarpodendron. Vide Protea

Lyfimachia non Pappofa. Vide Cnagra Lyfimachia Siliquofa. Vide Spi!o

bran

Leueanrhemum Leucoium
Ligufticurn

M
/T Acaleb. Vide Cerafus Magnolia Mahaleb. Vide Cerafus Majorana
"|\

Liguftrun* Lilac
Liliaftrum.

IVl

Vide HemerocalJis Liiio-Afphodelus. /^Hemerocallis

&
i

Crinum
Vid Fritillara

Cilio-Friiillaria.

Li lio -Hyacinth us.

Vde

Scilla

|L;Iio-Narciffus.
I ilium
I

Vide Amaryllis

Vol.

III.

Mala .^Ethiopica. Vide Lvroperficon Mala Armeniaca. Vide Armeniaca Mala Coionea. Vide Cydonia Mala Infana. Vide Meloogena Malacoides. Vide Malope Mak>pe 5 F

INDEX LATINUS.
Malope
Malpighia
Mefpilus

Meum
Mezereon.
Vide

Malva Malva Malva Mai us Malus Malus Malus

Thymelra

Arborea.

Vide Althaea

Milium
Millefolium
Milleria

Rofea
Armeniaca. Vide Armeniaca
Aurantia.
Vide Aurantium

Mimofa
Mirabilis Peruviana. Mitella

Vide Jalapa

Limonia.

Vide

Limon

Malus Perfica. Malus Punica.

Vide Perfica

Moldavica.

Vide Dracocephalon

Vide Punica

Mamei
Mancanilla

Molle Mollugo Molucca

Mandragora Manihot Maranta

Marrubiaftrum.
Vidt Cunila

Marrubium Marrubium nigrum.

Martynia

Vide Ballote

Moly Momordica Monarda Monbin Montia Morina Morus

Mofchatellina

Marum Marum

vulgare.

Vide Maflichina

Muntingia

Maftichina Matricaria

Murucuia

Mufa
Mufcari Mufcipula.
Vide Lychnis

Maurocenia

Mays
Medica Cocbleata Medicago

Mufcus

Myagrum
Myofotis

Melampyrum
Melaftoma
Melianthus
Melilotus Melifla
Melifla Turcica. Vide Dracocephalon

Melo
Melocadus.
Vide Caftus Melocarduus. Vide Cactus Melochia. Vide Corchorus,

Myofurus Myrica Myrrhis Myrtus Myrtus Brabantica. Vide Myrica Myxa. Vide Cordia

N
T^TApellus. JJ^| Napus
NarcilTus

Vide Aconitum

Melongena Meiopepo
Melothria

Narciffo-Leucoium. Vide Galanth

Menifpermum Mentha Mentha Cataria.

Mentzelia

Nafturtium Nalturtium Indicum. Vide Acriviola

Vide Cataria
J\ epeta.
T

Vide Cataria

Nerium
Nicotiana
NigellaVide Ficoides Vide Gloriofa

Menyanthes

Mercy rial is Mefembrianthemum.

JWethonica.

Nigelaftrum.
Niifblia

Vide Lychnis Noli

INDEX LATINUS.
Noli

me

tangere.

Vide Balfamina

Papaver Spinofum.

Vide

Argemonc

Nummularia

Papaya
Vide Juglans Vide StaphylodenParietaria
Paris

Nux Juglans. Nux Veficaria.

dron

Parkinfonia
Parnaffia

Nymphaea

Paronychia Parthenium
PalTerina

OBelifcotheca.
Ochrus
Oculus
Chrifti.

Vide Rudbeckia

Paftinaca

Pavia
Vide

Horminum

Pedicularis

Ocymum
Oenanthe
Oldenlandia

Pelecinus
Pentaphylloides.
Vide Potentilla

Pepo
Perefkia

Olea

Omphalodes Onagra
Onobrychis OphiogloiTum
|Ophria

Periploca Perfea
Perfica
Perficaria

Pervinca
Petafites

Opulus Dpuntia
3rchis

Tctiveria

Petrofelinum

Dreofelinum >riganum >rnithoga]um >rnithopodium

>robus
>ryza

Peucedanum
Phaca Phalangium
Phafeoloides.

Vide Glycine

Phafeolus Phillyrea

>fmunda 'fteofpermum
fyris

Phlomis Phlox
Phylica Phyllanthus
Vide jBerberis
Phyllis

thonna
ryacantha.
cys

Phytolacca
Pilofella.

Vide Hieracium

Pimpinella. Vide Sanguifbrba

.

&

Po*

terium
Vide Pinus

ADUS
Pseonia
liiurus

Pinafter.

Pinguicula Pinus
Pifonia
Piftachia.

ma
licratium.

Vide Terebinthus

liicum
>aver
aver Corniculatura.
i

Pifum

Pimm Cordatum.

Vide Cardiofper-

mum
F z
Pittcn'a

urn

INDEX LATINUS.
Pittonia

Raphaniftrum

Plantago
Platanus
Plinia

Kaphanus
Rapiftrum Rapunculus

Plumbago
Plun.eria

Rapuntium
Rauvolfia

Poinciana

Polemonium
Polium
Polyanthes Polyanthus. Polygala
Vide Primula

Refeda Rhabarbarum.

Vide Lapathum Rhabarbarum Monachorum. Vide Lapathum Rhamnoides. Vide Lycium

Rhamnus
Rhaponticum.
Vide

Polygonatum Polypodium Pom urn Adami. Populago

Populus

Lapathum

Rhus
Vide Aifrantium

Ribes
Ricinoides

Porrum
Portulaca
Potentilla

Ricinus Rivinia Robinia Rondeletia

Prafiunt

Prenanthes

Primula
Prinos Protea

Rofa Rofa Sinenfis. Vide Ketmta Rofa de Hiericho. Vide Hefperw Rofmarinus Rubeola
Fids Robinia

Prunus
Pfeudoacacia.
Pfylliuoi

Rubia Rubus
Rudbeckia
Rueilia

P tar mica
Ptelea

Rufcus

Pulegium Pulmonaria
Pulsatilla

Fumca
Pyracantha.
Fide Mefpilus

Ruta Ruta Canina. Vide Scrophularia Ruta Muraria Ruta Sylveftris. Vide Harmata
Ruyfchiana

Pyrola

Pyrus

SABINA
Salicaria

QUamoclit
Quercus Quinqueiolium.
Vide Potcntilla

Salicornia

Salix

Salvia

Salvia Agreftis.

Vide Scordwni

Sambucus
Samolus
Sanguinaria Sanguiforba Sanguis Draconis.

Xy

Andia JX, Ranunculus

Rapa

Vide Pa!ma
Saaicula

INDEX
Sanicula Santolina

L A T
Solidago

N U

S,

Soldanetta

Sapindus
Saponaria.
Vide Lychnis

Sapora Sarracena
Satureia

Sonchus Sorbus Sorbus Sylveftris. Spartium

Vide Craisgas

Saururus Saxifraga Scabiofa Scandix

Scilla

Spergula Sphondyliurn Spina Alba. Vide Mefpilus Spina Nigra. Vide Prunug Spinachia
Spiraea

Sclarea

Stachys

Scolymus Scordium
Scorpiurus

Staphylodendron
Statice

Stcechas

Scorzonera
Scrophularia
Scutellaria

Stramonium
Stratiotes

Sty rax

Secale

Suber

Securidaca

Symphytum
Syringa

Sedum
Senecio

Senna
Seprinervia.

T
Ffik Plantago

Serjania

TAbernaemontana
Tagetes

Serpyllum
Serratula

Sefamum
Sefeli

Tamarindus Tamarifcus

Tamnus
Tanacetum Tapia
Tarconanthus

Sherardia Sicyoides
Sideritis

Sideroxylum
Sigefbeckia

Taxus
Telephioides.
Vide

Andrachne

&

Silaum
Si!er

Phyllanthus

Telephium
Vide Ceratonia
Vide Cerci*

Siiiqua.

Siliqualfrum.

Silphium
Sinapi Sinapiltrum Sifarum

Terebinthus Ternatea Tetragonocarpos Tetragonotheca

Teucnum
Tbalidnun
Thapfia
Thlafpi

Sifymbrium
Sifyrinchium

Sium
sZiyrnium Solanoides Sola num.

Thlafpidium

Thuya Thymbra
Thymaelaea

Thymus 5 F

Tilia

INDEX LATINUS.
TiHa
Tinus
Viola Viorna.
Vide Euphorbia
Vide Clematis

Ti thy mat us.

Tordylium
Tormentilla

V.rga

A urea

Vifcum
Vifnaga Vitcx
Vitis
Vitis Idaea.

Toxicodendron Trachelium Tragacantha Tragia

Vide

Vaccinium
Vide Clematis

Vitis Sylveftris.

