GIFT OF HORACE W.

CARPENTIER

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G R A
OF THE

MAR
BY THE LATE

PERSIAN LANGUAGE,
SIR,

WILLIAM JONES KNT.

FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, OXFORD, AND OF THE ROYAL SOCIETIES OF LOMDON AND COPENHAGEN.

THE FIFTH EDITION, REVISED.

WITH AN INDEX.
LONDON
PRINTED FOR
J.

MURRAY AND S. HIGHLEY, NO. AND J. SEVVELL, CORNHILL.

ISOl.

3'2,

FLEET STRHET;

Printed

/^j/

S.

Rousseau,

at (he Arabic

and Per/Ian Prefs, fFood Strut, Spa Fields,

ADVERTISEMENT
TO THE

r_f

FIFTH EDITION.
The
scholar,

name of Sir William Jones,

been held
is,

as

an Oriental
estimation

has loiig

in

the

highest

one proof of ichich

years,
the following

that,

in

the short space

of

thirty

Grammar

has been printed five times. by ivay of encomium on

or to descant
o?i

To

say any thing in this place,

its

excellent

and learned Author

the mcjits

of

this ivorli, ivould be to insult the

wulersfandings of the
edition, it

lite-

rati

yet,

tvith respect to

the present

must be
it

observed,

that the greatest care has been tahen to revise

by

the several former editions,

and

to correct the literal errors,

it.

small number of tvhich had unavoidably crept into

few

elucidatory notes have been added,

and a new Nustaleek

Type has been

adopted,

in

preference to the Niskiii hand,

tvhich necessity compelled the editors

tions to maJiC use of.

of the preceding

edi-

May, 1801.

S, Rousseau.

ir^T z'^^o

THE

PREFACE.
T,HE
it

Perfian language

is

rich,

melodious, and elegant

has been fpoken for

many

ages by the greatcll princes

;

in the politeft courts of Afia

and a number of admirable

W'orks have been written in

it

hy

hillorians,

philofophers,

and poets,

who

found

it

capable of expreffing with equal

advantage the moil beautiful and the moll elevated fentiments.

It

mull feem ftrange, therefore, that the iludyof this laniliould

guage

be fo

little

cultivated at a time

when

a talle

for general
vail
;

and

diffufive learning
fine

feems univerfally to pre-

and that the

productions of a celebrated nation

fliould

remain in manufcript upon the fhelves of our public

libraries,

without a fingle admirer

who might open

their

treafures to his

countrymen, and difplay their beauties to

if

the

liglit

but

we

confider the fubjeCl with a proper at-

tention,

we

Ihall difcover a variety

of caufes which have

concurred to obllrucl the progrefs of Eallern literature.

Some

ii

PREFACE.

Some men never heard of die

Afiatic writings,
is

and others
in

will not be convinced that there

any thing valuable

thorn;

ibme pretend

to be bufv,

and others are

really idle;

Ionic dctcll the Perfians, bccaufe they believe in IS lahommed,

and others defpifc

derftand
it:

their language, bccaufe they

do not un-

we

all

love to excufe, or to conceal, our ig\^'illing

norance, and are feldoni

to allow

any excellence

beyond the

limits

of our

own

attainments; like the favages-,

who

thought

lliat

the fun rofe and fet for

them

alone,

and could not imagine that the waves,

their illand, loft coral

which furrounded
fliore.

and pearls upon any other

for the negledl

Another obvious reafon

language
is

of the Perlian

the great fcarcity of books, vrhich are necelTary

it

to be read before

can be perfe6lly learned, the greater

part of
libraries

them

are preferved in the different

mufeums and

of Europe, where they are fhew^n more as objeds

;

of curiofity than as fources of information

and are ad-

mired, like the charadlers on a Chinefe fcreen,

their

more

for

gay colours than for their meaning.

Thus, while the excellent writings of Greece and

arc Hudied by every

Rome

man

of a liberal education, and diffufe

a gene-

PKEFACE.
a general refinement through our part of
tlie

HI

world, the

works of the

Perlians, a nation equally difUnguiilietl in an-

cient hiltorv, are either

wholly unknown to

us,

or confi-

dered as entirely dellitute of tallc and invention.

But

if this

braneh of literature has met with

it

fo

many
been

obftrudlions

from the ignorant,

its

has,

certainly,
;

checked in
v^

progrefs

by the learned themfelves

moll of

hom

have confined their lludv to the miruite refearehes

of verbal criticifm; like

men who

difeovera precious mine,

but inliead of fearching for the rich ore, or for gems,

amufe themfelves with

of
cryftal.

colle(fting

fmooth pebbles and

pi<^ces

Others mi^ook reading for learning, which

dillinguiilied

ought to be caretully
and were
fatisfied

by every man of

fenlc,

with running over a great number of

manufcripts in a fuperficial manner, witliout condefcending to be flopped by their

their beauty
difficulty,

or to dwell

upon

and elegance.

The

rell

have

left

nothing

more behind them than grammars and

though they deferve the
praifes

dictionaries;

and

due to unwearied pains

and indullry, yet they would, perhaps, have gained a more

fliining reputation,
if

they had contributed to beaufity and

en-

iv

TREFACE.
inflead of fpending

enlighten the yaft temple of learning,

their lives in adorning only in
its

portieos and avenues.

There

is

nothing whieh has tended more to bring pohte

than the total infcnlibility of com-

letters into diferedit,

mentators and

cri ticks to the beauties

:

of the authors

whom

tliey profefs to illulhate

a few of them feem to have re-

ceived the fmallell: pleafure from the moll elegant compofitions,

unlets they found

fome miilake of a tranicriber

to

be corrected, or fome

eltabliflied

reading to be changed,
or

Ibme obfcure expreffion

paflage to be
It is a

to

be explained,
their notes.

fome

clear

made obfcure by

cu-cumllance equally- xmfortunate, that

talle

men

of the

molt refined

and the brightelt parts are apt

to look

upon a dole application

fiftent

to the Itudy of languages as incon:

with their

fpirit

and genius

fo that the itate

clallcs,

of

let-

ters feenis to

be divided into two

tafte,

men

of learning

who

have no

and men of

tafte

who

have no learning.
of his age and

M. de

Voltaire,

who

excels all writers

ftyle,

country in the elegance of his

riety of his talents,

and wonderful va-

acknowledges the beauty of the Perlian

verfified a

images and fentiments, and has

very fine palTage

from

PREFACK.
troin Sadi,

V
if that extra-

whom

he compares to Petrarch;
a

ordinary

man had added

liis

know ledge of

the Afiatick

hm-

gviages to

other acquifitions,
hitlorics

we

Ihould hy this time

have fcen the poems and

drefs,

of Perha

m an

European

and any other recommendation of them would have

been lumeceflary.

But there

is

yet another caufe

which has operated more

itrongly than any before mentioned towards preventing the

rife

of oriental literature;

mean

the fmall encouragement

liave

which the princes and nobles of Europe

of
letters.
It is

given to

men

an indifputable truth that learning will

always

flourilh

moll were the ampleil rewards are propofed

;

to the indufiry of the learned

and that the moll

fliining

periods in the annals of literature are the reigns of wife and

liberal princes,

who know

that fine writers are the oracles

of the world, from whofe teflimony every king, llatcfman,

and hero, mull expect the cenfure or approbation of pollerity.

In the old Hates of Greece the highell honours were given
to poets, philofophers, and orators;

and a

iingle citv (as

an

eminent writer

* obferves) in the
* Afcham.

memory

of one man, pro-

duccd

Yl

PREFACE.

duced more numerous and Iplendid monuments of

irenius

human

than moll other nations have afforded in a courle

of ages.

The hberahty of
ber of learned

the Ptolemies in Egypt

drew a numworks
;

men and

poets to their court, whofc

talle

remain to the prefent age the models of

and elegance

and the writers,

whom

Auguflus protedted, brought their

compofition to a degree of perfection, which the language

of mortals cannot furpafs.

Whilft

all

the nations of

Eu-

rope were covered with the deepell lliade of ignorance, the

Califs in Aha
talents,

encouraged thelNIahommedans to impre^ve their

np_ arts
;

and cultivate the

and even the Turkilli

Sultan,

who

drove the Greeks from Conftantinople, was a

patron of literary merit, and was himfelf an elegant poet.

The

illuftrious

family of

jNledici

invited

to Flarence the

learned
try,

men whom

the Turks had driven from their coun-

and a general light fucceeded the gloom which igno-

rance and faperftition

had fpread through the weltern

to

world.
I'fjual

But that
;

light has not continued

fhine with

Iplendour
to reftorc

and though fome

it,

flight efforts

have been

made

yet

it

feems to have been gradually

decavino;

PREFACE.

Vil

decaying for the

it

laft

century;

it

grows very
;

faint in Italy;

fcems wbolfy
it

extingnifhcd in France

and whatever

fparks of
elofets

remain in other countries are confined to the

of humble and modeft men, and are not general

to liave their proper influence.

enough

The

nobles of our days conlider learning as a fubordinate

acquifition,

which would not be confident with the

dignitoil

ty of their fortunes, and fhould be left to thofe

in a

who

lower Iphere of life

but they do not

refledl

on the

many
give,

advantages which the lludy of polite letters would

peculiarly to perfons of eminent rank and high
;

emby a

ployments
ferics

who,

inftcad of relieving; their fatigiies

of unmanly pleafures, or ufelefs diverlions, might

fpend their leifure in improving their knowledge, and in

eonverling with the great flatefmen, orators, and philofophcrs of antiquity.
If leaminc; in o:eneral has

met with

fo little encouraji'eit,

mcnt, iHU
lies fo far

lefs

can be expected for that branch of

which

removed from the common path, and

^\'hich the

greater part of

mankind have hitherto conlidered

as incaj)a:

ble of yielding either entertainment or inftrutRion

if

pains

ynd

Viii

rUEFACE.

jind

want hr tho

lot

of a fcholar, the

life

of an orientalift

mull certainly be attended with peculiar hardfnips.

tius,

Gen-

wlio piiblilhed a beautiful Perfian w^ork called

Ru.'ics,

The

Bed of

with an ufeful but inelegant tranllation, lived

oblcTU'clv in Holland,

and died

in

mifery.

Hyde,

who

might have contributed greatly towards the progrefs of

eallern learning,

formed a number of expenlive projecls

affiftance

with that view, but had not the lupport and

which they deferved and

Iki

required.
;

The
his

laboui's

of Menin-

immortalized and ruined him

is,

dictionary of the

Afiatick languages

peAaps, the molt laborious compi-

lation that ever "was xxndcrtaken

by any

iingle

man

but

he complains

in his preface that his

patrimony was exhaufl-

ed by the great expence of employing and fupporting a

number of
for the

writers and printers, and of raifmg a

new

prefs

oriental characlers.

M.

d'Herbelot,

indeed, re:

ceived the moll fplendid reward

invited to Italy

of his indultry

he was

by Ferdinand H. duke of Tufcany,

that ftriking munificence

who
al-

entertained

him with

which

wa} s

dillinguiflied the race of the

Medici

after

the death
to Paris,

of Ferdinand, the illultrious Colbert recalled

him

where

PREFACE.

IX

where he enjoyed the

mainder of
his

fruits

of his labour, and fpent the re-

days in an honourable and cafy rctiremeni.

:

But

this

is

a rare example

the

other princes of Europe

;

have not imitated the duke of Tufcany

and Chrillian VIJ.

was referved
prefent age.

to be the protcdor of the eallern mufes in the

Since the literature of Afiawas fo

much

neglected,

and

the caufes of that neglect were fo various,

we

could not

have expected that any

tions of

flight

power would rouze the nato

it,

Europe from

their inattention

it

and they
they had

would, perhaps have perfilted in defpiling

if

not been animated by the moll powerful incentive that can

influence the

mind of man
all

interell \^'as the

magic wand

which brought them

within one circle; interell was the

real

charm Avhich gave the languages of the Ealt a

importance.

and

folid

By one

of thofe revolutions, which no

human

prudence could have forefeen, the Perfian language found

its

way

into India

that rich and celebrated empire, which,

Itate

by the

flourilliing

of our commerce, has been the

fource of incredible wealth to the merchants of Europe.

variety of caufes,

A
thp

which need not be mentioned

d

here, gave

PREFACE.

the Englilli nation a moll cxtcnfive

power

in that

kingdom:

onr India company began to take under their proted:ion the

princes of the country,
their
lirlt

by whofe protection they gained

lettlement

number of important

affairs

were to

be tranfadled in peace and war between nations equally

jealous of one another,

who had

not the
;

common

inilni^-

ment of conveying

their fentiments

the fervants of the

read,

company

received letters

which they could not

titles
it

and

were ambitious of gaining comprehend the meaning

;

of which they could not

was found highly dangerous

to employ the natives as interpreters, upon whofe fidelity

they could not depend

and

it

was

at

lafl;

difcovered,

that

they mult apply themfelves to the ftudy of the Perfian language, in which
written.
all

the letters from the Indian princes were

talle,

few men of parts and

who

relided

in-

Bengal, have lince amufed themfelves with the literature of

the Eall, and have fpent their leifure in reading the

poems

and

hiftories

of Perfia

but they found a reafon in every

of the Arabick language,

page to regret

their ignorance

without which their knowledge mull be very circumfcribed

and imperfed;.

The languages of

Afia will

now, perhaps,
be

PREFACE.

Xi

be

Ib.idicd

with imcomrnon ardour

they

art-

known

to be

ulliul,

and will laon be tbuiid

in(lru<5live

and entertaining;

the valuable nianulcripts that enrich om' pnblick libraries

will be in a

few years elegantly printed

the manners and

fentiments of the eaftern nations will be perfectly

known;
extended

and the limits of our knowledge will be no

than the bounds of our empire.
It

lefs

was with a view

to

facilitate

the progrefs of this

braneh of

literature, that I

reduced to order the following

jnftruclions for the Perfian language,

feveral years

which

had collected

ago
I

but

J.

would not prefent

my grammar to

the publick
it
:

till

had confidenibly enlarged and improved

have, therefore, endeavoured to lay

rules,

down

theclearefi:

and moll accurate

which

have

illulirated
;

by

fele6l

examples from the moll elegant WTiters

have carefully

compared

my work

with every compolition of the fame na-

ture that bus fallen into

neral

my

hands

and though on
feveral

fo ge-

a fubjecT:

mull have
to
all,

made

oblervations

which are common

yet I flatter myfelf that

my

own

remarks, the difpofition of the whole book, and the

it,

palfages quoted in

will

futficiently dillinguifli

it

as

an

original

2Jii

PREFACE.

original production.

Though

am not confcious that there

it,

arc anveflential millakcs or oinifTions in

ble that
it

yet I

am

fenfi-

falls

very

fliort

of perfedion, which feemsto with-

draw

it

fclf

from the purfuit of mortals, in proportion to

it
;

their endeavours of attaining

like the talifman

in

the

Arabian

talcs,

which

bird carried from tree

it.

to tree

as often as its purfucr

approached

But

it

has been

my

chief care to avoid

all

the harfli and afFecled terms of art

which render moll

fant,

didadlick

works

fo tedious

and unplea-

and which only perplex the learner, without giving

real

him any

knowledge:

have even refrained from making

any enquires into general grammar, or from entering into

thofe fubjedls

which have already been

fo elegantly difculled

by the moll judicious philofophcr *, the moll learned divine f

and the moll laborious fcholar of the prefent age J.
It

was

my

lirll

delign to prefix to the

grammar

a hillory
to our

of the Perfian language from the time of

Xenophon

days, and to have added a copious praxis of tales and

poems

* Sec Hermes.

(liort

Introducllon toEn<>;lifh

Grammar.

The grammar

prefixed to the Dictionary of the Englifh lano-uacre.

extrad;ed

PREFACE.
extradled from the claflical writers of Perfia
additions
;

Xiii

but as thofe

would have delayed the publication of the gramI

mar, which was principally wanted,

to refervc

thought

it

advifabh;

them

for a foparate

volume, which the publick

I

may

expc6t in the courfe of the enfuing winter.

have

made a
Alia,

large colle6lion of materials for a general hillory of

for

and

an account of the geography, philofophy, and

literature of the eallern nations, all

which

propofe to arftu-

range in order,
dies will
I

if

my more

folid

and more important

allow

me any

intervals of leifure *.
this place the fignal
I

cannot forbear acknowledging in

marks of kindnefs and attention, which

have received from

many

learned and noble perfons

but General Carnac has

obliged

me

tlie

moll fenfibly of them, by fupplying

me

with a valuable collcclion of Perfian manufcripts on every

branch of callcrn learning, from which many of the beft

examples

in the following

grammar

are extracted.