Tragopogon
Tragoielinum Tribulus Trichomanes Trifolium Triolleofpermum Tripolium. Vide After Triticum Triumfetta Tulipa
Tulipifera

Ulex Ulmaria

Ulmus
Urena
Urtica

Uva

Urii

Vulneraria Uvularia

W
WAltheria
Watfonia

Turnera
Turritis

Tuliilago

V
VAccaria.
Vide Lychnis

X
XEranthemum
Xiphion

Vaccinium
Valeriana Valeriana Graeca.
Valerianella

Xylon
Polemonium

Vanilla Vella

Veratrum Verbafcum Verbena

Veronica

YUCCA
2
ZAnthoxylum
Zinziber Ziziphora Ziziphus

Viburnum
Vicia

Vinca Pervinca. Vide Pervinca Vmcetoxicum. Vide Afclepias

TABLE
Of the
in

Englifh

Names of the

Plants mention
referring

d
to

the

DICTIONARY,

their Latin Na?nes.

Alehoof, or Ground-ivy. coma

See Gle-

A BEL E- Tree.

See

Pofu-

Alder-tree.

** Acacia, or Egyptian Thorn. See Acacia Acacia, the falfe. See Robinia Acacia, the German. See Prunus Acacia, the three-thorned, or Honey locult. See Acacia Aconite, or Wolf's-bane. See Aco-

See AInus Alder, the berry -bearing. See Frangula

Alheal.

See Panax
See Si derit is See Smyr-

Alheal, the Clown's.

Alifander, or Alexander.

nium Alkanet.
Allelujah,

See Anchufa or Wood-forrel.

See

mtum
Aconite, the Winter. bytmale

Oxys
See Aconitum

Adam's Apple. See Aurav.tium Adder's tongue. See Ophioglojjum Adders-wort, or Snake weed. See Bijhrta Adonis-flower. See Adonis African Marigold. See Tagetes Agrimony. See Agrimania Agrimony, the Water. See Bi dens Ague-tree. See Sajfafras Alecoaft, or Coaftmary. See Balfamita

See Perfea See Myrtus Almond-tree. See Amygdahs Almond, the Dwarf. SeePerjica Almond, the Ethiopian. See Bra* btium Amaranth. See Amaranthus Amaranth, the Globe. See AmaAlligator-pear.
Allfpice.
n, nthoides

Amber- tree.

Anemony.
Anis.
5

See Antbofpcrmum See Antmtne

See Apium

F4

Apple

Enghjh

Table

of

PLANTS.

Apple. See Ma/us Apple, the Cuftard. See Guanabanus Apple of Love. See Lycoperftcon and Solanum Apple, the Mad. See MUortgena Appfe, the Male Baifam. See Momordica Apple, the Paradife. See Ma/us Apple, the Sour, or Sourfop. See
Gu.anuba.nus

Eamboo-cane.
Banana.

See Arundo See Mufa Baneberries. Ste Chrijlopboriana Barbados Cherry. See Malpigbia
B-.rbados Flower fence.
cia *ra

See Poin-

Barberry.
Barley.

See Berberis

Apple, the Sweet, or Sugar. See Guanabanus Apple, the Star. See Cainito Apple, the Thorn. See Stramonium Apricot. See Armeniaca See Lamiam Archangel. Aron, or Wake-robin. See Arum
See Maranim Arfe'frr.art. See Paficaria See Cmara Artichoke. Artichoke of Jerufalem. See HsliAntlus See Afarum Afarabacca. See Fraxinus Afli. Am. the Mountain. SeeSorbus
root.

See Hordeum Bailey, the naked. See Triticutn Barrenwort. See Fpimedium Bafil. See Gcytnum
Bafil,

the Stone.

See Acinos
See Robinia

Balbn
Ballard Acacia.
Ballard
-

dittany.

See PfeudodiclaSee Lychnis and

mnus
Batchelors-button.

Arrow

Cyanus
Batcheiors pear.

See Solanum Baulm. See Meliffa Baulm, the Molucca. See Molucca Baulm, ihcTurky. See Dracocepbalon

Bay.

See Lauras

Ames
Afparagraf?, or Sparrowgrafs.

See

Aftaragtu
See Pcpuhs See Afpbodelus Afphodel. Aiphodel, the African. See Bulhine Aiphodel-jily. See Himerccallis and

Afpcn -tree.

See Pufcus Bay, the Cherry, See Padus Bay, the 'Lidian. See Myrtus Bay, the Rofe. See Nerium and Chamccrhododendron Bay, the fweet-flowering. See Magnolia

Bay of Alexandria.

Crinum Avens. See Catyopeyllata

Beam,

Avenue Avocado

pear.

Ax

vetch.

Ai'-arole.

See Pa-f a See Securidaca See Mefpilus

See Azederacb or Hornbeam. See Carpinus Beam -tree, the White. See Crataegus SeeFaba Bean. See Bean, the Bog, or Bugbean. Mtnianthes Bean, the Kidney, or French. See
Bead- tree.
the hard,

>

of Gilead. See Dracocephalon Balm of Gilead Fir. See Abies See Ccpaika Baifam ol'iCapevi. See Terebintkus Ballam-tree, Baifam inc. See Balfamina

XJ

TJ ALM

Phafolus See Fahago Bean, Caper. Bean, Trefoil, See Cytifus See CoralLdcndrcn Bean-tree. Bean, the Kidney-bean-tree. See
Glycine

Beard, the Old Man's.

tis

See Clema*

Ealkm

arple.

See Momo.r;c*

Eear's-treech.

See Acanthus

BearV

Englijh
BearVear.

Ta ble
aild

of

PLANTS.
SeeTamnus

See Auricula
Sanicle.

Black-briony.

BearYear
Bears-foot.

See Cortufa

Blackthorn.

Verbafcum
See Helleborus Bedinjan, or Pottle- John. See longena

See Prunus Bladder-nut. See Stophylodendron Bladder- nut, the African. See Roye*
via

Me-

Bladder-nut, the Laurel leav'd. Sec

Bedftraw, our Lady's. See Gallium Bee -flower. See Orchis Beech -tree. See Fagus Beet. See Beta
Bell-flower.
Bells, the Canterbury.

Dodonaa
Biadder-fena.
Blite.

See Campanula See Campa-

See Colutea See Blitum Blood-flower. See Hrmanthus Bloodwort. See Lapathum Blue-bottle. See Cyanus and Hya*
cinthus

nula
Bells- hair.

See Hyacinthus

Bell-flower, the Peach-leav'd.

See

Bolbonach, Lunaria

or

White-fatten.

See

Campanula
Bell-flower, the Steeple.

Bombax.
See CamBorders
Borecole.

See Goffypium

panula
Bell-pepper.

See Capficum Belly-ach-weed. See Ricinoides Belmuflc, or Abelmofk. See Ketmia Benjamin-tree. See Laurus

Borrage.

See Brajfflca See Borrago

Bennet herb.
Berberry.

See Caryrphyllata See Berberis Betony. See Bdonica Betony, PauTs. See Veronica Betony, the Water. See Scropbularia Bethlehem Star. See Onnthogalum Bifol, or Twy blade. See Opbris Bilberry. See Vaccinium Bindweed. See Cotivofoulus

Box. See Buxus Box-thorn. See Lycium Brake. See Ftlix, Bramble. See Rubus Brank-urilne. See Acanthus Brafilleto. See Pfeudo-fant alum
Bread,
St. John's.

Priar, the Sweet.

Briar, the Wild.

See Ceratonia See Rofa

SeeRo/a
See Lychnis See Peucedanum

Briony.

See Brionia

Brittol- flower.

Brimftone-wort.
Brocoli.

Bindweed, the black. SeeTamnus Bindweed, the prickly. SeeSmilax

Birch -tree. See Bctula Birch -tree of Am.rica. See Terebin-

ths
Bird- cherry.

See Brajpca Brook- lime. See Veronica Broom. SeeGeniJJa Broom, the Butchers. See Rufcus Broom, the Green. See Spar Hum

Birds-eye.
Birds-foot.

See Padus See Adonis and Primula See Qrnithopodium

See Lotus See Daucus See Capficum Bird pepper. Birthwort. See Arifiolochia
Birds-foot Trefoil.
Birds-neft.

Broom, the Spanijh. See Genijla Broom, the White. See Spartium Broom, Rape. See Orobanche Brownwort. See Scropbularia and
Brunella
Bruifewort.

Bifhops-weed.
Bitter- fweet.

Bitter-vetch.
I

B'tter- wort.

See Arifiolochia See Solanum Jcandens See Orobus See Gentiana

See Rubus

See lychnis Buckfhorn, or Hartfhorn-plantain. See Coronopus Buckfhorn-crefs. See Kajiurtium See Rhamnus Buckthorn. Buckthorn, the Sea. See Rhamnoidts

Blackberry.

Buck-

Englifo

Table

of

PLANTS.

Buck-wheat. See Fagopyrum Budding. See Inoculating Bugie. See Buguia

Buglofs. See BugloJ/um Buglofs, the Vipers. See Echlum
Bullace-tree

Cane, the Fifhing-rod. See Arundo Cane, the Sugar. See Arundo Canterbury- bell. See Campanula
Caper. See Capparis Caper, the Bean. See Fabago

Bully

tree.

Burdock. Burdock, the

fjwrno.'L.

See Prunus See Cainilo See Lappa

lefler.

Capons -tail grafs. See Gramen Caraway. See Carui

Cardinals flower.
Carline-thiftle.

See Xanthium

See Sanguiforba See Tragofelinum See Rujcus. Butchers- broom.

Burnet-faxifrage.

Butter-bur.

Butterfly flower.

See Petafites See Orchis

See Pinguecula

Butterwort.

See Rapuntium. See Carlina Carlock. See Raphanifirum Carnation. See Caryophyllus Carnation, the Spamjb. See Painciana Carob. See Ceratonia Carrot. See Daucus
Carrot, the deadly. Carrot, the Candy.

Button tree. pha Iambus

carpus

See Flat anus and Ce-

Button- tree of "Jamaica.

See Qono-

See Thapfia See Myrrhit Carrot, the fcorching. See Thapfia

Caflada, or Caflavi. See Manihot Caflldony. See Staechas

Caffidony, the Mountain.

chryfunt

See //-

CABBAGE.
be

SeeBraflca Cabbage, the Sea. See Cramtree.

Csflidony, the Golden. See Elicbry-

fum
CaiTioberry tree.

Cabbage

See Palvia

Cabinet See Rapiflrtm Cadlock. See Anacardium Cajou. See Mehpepo Calabafh. See Cuiete Calabafh-tree.
See Cakmintha Calamint. See Mentha Calamint, the Waier. Caltha, or MarhVmarigold. See Populago
Caltrops.

Ca.aputia major. Cataputia minor.

Catchfly.

See Coffin* See Ricinus See Titbymalus

See Lychnis

Caterp Hers
See Scorpioides See Cat aria Cauliflower. See BraJJia Cedar of Bermudas. See Juniperus Cedar of Carolina. See Juniper in Cedar, *the Ballard. See Guazuma Cedar of Libanus. See Larix Cedar of Lycia. See Juniperus Cedar of Phoenicia. See Juniperus Cedar of Virginia. See Juniperus Cedar, the White. See Cuprtjfus Celandine. See Chelidonium Celandine, the lefler. See Ranun*
Caterpiller- plant.

Cat-mint.

See

'Tribulus

See Antirrhinum See Anonis Camomile. See Cbamsemelum See Lauras Camphire-tree. Campion. See Lychnis See Myrica Candle- berry-tree. See Myrrhis Candy-carrot. SeeTbU'fpi Candy-tuft. Candy- tuft tree. See Thlafpidium Cane, the Bamboo. See Arundo See Cane, the Indian flowering.
Calves-fnout.

Cam mock.

cuius
Ccleri.

Centaury

See Apium See Centaur turn See Afplenium See Cham<emelum See Rapiftrum
Charts-

Ceterach.

Chamomile.
Charlock.
'

Cannac-orus

Cane, the Dumb.

See

Arum

Charvil.

See Cbatropbyllum

Englifi
Chafte-tree.

Table

of

PLANTS.

See Vitex Cheefe-runnet. See Gallium Cherry-tree. See Cerafus Cherry -bay. See Padus Cherry of Barbados. See Malpighia Cherry, the Bird. See Padus Cherry laurel. See Padus Cherry, the Cornelian. See Cornus Cherry, the Portugal. See Padus Cherry, the Cowhedge. See Malpighia Cherry, the Winter. See Alkekengi and Sclanum Cherry, the perfumed. See Cerafus
Chervil.

Coaftmary. See Balfamita Cob-nut. See Cory/us Coccygria. See Cotinus Cockfcomb. See Pedtcularis Cockfcomb Amaranth. See
ranthus

Ama-

Cocksfoot- grafs. See Gramen Cockfhead. See Onobrychis Coco-nut. See Coccus Codlin tree. See Malus Codlins and Cream. See Epihbium
Coffee-tree.

Cole-feed.

See Charophyllum

Cheftnut-tree.

See Ceftanea Cheilnut, the Horfe. See Hippoca-

fianum
Chettnut, theScarlerHorfe. SeePavia Chiches. See Cicer.

Colewort. Colewort, the Sea. See Convolvulus Colliflovver. See Braffca Coloquintida. See Colocyntbus Coltsfoot. See TnJJilago
Coltsfoot, the Alpine.

See Jafminum See Napus See Braffca

See Cacalia

Chickling Pea. See Lathyrus Chickweed. See Atjine Chickweed, the Berry -bearing. See Cucubalus Chives. See Cepa Chocolate-nut. See .Cocoa Chrifhnas rofe. See Helleborus ChrihVs-thorn. See Paliurus Chriftopher-herb. See Cbrifopboriana
Cibouls.
Cicely.

Columbine. See Aquilegia Columbine, the featherM. See Thaliffrum

Comfry. See Symphytum Comfry, the fpotted. See Pulmanaria

Confound, the great. See Symphytum Confound, the middle. See Bugula Confound, the leait. See Bellis Confound Saracens. See Solidago
Confervatory.

See Green-houfe
See Convallana

See Cepa

Conval-lily.
Coral-tree.

See Myrrhis See Potentilla Cinquefoil Shrub. See Potentilla Cinnamon. See Laurus Ciftus, or Roc'i-rofe. See Cijius Ciftus, the dwarf. See Helianthemum Citron-tree. See Citreum Citrul. See Anguria * Cives. See Cepa Clary, the Garden. See Sclarea Clary, the wild. See Horminum Climber. See Clematis and Fit is Clivers. See Aparinc Cloud-berry. See Chamamorus Clover. See Trifoiium Clover, the Snail. See Medica Clove Gilliflower. See Caryopbyllus
Cinquefoil.

See Corallodendron See Coriandrum See Suber Cork-tree. See Cyanus Corn-bottle. Corn -flag. See Gladiolus Corn-marigold. See Cbryfanthemum Corn-violet. See Campanula SeeValerianella Corn-fallet.

Coriander.

Corn el -tree.

See Cornus

See Cornus Cornelian-cherry. See Baljamiia Coitmary.

See Gofypium Cotton. See Cciba Cotton, the Silk. Cotton- weed. See Gnaphaiium Couch or J)og-grafs. See Gra;;ien
Coventry-bells.

Cowl, the
Cowfiip.

Friers.

See Campanula See A> ifarum

Clowns Woundwort.

See Sideriiis

See Brijr.ula

Englijfj
Cowflip of Jerujalem. naria

Table
See Pulma-

of

PLANTS.

See P'erbafcum See AJalus Cranefbili. See Geranium See Kajiurtium Crefs.

Cows-lungwort.
Crab- tree.

Ste Acriviola See tbtris Crcfs, the Svvines. See Najiurtium See Si/tmbrium Grefs, the Water. See Sifymbrium Crefs, the Winter. Crimfoa Grafs -vetch. See NiJJolia Crofs-wort. See Cruciata Crofs of Jcrit falem. See Lychnis Crowfoot. Nee Ranunculus Crow-garlick. See Cepa Crow -flowers. See Lychnis Crown Imperial. See Corona ImCrefs, the Indian*
Crefs, the Sciatica.
ptrialis

See Dio/pyrus See Hemeroeallis Dead-nettle. See Lamium Deadly-carrot. See Thapjta Deadly nightmade. See Belladona Devil in a Bum. See Kigella Devils-bit. See Scabiofa Diers-broom. See Gtnijla Diers weed. See Lute oU Dill. See Anethum

Date plum.

Day -lily.

Diftaff-thiftle. See Atraajlis Dittander, or Pepperwort. See Lepidium

Dittany.

Dittany, the Buftard. diciamnus

See Di8cmr.us See Pfeudo-

Dittany, the White. Sec TrmxinelU Dock. See Lip at hum

See Primula Cuckow- flower. See Cardamine Cucumber. See Cucumis

Cowflip.

Cucumber, the wild. S?*e Elatcria Cudweed. See Gnapbalium

See Orchis See Cuminum See Riles tree. See Guanabanus Cuftard apple. See Ckfrejffki Cyprefs-trte.
Cullion.

Cumin. Curran

Cyprefs, the

Cotton.

GardeT or Lavender See Santolina

Cyprefs, the p odium

Summer.

See Cheno-

D
TTV
h fTodi!
.

See NarciJJhs See Pancratium

Doctor-Tinkar's-weed. See TrioJleofpermum Dodder. See Epithymum Dogfbane. See Apocynum Dogberry -tree. See Cornus Dogs-grafs. See Gramen Dogs-mercury. See J\lercurialii Dogs-tooth. See Dens Cam's Dogwood. See Cornus Dogwood of Jamaica. See Robinia Dogwood of yirginia. See Laurus Dogs-Hones. See Orchis Dogs -tongue. See Cynogloflum Double leaf, or Twyblade. See Ophris Double-tongue. See Rufcus Doves-foot. See Geranium Dragons. See Dracunculus Dragon-tree. See Palma

XJ
D.vi.y.

Daffodil -lily. See Amaryllis

the Sea.

.tvarrbdil.

Dragon, the wild, or Tarragon. See Abrctanum

SeeBt/fis See BupUhalDaily, the Ox-eye. mv7n See He/peris Dames-violet. Se Dens Leans Dandelion. See Dane wort, cr Dwarf-elder.

Drop wort.
the

See Filipendula

Dropwort, the Water.

See Oenan-

Ducks

foot.