A very
\^ith

learned Profellbr f at Oxford has promoted

my lludics

* Seethe ITiftory

of the Vcrjlan Language, a Defcription of Afia, and a Short

Hiftory of Perfia J publifhcd with

t Dr.

mj

Life of Nader Shah

m the year
.

1773.

Hunt.
e.

tliat

X\y
that candour

PREFACE.

and benevolence which fo eminently

diftin-

gmih

liim

and many excellent men that are the principal

fa-

ornaments of that imivcrrity have conferred the highell

vours on me, of which
I fhall

ever retain a grateful fenfe

but

take a fmgular pleafure in confeffing that I

little

am

indebt-

ed to a foreign nobleman * for the

I

knowledge which
;

have happened to acquire of the Perfian language

and

that

my

zeal for the poetry

and philology of the Afiaticks

and to the agreeable correhonours me.
it w^ill

was owing

to his converfation,
ftill

fpondence witli which he

Before I conclude this Preface

be proper to add a

few remarks upon the method of learning the Perfian language, and upon the advantages which the learned
peCl from
it.

may ex-

When

the Itudent can read the charadlers

with fluency, and has learned the true pronunciation of

every letter from the
the

mouth of a

native,

let

him perufe

grammar with

attention,

and commit to memory the

:

regular inflexions of the nouns and verbs

he needs not

burden

his

mind

\s'ith

thofe that deviate from the com.mon.

* Baron

Reviski,

form,

PREFACE.
form, as thoy will be infenfibly learned in a
reading.
fliort

XV
conrfe of

By

this

time he

\vill

fnid a diclionary necelfarv,

I alfert,

and

hope he will believe me, \yhen

from a lung

experience, that,

whocNcr

poifeires the

admirable work of

Meninlki, will have no occalion for any other diclionary of

the Perlian tongue.

He may

proceed by the help of this

work

to analyfe the paiTages quoted in the

in

grammar, and
;

to
th<^

examine

what manner they

nuill

illultrate

the rules

in

meantime he
inftru(?lor,

not nc<>lecf to converfe with his

livinLi"

and to learn from him the phrafes of and the names of

vilible obje(fl:s,
if

common
will

difcourfe,

which he

foon imprint on his memory,

he
:

^^ ill

take the trouble to

I

look for them in the diclionary

and here

mult caution
he

him

againll

condemning a work
it

as defecliye, becaufe

cannot find in

every

word which he

hears; for founds in

general are caught imperfectly by the ear, and

are fpelled

many words

and pronounced very

ditferently.

The

firll

book that

would recommend

to

him is the Gu-

lillan or

Bed of

Roses, a

work which

is

highly efteemed in

the Eaft, and of which there are leveral tranflations in the

languages of Europe; the manufcripts of this book arc very

common

XVI

rPvEFACE.

common

and hy comparing them with the printed edition

lie

of Gentius,
iifcd

ill

i'oon learn

the beautiful flowing

hand

inlVrha, which conlills of bold llrokes and flourifhes,

types.
It will

iomc of which cannot be imitated by our

then be a proper time for him to read fome Ihort and cafy
chapter in this work, and to tranflate
gnao'e with the utmoft exactnefs
;

it

into his native lan-

let

him then

lay afide the

original, and,, after a proper interval let

him turn

the

fame

chapter back into Perfian by the alhllance of the

grammar

and didionary
tranllation
ing: to

let

him afterwards compare

original,
is

his lecond

with the

and correcl

its faults

accord-

that niodeL

This

the exercife fo otten

recommended

by the old rhetoricians, by which a iiudent will gradually acquire the

ll:yle

and manner of any author,

whom

he

delires

to imitate,
in Ijx

and by which almoll any language maybe learned

eate

months with

and

pleafure.

When

he can exfacility,

prefs his

fentiments in Perhan with tolerable

would

adviie

him

to read

fome elegant

hiftory or

poem with
in

an intelligent native,

who

will explain to

him

common
and will

words the

refined exprellions that occur in reading,

point out the beauties of learned allufions and local images.

The

PREFACE.

XVll
in

The mod

excellent book in the language

is

my

opinion

the colled ion of tales and fables called Anrah AufTein Vaez, furnamcd
Cafliefi,

Solieili

by

who

took the celebrated

workofBidpai or Pilpay
all

for his text,

and has compriled

the

wifdom of

the eallern nations in fourteen beautifiJ

Icifure

chapters.

At fome

hour he may

defire his Munflii

or writer to tranfcribe a feclion from the Guliftan, or a fable of Callicfi, in the

common broken hand

ufed in India

which he
all its

will learn perfcdly in a

few days by comparing

turns and contractions with the

more regular hands

of the Arabs andPerfians: he mull not be difcouraged by

the difficulty of reading the Indian letters, for the characters are in reality the

fame with thofe

in ^vhich our

books

are printed,

and are only rendered

difficult

by the frequent
regula-

omilTion of the diacritical points, and the

rity in the pofition

want of

of the words

but

we

all

know

that

we

are often at a lofs to Vead letters ^vhich

we

receive in our

native tongue; and

it lias

been proved that a

man who
a

has a

perfect kno\\'lcdge of

any language, may, with

letter in

proper
it

attention,

decvpher a

that idiom, though

be

written in characters which he

has never

i^ccu

before,

and of which he

lias

no alphabet.
f

In

Xviii

PREFACE.
lliort, I

In
lian

am

pcrluaded, that wlioever will lludvthe Per-

language according to
t(;

my plan,

will in Ids than a year

letter

be able

tranllatc artd to anlu'cr

any

from an Indian

prince, and to convcrlo with the natives of India, not onlj

with tluencv, but with elegance.

tino-uifli

But

if

he

defires to dif-

himfelf as an eminent translator, and to underlland

not only the general purport of a compofition, but even the

jxraces

and ornaments of
is

it,

he mull: neceilarih' learn the

Arabiek tongue, which

blended with the Perfian in fo An-

gular a manner, than one period often contains both lanouages,

A\

holly diftinA from each other in expreffion and

idiom, but perfedly united in fenie and conllruAion.

This

muft appear ftrange to an European reader

but he

may
told
like

form fome idea of

that the

this

uncommon

mixture,

when he is
mixed

two

Afiatick languages are not always

the words of Roman and Saxon origin in this period, "

'''

The

true

law
;

is

right reafon, conformafole

calls

to the

nature of

" things
^'

which

us to duty by commanding, deters

;"

us from fin

by forbidd.ng*

but as

we may

fuppofethe

Latin and Englifli to be conneAed in the following fen* See Middleton's Life of Cicero, vol. III. p, 351.

tence.

PRETACE.
tence,
Tlie true

xr:
cojfforrnal'lc

lex

recta

ratio,

naturae,
ii

" which hj commavding Yocct ad officium, by forhldd'nig

"

fraiide dctcrreat."

knowledge of
^

tliefe

two languages

\\ill

he.

attended
it
;

with a

aricty of advantages to thofe

who

aec^iurc

the
are

Hebrew, Chaldaick, Syriaek, and Ethiopian tongues

dialeds of the Arabiek, and bear as near a refemblance to

it

as the lonick to the Attick

Greek

the jargon of Indof-

tan, very

improperly called the language of the Moors, con-

tains lb great a

number of Perfian words,

that I was able with

very

little diificultv

to read the fables of Pilnai whic h :n\\

;

tranllated into that idiom

the Turkifh contains ten Ara-

bick or Perlian \\-ords for one originally Scythian, by which

it

has been lb refined, that the

it

modern kings of
:

Perfia
is

were

fond of fpeaking

in their courts

in lliort there

fcarcc

a country in Afia or Africa, from the fouree of the Nile to

the wall of China, in which a
bick, Pcrfian,

man who

underllands Araith fatisfaclion,

and Turkilh may not travel w

or tranlacl the moll important affairs with advantage and

fccuritv.

As

XX

PREFACE.

As

to the literature of Afia,

it

will not, perhaps, be ef-

lentiallv wicUil to the greater part

of mankind,
cultivate fo

who have
cxtcnfive a

neither Icitiircnor inclination to

branch of learning; but the

civil

and natural hiftory of fuch

mighty empires
not
fail

as India, Perfia, Arabia,

and Tartary, can

of delighting thofe

who

love to view the great pic-

ture of the univerfe, or to learn

by what degrees the moil

obfcure ilates have rifen to glory and the moft flourilhing

kingdoms have funk

thofe

to decay; the philofopher will confider

works

as highly valuable,

by

^^'hich

he

may

trace the

human mind

in all

its

various appearances, from the rudeft

to the molt cultivated Itate:

and the man of

talle will

un-

doubtedly be pleafed to unlock the ftores of native genius,

and

to gather the flowers

*.

of unreltrained and luxuriant

tancy

SIrW. Jonesacqiiaintsus, inaformcrcditionof thisGraminar,thatfincelus

had wholly engaged his attention, and induced him not
literature,

profeffional ftudies

only to abandon oriental

very traces of
it

but even to efface, as

fiir

as poffible, the
revifal

from his memory, he committed the cunducl; and

of

that edition of his

ardfon, in whofe

Grammar, and the compofition of the hidcx

he had a perfed confidence.

lo

Mr. Rich-

{kill

ifA_

ij\J

'if:

GRAMMAR
OF THE

PERSIAN LANGUAGEOF LETTERS.

JL

HE

learner

is

luppofed to

fee

acquainted with the

the

common
left.

terms

of grammar,

and to know that hand

Perfians write their characters from the right

to the

There are thirty-two Periian

A

letters,

Ahf

2
ly.

GRAMMAR OF THE
HI.

IL

I.

Finals.
.
,

Initials and Medials.

ConneSled.
I

ConneSled.
t

UnconneBed.
1

Unconnccled.
)

Alif

Ba

Slaiid

4
I'hc iccond

A GnA:MMAJi OF TflE

and fourth columns of thefe

letters

from
with
letter

the
a

riiiht

and arc ufed onU^

;

^^'hen thev arc connected

preceding letter

as

j/* ^Mohammed.
that
^

Every
it,

Ihould be
ievcri;
I

conneded ^ith
alif,
^

which foUows
ra, ^ za,
j'

except thefe

dal,

zal,

zha,

and

vau^

wliich are

never joined to the following

leaf,

letter,

as will

appear from the words ^^^^ burk a a doimmo)!.

iSj^^^ daveree

Though

the perfedl pronunciation

of thefe letters can

be learned only from the mouth of a Pcriian or an Indian,

yet
it

will be proper to

add a few obfervations upon the

moll remarkable of them.

OF CONSONANTS.
It will

be ncedlefs to fay
^::^
f,

much of
is

the thi*ee

firit

confo-

nants our
/',

^^ ^^
p,

fmce their found

in the

exactly the fame as

and

words
jL

lar, peer,
y^.

and

too,

which

would be written

in Per/ian

and

y*.

This

letter,

which the Arabs pronounce

fame found
as a
.
//

like a th, has

in Perfian the
Lcis,

or

s,

as

L/

J^J vl Abu -'7,

have been

a proper name.

It

might,

therefore,

rejeded from the Perfian alphabet without any inconvenience

;

PEKSIAN LANGUAGE.
nicnce
as
it is
;

but

it

is ufcftil

in

fhowing the origin of words'

fcldoni,

or never, uled in any that are not Ara-

bic.

The fame may be obferved of

r'
/
--^

the following letters,

-^

/'

lJ

^'^"^^^cli

are fcldoni ufed in

words

originally Perfian.

-^

and foft

Tlie

firll

of thefe letters anfvvers to our

in

ge7n,

which a Perfian would write

fecond of them
cherry
y

>. or to our^', in^ar jU: the

^^

founds exadlly like our ch in the words

,

cliech

as

--O; Chirkes Circassia.

'T

is

a very llrong afpirate, and

may be

cxprefled in our

characlers

by a double

/?,

as

jU hhal a

condition.

4-

is

formed
;

in the throat,

and has a found

it lefs

like the

Ger-

man

ck

but the Perfians pronounce

it

harflily
o,

than the
ii

Arabs, and give

the found of

before

Qy

or

in the

Tufcan dialed,

as

^U

chan a

lord,
is

which a Florentine
the \^ord fo varioully

would pron9unce
and
fo

like can.

This

crroneouily written
is

by the Europeans.

The

fo-

vereign lord of Tartary

neither the cham, ns our travel-

lers

6
lers call

A GRAMMAR OF THE
him, nor the han, as Voltaire will have
firft
it,

but

the ,|U kh^n, or can, with an afpirate on the

letter.

anfwers cxadly to our d in deer

-^

This
sian the

letter,

which the Arabs pronounce

j

dh, has in Perit

found oi

and and

is

often confounded with

:

thus they write

,*f^)j

,*r^^/ guzuHitun to pass

:

It is

feldom ufed but in Arabic words

curs in

though

it

fometimes ocAzarbijan the

words purely

province of Media, fo

,*J^j)^ called from ijl, an old word for j^re,

fire,

Perlian, as

bccaufe the adorers of

rians,
lirft

if

we

believe the Afiatic hifto-

built their temples in that province.

and the three liquids

J

/M^i'^

pronounced exadlylike
tulip,

ourr,

I,

m, n; as ^j
^(L*

i!

anim

rest,
,j

JU laleh a

lU mar a

serpent,

nanlread.

But

before a w-< has the found .^s

of

7n,

as >vl/

kumbed a
precedes

toiver,

amber amber ms

*.

* Whenever ,!

,,j^^^

it

Hkewife' takes the found of vi) as aXsX'

yumpuloo

i2

itr^'i/y /Mar;^f/.

SonriCtlmes, howeverj
time.

,(

before

^B!=a/

retahis its origi-

ginal founds

as.,

aunbaur that

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

;
:

has the found of our

z,

as j'jJH

lalehzar a led of

tulips,

ft

This letter has the found of our

treasure
;

s in

the words pleasure,

foft

and correfponds precifely with the

; in jour. It

of the

French in gens, or their

in our charadlers

may be
dew;

exprefled
for
it

hyzh,

as J)j* zhaleh hail,

s.

has

the fame relation to 2 which sh has to

^and^
.

and

,Jw

are our

and

sh, as

k^
&',,ji^
/^

Selim Ihah kins Selim.

Thefe four

letters are

pronounced by the Arabs

;

in

manner peculiar

to

themfelves

but in Perfian they aie

letters
;

fometimes confounded with other

little

thus

differs

from ,^

as

^vu? Saddar the name of a Persian look;

it

but the politer and more learned Perfians pronounce

Swaddar

and ^ has nearly the fame found with

.j:^,

but fome what llronger, as

J^

otr

essence; a

word

of-

ten ufed in Englifli, fincc our ronnedion with India, to

denote

GRAMMAR OF THE
roses.

denote the precious perfume called otter of

The

word
prove.

is

Arabic,
/

as
i^

tlie

letters

and
from
j
;

L>

fuffieiently

J}

and

differ

very

little

but they are

zz, as

pronounced more
,

forci])ly,

and may be exprclled by

a poet
;

^Ui)

Nezzami

the

nanw of

J;^

Khezzur

the

name of a prophet
Scripture Elijah.

in the easteni irtmances,

the fame as the

p-

and

Q^

Tliefe

two

letters are

extremely harfh in the pronunq, fays

it

tion of the Arabs.

The found of

Meninfld,
is

est

vox

vititli

inatrcm vocantis: but in Perlian

if
it

a fort

of

vowel, and anfwers to our broad a

J
;

be placed before

as,

>1p abid an adorer

but

if

but do not follow this

e,

letter,

then

it

anfwers fometimes to our

:

as,

,^**^\kp ef~
i,

fautet a lliepherdefs

fometimes
;

it

has the found of

o,

as,

>^^J^
oiv

ifhrut pleasure
ii;

it

takes the found of

as ijp
alfo

perfume: of
a,

as,

,^^*^
ati

uzccmnt a resohdion:

of Ihort

as v^y^ arub

Aralkin.