Ducks-meat.

See Podophyllum See Lmticula

See

Dung
Dwale, or Deadly-nightfhade.
Belladona
'

S'mbucus See Lolium Darnel.

Darncl-grais.

See Gramcn

Dwarf- bay.
DwarF-cilhls.

Dale

;ite.

See Palm*

See Thymel<ea See llcf^inihcmum

Dwarf*

hnglijb

ABLE

01
Fern.

Li ft IN

S.

Dwarf almond. See Per/tea Dwarf-oak. See Querent Dwarf- trees

Fenugreek.

See Trigone Ha See FiMx Fern, the fweet. See Myrrbis Feverfew. See Matricaria

EARTH-NUT.
ftanum
Earth-peas.

Se

Bulhoca-

See LathyruJ
the African.

Earth- peas,
cbis

See Era-

Edging
.Elder- tree.

See Rofa See Samhucus See Samhucus Elder, the dwarf. See Opulus Elder, the Marfh. See b'amrarus Elder, the Span'fh.
Eglantine.

Elecampane. See Htlernum See Ulmus Elm-tree. Enchanters- night/hade. See Circ<?a See Endivia Endive.

Eryngo.
Efculus.
Efpalier

"

See Eryngium See Querent

Feverfew, the Baflard. See Parth*nium Fiddle-wood, See Citharexyhn Fiddle-dock. See Lapatbum Field- baiil. See Acinos Fig-tree. See Ficus Fig, the arched Indian,. See Fiats Fig, the Indian. See Opwtia Fig, the infernal. See Argtmane Fig, Pharaoh's. See Mufa Fig, Marigold. See Ficoides Figwort. See Scropbulariu Fingrigo. See Pifo/ua Finochla. See Fccniculum Fir- tree. See Abies Fir, the Scotch. See Phius Fi,r the Corn. See Gladiolus Flag, the common. See Iris Flag, the fweet-fcented. Sec Acorns Flag, the yellow Marfn. See Lis
Flax.

See Linum

Eternal-flower.

See Elicbryfum and

See Ca-

Flax, the Toad.

Xerantbtmum
Ever-green p>iflium Ever-green Ever-green Ever-green

Fleabane.
ccnanthus

See Linaria See Coayza

Honeyfuckle.

Fleabane, the African,

See Tar~

See thx See Liguftrum See Rcja Rofe. See Mefpilus Ever- green Thorn. See Lathy r us Everl niting Pea. Eye- bright. See Eupbrafia
Privet.

Oak.

See Pfyllium Flea wort. See Eryfimum Flixweed. Flower-de-luce. See Iris and Xiphion

Fiower-gentle.

Flower -eternal.

See Amarantbus See Xera?:tbeinum

FEATHERFEW.
caria

See MatriSee Amzran-

leather, the Princes.

thus

Flcwer-everiafling. See Elicbryfum See Poinciana Flower fence. Flower, the Four o'Clock. See Jalapa Flower fun. See Heliantbus
Fluellin.

See Vtronica

See Gentiana See Solatium Felon- wort.

Fell-wort.
F'ences

Sre Tceniculum Fennel. Fennel, the Flogs. See P.ucedanum

Fennel-giant.
^>-C Ferula

Fly-wort, or Catcfifiy. See Lychnis See Orchis Fook-iionCs. See Digitalis Fox- glove. See Gramcn Fox-tail- grafs.

Fountains Frambuife.

Fennel, the fcprching.

Fennel-flower.

See Thopfia

French-cowflip.

See Rub us See Auricula

See Nigella

Frenck-hopeyfuckle. See Ihafarum

irendi-

See Stcecbas See Tagctes French-Mercury. See Mercurialis French-wheat. See Pugopyrum SzzEpilobium French-willow. See Arijarum Friers cowl. See Chionanthus Fringe-tree.
French-lavender. French-marigold.
See Afchpias Frkillaria Crafla. See FritilU.na Fritillary.

Globe-flower, or Bottle. See Cyanut See Ecbinopus Goats-beard. SetTragcpogon Go its rue See Galega Goats-thorn. SeeTragacantba
Globe-thittle,

Goats-Hones. See'Orcbis Gold of Pleafure. See Myagrum

-

Fumatory. See Fumaria Fumatory, the bulbous-rooted. See

Capnorcbis

Goldy locks. See Cbryfocoma Golden-flower-gentle. See ranthus

Ama

Fumatory, the Bladder.

capnos

See CyjliSee Capnos

Fumatory,
Furz.

the podded.

Golden-cups. See Ranunculus Golden-rod. SeeVirga Aurea Goofberry. See Grojjirfaria Goofberry of Barbados. See Perejkia Goofberry, the American. See Me*
lajloma

See Ultx See Morus Fultic-tree.

GALE, Myrica
Galingale.

or Sweet- willow.

See

See Aparine Goofe-fooc. See Cbenopodium Gorfe, or Furz. See XJlex Gourd. See Cucurbit a

Goofe-grafs.

See Cyperus See ^uercus Gall oak. See Allium Garlick. Garlick, the Crow or Wild. See Op a Sec Corn us Gatton-tree. Gaule, or Dutch Willow. See Myrica

Gourd, the bitter. See Colocyntbus Gourd, the Indian-tree. See Cuiete
Go-to- bed-at-neon. See Tragopogon Gout-wort. See Angelica Grafting Grain , the oily. See Scfamum Grain, the fcariet. See Opuntia and
Ilex

Gelder-rofe.

Gentian.

See Opu/us See Gentiana

See Gentiana See Cbam<rdrys See Tcucrium Germander-tree. Germander, the Water. See ScorGentianella.

Germander.

Grape. See Vitis Grape, the Sea-fide. See Guajabara Grape hyacinth. See Mufcari Grafs. See Gramen Grafs of Parnajfus. See Parnafiia
Grafs, the three-leav'd.

See Trifo-

dium
Giiliflower.

Hum
the Queen's.

Gilliflower,
fpe*-is

See Czryopbyllus See HeSee

Leu-

Grafs -vetch.

Grafs, the Vipers.

See Nijfolia See Scorzonera

See Litbo~

Gravel
the Stock.
.

Gilliflower,
coin

Graymill, or Gromwell.
fpcrmu7n

m
See Glecboma
SczZii.ziber

Gi!l-go- by-ground.

Ginger.

Gladwin.

See

Iris

Glais-wort. See Kali and Salicornia See Ivhfpilus Glalienbury-thorn. Globe daify. See Globularia See Helieborus Globe- crowfoot.

V alerian. See Polemonium Green-houfe Green, the Winter. See Pyrola. Gromwell. See Litbofpermum Ground-ivy. See Glecboma Ground-pine. See Chanuepitys Ground-pine, the Itinking. See CamGreek
pborata Groundfel.

Globe amaranthus.
tbcides

See Amaran-

See Sene:io

GroundfeJ,

Enghjh

Table

ol

PLANTS.
Hemlock,
taria

Groundfel, the African. See Khnia

Grove Guava. See Guaja<va

Guiney-corn. See Milium Guiney-henweed. See Petiveria See Capjicum Guiney-pepper.

Helmet-flower. See Scutellaria Hemlock. See Cicuta

the
Baltard.

See Gem* See ?bd~

Hemlock,
landrium

the Water.

Guiney -wheat. Gum-fuccory.

See Mays See Chondrilla

Hemp.

See Cannabis
the Ballard. See Cannabina the Water.

Hemp-agrimony. See Eupatorium

Hemp, Hemp,

See Bidens

Henbane. See Hyofcyamus Henbane, the yellow. See Nicotian a

Air-bell.

See Hyacinthus

Hard beam. See Carpi nus

trefoil.

Herb Bennet. See Caryophyllata Herb Chriitopher. See Cbriflopkoriana

Hares-ear.

Hares foot

See Bupleurum See Trifolium See Sonchus Hares-lettuce.

Hares-ftrong.

See Peucedanum

Hart wort. See Tordylium Harmel. See H^rmala Hartwort of Ethiopia. See

Bit

pleurum See Coronopus Harts-horn. See Lingua Cernjina Harts-tcngue. See Securidaca Hatchet- vetch. Haw!; -weed. See Hieracium Hawthorn. See Mefpilus See Corylus Hazel. See Ulmus Hazel, the Witch.
Hearts-eafe.

Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb

via

Gerard. See Angelica of Grace. See Ruta Paris. See Paris Robert. See Geranium See Trifolium Trefoil.
Trinity.

See Viola

True-love.

Set Paris

Two-pence.

See Nummula-

Herb-willow,

Hercules's All-heal.

Sec Viola

See Erica Heath. Heath, the berry-bearing. See Empetrum Heath, the low Pine. See Coris

Hedges
Hedge-hog. See Medica Hedge- hog-thude. See Callus
Hedge-hviibp.

Hedge

See Digitalis See Eryfimum See Galeoffis Hedge-nettle. Hedge-nettle Shrub. See Prajlum See Hdiotrcpium Heliotrope. See HeHeliotrope, or Sun -flower.
muftard.
lianthus

Hellebore, the Black. See Helleborus See tiJlcHellebore, the BallarJ.

borire

See Epilobium See Panax Hermodadyl. See Hermoda&ylus Hightaper. See Verba[cum Hogs-fennel. See Peucedanum Hog-plum. See Mor.bin Hog-weed. See Boerhaawia Hoiiovv-root. See Fumaria , Hollyhock. See Malva Hoi iy -tree. See Aquifolium Holly, the Knee. See Rufcu's Holly, the Sea. See Eryngium Holm-oak. See Ilex See Cnicus Holy-thiftle. Ho'y-role. See Gflus Honey fuckle. See Caprifolium Hot eyfuckle, the French. See Hed'ft rum Hon jy fuckle, the Trumpet. See Periclymenum Honeyfuckle, the upright. See Lo:

nicera

Hellebore,

the

Wh

te.

Se.*

Vera-

hum

Honeity. See Lunar i See Melianthus Honey-flower. Honey wort. See Cerinthe

Hops.

cn^iijv
liops.

aau

tj

ui

LA

in

i o.
-

Sec Lupu/us Hop Hornbeam. See Carpinus Hop, tne wild. See Dodon<ea Horehound. See Marrubium Horehound, the Black. See Ballote Horehound, the Bafe. See S tacky s Horehound, the Ballard. See Grnila

Jafmine, the Fennel Quamoclit Ice

Ice-houfe

leav'd.

9ee

Jerufalcm Artichoke. SctKlianthus Jerufalem Cowflip. See Pulmonaria Jerufslem Sage. See Pblomis
Jefaits-bark, the falfc.

See Bal fa-

Horehound, the Water. See Lycopus Hornbeam. See Carpinus Horned- poppy. See Glaucium
Horfe-cheftnut.

mi t a
Jet d'-eau

Jews-mallow.

See Corchorus

See Hippocajlanum

Horfe-cheltnuf, the fcarlet.SeePa<wVz

Horfe-mi n t.
Horfe-radiih.

See Mentha

Immortal Eagle-flower. See Balfamina Immortal -flower. See Blichryfum

Inarching Indian Arrow-root. See Maranta Indian -crefs. See Acriviola. Indian -corn. See Mays
Jndian-fig.

See Cochlearia Horfefhoe-vetch. See Hippocrepis Horfe-tail. See Equifctum

Horns and Hedghog. See Medica Hofein-hofe. See Primula Hounds-tongue. See Cynoglojfum
Hot-bed
See Sedum Humble-plant. See Munofa Hyacinth. See Hyacinthus Hyacinth, the Giape. See Mufcari Hyacinth of Peru. Sec Ornithogalum Hyacinth, the ftarry. See Ornitho-

See Opuntia Indian-god-tree. See Thus

Indian-reed.

Ho u flee k.

Indigo.

See Cannacorus See Anil

Inoculating

See Coix See Ceratonia St. JohnVwort. See Hypericum See Caryophyllus John's-fweet.

JobVtear5.

St. John's-bread.

galum Hyacinth, the Tuberofe.

anthes

See Poly-

Hydropiper. See Perficaria Hyflbp. See Hyjbpus Hy flop, the Hedge. See Digitalis

JAcinth.

See Ihacinthus

Jack by the Hedge. SeeTbalfpi Jack in a Box. See Hernandia

Jalap.

See Narcijfus Iron-wood. See Sideroxylum Iron-wort. See Sidcritis See Yucca Jucca. Judas-tree. See Cercis Jujube. See Zizipbus See Htfperis Julians. See Juniperus Juniper. Jupiter's- beard. See Barba Jowls Ivy- tree. See Hedzra Ivy, the Ground. See Ghchoma
Jonquil.

JacobVI adder. See Polemonium See CwvoUvulm

Jalap, the faife.

k
XT" Idney-bean.
K-dneywort.
ledon

See Jalapa

See Pbafeolus Kidney-bean-tree. See Glycine

See Jafminum Jafmine. Jafmine, theliex-leav'd. See Lantana Jafmine, the American fcarlet. See Bi^nonia
Jafmine, the red of Jamaica. Plumeria
Tafiawne, the Perftm.

See Geum and Coty-

See

See Lilac

S ee Afphoddus n g s fpea r Kitchen-garden Knap-weed. See Jacea Khee-holm. See Rufcus Knee holly. Sec Rufcus Knightsi
.
.

Englijh
Kr.ights-crofs.

Table

of

PLANTS.
See LiHum

See Lychnis Knot-berries. See Rubus Knot-graf?. See Polygonum Knot-grafs, the Mountain. See Paronychia

Lily.

Lily, Afphodel.

See Hemerocallis
See Pancratium and

and Crinum
Lily, Daffodil.

Amaryllis

LAburnum.
Labyrinth

See Cytifus

Ladies Bedftraw. See Gallium Ladies Bower. See Clematis Ladies Comb. See Scandix Ladie^ Mantle. See Alchimilla Ladies Seal. See Tamnus Ladies Slipper. See Calctolus Ladies Smock. See Cardamine Ladies Traces. See Orchis Ladder to Heaven. See Polygonatum

See Amaryllis See Hemerocallis Lily, St. Bruno's. See Hemerocallis Lily, the Guemfey. See Amaryllis Lily, Hyacinth. See Scilla JJljr, the May. See Cupoallarim Lily, the Mexican. See Amaryllis Lily of Japan. See AmaryllJS Lily, the Perfian. See Fritillaria Lily, the Superb. See Gloria; Lily, the Water. See Nymph'&a
Lily, the

Lily, the Belladona.

Day.

Lime-tree.

See Tilia See Limon See Leontopetalon See Catanance See Leonurus

Lime,

the Sour.

Lions- leaf.
Lions-foot.
Lions-tail.

Lakeweed. See Perficaria Lambs-lettuce. See Valerianella Larch-tree. See Larix Larkfpur. See Delphinium Lafei wort. See Lajerpitium
Lavender. See Lavandula Lavender- cotton. See Santolina Lavender, the French. See Stcecbas Lavender, the Sea. See Limonium Laurel. See Padus Laurel, the Portugal. See Padus Laurel of Alexandria. See Ru/cus Laurel, the Dwarf, or Spurge. See Thy meIaLauruftinus.

Liquidamber
See Glycyrrhiza See Orcbus Liquorice, the Wild. See AjhagaLiquorice-vetch.
lus

Liquorice.

Live-ever.

Live-in-idlenefs.

Liverwort.
chen
Lizards-tail.

See Anacampferos See Viola See Hepatica and Li-

SeeSaururus Locker, Goulons. See Hclleborus Locuft, or St. Johns Bread. See Ceratonia

Laurel, the Sea-fide. See Phyllanthus See Tims

Lawn
Layers
See Plumbago Leeks. See Porrum Lemon-tree. See Limon Lemon, the Water. See Granadilla Lentil. See Lens Leopards- bane. See Doronicvm
Lettuce.
nella

Lead wort.

See Courhartl Locuft of Virginia. See Acafia Logwood. See H&matoxylum London Pride. See Geum Looking-glafs, Venus's. See Campanula Loofeftrife. See Lyfimachia See EpilaLoofeftrife, the podded.
Locuft, the Baftard.

bium
Loofeftrife,

See Lacluca

the fpiked.

See Soli-

Lettuce, the Lamb's.

Lettuce, the Wild.

See Valeria-

caria

Lote-tree.

See Prenanthes

Level
Life Everlalling. See Elichryfum

See Celts' See Dhfpyru Lots, the Ballard. See Lxccperfico* and Love apple. Solanum
5

Vol.

III.

Love*

EngHJh
Love-in-a-mifl;.

Table

of

PLANTS.

See Granadilla Love-lies-a-bleeding. See Amaranthus

Loveage. See Ligujlicum Loufewort. See Delphinium Lucern. See Ml die a Lungwort. See Pulmonaria Lungwort, Cows. See Verbafcum Lupine. See Lupinus
Lulhvort.
See Ros folis

Marigold, the Fig. See Ficoiaes Marigold, the French. See Tagetes Marigold, theMarih. SeeCa/tha Marjoram. See Major ana Marjoram, the Pot. See Origanum Marjoram, the Wild. See Origanum Marjoram, the Winter. See Ori-

ganum
MarhVelder. See Opulus Marfh-mallow. See Althaea
Marfh-lrefoil.

M
MAccaw-tree.
Mad-apple.
See Palma SeeMe/ongena

See Menianthes

Martagon. See Lilium Marvel of Peru. See Jalapa

Marum,

or Maftich.