As

to

it is

com-

monly pronounced
as ^ILp

in Perlia like a guttm'al or afpirated

gholam a

hoy,

a servant.

has the found of /'in

fall,

as

!^

an omen.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

^V and

^
but in Perfian
it io

is

another

harfli

Arabic

letter,

of/>',

ten con founded witii

as /m'-^^

^^,

^^hich

lias tlic

Ibund of our
\

Kennau

ilie

province of Carmania

^^K[\{ afa-

InJons mountain in the Oriental tales.

u
When ^^ has
Perlians give
it

<y

three points

or a

dafli

above

it,

the

the

found of

in

the

word

goT/, as

^Uvw^ guhftan
feldom
dillindlion

a bed of roses; but thefe points arc very

;

written in the Perlian manufcripts

fo

that

tlie

between ,,^

A-

and

^^n- can

be learned only

by ufe
nounce

thus they often write ^^I'j

it trylab.

rose-water, and pro-

See the remark on

/,

j,

Thefe

letters

are the liquids

m,

n,

r.

is

a flight

afpiration,
is

and

is

often redundant, as /y
al molt

hchdr

tJie

spring; which
tlie

pronounced

like bear;

>^^r( Herat a city in

province of Corasan,
is

whicli the

Greeks

call

Aria:

therefore
c

the h of the French in

Jionnefe,

10
ho?ur/c,

GRAMMAR OF THE
ho?iest

whence came our

a

without an afpiration.

At the end of
J^
ke, v>hicli

word

it

frequently founds like a vowel, as

has the fame icnfc and pronunciation as

the Itahan che which.

OF YOWELS.
The
lord,

long vowels are

ify

^^^ "^^7
fred;

t>e

pronounced
as,

as a, 0, ee, in the

words

call,

stole,

^fU
the

khan a
vowels

ImI ora

to

him, ;J neez also; but

fliort

are exprefled

by fmall marks, two of which are placed above

below
it,

the letter, and one

.^.

as

w^

ba or be,

^^

be or

bi,,

bo or bu

thus.

'>'

^v->

iS:^,:J^

U}

cJ^

Ager an turke Shirazee beduft

lired dile

marau.

Bekhale binduiili bukhiliem Sumurcund u Bokhararau.

The mark
iyllablc ends

placed above a confonant Hiuws that the

it,

with
;

as (/>^y>

Su-mur-cimdee, a native
is

of Samarcand

the

firll

of which fyllablcs
latl

fhort, the fe-

cond and third long by pofition, and the

long by nature:
but

PERSIAN LAN^GUAGE.
but this belongs to the prolbdj.

11

The

fliort

vowels are very

otiier ortho-

feldom written in the Perfian books; and the

graphical marks are likewilc iifually fupprclled, except

da,

Mudare

^ Humza% and Tulbdced mod common.

Miidda above an
I,

";

the

two firll of which

gives

it

a very broad found, as

,iT

aim
in
&

thai
:

Humza fupplies

the place of (/ in words that end

tlie article,

it

therefore fometimes reprefents

looJi,

as ^^C

namci a

or denotes the former of

two

fubdantives, as
laftly,
it

^^Ci^
verb, as

JC

nafei'

mullik a rag of musk; or,

marks

the fccond perfon lingular in the

o^l^

compound

preterite of a

dadei which would regularly be

o-f/'e/z.
ID

iJU^U da-

deh-ee fhou hast be doubled, as

o

Tuilideed fliews a confonant to

*?

turrch a lock of hair.

iirll

The
lludent
;

omiliion of the Ihort vowels will at

lince

perplex the

many words

that are

compounded of the

fame confonants, have

different fenfes according to the dif-

ference of the vowel omitted: but until he has learned the

exa(9:

pronunciation of every word from a native, he

lliort

may

give every

vowel a kind of obfcure found

ver>^ com--

mon in Englilh, as in the words 50/2, bird, mother, whic"h a Mohammedan would ^^'rite without any vowel, s)?, ///, 7uihr, thus the Perfian word > bd maybe pronounced like
our
ha(/'

Van

tX2

A GRA^niAR or TIIR

Van
V and

and Ya
thus,

ij arc

often
fl

iilcd

as

confonants,
;

like

,'!^ ^''an

town

in

Ajnnenia

d^v:' juvaii

pnrnis,

giorane,
wliicli

young;
call the

Yumnn,
;

that

province of
a proI

Arabia
per
itfi

we

happy

jU>^ Kliodayar,

name
found,
I

fignifying the

friend of God.

before

lofes

as /lU*- klu'in a tea hoard or trayy

a!fo a talle.

would not

advife the learner to

ftndy the parts of

toleif

fpeecli until

he can read the Perfian characters with

;

rable fluency

which he

will foon be

able

to do,

ke

will fpend a

few hours

in writing a

page or two of Perfian

after a Hiort inten-al

in Englifh letters,

and refloring them

to their proper charadlers

fliall

by the help of the alphabet.

clofe this feAion

with a piece of Perlian poetry

;

"writis

ten both in the Aliatic and European chara<3;ers

it

an

ode by the Poet Hafiz, the

already quoted
its
;

firfl:

couplet

of which has been be inlerted

in

and a tranflation of

it fliall

proper place.

^" ^^
Budeh
fakce

^'

^^'

J'^

'^

mye bdkee keh

der junnut nakhahce yaft,

Kunare abe ruknabtid ya

gulguflite mufullrira.

^U5 o

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

IS

';lf^.

O^f

C'^y'

^ J^

>'

>^^

'''^^

C^^

Fvighaii

keen luli-yan fliokhc

dil

llicerccngarc^ fhubrafliob

Chiinan burdunde fubr az

keh turkan kbaiic yugmara.

Ze

iflike

natemdme ma jemale yare muftugbnecft

xi

Beab u reng

khal u khatt cheh hajet ru-ye zdbara.

Hadees az mutreb u mye gu va raze dehre kiimter ju

Keh kus nekfhud u nekfhaycd behikmet een mo-ammara.

r^h >^h
Men
Keh

w^-y.

-^

,c^^/';.v

cr^ 0^

>^

0^

az an hufne rozefzun keh

ilhk az perdei ifmet

yiifiif dallite

daniftum

u biirun ared zuleikhara.

>/) /";) Cjk

;'

-^^^^ cr

4/V
Nafeehet

14

A
gollie kiin

GRAMMAR OF THE
jana keh az jan dofter darend

Naleehet

Jnvanane faadctmende pende peere danara.

Bedem

guftee va khurfendem afak allah neku guftee

lale Ihekerkhara.

Javabe telkhe mayzeibed lebe

Ghazel guftee va durr fuftee beja va khulli bukhan Hafiz

Keli ber

ndzmc

to eflliaiied felek akde fury-yara.

In this fpecimen of Perlian writing the learner will obforve a

few combinations of
as U lamalif,
:

letters,

which he muft by no
/, J

means forget;
the

compounded of
ufiial

and

a, in

word

tUi^ mofella

but the moll

combinations are

formed with ^ ^ ^ ^ which have the lingular property of cauling all the preceding letters to rife above the line,
as
!

/U'

bokhara,

nakhcheer,

^.

tas-heeh.

The

letters that

precede p

are alio fometimes raifed.

The

PERSIAN LA?fGUAGE,

llic Arabic chaniclcrs, like thofc of the Europeans, are

written in a variety of different hands

but (he
.

mod comTaleek, or

mon

of tliem are the

/^'^'

Nulkhee, the

*t^U)'

hanging,

and

tlie

j:.J.'A^:^ Shekefteh,

or

broJicn.

Our

books have hitherto been printed

all

in the

Nufkhee hand, and

Arabic manuferipts, as well as moll: Perfian and Turkifli

written in
it;

hiftories, are

but the Perfians write their poeti-

cal

works

in the Taleek,

which anfwers

to the

moH: elegant
of
tlie

of our Itahe hands,

and in which

this

edition
it is

Grammar

is

printed.

As
is

to the Shekefteh,
chiefly uied

verv

irre-

gular and inelegant, and

by the

idle Indians,

\vho will not take time to form their letters perfectly, or

even to
difficult

infert the. diacritical points;

but this hand, however

all

and barbarous,

mull be learned by

men of
of
tlie

bnlinefs in India, as the letters

from the

prii-ces

country are feldom written in any other manner.

ipe-

cimen of thefe
inferted at the

different forms of writing

is

engraved, and

end of

this

Grammar.

OF

](3

fiTAMMAR OF THE

OF NOUNS,

AND FIRST OF GENDERS.

Thk
reader will foon perceive with pleafure a great re-

femblancc betwec^n the Perfian and Engiifh languages, in

the facility

and limplicitj of

their

form and conftniciion

the former, as well as the latter, has no difference of ter-

mination to mark the gender, either in fubftantives or adjedlives

:

all

inanimate things are neuter, and animals of

different fexes either

tsXi

have different names,

as^w.;

pufer a
I

Z'oy,

kuneez a

girl, or are diftinguiflied

by the words
Ihayre ner a

ner
//ot?,

mahy and d^U madehybwa/e;

p*U J^ ihayre madeh a
lioness.

as

j^*

Sometimes, indeed, a word

is

m.ade feminine, after the

d

manner of the Arabians, by having

ijy^u*.^
mi-siress,

added to

it,

as

mafhuk

a friend,

amicus,

j^Jut^

malliuka

amica, as in this verfe

Gul der ber u mye ber kuf u mafliuka bekamuft.

Flowers are in

my

bofom, wine in

my

hand

and

mv

miftrefs yields to

my

defire.
(portion,) it
it

When
a

this
;

word j^^J!^
but
if it

Js

pronounced like the Englifli foare,

y}:ox'\Jbcer,

fignifics

lion

be pronounced like the Englifli

then

fignifies

milk.

but

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

l^

but in general,

when

the Perfians adopt an Arabic

noun of

the feminine gender, they

final
D

make

it

neuter,
is

and chatige the

written ,^:>.^
:

into

,^
all

thus .^su nimet a benefit

and almoll

the Perfian nouns ending in ,^, which are

very numerous, are borrowed from the Aral^.

OF
The

CASE S.

Perfian fubflantivcs, like ours, have but one varia-

tion of cafe,

which

is

formed by adding the

;

fyllable

to

the nominative in both numbers

and anfwers often to the

cafe
in

dative, but generally to the accufative

other lan-

guages

as.

Nominative,

-_

^
t
>

pufer a child.

Dative and Ace.

_ V puferra
is

to

a child, or the

child.

When
is
is,

the accufative
/

ufed indefinitely, the fyllable

omitted, as iM>'^

J^

gul chiden to gather a flower , that

is

any flower

but vv^hen the noun

is

definite or limited,

that fyllable

added to
is,

it,

as

>^

j^ gulra cliid he ga.

thered the flxjwer, that

the particular flower

There

is

no genitive

cafe in

Perfian, but

when two

fubfiantlives
fliort c (-)
is

of different meanings come together, a kefra or

K

: ;

]8
is

GRAMMAR OF THE
former of them, and the
i^ic

added

in reading to the

latter re-

mains imaltcred,

as

^^ wXji^

musk of Tartary, whicb

rule

mull be read mnflike Khoten.

The fame
;

muft be

cbfcrvcd before a pronoun poiloirive

as
as

mun my
in

child:

and before an adjective

pufere
-J:^'*"^^

L't*

fliumlliire
I

tabnak a bright scymitar. If the

the letter (/
is

firll

word ends
a hasha,

or

affixed to

it

as

I'^L

pallia

L)4^
\i\h.Vi

(/l^-l

pafliai jNIoufel the

basha of Mousel, [y^ milliireen

fruits,

lofj^

C/i^^ir*

i^i^'^^"^^'^i

sivcet fruits
?/az/r

ylj zaunoo a hiec,

if

\J^

C^y';

zaunooe fhuma

hnee

nouns ending in
*

come
is

before other nouns or adjedlives,.

as

the mark

Hamza

added to them,
life.

,*\\*^

J^"^^

chuflimei hejvan the fountain of

The
Qi;r

other cafes are exprelled for the moil: part, as in

language,

bj

particles placed before the nominative, as.

Vocative,

_V

(/I ai

pufer

cMld.

Ablative, y^^v jl az pilfer

from a

child.

The
}

poets, indeed, often

form a vocative cafe by adding

to the nominative, as

lj?l,^ fakia
llvlt

cup-hearer,

t'^,^

ihaha
of
,

A'/wo-;

thus Sadi ufes

bulbula as the vocative

Lij bulbul

a ni^htins^ale.

tx

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

IQ

Bulbiila

muzhdehe buhaur

bi-jaiir,

Khuburc bud beboom bauz

Bring,

bukzaiir.

nightingale,

the tidings of fpring

leave

all

unpleafant

news

to the owl.
^^

In fome old compofitions the particle

to the acciifativc cale
;

mur

is

prefixed

as

^>,

l^^l

mur

ora

deedum
and
is

/ saw him

but

this

is

either oblblete or inelegant,

leldom ufed by the moderns.

The

reader,

who

has been nfed to the inflexions of

will, perhaps, be pleafed to fee

European languages,

an

example of Pcrfian nouns, as they anfwer to the

Latin
jk* gul a rose, rofa. Singular.
Plural.
rofa.

cafes in

Nom.
Gen.
,

/"^
'^

(I

^^osc,

U^

roses, rofae.

of a
to

rose, rof^e.

iX of roses,
]jU^
\

rofarum^
rofis.

Pat. )1^

rose, rofae.

to roses,

Ace.

)J^ the rose, rofam.

jK^

the roses, rofas.

^
Poet.

" y/ 10

rose,

6 rofa.

[X ^

(J\
'*

roses,

rofae.

Abl.

k'

j]frovi a rose, rofa.

[^ j\ from

roses,

rofls.

JA

20

A GRAMMAR OF

Tilt.

UL
(J*
*

bulbiil

n'urhtinrrale.
V,

Singular.

Nom. and Gen.

Dat. and Ace.

U^,
I

cl

nightingale.
to

ytX

a iiMthiPale.

Voc.
Abl.

Ll^ (/)

(Poet. IIX)

O mghti?/ga!e.
nightingale.

IX

j\

from a
Plural.

Nom. and Gen.

Dat. and Ace.

/V)!^^ mghtingales,

l^ltX^ /o 7irghiingales.

Voc.
Abl.

/^I^ Cf

'

nightingales.

(*j^^. j\ fromjnghtingales.

Eoy, bring the wine, for the feafon of the rofe approaches
let us again

break our vows of repentance in the

midll:

of

the rofes.

Hafiz, thou defireft, like the nightingales,

:

the prefence of the rofe

let

thy very foul be a ranfom for

!

the earth where the keeper of the rofe-garden walks

I fhall

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
I lliall in this

21

manner quote a few

in this

Pcrfuin couplets, as
:

examples of the principal rules

tations will give

grammar

inch quo-

fomc variety

to a fiibjcA naturally barren

and unplcafant
ftyle;

will ferve as a fpecimen

of the oriental

and

will be

more
mere

eafily retained in the

memory than

rules delivered in

profe.

OF THE ARTICLE.
Our
article

is

fupplied in Pcrfian
it

])y

adding

tlic letter

ij to a noun, \vhic\i reftrains as

to the

fmgular number

J^ gulee a single rose

One morning

went

into the garden to gather a rofe, wlien

ltruc;k

on a fuddcn the voice of a nightingale

my

car.

Without

this

termination ,1^ gul would iignify roses or

flowers collectively, as

Call for wine, and fcatter flowers around.

AVhcn
the

noun ends
as

in

the idea of unity

is

exprefled by

mark Humza,
j

>""^.'

chulhmei
at the

(f

single fountain'^.
noun, the Idea of unity
is ex.-

* Whenever
preffcd by ^> as

is

placed bt^fore
'
j

end of

v
*x

rauliee a ivjy, read, pjtb.

i'

'

"

OF

22

GRAMMAR OF THE

OF NUMBERS.
From
the

two examples
is

in

a preceding fedion

it

appears
i;

that the Perlian plural

formed by adding

or

to the

lingular

but thefe terminations are not, as in

;

many

lan-

guages, wholly arbitrary

on the contrary, they are regu-

lated with the utmoll precifion.

The names

of animals

form their plural in ^1, as

^^/

gurk a wolf.

^i^y gurkan
^)
!^!iA;^

ivolves.

>^J^,^ pelenk a tygcr,

pelenkan fygers,
life

but words which Signify things without

plurals

make

their

by the addition of the

It

fyllable

t,

as

bal a wing,
fahii

U[
sJior^e.

balha tvings,
fahilha
shoi^cs.

kL^

L^LiX^

Both thefe plurals occur in the following elegant dilHch,

The

night

is

dark

the fear of the waves opprefs us, and

dreadful
!

the whirlpool
liglit

is

How

fhould thofe,

who

bear

burdens on the

fliores,

know

the mifery of our

fituation.

There

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

23
:

There

are,

however, a few exceptions to thefe rules

the names of animals fometimes

as well as in

make

their

plurals in

^1,

as ^;i,jiyfliutur a camel, i;y;,i.^fl\uturha

and rl^/>^^^
a

fhiituran camels;

and on the other

plurals in

fide,
,^_^J

the
leb

names of things fometimes have

lip,

^1, as

^U
L*)^

leban

lips
I

Names
jmU
mew,
thofe
as

of perfons ending in

or

form

their plurals in

dana a learned man,

aloo

/MLL*I^

danayan learned

yi
that

a plum,
in
,*i!^
o

i\)\.