See Majlichi-

Madwort. See AlyJJbn Madder. See Rubia Madder, Petty. See Rubeola
Maiden- hair. See Adianthum Maiden-hair, the black. Sec
cula
Fili-

na Mafterwort.
Ajlrantia

See Imperatoria

and

Maiden-hair, the Englifo. See 7Wehomanes Maiden-hair, the White. See Rata muraria Malabar-nut See Adhatoda Male Balfam apple. See Momordica Mallow. See Mal-va Mallow, the Jews. See Corekorus Mallow, the Indian. See Urena and

Mafainda Mallow, the Marfh. Sec Altbaa Mallow, the Kofe. See Malva Mallow, the Syrian. See Ketmia Mallow, the Tree. See Altbcea Mallow, the Venetian* See Ketmia Mallow, the Yellow. See Abut Hon

See Maflichha See Lentifcus Maftich-tree of "Jamaica. See Calaba Maftich, the Indian. See Molle Matfeion, or Knapweed. See Jacca Maudlin. See Ageratutn May-bum. See Me/piks May-lily. See Convallaria May-weed. SeeCbamse.me/um Meado v -rue. See TbaliSrum Meadow latfron. See Colchicum Meado w-fweet. See Ulmaria Meadow- trefoil. See Tri/olium See Viburnum Mealy-tree. Medic. See Medica See Onobrychis Medic-vetchling. Medic, the Baitard. See Medicaga
Maitich.
Maftich-tree.

Medlar.

Mammee.

See

Mamei

See Mefpilus Melancholy thiftle, SttCirfium

Melilot.

Mammee Sapota. See Safota Manchineel-cree. See Mancanilla Mandrake. See Mandi azora Mangrove -tree. See Ketmia Mf.ngroye-grape. See Quajahara Mantle, Ladies. See AUbimiiia Maple tree. See Acer Vlaracock. See Qranadilla
JvJarigoid. See Calendula Marigold j the African. See Tagctes

See

Me li tot us
See Meh See Anguria

Melon, the Muflc. Melon, the Water.

Melon-thiftle.

See Caclos

Mercury. See Mercurialis Mercury, the Englijb. See Cbexcps* dium See MercuMercury, the French.
rialis

Meu,

or Spignel.

See

Meum

Marigold, the Corn.

S-e Qhryfan-

Mezereon.

See ThxpieUa

thmum

EngUJh
Milfoil.

Table

of

PLANTS.
SeeiWyrica

See Millefolium Milk-vetch. See Afragalus Milk-vetch, the Baftard. See Phaca Milkwort. See Polygala and Glaux Milkwort, or Wart wort. See Euphorbia
Millet. See Milium Miltwafte. See Afplenium

Myrtle, the Candleberry.

N
See Cainito Navelwort. See Cotyledon Navel-wort, the Baftard. See Craf fula Navelwort, Venus 's. See Omphalodes Navelwort, the Water. See Bydrocotyle

NAfeberry-tree.

Mi at. See Mentha Mint, the Cats. See Cataria

Mifletoe. See Vifcum Mithridate-muftard. See Thlafpi Mock-orange. ?ee Syringa Mock-privet. See Phillyrea Monks-hood. See Aconitum

Navew.
Nectarine
Negro-oil.

See Napus

Monks-rhubarb. See Lapatbum Moonfeed. See Menijpermum

Moonwort. See Lunaria Moon- trefoil. See Medicaga

Mofs. See Mufcus Motherwort. See Cardiaca and Matricaria Mother of-thy me. See Serpyllum Mountain-heath. See Saxifraga Moth-mullein. See-Blattaria Moufc-ear. See Hier actum
Moufe-tail.

See P alma See Nepeta and Cataria Nettle. See Urtica Nettle, the Dead. See Lamium Nettle, the Hedge. See Galeopfis Nettle, the Shrubby - hedge. Sec Praf.um Nettle-tree. See Ce/tis See Solcnum Nightfhade. Nightfhade, the climbing. See Baf~

Nep.

fella

See Myofurus

Nightfhade, the deadly. See Belladona Nightfhade, the Inchanter's. See

Circle a Nightfhade, the American.
lanoides

SeeArtemifa Mulberry-tree. See Morus Mulberry- blight. See Blitum

Mullein.
$>eeVerbafcum Mullein, the Moth. SeeBlattaria

Mugwort.

See So-

Mufhroom
Mufk, Hyacinth.

Nipplewort. See Lampfana None-fo-pretty. See Geuik Nonefuch, or Flower of BriJloL See
Lychnis

Mufk

feed.

See Mufcari See Ketmia

-

Northern Afpeft

Mutt ard.

S ee Sinapi
mithridate.

No fe- bleed.
See

See Millefolium

Muliard, Baftard
Thlafpidium

Nurfery

N ut, the

Hazel.

See Cory/us

See Sinapi Multard, the China. See Eryfimum Muftard, the Hedge. Muliard, the Mithridate. SecThla-

Mulhrd, the Tower. See Turrit:'s Muftard, tne Treacle. See Thlafpi and Clypeola Myrrh. See Myrrh's See Myrtus Myrtle. Mynie, the Dutch. See Myrica

Nut, the Bladder. See Staphylaa Nut, the Cocoa. See Coccus Nut, the Earth. See Arachis Nut, the Peas. See Lathyrus Nut, the Phyilc. vSee Ricinoides See Bidbocafanum Nut, the P;g. Nut, the M'dalur. See Adhatoda Nut, the Wainut. See Juglans

OAK.

EngHJh

Table

of

PLANTS.
Wild-milky.
See TbefSee Myrfelinum
rhis

Parfley, the

OA
Ilex

K. See Quercus Oak, the Ever green.

-

Parfley, the Macedonian.

See

See Ilex Oak ofjemfaltm. See Cbetiopodium Oats. See Avma Oily grain. See Se/amum Oily palm. See Palma Oleander. See Nerium Olive tree. See Oka Oiivc, the Wild. See El<ragnus Olive, the wild Bar I ados. See Bontia

Oak, the Holm:

Parfnep. See Paflinaca Parfnep, the Cows. See Spbondylium Parfnep, the prickly-headed. See

Ecbinopbora
Parfnep, the Water.

Pafque -flower.
Paflion- flower.

See Stum See Pulfatilla See Granadilla

Pafture

Olive, the Spurge.

SeeTbymel&a

One- berry.

One-blade. Onion. See C pa Onion, the Sea. See Scilla Orach. See AtripLx and Cbenopodium Orange- tree. See /.urcntium Orange-mint. See Mentha Orange, the Mock. See Syringa

See Paris See Smilax

See Lapatbum See Pifum Peach. See Per[tea Peach, the Wolfs. See Lycopcrjiccn Pear-tree. See Pyrus
Patience.

Pea.

Peas.

See Pifum See Latbyrus See Latbyrus Heart. See Corindum Pigeon. See Cytifus Winged. See Lotus of the Wall. See Parie-

Peas, Earth-nut. Peas, the

Peas-everlaOing.

Peas, the
Peas, the
Pellitory

tar i
Pellitory

Orchard
Origany. Sec Origanum Orpine. See Anacampfcrcs. Orpine, the True. SeeTclepbium Orpine, the Baftard. See Andracbne See Salix Ofier. Ofmund-royal. SeeOfmanda Ox-eye. See Bupkthalmum Ox-eye Daifey. See Leucantbemum Oxflip. See Primula

of Spain.

See Bupbtbal-

mum
Pellitory, the Double. See Ptarmica Penguin. See Karatas Penyroya!. See Pulcgium Peny wort. See Cotyledon Penywort, the Marih. See Hydrocotyle

PAigles,
Palmetto.

or Cowflip. See Primula Palm-tree. See Palma

See Palma See Panicum Panic-grafs. See Gramen See Viola Panfies. Papaw. See Papaya Paradife-apple. See Malus Park- leaves. 'See Androfamum See Apium Parfley. Parfley, the Baftard. See Caucalis Porfiey, the Fool's. See Cicuta Parlley, the Mountain. See OreofePanic.

See Peonia Peony. See Capftcum Pepper, the Indian. See LepiPepper, the Poor-man's. dium See Perficaria. Pepper, the Water. See Myrtus Pepper, the Jamaica. See Sedum Pepper, the Wall. See Mentha Pepper-mint. See Lepidium Pepperwort. See Per<vinca Periwinkle. See PetafJis Peftilence-wort. See Afcyrum St. Peter's-vvort See VI x Petty -whin See Adonis Pheaants-eye. Sre CaryopbylPheafant eye pink.
. .

lus

Phyfic-nut.

Sez Riciuoides

linum

Pigeon-

Engllfb
Pigeon-pea
Pilewort.

Table

of

PLANTS.

See Cyti/us See Ranunculus

Pimento, or 'Jamaica Pepper. See Myrtus Pimpernd. See An ago His Pimpernel, the Water. See Samolus Pimpillo. See Opuntia Pimpinel. See Pimpinella and Sangi'.iforba.
'

Poley- mountain. See Polhm Polyanthus. See Primula Polypody. See Polypcdiivn

See Pin us See Ananas Pine-tree. See Pinus Pine, the Dwarf. See Cham&pUys Pine, the Wild. See Karatas Pink. See Caryophyllus Pipe-tree. See Lilac See C'jjia Pipe, the Pudding. Pipendge-tree. See Berberis Piftiainin, or Perfunon. See DiofpyPine-apple.
ros

Pine after.

Pomgranate. See Punic* Poor- man's Pepper. See Lrpidium Poplar- tree. See Populus Poppy. See Popavcr Poppy, the horned. SeeGlauciunt Poppy, the prickly. See Argemone Poppy, the Spatling. See Lychnis Potatoes. See Lyccperficcn
Potato, the Spanijh. See Convolvulus

Prickly -pear.
reus

^ee Opuntia and Ct-

Piftachia.