^^

alooyaun plums:
plural

and

end

are

made

by changing the
infant,
,*'^'^

lad letter into

gan, as

bucheh an

buchugan
rate

infants
;

and fometimes by adding ^!^

as a fepa-

fyllablc

thus,
ansrc/s.

^-}

furifliteh

an angel,

^^

Ji^-i

furilliteh

gan

If the

mune of a thing ends

L*U khanha

in

o,

the final

letter
t,

is

generally abforbcd in the plural before the fyllable

as C \^

khaneh a

house,

houses.
life

In fome modern Perfian books, as the

of Nader Shah
in sil^U if the

and others, the plural often ends in ^/l or

lingular has a final
5

Sing.
/P'j^yi niiwazifh a favour.

Plur.

>^^)^y
s^^/U

niiwazifliaty^ww/rs'.

,jJ3 kalat a castle.

kalajat castles:

but

^.\

A Gn.VMMAK OF THE
tlicfi*

but

muft be confidcrcd as barbarous, and are a proof

that the late dreadful

commotions which

liavc ruined the

empire of the Perlians, have begun to deftroy even the

beautiful limplicity of their language.
Jt

muft not be omitted, that the Arabic fubftantives

frequently have
to the

two

forts

of plurals, one formed according

analogy of the Perlian nouns, and anotlier after the

irregular
"

manner of the Arabians

and
^

as
;

,_^.^

aib

vice,

l^^p aibha
c

^__^)
*
.*.

^p

avaib vices

,jJ^

kalah a
'

castle,

Lx)3 kalaha and

I

oiljf

kallaii castles;
_

^_^'.L* "

navib a viceroy

plur. s^l J navab,

which our countrymen have miltakeii

for the iingular

number, and fay very improperly a naloh.

This

is

one argument out of a great rnnnber to prove the

the
Perfian language
;

impolTibility of learning

accurately

without a moderate knowledge of the Arabic

learner will follow

and

if

the

my advice,

he will perufe with attention

*

the Arabic

grammar of Erpenius

before he attempts to

tranllate a Perlian manufcript.

There are two

fiiie

editions of this grammar,

the

firft

publiflied

by the very

learried Golius,

and the fecond by the late Albert Schultensj both thefe Orientalllls
elegies,

have added a number of Arabic odes and

cellent notes
;

which they have explained

in ex-

but thefe editions are fcarce, and MeninlTci has inferted in his gram-

rnar the fubflance of Erpenius, with

many new

remarks,

But

fince the above works

the Oriental rtudent

are not to be procured without a very great espence,

to read with

we beg

attention the Arabic

Grammar

of Mr. Rlchardfon,

who

took great

pains to render the acquirement of that difficult languiige eafy and pleafant.

OF

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

52

OF ADJECTIVES.
The
Pcrfiaii

adjedives admit of no variation, but in the

degrees of comparifon.

The

politive

is

made comparative
^.f^^ *, as

by adding

to

it

^, and fuperlative by adding

"'^ khubter
/az;r;',

s^^f khubyaiV,
khubterin
fairest.

i*f

p^i^

Our than

after a comparative

is

exprelfed by the prepo""

fition j\ az, as

The

brightnefs of thy face

:

is

more fplendid than the cheek

is

of day
liue

the blacknefs

of thy locks

darker than the

of night.

The moon
cyprefs

is
is

bright,

but thy face

is

brighter than
is

it:

the

graceful, but thy Ihape

more graceful than

the cyprefs.

The

A-rabic adjeftive yXX/

bulund
or

blgb, fuhllmc; Is

compared by the Perfians

thusj
.,,'

Comp. j/XK bulundur

buluiidurln

fjSX>

huimi^iiur higher, morefuhUme; Supcrl.

y^UX

or

.,x ^i-V-^

hnXnvAiwx'ixi highejl, mtJlfubUT.c,

An

26

GRAMMAR or THE

An
its

adje(^ive

is

fometimes ufcd lubilantively, and forms

plural like a noun,

a

^W^ hhakecman
fyllables
cafe, are
)
;

the nise
\j

if

it

be

compounded adjedive, the

^) and

denoting

the plural

number of the oblique

J>:^U
fahibdil

placed at the end

oblique
oblique

of

it,

as

an honest man
fahibdilan,

\J^\^
l^lf>^U

lahibdilra:

plural
;

^lf>^U

fuhibdilanra

as

J^ d)
The damfels with
of that cheek
;

^K^.

O^

^^
the fragrance of jeilacurls.

faces like angels are dejecfted at the fight

the

nymphs with

mine are

filled

with envy when they view thofe

OF PRONOUNS.
The
perfonal pronouns are thefe

which follow

^ mun
Sing.
Plur.

J.

^ mun
U ma

/.

Oblique,

)^ mera
l^U mara

me.
us.

we.

fEKSlAN LANGUAGE.

27

y
Sing,

to Thou,

to thou.
r/oz^

Obi. or
?/e.

tura Mcff.

Plur. It"^^ fliumd

IjU'"^^ fhumard you.

^)

o JJc.
Obi.
ly^l ova.

Sing.

*l

/?c,

^/ze,

ovit.

him, her, ov

it.

Plur. ^^iLi^l

iflian

/%.

'r^-^^

ifhanra fhcrn.

The

poets often

life

/mL^

for /jLliyi, as

went, and bruifed their helmets;

tiful laces.

I disfigured their

beau-

After a prcpolition

^!

is

often changed into (J* or

or

^^1

oe, as

AYhen the king of the world fliewed

kilfed

his face, the general

Fnrdiisi.
is

theground, and advanced before him.

after the preposition ^.^
in,

Sometimes

the letter
.1

inferted to prevent the hiatus, as

> bedo for

beo in
it-,

28
if
2??
;

A GRAMMAR OF THE
the fame
that,

may

be obferved of /,''> bed:m for

,,,^1

^L

bean

,,K> bcdecnfor

in this*.

The

pofTeirive are the

fame with perfonals, and arc

;

dif-

tinguifhed by being added to their fubftantives

as

Sing.

,^

L
J^

dili

mim
j^ dili

?7n/

heart.

y
Plur.

dih to
_j)

fhi/

heart.

ij^ or

o his or her heart. our hearts.

(/U;

dilhai

ma

ig^J:^

i*jV) dilhai

flmma your

heaiis.

Poet.

^C*
Cj^^.}

(/V;

dilhai iHian their hearts.

Poet.

^iLj^
number by
after

They
by
I

are

often exprefled in the lingular

thefe
d

final letters
ff\

^ em, ^^
at,

et,
.

and

'^

eili,

and

aa -f'or

am, ^^1

and

ili)

alli:

but after nouns ending in

inferted before the finals

alif or ^

vau the
as

letter ij

ya

is

C^

^;

In the fame

manner and from the fame motives

the old

Romans added

to

many words

followed by a vowel) thus Horace, if

we

adopt the reading of Mure-

tnt, ufes t'lbid for tlbi,

Omne

crede diem

t'lVul

LlluxilTe

fupremum.

PERSIAN I.A^r!UA^,E.

2f)

y^

dilcni

viij

hcarf.

^^^' dilct fliy heart.

.

jL'}^

dilclli ///s

or

Iter

hcarf.
role.

^1

^^U

jainci

am my

O^l
.

^U jainei
my

at thy robe.
///.?

>)

-,*U iamei afli

or her role,

/
,

v^ niaiin

hair.

>^v 4^
fii'

miiit ///^ /^a/V.

/^fl?V.

V* muifli his or /?^r

In poetry, and fometimcs in profe, the oblique cafes of the

perfonal pronouns are alfo exprcfled by

^ c^

^,

as

Joy be to Shlraz and

ferve
it

its
!

cliarming borders

O heaven,

pre-

from decay
ml

Thcfe obUque cafes are joined to any word in the fentence

which the poet

linds convenient
.

thus in the coupk^t jnl^

to

quoted the pronoun

folio whig diftich,

;;:

it

is

added

.jU)
is

f<^

i^^

^^^^*

.^

the dative of y thua,

if.

placed after

the conjunclion v ger

30

A GRAlviMAR OF

THE

Tinge the facred carpet with wine,

feall orders thee
;

if

the mailer of the

is

for he that travels

not ignorant of

the

ways and manners of banquet-houfcs.

reciprocal pronouns

Our
Perlian
all

oim and

self are expreffed in

to

by the following words, which are applicable

;

perfons and fexes

^J? Nom. ^f
;;:*ij

as

or ^^
or "'

:i^^
Su^ ^^

Oblique, \j^^
^'JCT^
a7

cr^'^'-r

(j'

or ij tSr
thus

we may

ufe
s*^

ourselves.

yf y thyself. *^ *l Ms or herself
I
(slves

sf'

\g^^ yourselves.
^li^J themselves
words

^f

*.

here ufe
;

bis feJf and their /elves

inftead of the corrupted

iirnfelf and

tbem-

[in

which ufage

am juftified by
:

the authority of Sidney,

to

and of other wri-

ters in the reign of Elizabeth

felf items

have been originally a uoun, and was?

it,

perhaps, a fynonimous word {or foul; according to Locke's definition of

*'

"

Self

is

that confclous thinking thing,

which

is

fenlible or confcious of pleafure

and

" pain, capable of happinels and mifery

:" if this

obfervation be juft, the Arabs have

felf, as

exadly the fame idiom,

for their

^
f

<-wJ^

^
t

^Jli foul, anfwers precifely to our ^^ " a boy threw klsfelf into a river."
,

PERSIAN LANGUAGE,
alia joined like the Latin ipse to ever}- perfon

31

S4^

is

of

a verb, as

Sing.

Plur,

^>T ^^
{/>T

ipse veni.
ipse
veyiisti..

^^

/ >T ^^ > >T ^^

>>T

ipsi venimiis,
ipsi venisfis.

>T

^s^ ipse vcjiit.

^5' ipsivenerunf.

The word
tiful lines

feems to be redundant in the following beau-

of Sadi,

Doffc

thou

know
?"

w^hat the early nightingale faid to

me

"

What

fort of

man

art

thou, that canll be ignorant

" of love

When

^^ is ufed

as a

pronoun
fignifies

poflellive, it

anfwers to

the Greek dCpsT^pog,

and

wy,

fhi/,

our, your, his

or her, and their, according to the perfon and

the principal verb in the fentence
Hafiz,
;

number of
couplet of

as

in

this

]j^U

^^ ^U; A. / ^
' '

I fee

32
I fee

GRAMMAR
among

OF TIIE
or

no man,

either

the nobles

the populace

to

whom

can

truft the fccret

of

my

atHicled heart.
:

The demon ftrative pronouns

.^r-l

are the following

this.

Sing,
riur.

^r

this.

Oblique cafes,

JO

^lOj

these.

j^bj
or
]j\,X>j

or

Ul
^1
that.

Sing.
Plur.

m\

that.

Oblique

cafes,

I^T

^L*T those.

)^CT
or
1yly}T

or

UT
is

When ^S
word,
it is

ecn

prefixed to a noun, fo as

to
as

form one

frequently changed into a\ im,

;

^^JL<I im-

fliub to-night

,^i:wi

^;W^

^yr
!

>T J
;

Heaven

how
is

great

is

my

happinefs this night

for this

night

my beloved come
;

unexpectedly

and

j^y-*)

imroz to-day

''

This

PERSIAN LAXOUAGE.

33
fcafl

" This day

" fpring

is

day of mirth, and joy, and the

day

of

tJiis
is

my

heart obtains

its dciires,

and

" fortune

favourable."

The words ^T and ^1

a?2i to

j\

prefixed to pronouns

j&cr50^?a/,

change them into possessives, and are read with a

or ez a?n
io,

(liort

vowel,

thine, as

O my moon
is thine.

of Canaan (O Jofeph) the throne of Eg}'pt

The
riable

relatives

and interrogatives are fupplied by the inva-

pronouns J ke and

che, of

which the former

:

ufually relates to perfons, and the latter to things

in the

oblique cafes of thefe pronouns the final

part,

o is,

for the

mod

abforbed before the fy 11 able

j,

as

Nom.

ivho.

Oblique, ^f or

?vhom.

which.

1^ or

\s ivhich.

f
what

and
tlie

,^

are

interrogatives,
as
^^^^/v^-J

and are very often

ivho
is
it

joined to
is it

verb

,^^y^\y

.^^^^^^^

hca-

84

A GRAMMAR OF THE
heaven
jewel
I

whole precious

pearl,

and vvhofe iheflimable

is

that royal maid, with a check like the

like

moon,

and a torchead
^}>y

Venus

kudam

is

alfo

an interrogative pronoun, as

We

are fond of wdne,

is

w-anton, diflblute, and with rollthere in this city that has not the

ing eyes; but ivho

fame

vices

Our

soever

is

expreffed in Perflan
as

by

or ^t! ^ prefixed

to the relatives,

Jyj

and ,X-J^yy
and

whosoever.
ivhatsoever.

^^

OF
The
nations
;

VERBS.
and neuter verbs
like other

Persians have adive

but

many of

their verbs have both

an adive and

neuter fenfe, which can be determined only by the conllru6tion.

Thefe verbs have properly but one conjugation,

and

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

35

and but three changes of

tenles; the imperative, the aorill,

and the

preterite

all

the other tenles being formed

.*

by the

help of the particles

verbs
,vrXvw

and
/>t%

Jt,

or of the auxiliary

or

r\J)^^
is

to

aiid

^v^l^

to

ic

ivilli/ig.

The

palfive voice

formed by adding the tenfes of the verb

participle preterite of the active;

fubftantive

^i^ui^to the
it

>,j^ o>l*^
ries

was

read.

The

inflexions ofthefe auxilia-

mufl be here exhibited, and mufl be learned by heart,

w^ill

as they

be very ufefid in forming the compound tenfes

of the active verbs.

/o le.

C/'^^

The
eafy,

prefent tenle

of

this

verb

is

irregular, but very

and mull be carefully remembered,

as

it is

the model

for the variations of perfon in all tenfes.

Indicative ^food, Prefent Tenfe.

Sing.

^1 / am.
ij\ thou art,
^^-l

Plur.

/I
>)

luc are.
2je are,

he

is.

>l they

are.

This tenfe joined to nouns, pronouns, or adjedivcs often

coalefces with them,

and

lofes the initial

alif

as

with

pronouns.
Sing.

9/6

A
Sing.

GRAMMAR OF THE
Tim.

/^
jy

ego
til

sinn.

/U

7ios

summ.
csfis.

es.

^U"^^

vos
illi

y^^^^

ille est.

>^^J

sunt.

With

adjcdives,

^<^^ty I am glad,
(/^s^ji^ thou art glad.
y^^^y^^^^J:^

/ ^Li^ ?''^ are glad.. >^Li^ you are glad.

>;Li-^ they are glad.

he

is

glad.

The
/
a??i

negatives are formed

by prefixing ^ or

*,

as ^1 ^
//2?re

not,

&c. but

,^^^y^]

is

commonly

written ,^^^J

is not,

as

'*

The path of
*'

love
is

is

a path to

which there

is

no end,

in

" which there

their fouls."

no remedy

for lovers, but to give

up

Hafz.
to he.

Second Prefent from the defective ^'<-v

Sing.

/^
.^^

I am.
thou art.
is.

Plur.

/^{ we
>.j'vww

are.

t/ou are.
fhci/ are.

^*l/-^ he

>^^^

Preterite.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
rroterite.

Sff

Sing.

Plur.

^^y^ I ivas.
[j^y^
^y^

/^y^

1VC were.

thou wast.

>)^, you were,

he 7vas.

>;X
Preterite Imperfect.

ihey ivere.

r)r,

if

fe^;r.

^
I

^r.

^''-

{f

Compound
j|

Preterite.

0^^^
0^^^

I have
or 0^^^

leen.
//ioz^

(/I

hast been.

/! e^^^ tvehaveleen, > o^^^ yozf have been.

>l
o;^^ ^/^ey

^-^.^1

0;^^ /ie

has been.

have been.

Preterpluperfecl.

^>Ji^

0^^^

/ had been.
///OM

/^>-^
>/Ji^
>/,-i^
Future.

^^'^

''^r.

^^^

^^^'^* ^^^''^
^'^^''

(jT^A^j^ 0^^^

hadst been.
been.

c^r. 3^" 8)^.