Pitch -tree.

See Terebinibus See Abies Plane-tree. See Plat anus See Acer Plane tree, the filfe. Plantain. See Plantago See CoroPlantain, the Buckthorn.
nopus

See Sedum See Euonymus Prieft's-pintle. See Arum Primrofe. See Primula Primrofe-tree. See Or.agra Primrofe. the Night. See Onagra Privet. See Ligujirum Privet, the Mock. See P hilly no,
i

Pr

ck-

m ad am

Prick- timber.

Pruning
See Pulegium Pudding- pipe-tree. See Cajta Pumkin. See Pepo See PJcinoides Purging- nut. See "Trifolium Purplevvort. Purllane. See Porlulaca See Atriplex and Purflane, the Sea. Cbencpodium
Pudding-grafs.

Plantain tree.
Plantain -mot.

SeeMu/a
See Canna

Planting Pliant Mealy-tree Plowman's Spikenard. See Ccvyza

Plum-tree.
lanus

Plum, the American.

See Prunus See Chryfoba-

%
/^\Uaking-grafs.
See

Grimm
See
tie-

Plum, the Black. See Cbryfobalanui Plum, the Hog. See Spondias Plum, the Maiden. See Chryfobalanus

K)
>

Qweea'a

Giliifio.vcr.

peris

Queen of the Meadow,

ria

See Vim**

Plum, the Indian Date.

pyros

SeeP'hf-

Quick.

See Meffihs

Poccoon.

Fockwnod.

See Sanguinaria See Gttaiacum See CaJJia Poeti Roimary. See Toxicodendron Poifon Am. See Toxicodendron Poifon Oak.

Quickbeam. See Sorbus Quicken tree. See Sorbus

Quincetree.

See Cydcnia

R
See Rapbanu "Ty Ad th RaJim, the Horfc.
i

Poifon

Bum.

SeeTitbjmalus
See Phyfc

Poke,
laceA

cr Fork-phyfic.

JV

See

On

chlearia
5

Ra S'

JL?,llJ/J

13

LE

'I

La

1\

O.

Ragwort. See Jacobaa Ragged Robin. See Lychnis Rampion. See Campanula

Ram ions.

See Allium

SAffron.
Saffron,

See Crocus
the Baftard.

Rape. See Napus Rape, the Wild. See Rapijlrum Rape, the Broom. SecOrcbunche Raipberry. See Rub us
R.attle-grafs. See Ptdicularis Reed. See Arundo Reed, the Indian flowering.

See Car*

thamus
Saffron, the

Meadow.

See CoUhicum

Sage.

See Salvia

Sage of Jemfalem. See Phhmis Sage, the Indian Wild. See Lanta-

See

Canna
Reit-harrow.

See Anonis

na Sage tree. See Phlomis Sag e> the Wood. See Scordium
Saintfoin.

Rhubarb. See Lapathum Rhubarb, the Monk's. See Lapathum Ribwort. See Plantago See Orjza Rice. Robin-wake. See Arum Rocket. See Eruca See Erueago Rocket, the Corn. See He/pen's Rocket, the Garden. Rocket, the Winter. See Sifymbri-

Saltwort.

Sallow.

See Onobrychis See Salicornia See Salix

Salomon's Seal. See Polygonatum Samphire. See Crithmum Sanicle. See Geum
Sanicle
,

the Bears-ear.

See Ccrtufa
-

Sappadilla.

See Cainito

Saracens Confound. See Solidago Saffafras. See Laurus

Satin, the White. See Lunaria Satyrium. See Orchis Sauce-alone. See Hcfperis

um
See Cijtus See Rofa Rofe-tree. Rofe bay. See Nerium Role -campion. See Lychnis See Ketmia Rofe, the China. See ChaRofe-bay, the Mountain. marhododendro n See Opulus Rofe, the Gelder. Rofe of yericho. See He/peris See Nerium Rofe, the South Sea. See Cijlus Rofe, the Rock. See Anacampferos Rofe-root. Rofmary. See Rofmarinus Rue. See Rut a Rue, Dog's. See Scrophularia Rue, the Goat's. See Galega Rue, the Meadow. See Tbaliclrum Rue, the Wall. See Ruta muraria Rue, the Syrian. See Harmala See Herniaria Rupturewort. Rufh. See Juncus Rulh, the flowering. See Butomus Rye. See Sec ale See Gramen Rye-grafs.
Rock-rofe.

Savin.

See Sabina

See Bauhinla See Satureia Saw-wort. See Serratulu Saxifrage. See Saxifraga

Savin, the Indian.

Savory.

Saxifrage, the

Meadow. SeeSi/aum
See Tragofe-

Saxifrage, the Burnet.

linum
Saxifrage, the Golden.

SetCbryfo-

fplenium
Scabiofe.

See Scabiofa Scarlet Lychnis. See Lychnis

-

Scarlet Cardinal

flower.

See Ra-

puntium
Scarlet

Oak.

See Querent and Ilex

Seelberis

Sciatica Crefs.

Scorching Fennel. See Tbapjta Scorpion Grafs, or Caterpiller. See Scot pi ur os Scorpion Senna. See Emerus
Scurvy-grafs.

See Scutellaria See Cochlearia Sea-buckthorn. See Rbamncides

Scull -cap.

Sea-

Enghjh

Table

of

PLANTS.
Wood.

Sea-cabbage. See Crambe Sea-colewort. See Convolvulus Sea-lavender. See Limonium Sea pink. See Statice
Self-heal.

Sopewort. See Sapotiari'a Sorrel. See Acetofa

Sorrel, the Indian. Sorrel, the

SeeBrunella Senna, Baftard. See Cajfia Senna, the Bladder. See Colutea Senna, the Jointed podded. See Coronilla

See Ketmia See Oxys Southernwood. See Abrotanum Sowbread. See Cyclamen Sowre-fop. See Guanabanus Sow-thiftie. See Soncbus
Spanifh-nut.

Senna, the Scorpion. See Emcrus Sengreen, or Houfleek. See Sedum Senfitive Plant. See Mi?nofa Sermountain. Ste Slier Serpents-tongue. See OphiogloJJlim Service, the Wild. See Crataegus Service-tree. See Sorbus Setwell. See Valeriana
Setterwort, or Bearsfoot.
leborus

See Sifyrinchium Spanilh Arbor - vine. See Convolvulus Spanilh Elder. See Saururus Spanilh Rofrnary. See Thymelaa Spanilh Broom. See Genijla ani

Spartium
Spanilh Picktooth. Spanilh Marjoram.

See Vifnaga See Urtica

See Hel-

Shave-grafs.

See Aur ant turn See Equifetum Shepherds needle. See Scandix Shepherds-pouch. See Alyjfon Shepherds-ftaft. See Dipjacus Sicamore, the Falfe. See Acer See Sarracena Sidefaddle-flower. Silk-grafs. See Aloe and Apocynum Silk-grafs of Virginia. See Peri-

Shaddock.

Sparrovvgrafs. See Afparagus Spatling-poppy. See Lychnis Spear, the King's. See Afphodelus Spear wort. See Ranunculus Spearmint. See Mentha Spearage. See Afparagus Speedwell. See Veronica Spiderwort. See Phalangium,Bulbine,

and Ephcmerum
Spignel.

See

Meum

Spike-lavender.

ploca

Spinach.

'

See Barba Jovis See Potent ilia Skirret. See Si/arum Slipper, the Lady's. See Helleborine Sloe tree. See Prunus Smallage. See Apium Snail-trefoil. See Medica Snake-weed. See Bijhrta Snake-root. See Ariftolochia Snake root, the Rattle. See Polygala Snapdragon. See Antirrhinum Snapdragon of America. See Ruellia
Silver-bulh.

See Lavendula See Spinacbia Spindle-tree. See Euonymus

the African.

Silver-weed.

Spindle-tree,
lajlrus

Sec Ce-

Spleenwort. See Afplenium Spleenwort, the Rough. See Lonchitis

^purge-laurel.

See Cochlearia See Thymela?a Spurge-olive. See Cha?nelaa and Cneorum Spurry. See Spergula Squalhes. See Melopepo
Squill.

Spoonwort.

Snap-tree.

See Adbatoda See P tar mica Sneczwort. Snow-drop. Sec Galanthus Snow-drop-tree. See Chionanthus See Soldane/la Soldanel. SeeStraSoldier, the Frefh- water.
iiotes

SeeScilla

Staglhorn-tree.

SeeRbus

Sopeberry,

See Sapindus

See Chryfopbillum Star of Bethlehem. See Ornithogalum See Ormtkogalum Star-hyacinth. Star of Naples. See Ornithogalum See Ajler Starwort. 6 tar wort, the Yellow. See Hrlenium
Star -apple.
5

Statues

angltJO
Statues
Stickaclore.

ABLE

or

rL/iiN

j).

See Stoschas See Leucoium Stockgiliiflower.

Stockgiliiflower, the

Dwarf.

See

He/peris

See Alchimilla Stone- break. See Sedum Stone-crop. See Bhtum Stone-crop-tree.
Storax-tree.

Tanfey, the Wild. See Potent ilia Tare. See Pfcjm Tarragon. See Abrotanum Tea, the South Sea. See Cajjlne Teafel. See Dipfacus Thiitle, See Cardaus Thiitle, the Bleffed. See Cnicus Thiitle, the Carline. See Car Una
Thiitle,

SeeStyrax
See taau&dam-

the DiitafF.

See Atraaylis

Sto<-ax, the Liquid.

ber

See Tragnria ~ee Blitum See Blitum Strawberry -fpinach. See Arbutus Strawberry-tree. See Cichorium Succory. See Chondrilla Succory, the Gum. Sugar cane. See Arundo See Acer Sugar-maple. See Peuadanum Sulphurwort. Sec Cyanus Sultan-flower.
Strawberry-blite.

Stove Strawberry.

See Acarna Thiitle, the Fuller's. See Dipfacus Thiitle, the Globe. See Echinopus
Thiitle, the Filh.
Thillic, the Ladies.
Thiitle, the

See Carduus

Melon. See Caclus Thiitle, the Melancholy. SteOrfium

See Carduus

Thiftie, the Milk.

Thiille, the

Sow. See Sovchus Thiitle, the Torch. See Caclus

Tnorn-apple.
See Stramonium

Sumach. See Rhus Sumach, the Coriars. See Coriaria Sumach, the Venetian See Coccygria Sumach, the Myrtle-leaved. See Co.

Thorn, the Black. See Prunus Thorn, the Box. See Lycium Thorn, Chriit's. See Paliwus Thorn, Cockfpur. See Mc/pilus Thorn, the Egypt i a n. S ee Acacia Thorn, the Ever-grcen. See Me/piIus

riaria

Thorn, the Glafienbury.

lu.

See

fpi.

See Drojta See Hdianthus Sunflower. See RudSunflower, the Dwarf.

beckia

Sun dew.

Thorn, the Goat's. See Tragacantba

Sunflower, the Willow-leav'd.

See

Helenia See Euphorbia Sun-fpurge. See Afckpias Swallow- wort. See Guanabanus Sweet-apple. Sweet John's. See Caryopbyllus See Caryopbyllus Sweet William. Sweet William of Barbados, See

Thorn, the Haw. See Mefpilus Thorn, the Purging. See Rbamnus Thorn, the White. See Mejpilus Thorough-wax. See Buphurum
Three-leav'd Grafs. See Trifolium Thrift. See Static* Throatwort. See Tracbelium and

Campanula

Quamoclit Sweet Willow. See Myrica See Nafturtium S wines Crefs. Sycamore. See Acer

Thyme. Thyme,
lum

See Thymus
the
the

Lemon.
Maftich.

See Serpyl-

Thyme,

StcMarum

and Maftichina

Toad -flax.

See lanarsd

T
TAmarind.
J

SzeTamarindus

Tamanfk. See Tamarifcus

an
See Tan ace turn

Tobacco. See Nicotiana Tooth- pick. .See Vifnaga Toothwort. See Dentaria
Tornientil.

See Tormentilla

Tan fey.

Touch-me-not..

tt Batfimfaa

Tower-

Englifh
Tower- m u ftard.
Traces, Lady's.
Trefoil.

Tab i ,e

of

PLANTS,
v

Traveller's Joy. See Trifclium

See Turritis See Orchis See Clematis

VAlerian.

See Valeriana. Valerian, the Greek. See Polemonium

See Cytifus See Lotus Trefoil, the Marfh. See MenyanTrefoil, the Bean.

Trefoil, the Birds-foot.

thes

Venus Comb. See Scandix Venus Looking-glafs. See Campanula

Trefoil, the
Ptelea

Moon.

Trefoil-lhrub.

See Medicago See Dotycnium and

Trefoil, the Snail.

See Medico.

Trefoil, the Strawberry -headed. See

Trifolium

See Omphalodes Vervain. See Verbena Vervain- mallow. See Alcea Vetch. See Vicia Vetch, the bitter. See Orobus Vetch, the Chickling. See Lathyrus

Venus Navelwort.

T read c-mu Hard.

Tree, Tree, Tree, Tree, Tree, the. White-leaf, or Mealy. See Viburnum Tree of Life. See Thuya See Paris True-love.

See Thlafpi See Subtr the Cork. See Vitex the Chart e. See Ficus the Indian God. Germander. See Teucnum

Vetch, the Crimfon-grafs.

folia

See Nif-

Vetch, the Hatchet. See SecurUacm Vetch, the Horfe-fhoe. See Hippo-,
crepis

Trumpet- flower.

See Bignonia

Trumpet

honeyfuckle.

See Peri-

ch?u(iram

Tuberofe. See Polyanthts Tulip. See7/gNi SceHamantbus Tulip, the African, See Tulipiftra Tulip-tree. Tulip tree, the Laurel-leav'd. See

Vetch, the Kidney. See Vulnerarza Vetch, the Liquorice. See Glycine Vetch, the Medic. See Onohrythis Vetch, the Milk. See Afimgalus Vetchling. See Apbaca Vine. SeeVitis Vine, the black. See Tamnus Vine, the Spanifi Arbor. See Coac

volcvulus

Vine, the white. See Bryonia Violet. See Viola

Violet, the Dame's or Queen's. See He/peris
Violet, the bulbous.
Violet, the Dogs- tooth.

Magnolia

Tunhoof, or Ground-ivy.

See Gle-

coma See Thapjla Turbith. See LiUum Turks-cap. Turks-head. SeeCaclus Turky Baulm. See Dracocephalon Turky Wheat. See May* Turnep. See Rapa Turnep, the French. See Nafus Turnep-cabbage. See Brojfua
See Heliotropium Turnfol. See Tercbinthus Turpentine-tree. bee Larix Turpentine, the Venice,

SceGalanthns See Dens

Can is
Violet, the
glafs.

Corn or Venus Looking-

See Campanula

SeeEchium Vipers Bug.ofs. See Scorzonera Vipers -grals. See Clematis Virgins Bower. See Periploca Virginian Silk. See Rsbinia Virginian Acacia.

W
T T 7Ake Robin.
See

Arum

Tut fan.

See Androfsrmum

VV
Wails

Walks
Wall*

Twv blade.

SeeO/m

EngUfh
Wall
flower.

Table
Elder.

of

PLANTS.
See Epilobium SeeSalicaria
flower.

See Leucolum

Willow, the Trench.

See

Wallwort,
S'imbucus

or dwarf

Willow-herb.

WiiliamVfweet.

Walnut. See jfuglam Wartwort. See Euphorbia and Zacyntha

Wind

Wind-feed.

See Caryophyllus See Anemone See Arclotis

Wine
See Mentha

Water

calaminth.

See Sify?nbtium Water dropwort. See Ocnan/be Water-germander. See Scordium Water-horehound. See Lycopus Water Hemp agrimony See Bidtns
.

Water-er^fs.

Winter Aconite. See Aconitum Winter-cherry. See Alkekengi Winter-crefs. See Sifymbrium Winter-green. See Pyrola Witch-hazel. See Ulmus and Ha~
memelis

See Nymphaa Wa:er-parfnep. Sic Stum Water- pepper. See Perfcaria Wayfaring tree. See Viburnum
Water-lily.

Woad.

Weeds
Weed, the Dyers. See Luteola Weld, or Would. See Luteola Wheat. SeeTriticum Wheat, the Cow. See Melampyrum
Wheat, the "French, See Fagopyrum Wheat, the Indian. See Mayx Whicken, or Quickbeam. SeeSorbus Whins, or Gorle. $e&UJex
Whortle-berry.
See

See I/at is Wolf's-bane. See Aconitum Woodbine. See Capriflium Woody -nightfliade. See Solanum Wood -roof. See Afperula

Wood- (age.

See Scordium See Oxys Wormwood. See Abfinthium Woundwort. See Vulneraria Woundwort. See Solidogo Woundwort of Achilles. See Millefolium

Wood -forrel.

Vactinium

Widow-wail.
Wildernefs

See Cneorum

Y
See

Willow

SteSa/ix tree. Willow, the Dutch or Sweet.

Ivhrica

See Ricophera YAMS. Yarrow. See Millefolium

Yarrow,

the Water.

See Holtonia.

FINIS.

This
In

Day

is

Publifoed,
Price

One Volume Octavo,

bound 4 s.

The Gardeners Kalendar.

EVERY MONTH
I

Directing what

Works

are neceflary to be be

done

The Kitchen, Fruit, and Pleafure Gardens

And
in the

Conservatory
An Account
Propagation and Ufe of
all

and

Nurs

ery.

WITH
of the particular
Sorts of

SEASONS
every

for

the

Fruits proper for the Table, and Plants, and Trees, that fower in

Esculent Plants and of all Sorts of Flowers,

Month.

The

Ninth Edition.
To which
is

added,

A LI S T
By
the

of the

Medicinal Plants which may

each

be gathered

Month

for Ufe.

Author

of the Gardeners Dictionary.

at the Bible

Printed for

John and James Rivington,

St. Paul's

and Crown,

Church -Yard.

SB45.M6 1754

v.3 qf Miller Philip/The gardeners dictionary

3 5185

00056 6016