^^^^i/

^^^
^^^^

>,J:^ 6^^^

/ic

had

^^^

^J^
i<i}f

ivillbc.
^^'

^y^
:>y*

f^^f

U'c u

ill be.

>r.
^y^

^^^^'' ^^^^^

'^f
A^^f

youwUl

be,

^^\f he will

be.

^y^

thcy^vill be.

Imperative.

3ft

GRAMMAR OF THE
Imperative.

Sing.

Plur.

>^>^^L
.

let

us he.

it or y^ he thou.

/^l
be.

he ye.
let

>A^L

or

^l let

him

yU^L

them

he.

Subjundlive or Aorift

^r"^L or ^y^ I
J^L*

he.
heest.

f^'^K
>jv,tL

^^

^^'^ ^'^*

f..y.

or {j y^ tlwu or ^y^ he
he.

or >^^ you
or >^^ they

he.
he.

^[

>^l
Potential.

^)y^ I would

he.
he.

J ^y^
iSJ"sf

we would

he.
he.

(J^v thou ivouldst

lS s^

(S>\y^ youivould

he ivould

he.

they ivould he.

Future Subjuncftive.

f^[
J^L

t)y^

shall have heen.

/^^^[i^yiveshallhaveheen.

5*1

thoushalt have heen.

/J^i^^y you shall have

heen.

/^\

^^y^ he shall

have heen.

j^[

i^y they shall have heen.

Infinitive.

Prefent,
Preterite,

Cj^y,

^7

contradlion ^y to he.

cjj^.^

i^y^ to

have heen.

Participles.
l^L
he'ing.

9^y heen.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
i\jy<J>^ to be.

ZQ

uU'd in forming

tlie

Paliive Voice.

Indicative Prefent.

Sing.

Plur.

C/>i^

*[^ thou art.

>,ji^ Z^ you are.

Preterite.

Preterite Imperfed.

Compound

Preterite.

iS\ DyW or DyU' Moz/ hast leen.

vij^v-l

>

d^v,.^^

you have been,

D>sji^

he has leen.

>)

D>,ji^ //^ey havcleen,

Preterpluperfe(R-.

^^y^
iS)y,

^y<^ I had
^^^

been,

f,,)y, ^^<^
> ^y^
J^y

^^'^

hml

been.

^y<j^ thou hadst been.

^^^^ been,

e>^u^ you had been.

)X ^>^^

^>^^

they

had

been.

Future.

40

GRAMMAR OF THE
Future.

Sing.
j^^t^^

Plur.

X!^

/ willlc.
thou wilt
he.

^Jiy >^J^ we

tvtll le.

j,^^
>,ji^

A^
> ^
1

^^^ -^f y^^

>-i^
'

^^'^^

^'^

he

u'ill he.

>^ f" they

ivUl he.

Imperative.

y^
^y^^

he thou.
let

/ y^^ we he. ^^-^ y^^^ ^^'

he.

him

.^y^^
Subjundlive,

they he.

or Aorift.

^ ^^Ky I

he.

\..^

we

he.

(J y,J^ thou heest.

^ he

>t>^ y^^^
>^^-i^ they
Infinitive.

^^'
he.

he.

i\j^^iiy to he.

^^y
Participles.

^J^m^

to

have heen.

heing.

tyVJi^ having hecn.

^\f

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

41

^^1^

or

/'>*'^
Aorill,

^^

^'^

iiiUwg.

uCed in forming the

Sing.
/[\f-

Compound Future of
Plur.

verbs.

irill.

/^^l^

nr. ivUl.

wl^

tliou

wUt.

^:'^ f' y^^^ iinll.

>l^
The

he tuilL

^f

^^^^y

'^''^^^^

other tenfes are formed like thofe of the regular verbs.

OF TENSES.
It will

here be ufeful to exhibit an analyfis of

all

the

tenfes of a Perfian verb,

and to lliow

in v\'hat
is

manner they

are deduced from the infinitive,

which

properly confidcrcd

by the
all

oriental

grammarians
tenfes,

as the fpring

and fountain of
is

the

moods and
j>.a^

and which, therefore,

source.
,

called in

Arabic

mafdar or

tlie

All regular infinitives end in ^!>

as

i\jy'^)

io

arnve,

^(>JC

to grieve,

,/>v-<'l*

to

fear.
is

The

third perlbn of the preterite

infinitive,

formed by

rcjccfling

from the

as

>v--

lie

arrived,

>JC he

grieved,

>,v- ^ he feared.

>.r";

d^

'))

^^^
\.

C^';.^ i
I f;d(i,

42
I faid, is the

GRAMMAR OF THE
?

zephyr breathing from the garden

?

or a ca-

ravan of miilk coming from Khoten

The
..

letter
^^w
)

prefixed to this tenfe

is

often redundant, as

i^U

he took the mantle, and departed.

is

From

the preterite

formed the imperfed: tenfe by pre-

fixhig the particles

arriving.

.^ or

A,

as ^^j^^* or

j^^
is

A heivas

In the third perfons the imperfedl tenfe

pretfed

fometimes exhe icas

is

by adding

(/ to

the preterite, as (/>v'C

:

grieving, (/>yCv't* tliey ivere grieving

this

form

very

common in

profe, as

**

They
''

w^ere

immerfed in pleafm-e and delight, and were

conflantly liftening to the

the cvmbal."
letter {J

melody of the

lute,

and of

^'

The fame

added to the

firll

and third perfons

.^/'^K i

of the paft tenfe forms the potential mood, as

mighty could, should, or
<^c.

ironM grieve,

y^cJt* ive might,

grieve

fo Ferduli in a love-fong,

" If

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
*'

43
I lliould

If I could llcep one niglit on thy

**

bolbm,

feem

to touch the Iky

with

my

exalted head."

and Hafiz,

*^

Thofe locks, each

''

curl of M'liich
hv.

is

worth a hundred
if their

niulk-bags of China, would

fweet indeed

*'

fcent proceeded from fweetnefs of temper."

The

participle preterite

is

formed from the

arrived,

infinitive

by

changing

into

o,

as

o^u-^^

o>--L

sprinMcd
,^'st^

from which participle and the auxiliary verbs

i^j<^Ji^ are

and

made

feveral

compound

tenfes,

and the
o.u--L

paflive

voice; as

^\

c>v^'-L

/ have sprinMcd, ^^y

/ had
a

sprinkled, /^^"^L

c^^L I shall have sprinkled, f,-^^^

^t[

I was sprinkled.

(}

">y
all

>H Jr-^
have placed

^^

C)^^'

^^

AVe have given up

narciffus's (eyes),

our fouls to thofe two inchanting

all

we

our hearts on thofe

two black hyacinths

(locks of h;dr.)

The

44

A GPwVMMAR OF THE

The
and
tlic
it is

Perfians are very fond

of the participle preterite

very often

iifed

by

their elegant writers to conned^:

members of

a fentence,
:

and to fufpend
it

tlie

fenfe
is

till

the elofc of a long period

like the

in poetry

fometimes

ufed

third perfon preterite

of a verb, as in this fine

couplet

"-^-y.,

"'

jy

I/' > C^. l^ip

" The brightnefs of the cup and the goblet obfcures the " light of the moon tlie cheeks of the young cup;

" bearers Heal the fplendour of the fun."

In the ode from which this couplet
is

taken every dillich

ends with the word

c^j for ^j

lie

struck.

In compofition the
/M

infinitive

is

contraded by rejedling

as

>i^

-^ly^ / luill he; fo Hafiz,

^^-^ ^\^f

C)^f.

'A /) A.

(^

Tlie breath of the wefi;ern gale will foon flied

muik around;

the old world will again be young.

This

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

45

This
ViS

fliort infinitive is
it is

likewilb ufed after imperfonal verbs,

\

^/ ^\\^
;

possible to do

:>/

>\

^^

^^

necessary

to

do

tlius Hafiz,

the Anacrcon of Pcrlia,

"

It is inipofTible to attain the

jewel of thy

willies

by thy
think

"

own

endeavours
it

it is

a vain imagination

to

" that

will

come

to thee without allifliance."

and the poet quoted

in the hiflory of Cazvini,

" The

life

of

man

is

a journal,

in

which he nmft write

" only good

a(fl:ions."

The

imperative

is

regularly formed

by thro"wing away
,^y arrive
often pre-

the termination
thou,

^>
^o

from the
arrive:
as

infinitive, as

from i\jJ^j

the letter

is

fixed to the imperative,

fo

say thou

fy*/^^

fear thou

Ferdufi in his

noble

fatire

againft a

king

who had

flighted him.

46

GRAMMAR OF THE

king Malimud, thou conqueror of regions,

not me, atleall fenr

if

thou fearell

God

why

haft thou inflamed

my

wrathful temper

doft thou not dread

my

blood-drop-

ping fword
It

muft be here obferved, that the negative I and

are

changed in the imperative into

not asJi

and

,^,

as

/f/:^

^^

(T/^

^ f^

e>-vAJ

J^^^

)J)

''

I
*'

have

felt

the pain of love

ask not of
;

whom

have

tafted the poifon of abfence

ask not from

alif the letters

whom."
)

Before verbs beginning with

are
;

^ and

changed into
Iring thou,
j

^ and

., as before

J]

are ufed

^\io

not Iring";

/.>
" Boy, Iring
sl

cup of wine

Iring a few

more cups of

" pure wine."

'^"

N^v^-jf^

^;

c'^*

^^

C''*"^

^-^

.;:>

I'EUSIAN LA^'GUAGE.

47

*'

Say,
^'

/'W;/o- ?/o

tapers

into

our aifembly, for this night

is

the

moon
;

of

mv

beloved's check

at its full in

our

" banquet
''

sprinkle no

perfume in our apartment, for

to

our minds the fragrance that conftantly proceeds

is

" from thy locks

fufficiently pleaiing."

The

contracted participle ufed in

compound

epithets
excite
tliow,

is

exadly the fame with the imperative, as^X!

j..Jj\

tJioiiy

>^.J>^

7?nrth-ejritmg

j3)

bijlame

^'J^

J* 31 world -inflaming, Gcfiafrose, the

name of

a fairy iri'the

Pcrfian tales tranflated bv Colonel

Dow*.
^^j
'"^^^^^

The participles of the

.ff,
)

prefent tenfc are formed by adding

i*J^^jf

or
;

c> to the imperative, as

?>-^;

arriving
action,
*

which

lall

participle

is

often ufed for a noun ot

as

o>jL a player.
in

The
J

" Tales, tranflated from the PeiTian of Inatulla of Dchli," /Ob, by Colonel

two vo-

lunies,

Dow,

are very erroneous, infomuch, that there arc feveral

tales irlbrted

which

are not to be found in the original,

and many

otliers omitted,

or
to

much

altered.

In confequence of

tliis,

Jonathan Scott, Efq.

Perfian Secretary

Warren

Haftings, Efq.

when Governor General of

Bengal, and tranflator of Fe-

rillitn's Iliftory

of

Dekkan and of
title

the Reigns of the later Eraptrors of Hindooftan,

undertook the tranflation of the wliole work, which he publillied in three volumes
in 1799,
tal

under the
:

of" Bahar-Danulb,
(ix Itories, for

or,

Garden of Knowledge:
:"

An

Orien-

Koai.mce

Tranllated from the Perfic of Einaiut Oollah

But

in this tranda-

tion

Mr. Scott has omitted

laft

which he has given

e;irneiily

a futficient rc;'fnn in
to the pcrufal

the appendix to his

volume.

'Ibis

work we

rccomtDCnd

of the

Perfiaji lludent.

From

48

GRAMMAR OF THE
is

From

the imperative alio

it

formed the

conjurjiftive tenfe

or aorill by adding to

the

iilual

perfonal termination, as
come.
'

from (JJ come

tliou,

/^

f^ffJi/

<>r ?''^V/

"

When
^'

the fun of the

wine

fliall

rife

from the

eail

of

" the cup, a thoufund tuhps will fpring from the gar-

den of the cup-bearer's cheek."

the poet only means
fhall prefent the

By

this afFecled, yet lively allegory,

\\\\\ blulli

that " the cup-bearer

when he

" wine to the guefls."

For the moll part

this

form of the Perfian verb, which

the grammarians properly call the aorill, or indefinite tenfe,

anfwers to

tlie

potential

mood

of other languages, and

:

is

go-

verned by conjunctions as in Latin and Englilli be

the
fee n
life

this will

more

clearly in the following

;

example taken from

of Nader Shah

PERSIAN LAXGUAGE.

4q

"

It is evident to the dilcerning

and

intelligent

part of

" mankind,

that,

whenever the

affairs

of the world

" are thrown into confufion,

"
delires

and fortune favours (he

of the unjnft, the great Difpofer of events, in

" the

effufion of his endlefs mercy, fele(fls

fome

fortu-

" nate hero,

" and

whom he fiipports with his eternal favour: whom he commands to heal with the balm of
afflided,

" benevolence the wounds of the

and

to

" fweeten the

bitter draught of their misfortunes

with

" the honey of juftice."

in

which period the words

perdazcd,
kerdiden,

s^J^ kerded,

kuned
of

^)^)/,.

and

;;L^

feed,

are

the aorifl

^>j/
and
that.

^j^f

kerden,

^yr^^'^/,

pcrdakhten,

^y^O^

fakhten,

governed by the conjunction

Til'

50

A GRAMMAR OF THE

The
to

prefent tenle
aorill,

is

formed by preiix/ng
I /mow,
j \^.^

or

the

as
:

/ \y^

thou knoivcsf,

> !>^

he hiotccth

gentle gale, pafs by the place which tlmu hiowest, and

difclofe the fecrets of

my

heart

which thou himvest,

With

that fweet

hue which thou hear est on the rofe of

thy cheek, thqudraivest a line over the face of the garden-rofe.

The
verb,

particles

^ and
as

are fometimes joined to the

it,

and fometimes feparated from

according to the

pleafure of the writer,

Purfiie

thy pleailires eagerly, for while thou canfl clofe

the

thine eye,

autumn

is

approaching , and the frefb

feafon

is

passing away.

The

^
ft.

The
work

letter

prefixed

to

the aorift reftraius

;

it

to

the

future tenfe, as /"^^ / will arrive

called ^L*

thus Nakhiliel)! in his

^^ or The

2\tles

of a Parrot, Night 35,

Nakhffiebi,

man who

dclires

to enjoy his beloved

dili-

mufl be adive and diligent:

gently in his
willies.
affairs,

whoever labours

will at lall attain the object of his

After having given this analyfis of the Perfian verb,

will be neceilliry to

it

add a table of the moods and tenfes as

they anfwcr to thofe of European languages.

Verb

AcT:ive,

/M>-^^^ porsidun to ask.

Indicative

Mood, Prefent Tenfe.

Plur.

Sing.

/^ j.^ ^^ I
<^

ask,
ashest.

y^^

>^
'i<r*

?''^

Gsk^^^^^'

<:*

^^^^^^

^^f.,

V^^^

Simple

52

GRAMMAR OF THE
Simple Preterite.

Sing,^

Plur.
i' j^>^j'^

f>^/^

asJicd.

wc

ashed.

O^j^^
>^^^

thou ashcdst.
lie aslicd.

>>^:^j: V^^^ asked.

>^/,,

^^^^y os^(^^'

Compound
^1 o^/^y> thou asked.
"
^'

Preterite.

/
>
**
J

Cy^'^ r ?^'c

have asked.

thou hast asked.

or

e^u^ ^ you have asked.

"

OyCs^^^

^*

"

'^'

/ze /?5

asked.

>) &>^^

^^^^^

/^^fl^?^^

asked.

Preterite Imperfecft.

fJ^j;^

u^as asking.

/ >^^^ ^
>>;^^,
!'^
/*V*

ive ivere asking,

^^y.,
>^^^

I's*

^^^^^^

wast asking.

you luere asking.

^^^y were asking.

*V*

he zvas asking.

^^/

Preterpluperfecl.
^^^^ asked.
^ac?5^ asked.

f^y, ^^^^.

-'^

^ ^y,

B>^^

//^o^^

/ ^V >
> *.

^>;^y.
c^^-v--'^

^^'^
?/oz^

^^^^ asked,

^^Z asked.

)% ^^^jf he had

asked.

Jis^

^^/,

^^^^y

had asked.
Firit

PERSIA.N

LANGUAGE.

Firll Future.

Sing.

Plur.

f^j^^ I
(f^jir

shall ask. shall ask.

ask.

f^

/:i,

^''^ .9//(3//

a^h.

^^'^^'

^"/r.
>^/rr

//^-''^

shall ask.
'^hall ask.

'J^^ he shall

^^'^.'7

Second Future.

>^-,

/^^^

f"

I tvUl

ask.

'^.^j:,

^^^f
j^\f

7/'e ?rill

ask.
^"**^'*

^"^f id^^ ^'/. "^i^

^^^^^ ^^^^^
^^^ ^^^^^

^^'

"^z, '^^f'

y^^'' ^^'^^^

^^^'

^/
Imperative.

they

jvill ask.

j^j.
.

or
let

j^^^ ask thoiu

ask.

j^

him

^ ^

j^

l^t its ask.

^j:,
^

^^ V^^'-'
let

them

ask.

Subjuudive or

Aorill.
^^^ ^"^//
^^'^^'

^^
<^7r.

/ ma?/
^^^^^^

ask.

^
Pot(intial.

/.,

mayst ask.
ask.

'^a
^^r,

^^^' ^"^'^ ^^^'

^^^^U ^^^^V
^'^^'

>-^^ he

may

j^y^^A
P^r^^r. iS^,-^A

-^

'''%^'''

^^-

^^'^-

i<^ ^:^/,

^''^

might,

^c.

ask.

^^'^^^^

mightsf ask.
^^'''^-

U>>^/;

!/ou viight ask.

^^^^y Tiiight ask.

^^^'

'"'.'?^'^

^ ^-^Z.
o

Compound

54

A GRAMMAR OF THE

Compound
Sing.

Future.

^ shall have ashed. f''^^\ ^^r^^r. ,J-\ i^-^ f thou shalt have ashed.

>-L
riur.

p>>>^^ he shall have ashed.

^^'^

/^^"^^L ^^^:^^.
^iJ~\
c^cv^ ^

shall have ashed.

you shall have ashed.

have ashed.

jC^[^

o^cv^^^ ^/ze?/ 5/?a//

Infinitive.

Prefent, cj^^j;, l^
Preterite,

^-^^'^

contracled

/-^^j^

/ (^ v ^J^j;

to

have ashed.

Participles.

Prefent, c)^/,^
Preterite,

and o>^^^ ashing.

o^u.^^ asA-ec^ or having ashed.

Paffive Yoice.

Indicative Prefent.
Sing.

f^^Siy

(^

^^f ^

^'''

ashed.

ijy^^'^ .^ ^^j;^ thou art ashed.

)}-^^
Plur.

P* 9J^j^^ ^^ ^^ ashed.

/^,ji^*'

^
,'V

^^\^jr,

^^^ ^^^ ashed.

yo^^

^^y-^

^x^^.

^^^ ashed.

Preterite.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

Preterite

Sing.

>^>

v Vv^ y x^

71'cis

asliccL

lJ^<,J:^

CyC^y thou
tv-" >'

irast asJicd.

he was asked.

.^^
jL
t.

o>^

?/ozi 2^'C/'c

ashed.

j^^ o>v^^

//^t'y ?rc're

asked.

Preterpluperfcdl.
Sino'.

/^v

f>Oi^ ?>^^ I had

\-_l^ ?>vv^ ^ //?o/
//6'

leeji asked.
/^r/,v/

l/^^
^*/

Zce/^

ashed.

d><j1x CA-V- -

had leen asked. had heen asked.

have been asked.

Plur.

/
\*

>.
* ^

c.v^ix- e>--'r u'e

?

c^:!^
'''^

?><---"

//ow
thcii

>\v

^>

tx-^

had heen

asked.

Aorill.

Sing,

f *,ix 5>'^ /
{J

-^ ?^^3/

^'<^

asked.

Plur.

mai/est be asked. yj^ o>v^y ^^^ Py*-^ ^'^ ''*^^ be asked. / ^.-i^ ^y^r i^'^ ^^^!/ ^'^ asked.
/^/^od/

/*

-L

y _A^

e>v--'^ //ow ///rty

///^'^

be asked.
I^'C

J. y

f*^ D>v- ^

wiO!^

asked.

Future.

56

GRAMMAR OF THE
Future.

Sing.

>^>^ i^^f' ^^/, ^

j^^^iy'

^^^oll
liC

he ashJ.

.c<^f

^>^/

shall he o^sled

/^Siy J^^f'

^^r
D>v^^

^'^

shall be asked.
5^t'^.

Plur. >,.i^ /^"^'^ ^'V^.

>_:^'^

^^'^ 5^/^^^ ^'^

>^

3/02/ 5/?//

he asked.

/.J:^

Ai}^

^^f

^^^y shall he asked.

Infinitive^

Prefent, /M>,ji^
Preterite,

^>^r
^^Ji^^

^^ ^^

asked.
^^

^^y

^^f

have hecn asked.

to the

Negative verbs are formed by prefixing ^ or

affirmative in all the tenfes, as

Sing.

^\^
j)^**

I do not know,
thou dost not
7iot

nefcio.
k?ioiv,

nelcis.

>l^ .^ he does
Plur.

knoiv, nefcit.

^ U "./
>J)_5 ''^

ive

do not know, nefcimus.

nefcitis.

you do not know,

h

>^)^ "J they do not '^now, nefciunt.

"I

o-^.-

cfUi-T

^J>j ^j^ ^

;l

/l>

I know

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

5?

/ hnoir not

why

the damlcls,

tall as

cyprcll'es,

with black
love.

eyes, bright as the

moon, have not the colour of

Uafiz.

OF IRREGULAR VERBS.
In
tlie

ancient language of PeiTia there were very few or

:

no

irregularities

the imperative,

which

is

often irregular
infi-

in the

modern

Periian,

was anciently formed from the

!>
till

nitive

by rejecting the termination ,

all infinitives

ecdun

for origi-

nally

ended

in

,f^

dun,

the Arabs
fyllable,

intro-

duced their harfh confonants before that

obliged the Perlians,

which

who

always afFe6led a fweetnefs of

pronunciation, to change the old termination of f )me verbs

into
,^ tun,

and bv degrees the

:

o'riginal infinitives

grew

quite obfolete

yet they

ftill

retain the ancient imperatives

and the

aorifis
is

which

are

formed from them.

This

little

irregularity

the only anomalous part of the Perfian lanneverthelefs, far furpafles in fimplicity all

guage, which,

other languages, ancient or modern,

of which

have any

knowledge.

This remark on the formation of the Perfian

imperatives from an obfolete verb,

may
it

be ufeful to thofe

w^ho are curious in ancient diale6ls; as

will enable

them

to

trace out a confiderable part of the old Perfian language or Pehlevian

{J X^

which has the fame

as

relation to the

modern

Jyj

or

Perfic,

the Icelandic
p

has

to the Danilh, or

the

5S

A GRAMMAR OF
;

Tilt-

the Saxon to the Englifli

and which was, perhaps, fpoThis

is

ken in the age of Xenophon.

the language in

whieh the works of

Zeratiiflit or

Zoroafter are preferved,

firft

and into which the fables of Bidpai or Pilpai were

tranflated

from the Indian

but as
;

we

rejeded the Saxon

alphabet to admit the

embraced the
ters in

Roman fo the Perlians, when they religion of Mohammed, adopted the characwords and phrafes.

which the Alcoran was written, and incorporated into

their language a multitude of Arabic

The

Perlian verbs that form their imperatives, and confeaorills,

quentlj their

from obfolete
:

infinitives,

may

be di-

Uributed in the following clafles

the old infinitives

may

be found by adding ^(> eedun to the imperatives, and the

aorilts

by adding

to

them the perfonal terminations.

Irre-

PERSIAN LANGUAGE,

5^

I.

Irregulars that

form

their imperatives

by

rejecfling

Infin.

Imper.
fo to

Aorili.

^'^[

draiu a sahre

^')
*)]

^')

^^j]

sow together
to rehuJic to

^M
^j]f\

^^;I;T

^t;T

^'^^^

emir ace

iP^^
.

f^

^*^

i*f^-f\ to cut
ij^j^'i^ to speah Idh/

^\
yliif

/^^S

/;^^

^>Ui)
fj)/^^

to sprinJdc
to press

^^\
^h\

/ Kiih\
^^6\

to

threw down

CT^^

^'^^\
/r
T

^>:/T
l*J^j*^

to fill

^1
J*)
to

to hri?ig

and jj

^^^T and ^^T

J'

^^L

to tinge,
to

weave

^i
^^

^.^

bear
^^
^'^''''''^^'

^^
rj.^4

CI)J:4

A^.

o
Iniin.

GRAMMAR OF THE
Impcr.
Aorift.

-^>|^^

to

read

Jf

^>)

to chive to

huz

^)^^

to resign ^0
to

/T

and

J V

p..

and f^j\^

i*))/-^

shave

/l>Li^

comb

^;-'^Kj>^ to cleave

/M;yXji^

to

Jmnf

Cj)/^"^

to 7iiwiber
to

Cj^^^-^

hear

i\j^y^ to slumher
i^Uj'^ to freeze

^'^
,
.

to press

for

and /X- ^.ii and ^

\^

^
V

/to throw
J

for ^f>wV?
/v' 5;

O'v^
C/'

V ^'^ P^yform "^f to straw

to kill

.'VA'V^

y
to scatter
^ A^iiJ

^tdS:/

PEK5IAN LANGUAGE.
Infint
^,f>[' to
1-.

fil

Iinpcr,
^

Aorift.

move
remain

)!!

^U
>" I*

^J,l^

to

^U

and

,.-Xc':v

^
11.

"^
f

Irregulars that change ^ into j/l

iJ^yA

to rest

(/UT
i)]'}] >^

/ UT
..

^''^^
or ^1,,;.

i'o

increase

or (/l;^

/ / f

Iv'l >

or

/
f
..

I;? >-

The

participle
is

of this

verb,

iifed

in

compound

adjedives,
in sleep,

^yT, as ^^T w^f^^ sleep?/, drottmed

^^^>)
^^yt^
i*jsy^-

^o

besmear

(/!>!

/^.J^'

/o strain to

O'H^
ijL-^

measure

/ H. / i^
^J^;

^^^^j

to polish to praise
i^ strohe

c/l^;

^^^^i^^

cf^^^^^

^^^^^
/^..^*^

C))^'^

^^


Infin.

A GRAMMAR OF THE

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Infin.

'

^3
Aoiift.

Iinper.

^^

^
^^1

to to

dig
say

.1^

^^\i

/
and
{j

^J
fT^^
and
^^i^

^j^sC^J:^ io hear

y^-^
IV.

Irregulars that change

))

j-

into j,

j^

io exalt

*64
Infin.

A graMjMak of the

ImpcT.
to collect

Aorijfi:.

^v"

)y

^)y

^j^L^y

to prcpaj-e to

"J^^^
*

fJ^^^

;c^^jw^

prick

^i^y^ to hum ^)>r to melt

^*f^Sy to soothe

^*)>r

jiy
cf^^^^^

^^U,.^^

to

understand

^.}

to sell

J^.}
V.

Irregulars that change

into

\j^\^\

to fill

^10)

f)^^
z'^K^'l
^^l-j'

^^ICJ'
^^l^)
to

to tJiinh

;ICJl
^1^1

swallow
raise.

^)^^/o

;)^^
j\^^
;t;

^;l;^
f)^'^,
z';!;

^^^)>X.^ ^0 suppose
jyC^)^ /o ^a2;e
MJif

*^
.

.^^0

leave,

pass
^

jJLT

and il/T jri^Tand

I

/;!>/
I

or ^yi<>/

^'^y

to loose,

dismiss

jy

^^\J
VI.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
VI.
Irregulars that rejcdl

65

Aorift.
\\

Infm.

Impcr.
to

f*/^^

plant

^)
{J\j\
(Jl^

^;-'l;T to

adorn

l^T

-yCwjl to Ic necessary
,*/^^\,
to accept

(/L
fj\

/I

./u-lw to deck

^\^
/')^

^y;vJ)^ to

know

^1^

^;
f*/^

^0

fe

(/;
[S y*

^^;

to luasli

y^

^yUjU

fo 'o

resemlle resem

.mU

yU

to vieiv

VII.
Irregulars in

>
^J")
J^ j'\

^^>^T

fo create

^J>y

to choose

^y
R

/T*

>

VIII.

>

A GRAMMAR OF THE
VIII.
Irregulars in
Infill.

^ that

rejed

^
Aorift

Imper.
io accept

^/
r^lTTtUUJ

^/:\.

^^^^

to

take

/
*^
^
e
i

^^;,^

^/
into
e

IX.
Irregulars that change
.

^^Xv^ to leap

^^

^>^
^*x^^

/o

Z^e

delivered

^
/^^^

to le willing

t]^

X.
Irregulars that change

/y-^

into

or

^^j;t^^^ ^0 o^cewcl

^'^

^,-^^
^jX

^^^

to hind

^
sit

^^^Uv*

to

cause to

down

^\^
.*j^

J[f^

-yUwiiv* to sit

down

/^*
XI.

PERSIA X LANGUAGE.

6/

XL
Irregulars that add (/
Infin*

Iniper.
to
I'C

Aorifl.

^^1;

horn

(J]j
(/(^

/
^'

^^^ to caress ^^Uj to open

XII.

(^

(/^-^

(^

^^

Irregulars that reject ,(}

^^Ix-'^ ^a send

C^-^/

/^/
f{
'

^^y

to

place
XIII.

Irregulars not reducible to

any

clafs.

^^UT

to

prepare

jUT
{J\

^;l-T

^^v^T /o coriie-

^J
^Jr

^vU to rise
^^f^
to give
to strike

*^
^^,

^^

^^j
and

^l

^
/^^
f

P Cr^

\,

to

take

.,;;C.Uv-

r}^^-^^

Irifin.r

"Ob

a grammar of the
Infin.

Imper.

Aorift.

and

^^^
lJ)/^focIie
,

CA^

^
,

^j^

CT^

to

write

H,y

f^

Example of an

irregular verb.

^L

yaftun
t

to find.

Contracted infinitive ,^*^i

Prefent Tenfe.
Plur.

Sing.

jjL

.^

thou findest.

^\,
>A^L

<*

you find.
they find.

>^L

.^ he finds.

.^

Preterite.

/"^l

I found.

^.

ive found,

^[^thoufoundest.

^u^l you found.

'

O^H,

^i^fi^^^'

>^L

they found.

Future.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Future, or Aorift.
Sing.
Pliir.

^9

f^K I

sliall

or

may jimL

^
>.;

[^

ire shall or inaij Jim!

^ I tJwu shalt or may sifind.

L^

you shall or may find.

>L

he shall or mayfiml.

A \ they shall or may fiml

yCjL ^//f/ yo^/.

Imperative.
Wi^L or

w^L jiml

thou.

Participles.

Prefcnt,

or ^[fiiditig.

Preterite, J^l having found.

It is better for

me

not to turn

my
\\

face

from patience
heart delires.

it

may happen

that I

may

find
as

hat

my

The contracted participles,

ithasbeen before obferved,

are of great ufeinthe compofitionof words, as -vO)

mirtli-exciHng,

y^ ^J:^
Signifies

from .^^J>^

^\'l^ich

in
to

Arabic
excite:

mirth,

and the participle of

.;u<.

but

of

thefe elegant
fec^ion.

compounds

I Ihall s

fpeak at large in the

n(^\t

01'

f^

A GRAMMAR OF THE

OF THE COMPOSITION
AND

DERIVATION OF WORDS.

O)NE of
the

the chief beauties

of the Perllan language

adjecftives
;

is

frequent ufe of

compound
it

in the variety

and elegance of which

furpalles not

only the Ger-

man and Engiilh, but even the Greek* Thefe compounds may be multiplied without end according to the pleafureand
tafte

of the writer

they are formed either by a noun and the

,

contracted participle, as ,^^/

^.^.^^ heart 'alluring, or by prefixing an adjedlive to a noun, as {Jy^^ sweet-

j; or

smellingy or, laftly,

by placing one

fubllantive before ano-

ther, as j)/x)^ rose-cheelied.

Since one of the nouns in a

compound word

is

often

borrowed from the Arabic, a man who wilhes

to read the

Perfian books with fatisfadlion, ought to have a competent

knowledge of both languages.

the moft elegant

iliall

fubjoin a
;

lift

of
I

compounds

that I can recoiled

but

mull exprefs moft of them in Englifli by circumlocutions;

for

though

we

have fome compound epithets which give a

grace

PERSIAN language;

ff

grace to our poetry, yet in general the genius of our language feems averfe to them. Thus ^T from ^T

/H

which anfwers to the Greek sXikSttiC^ fccms very harfh in Enghlh,

if

a/cum and
we

^%
it

an

eye,

a Perfian epithet,

tranflate

faam-cijcd
is

Lady Wortley Montague's

tranflation * stag-eyed
different idea

not

much

better,

and conveys a
to exprefs

from what the eastern poets mean

by

this epithet.

Adjedives compounded of nouns and participle?.

U^l ,6 gul

efflian

shedding flowei^s,

^U-M

^'^

durr eflhan sprinldbig pearls.

^Liil ^^y goher eflhan scatteiing gems.

^Ui) ^S
fjit^]

teegli eflhan Irandlshing a scymitar.

^^

khon eflhan droppwg Hood,

wounding the

;^;' jj) dil azar afflicting the heart,

J^J

CJ^, J^^^

^^^'^^

soul.

^-C^l

s-^r tab ef ken darting flames,

^-O'

beekh efken tearing up

roots.

.Y^^^ w^t-^

^cng efken cast insr stones.

^^<w^) oy coh efken throwing down mountains

See her letters from Conftantinople.

72

GRAMMAR

OF THE
heroes.

X^) *^ merd

efken overtJwoivhig

^
(T
I

j^

amber agcen full of amhergns.

furiir

^/T ;*/^^

^geen /// of pleasures,

^t^
L

miiriid tivCv fidji'l/ing our desires.

dil

aver stealirig hearts.

.

)/T
;,

j^i*
,

,mI>;^

jehan ara
^

adorning the

ivorla..

and

y)

/L? alcm ara

,T

j.Sy* mcjlis ara gracing the banquet.

\s

iT

dil

ara rejoicing the heart.

^)

iT

J^
^ ,

dil

aram giving

rest to the heart. in battle.

U ;T J
UT
l^-T

neberd azma experieiiced

ruh afa appeasing the

spirit.

,)Ip'

jan afa giving rest to the

soul.

JT

\^ khon alud sprinMed

ivith

Hood.

JT

;ti^
ILj^

ghntar alud covered with

khata alud stained

dust.

JT

zvith crimes.
spirit.

hJI ^
)

ruh efza refreshing the

bill jet

r?)

...jj^/

efza increasing cheajfulness.

;

^^^y-^

yr-^

fhehr afliob disturUng the city

elegantly applied to beauty, to

which likewife

the poets give the following epithet,

Cj^?^ J*J ^"^ efzun increasing daily.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
:f

73

,^1*^

ll-r

efraz raising his head.

L'xaltiv}< his

*)>!

,s

i iicrdcn cfniz

necP,
77

^-^
or

J.il

/L? idem ofmz

^
^

,.

enhghtcmng

,,

the ivortd.

;Ol ^U' jehan

:

cfruz

}|

JtJ

triti

efruz ijjflamina: the universe.

Uh] "f/^ marikch

cfruz hindlingthejight*

a beautiful epithet for the

*

anemone.

^^T

^v

danifli

amuz

skilled in science.

^J

^ kar
tst'*

amuz

expert in affairs,
zvith joyful tidings.

Vv*T

muzhdch amecz mixed

This participle

v,-T is iifed in

a great variety of

compounds.
u-*! y^-^^j nihet
*.,J]

amecz giving

rest,

/^

fitem 'dme^z full of threats.

Vv^T
*^v^T

yyi^

dichd ameez jnixed with honey.

^^
y
V

reng ameez mixed with colours, that

deceitful.

is^

i*)>)

pertu cndaz darting rays.

;1>) s:>^) dehlhet cndaz striking with fear

,M>)
,*f>)
,

iu'T

atefh enda^' casting out fire.

^*

teer endci^ shooting arrows.

>;>

7-1

A GllAMMAR OF THE
*

*>

s^^y^ zulmut enduz

an epithet of the

gatliering darhicssy

nig] it.

y\>l
vjG)

^^j^
.j^[hJ\

ibrct

enduz attracting woifdcr.

engccz
ejt'citwg 7'cspec(.
sincerity,

iltiftxt

vJjI

^J3' khulas engecz promoting

>X

^Cb iitnch engeez liaising a iimudt.

vX;) ,^^^J^^ khejlet

engeez causing blushes

to ?ise.

^n-CJ) ^(iHi^ kbefekan engeez inahing the heart Icat,

VsX;)

^^jl irihad cng^iz producing safety.

^l^f ^;y^
1*/^/^
J.
.

merdum
bcr

obar devouiing men.

sold.

^'b'jan afvecn that created the

dil
fif

1^

ravish er

of hearts.
Z'rec?

^a^

,-'>-^ faveh perver

in the shade,

an

epitliet for
{cGVi

an ignorant young

man

\\\\o

has

not
j^y^
J*jC.

the world.

^^ ulenia pei'.cr cherishing learned men.

L*/
^^^^

perver nourisliing the lody.

ji

(j^^>^

ifl^J^

baz sporting

ttith Jove.

j'f}j^^

rP'Jx. P^^^^^^ pezee'r accepting an excuse.

)hj^*

^'^ turaneh perdaz composing

tunes,

a mulician.
>'^>^. Cj

i'ckhun perdaz composing sentences,

an orator.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

^w

Lii*

nekil bend conipiUng narrafivefi,

An

hilloriaii.

jX
\^

v^ adu bend hp

that enslaves his enem'iefi.

jJ^ fitneh becz spreading sedition,

Vv

otar becz shedding pcrf/nne.

l^v
'^Xf.,

zj^K

nadcreh peera collecting viemorahlc events

the
s/n/,

Cj^^ albman peyvcnd reaching

ip

^.^;>

alcm tab

if/

flaming the ivorld,

an epithet of the fun.

[5

^) doulctjiii
,

wishing prosperity,
sratherins: roses.

,.-^
_s^

(^ Cful

chcen

i^Xj^
,,J

fliukufeh chcen cropping floivers.

,,^r

fckhun chcen

collectinfr

words,

an informer.
*.^

S"^"^ fcher

kheez

rising: in the morninfj;,

C)^ y^"^^"^^

f' khofli

khan

sircetJy singing.

j\J,\y^ ']6hm\^Xv possessing the luorld.

/V!^;

J^C-^*

nukteh dan

sJiilful in suit let ies.

khurdeh been seeing minute C^, e^^

fekhiin ran ^\ j ^1 ^!^ kamian gaining
V
]

objects.

lengthening his discow'se.

his desires,

f*^ khnn reez sheddino: Hood.

76
J V V
.

GRAMMAR

Ol-

THE
stigar,

jO^

flicker reez

dropphig

J golier reez
ghemzedd
^M^v*

scattcr'uigjeivels.

.J^'A aflik reez sheddbiir tears.

dispersing care,

)*>
]^j

zulmet zeda dispelling darkness,

^\,\ rahzen infesting the ^vay, a robber.

jO^ yf"*^^
:

fihr iiz

preparing enchantments,

^l;:^'^ dilfitan ravishing hearts.

wJ^

dilfiiz

inflaming the heart.

fhikar a hunter of souls.
lliikaf destroying life.

iKj:^

^
/

^y jan

^J!:^

/" iimr

yX.^^

^^
t

i^i lliiken

hreaking the ranks.

eciual to the stars in

)\fJ>^ f'
K^-^ji^

enjum fhumar

numler.

j^ kar ihinas

skilful in lusiness.

flieker furufli selling sugar. J^^} yX,i^

j^ 3

^^ khod

furuih loasting of hirjiself

""^'Z

r^

nazar fereeb deceiving the beholder,

j]jf I^ yiger gudaz melting the heart.

J

\jS

U^ fumma

gudaz dispelling a calamity.

light.

JlS Li>
->X
L;

zeja kuller spreading

alem geer sulduing the

icorld.

UlCJ)

dilkufha rejoicing the heart.

PERSIAN LAJS'GUAGE.
liiJ

77

jyiif kiflivcr kuiliA conquering provinces.

,^^' J
*y 'duninirniihccn silling on

.%r^'*

fJiro)ie.

^^J ^'^^ viranch iiilliocn inhabiting a t^* y rehiiiima showing the iray.
j\

desert.

y \^l..^ ghereeb nuvaz

lincl to strangers.

^.^

j\

L)y> bcrbiit nuviiz

tuning a ha? p.

^^L^l^

kam yab

thaf finds 2vhat he desires.

II.

Words compounded of
(J^j

adje(flives

and nouns.

>^^y khob

ruyi with a beautiful face.

(J J?- c'J[ piikcezehkhui havinsr pure intentions.

(J ^^""^

^ khofli

khui of a

stueet disposition.

^^!>H pakdamen

with ujiblemished virtue.

j\^ ^m^f khob avaz with a pleasing voice. ^^) ^^f khob rayheh with a pleasant scent.

d^^

/JA*^ khofli

el han ?i.77A 5?ree/

7/o/t',9.

an epithet of the nightingale, as in

dillich,

this elegant

ij

The

79

GRAMMAR OF

THi:

The

brightnefs of youth again returns to the bowers

the

rofc fends joyful tidings to the nightingale with fwcet

notes.

^^'^J J
/
,

L/f
\*f

^^^^^^ roftar ivalMng gracefully.

feijV;^

fhireenkar ivith gentle manners.

^^
^^v

/^

fliireen

dihen

ivitli

siueet

mouth.

e<vv^

fiah

chefhm hlach-eyed.
this

The compounds of

form are very numerous, an<i

may

be invented at pleafure.

III.

Adjectives

compounded of two nouns.

is

Each of

thefe epithets

a fhort limile.

(/>V

^A
)

P^^

^"}i
.,7
,1.

/.^ (/^peripeyker

)^

iSji^ P^ri rukhfar ivith the clieehs of an angel..

/^JiX*

Gemfhid kulah

ivith the

diadem of Gemshid^

]j\^

Dara hifhmet
aYnQQn fak

2Vith the troops

of Darius

ivith legs like silver..

lij)s

\^
jbsJ

^^Xj^fheker leb

zvith

of sugar.
a parrot..

h^

tut! guftar

talMng

like

PERSIAN LAXGLTAGE.
%-^' -f
iS

79
liJce

ghunclich lob
'

ivlth lips

rosc-liich.

>

>"^^ femcn buvi

fcmcn bcr

ivdJi the scent

jessamine^ of ^ ^

^
-^

.^""^'^

7rifJi

a bosom Uhc jessamine,

J^ gulrokh zvHh cheeks like roses*

ij

^X gulruyi
,} y.i^V'l

with a rosy face.

ij y-Xji^ miithk buyi uith the scent ofmusJi\

.

yaJciit \\xh ivith lips like ruLies.

J)

y^^-i^ iheer dil ivlth the heart

of a

lion^

AVhen we conlider the

yaft

number of

epithets that

may

be compounded after thefe three forms^

epithets are often ufed
for fubftantives

and

that

thoie

without a noun

being expreiicd,
is

we

mull allow that the Perfian language

the richeft in the world.

Thefe compounds are thought

that they fometinies
fill

fo beautiful

by the Perlian poets,

a dillich with them, as

A damfel
l<^'nfes.

with a face like the moon, fcented

like niul>:.

a raviflier of hearts, delighting

beautiful as
tlie full

the tbul, fedueing the

moon,
Tl;e

80

GKAMMAK UF THE
together, prefixed to nouns, forms

The

particle >t

hem

another elegant clafs of compounds implying society and

intimacy, as

.'tJ^^ hcmaflii}ari of the same

s^JJ^lf^

7icst.

hemaheixg of the same

inclinatioJi.

^yj^^
JUvw^l
1

hembezm of the same

hemkhabeh

banquet.

hempifter lying on the same pilhir.

sleeping togethe?\
is,

^ y^\.

^ j^ hemdem

hreathing together, that

very intimately connedled.

The
umeed

particles

t*

iiot,

^
C

little,

and ^^

ivithout,

are
L*

placed before nouns to denote privation,'

hopeless
,

as >vj

na
t*

^^U,^

na

lliinas, ignorant,
;

j^sX^^

na

fliukufteh^fl rose not yet

IHp
less

llown

L^ kembeha of little value,

kem
,r'^

akil ivith little sense;

^l

,^^^

bee bak/eris

^'vw^^

hee aman merciless: this particle

often

joined to Arabic verbs, as

rate, ^_^-J '"7'
"
,

yi

^^ bee tammul inconside-

...

>

bee terteeb

(J

irre^iular. o

Example.

Henceforth

PERSIAN'
Henccrforlli,

LANGUAGE.
rKvnic,
I

JSl

wherever

write thy

will

write

J disc,

2uildnd,

und faithless^

Names
as
OyCj^r^

of agents are generaHy participles active in c>,

fazcndeh a

coinposer

or they are
to a

formed by
;;

adding

ger,

^l^^gar, or ban,
ci

fubftantive, as

a goldsmith, jK^^>

ivritcr, r*j-^l

a gardener.

Nouns of
i^oi\

action are often the fame with the third per*

preterite of a verb, as y.:>^*i

>P

liiylng

and selUng,

j^^S^y ^

>*T coming

atid going.

Adjeclivcs implying pofleiHon or plenty are formed

by

adding to nouns the terminations il,^

fiir,

.^J

keen,>.lashful

mend,
.,.-vU

^^^

ntik,

/!

-sar

or
1^

',

ver, as

y'

*r^^

sorroicfal,

>v

learned,
life.

^^j^]

venomous

/t^>^| hopeful', yy'^ hating

The Arabic words

prefixed
as

*;

zu, ^^^'v^ flihyb,

and

L)

ehl

to
,^

nouns form likewife adjectives of

majesticli,

polfellion,

jib

dignitatc pncditus,

jU^^

^^^\^

beautiful, venultate

prasditus,

^.^^'^

irise,

fapientiil

pr^ditus.

We

may

here obferse, that the Indians ufe a

great variety

of phrafes purely Arabic, fome as

proper

names and

titles

of chiefs and princes, and others as epi-

thets

^ ,

82
tlicts

A GTIAMMAR OF THE
or conftant
J*>'!

adjundls to fubliantivcs
Shnjalicddoula,
Slienifcddouia
J>')

fucli

are the

naiDCs
doula,

'*-C^^
,

/*
-J

Nejmcd-

J4>')

j^'^-

J^>'!

.^

Scstar,

rajeddoiila,

which
the

fignity in

Arabic (he
;

force, tJie

the sun,

and

lamp of

the state

fuch

is

alfo

the title

which they gave Lord CUve,

the flower

y,^jXi\

o>J Zabdatuhnulk
tliey

of the Idngdom

in the

fame manner

feklom
adding,

mention the province

by

of

JK^ Bengala without

,^^^

way

of epithet,

^Hx')

]cnnQt\\[hc\[ni the paradise

of regions, an
>^^.j

Arabic

title

given

to

that

province

by

v^w^'mT Aurens^zeeb. Some adjectives are formed from nouns by adding

^.-^^^'^

.^f

as

fi^^^y^

i^^ )]

golden,

^^ )j^j made of emeralds.

The
that
UliC

termination J! added to fublhmtives forms adverbs

imply a

kind

of limilitude,
^^

as

p^lL*'^

prudently

a prudent man, ^ K

courageousl//,

like

man

of

co>Aras:e.

Adjectives of limilitude are formed by adding

i^^i,

or

'V^

vcili,

to fubllantives, as
like inusk,
.

W ^Ip amber
,^^J^
like

afa,

afa

lilie

amlergris, Ul

^^rii.^

UT

para

disc,

L*^
y*

lilie

magic,

i^*

./^

rde

a rose-hid,

/^

or rr'*y^- like the moon.

Some

PEnSIAN TANOUAGE.

Some
the

adjedlivcs

and adverts arc formed by nouns dou1

bled with the letter

alif

hc^twecn them, as

^JU

up

to

him,
^
'

^\.^^ from
^

the I'Cghunni^ to tJicnuJ,

^^LJ;<^^*;

or

J J J^ 7 u
J

uicniu^ colon red.

Exam|ilc.

A garden,
in

in

which were the cleared

birds

rivulets,

an orchard
:

which the notes of the

v\'as full

were melodious

the

one

of many-coloured tulips, the other

full

of

fruits li'ith various hues.

The two

lirll

lines

of

this tetraftich are ih

pure Arabic.

This termination

^Ij fam, as

well as ^'y goon, denotes

colour, as ^'i^U or ^^
coloured.

J^XT rosC'Colourcd,

f^)/^]

emendd-

From
adjectives

the

compounds above mentioned, or any other

fimple,
as

compounded or
by adding
(/,

may

be formed abfrracl

fubftantivcs

84

GRAMMAR

OF THE
ijj^.,,^j^Ji^ haslifIllness.

X^,^ ^^
cL,.^

lashftd,

^cV'*)^ learned,
//ficA^

i/>^^"
I

')

karnhig.

/^''-^ IJacliness

If the adjective end in

the abflradl

is

made by chang-

ing

into

/, as

^Klv^ 7?e?r^

,^0^^^
j^j^j

novelty.
j\ to

Other abfiads are made cither by adding

perfon of
the pall
tenfe,

the third

as

sight,

I^^U speech

j^ij motion; or

by adding

to the

contradled partici-

pk^

^'U)

rest,
)

^^^^^ praise,
ahf added to fome

rj^lS*)^ temptation.
adjeiftives

The

letter

makes thern

abftradl nouns, as

fpf irarm,

U / ivarmth,
by

Nouns denoting

the place of any thing are formed

the terminations ^l:^) illan,

^1^

dan, ylj zar,

cl^

gah,

or

ja, as

^^j^

negarillan * a gallery of pictures.

The
is

five firft

of thefe names are the

titles

of as

many

excellent books
;

the

Behariftan and Guliftan are poetical compofitions by Jami and Sadi

riftan
is

the

Nsga-

a veiy entertaining mifcellany in profe and verfe

and the Shekerdan

:

a mifcellaneous
I

work
it

in Arabic

upon the

hiftory of

Egypt

as

to the

buliftan,

have feen

quoted, but recoUeft neither the fubjeft, nor the

thefe

Sumnam
j

of

its

author.

The Greeks fometimes gave

flowery

titles to their

books

thus Pamphilus pv.biilbed a treatife on dilferent fubjeasj which he called

As/^WV

iltAA ameudo%v; and

Apoftolias compiled an

IWV/i% ^] jJlSX>^ a garden of

molets, or a coUe6lion of proverbs

and fentencee.

C)^j\:

PKUSIA-V

LANGf AGE
mansion of the spring.

85

^'U^l^^ bcharillaii

tJtc

^'civ^
i'^

gulillaii

a ioivcr of roses. a
cjic.st

or

/ .,. ^ ^vU^^v^i^ Ihekeniiaii

^
,

,jK X^S>^ HiekcrdLiii

of sii^ar.
Ityachitlis.

^IXwX..^,.^ lumbiililtun garden of

C)^/;^Ji^

fliccriflan ///e country

of

lions.

^\:^.^ ]mn\{ii\n fairy 'land.

J

^j^ gulzar a bed of roses.

'

^)Uil lalelizar a lorder of tulips.

o&^lvP' ibadetgah a place of tvorsliip.
Ip-

w'ly^'

khab ja or

&!^

^'^^ ^^^^ g^h Me

place

of sleep, a bed.

The

learner mufl: remember, that

when

thefc

compounds

are ufed as dillinct fubllantivcs, the termination

plural,

^) of

the

and

\j

of the oblique cafe, mull be added to

as

the

end of them,

Sing.

Norn. .^*
U<.^

,.:'

L^.y..

^^J>^

^ giyi

.7-7
^f^^iiii
,

sweet

lips.

Obi.
Plur.

Av^

/r'^O^
u'

Nom.

,;tv> U

L^"^-

,^f

y^^^

o^^r/i-

wit/i

sweet

i-

lips.

Obi. i;'^,

..^.^^^^

The
and

Perfian verbs are

compounded

either

with

jioiins

adjectives, or

with prcpofitions and other

Y

particles.

The

SG

A
verbs
to

GRAMMAR OF THE
the
firll

The

cliieily iifed in

fort

of compofition are
to

^^/

(h,

fj.j^l

to

hing,

^-M^^

have,
.*iy

^^\^^
to striJce,

to maJcc,

^^y--*} to order,

^^jf
shoiv,

to devour,

ij^.y^iolear,
to

^^^^
to

to

^wJw0^oi^^>,^
to
is

become,

^>T

come,

and ^'l^

to fiml.

The

^!>^ to see, ^:h/ moll common of thefe

take,

^^/

which

is

joined in

all its inflexions to

a multitude of Ara-

bic gerunds or verbal nouns, as well as to Perfian adjectives

and

participles, as

Cj^/ j^/^ ikrar kerdun

t\))/

to cor>fess..
to expect.

j^^^

intizir

kerdun

C))/ f^^j
i\))/

ruju kerdun to return,

f^

temAm kerdun

to complete^

t^^/

C\\/
t\))/

^}

/_^

por kerdun

to Jill,

terk kerdun to leave,

'^^^

t^

kerdun

/o

Wse

(oriri)..

Thus

Hafiz,

0"

rt

PERSIA N LANGUAGE.
It
is

87
:

morning

boy,

fill

tlic
;

cup with wine

therefore
eall

the rolling

heaven makes no delay

of the wine
rises

hasten.
:

The
if

fun

from the

of the cup

thou

feekeft the delights of mirth, leave thy ileep.

Ch)^ f^^ hujum

(

averdun
to

to

assault,

f.T

>l

yad averdun

remember.

Jv^U

^
/"

aieb daflitun toivonder,

.iM /./x^ niiizur daflitun to excuse^

."jsj.
yUv^j^

hefed berdun to envy,

Chr

y^'^^ itikad berdun to believe.

,!> 1*^
,tf* 1*^

ghemm
.^

kliordun to grieve.
to sivear.

>*/

fougend khordun
fakhtun to

,:^pU
,;;?' I--

A*] rMien
'^

enlii^hfen.

ter

fakhtun
iltifat

to moisten.

.1*4/ y^li'J!
,,;t:':J
,

numudun

^o esteem.

i^*.>

medhufh

o^eflitun to be astonished.

/^
.

|>

^\^ ghcmnak gerdidun

pedeed amcdun
/o

to be afflicted.

,(>!

>>
/

appear.

,> .jLv^l ihfan deedun

J^'L

^o be benefited,

J^;^ perverifli yaftun to be educated.

.j^/

y^

kenir griftun to be confirmed.

The

88

GRAMMAK OF THE
arc ^'cry frequently ufed
/o

The

verbs

^^j and ^u v/
as

in compofition,
,*',^y"*}

^(>j

tju nareh zedun

to

call aloud^

>AJ fikr

fernindun

co?isider

thus Gelaleddm

Riizbehar,

^\^:lile

the nightingale iings thy praifes with a loud voice,

all car, like

am

the flalk of the rofe-tree.

and Hafiz,

Conlider attentively

where

is

a rofe without a thorn

-^

Some of

the particles, with which verbs are compounded,

are Cgnificant, and others redundant and ornamental, as

Mjt) j^ der amedun

CJyJ*
J^

to enter.
to

^^^ averdun

carry

in,

^^\ ^

M der khaftun
yaftun

to require.

^[
^f>1

js ^^v
j,^

to tinderstand. to ascejid.

her

amedun

^ her gelhtun to i\J^y) ^ ber afudun to

return.
rest.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

89

i'/^h

jl

baz daflitcn

to with-Iiold. to descend.

,<>*] ^^3 furud

'*/^'')
L

amcdcn

/^'.'^

vapcs daflitcn

to detain.

,M^) ^^ ler daderi to

I'diilsh,

to confine to a place.

In the prefent tcnfc of a

compound verb

the particlt;
it is

.^

is

inferted

between the two words of which

j^^

com-

pofed, as i\)^/
Sing.

to jilL

Plur.

^f
JCJ

^
.^

J.
j.^

tlioujillest,

j^
>w

he fills.

^ ^

J,
j.^

you fill.
they fill.

Sometimes the two words of which a verb

is

compounded

are placed at a great diftance from each other, as

"

wellern breeze, fay thus to yon tender fawn, thou

hills

" haft confined us to the

and
/*')!;

deferts."

where o J^
guer,
is

>--

the preterite of

to

confine,
.--

rele-

feparated

by three words.
and
z
is

The noun

has a
ditii-

number of

different fenfes,

tlierefore the

moll

cult

go
cult ^vord in

A GRAMMAR OF THE
the Ferfian language
;

it

fignitics

the head,,

the icp, the pointy

will, intention,

the principal tiling, the aii\ desire, love,

its

&c. and fometimes

meaning

is

{o

vague

that

it

feems a mere expletive, though the Ferlians unfeel its force.

doubtedly

There are derivative verbs

Arabic, v^hich

in Perfian, as in

Hebrew and
formed
/Jy^*l>

may be

called

causals

they are

from the

tranlitive

verbs by changing
,i>^*U5
as

^>

into

and fometimes into

.OjC*
to

shine.

/ja^jLC*

and ,*!^wtLr^o cause

^^ c^^use to arrive,

to shine,

/(yUw^i to arrive.

Cj^^^j

to bring.

heaven

hring that mufky

tall

fawn back

to

Khoten

brings

back that

waving cyprefs

to its native garden..

OF

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

9*

OF PERSIAN NUMBERS.
The numerals and
more properly
invariable parts

of fpeech belong

to a vocabulary than to a

grammar; but

for

the ule of fuch as will take the trouble to learn

heart,.
I will

them by
:

here fubjoin the moft

common

of them

92

GRAMMAR OF THE
llianzcdeh
s/.r/t't.'h.

b^u^
1^

D^Sy liefdeh

seventeen,

ty'^ hefhdeh
it.

eighteen.
7uneteen.

t* ;*y niizdeh
,^^^^,,.wv

bceft

twenty.
beefl

u yek

tiveniy~ont.

J
r

thirty,

yip chehcl
c'v?^

forty.

penjah
llieflit

V
VI
At
^^
,r.

.^'J^^

sixty.

C
t

^IxiL
*l*iiiv

heftad
heflitad

seventy.

eighty.
ninety.

^y naved
yU;>

fad

u hundred.
two hundred.
three hundred,

>^*^ dufad
fiV
(

><3..^ >^2^

feelad leeiaa

iV(
t

M>)\^, cheharfad

four hundred.
five hundred.
six hundred.

j^\, panfad
V

>^2-iJ^ llieflifad

VI

>,ax^ heftfad
^c^'Ji^ heflitfad

seven hundred,
eight hundred.

A<

^>a^ nuhfad

nine hundred.

I"

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
/'"
^-

0)3

i1

V liezar
55
<^<^^^

a thousand

r "
'

-i
.^*

;^>
;^
t.

hczar ten thousand.

hczar a hundred thcmand'

^
I

'

"

'

>c' fad

or

^0

lac

ORDINALS.
'^
,^^i^/

nukhull

first.

^^^ duuiii

second.
third.

fyy^
>ilj^

Hum
cheharum

fourth.
.^^^-f-

radding

penjum

All the other ordinals are formed in the fame manner by

to the cardinal numbers.

ADVERBS.
jLwv befiar much.

w/>) endek

little^

y^

eenja

/ze?'<?.

U^ T anja Merc.

If I could fend
prefexit

my

very Ibul to that place,

it

how

trifling

would

be

Q4
[y^
j

A
]\

GRAMMAR OF THE
{^^
f

ez eenja hence.

j|

ez anja thence

y^<:\ beniu hither.

{f

*)

anfu tMthe?\
ez cuja w/iewce.

cuyd where or

71

hi the?'.

U
4
^

jl

J
,
(

U ^

her

ciij:i

kch wheresoever.
,
' 1

beerun without.
or

derun

1
J

,'5i>l

endernn

The

nightingales

were warbhng

in the garden,

and the

fawns were fportlng oa the

hills.

^^

3 fOrU
.

r ^*^ forud

1 7 7 > veloiv. j

1/7
!lt

bala atee.

That
^I>1

evil

which comes from ahave

*]

is

not

evil.

bamdad
'

or

o^/"feh(' c 1^^^ fehergah

ieher
&

>

'

' the morning. ^w

!^t^^ Ihamgah in
)

the eve7nng,
i ferda to-morrow.

ij^

dee i/esterday^

/A^.^ peilh hefove,

y*^^

pes

fr/ifer.

^r^

PEPiSlAN
,*j^->n ekniin ?ioiiK
,f

L.VNGUAGK.

9^

el^^'T

angah

then.
d'lrectJij.

v; chiin wJien.

fJi^A heniandcm

'/ M hcrkez cvin\

A
^)

herkezneh never.
cz an afterwards.

JJy
t"

licnu'Ayet.
iinlll.

jl >*.^ biid

ta

JLv*1 heincillicli ahvaijs.

A,jA,'i
/rr

ij X biirec once.

deigcrbar again.
ce'e/z.

A hem

also.

nccz

The following

lix

adverbs arc nearly fynonymous, and

fignity as, like, in the

same manner as
t

^ hemchu.
,*^
^'
Itj-

hcmchun,

chencen^

^^^ hemchenecn.
-^Cj'^'f.

chendncheh.

chenankeh.

y cii ivherc P >^ chend /zo?^; ??/;??/

^^^ chim
,,J2jJ
7/oii> .^

j^

cher^ wherefore^

.^

ez behri che on ichat account P

JyG
.

cheguneh

//o?6'

or luhat.

eenek behold!

t^ calh would LT'

\^l^ mcb^da

Ji* megcT perhaps.

lest lij

chance.

A
and

hem
together, t^" alone.

behein

eox^

GRAMMAR OF THE

CONJUNCTIONS.
*1

^w
I

or va
or.

o?ic!.

hem, or
agcr,

Vv*

also.
?/.
7/^^

ya
)

J
^S
leiken,
L

or J ger

^y*
tl

agercheh,

gercheh though.
bel,

emma, ^jU

JX^ belkch

hut.

>Lr^ licrchcnd,

-O^w

herchendkeh although.
.

^^^It benabereen

therefore.
\

^> pes

the??,

inorcQver.

J keh

s'vice.

^] zera because.

X^ megcr

unless.

except. yf j^^

PREPOSITIONS,
jl ez ov
.

from,

hy, of.

^\ aber, or

^^

?//)0?i.

^^
ba

pes

cf/?er.
>,.^

//^^
V

peilh
in,

lefore.
to.

.^

beh,

or

be, joined to the noun,

,

ivlth.

be without.
der
ifi,

iS^^
,M^
,fC#

pehlevi

72ear.

i^

(j*)^ berai,

^::^yf^

bejelietybr.
jl

jf

ezjehet,

^^

ez behr ow account
iS y"
f'j
^^^i

of.

meian

hettveen.

toivard.

^-3 forud leneath,

j,j

zedr under.
/zear,

zeher

al'ove.

^y nazd

INTER-

; !

J^ERSfAN

LANGUAGE.

Q7

INTERJECTIONS.
H
Thus
eia,

Ul ayoha oh/

cT

ah ahl'

puj^ or U.'j^ dcreeglia alus

in the tale

of the merchant and the parrot

by Gola-

leddin Rumi,

e^
Alas
!

/;

>-^ c^y

t^t''"
*

O^-

alas!

that fo bright a

moonftiould by hidden jb

the clouds

^'Je fughan and

that exprefs grief
;

/^^^

efsiis

are likewiie interjeclions

thus in a tetraftich by the fultan Togrul

Ben

Erflan,

(/;.V

^;^-^
I^U

A
f'y^

C^k

J^
J'/
/-)

c^^

)^y:,)

C^.-^

>V

A ^ C/^'

Yellerday the prefencc of

my

beloved delighted

my foul
;

and to-day her abfence

that the

fills

me with
life

bitternefs

alas

hand of fortune fhould write joy and grief book of

alternately in the

my
b

Thi^

qj:^

A GRAMMAR OF THE
This "Tcat hero and poet was the
lall

king of the Scl-

jukian race

he was extremely fond of Ferdufi's poetrv^

and

in the battle in

which he

loft his

life,

he was heard

to repeat aJoud the following verfes from the

Shahndma

r^'v. f-A ;/

cc.'

cr

When

the duft arofe

from the approaching armj, the

;

cheeks of our heroes turned pale

battle-ax,

but

raifed

my

and with a fmgle ftroke opened a paiTage for

:

my
*

troops

my

fteed raged like a furious elephant,

like the
p. 1029,

and the plain was agitated

Thefe
lines are

waves of the

Nile.

quoted by d'Herbelot,

but they are written differently

in

my

manufcript of Ferdufi, v/hich I have here followed.

OF

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

99

OF THE PERSIAN SYNTAX.

T,HE
it
is

conftruclion

of the Perfian tongue

to

is

very eafy,
of which

and may be reduced

has in

few

rules,

mofl

common with

other languages.

The nominative
which
it

ufually placed before the verb, with

agrees in

number and
philofopher.

perfon, as in this pious fentence of a Perfian

'^

Wherefore

art thou come P

if

thou art come to learn the

fcience of ancient

and modern times,

path: doth
?

thou haft not of

all

taken

the

right
all

not
if

the Creator

things knoiv

things

and

thou art come

to feek

him,

know that were

thou

firll

wastjixed,

there he was

present.
* See the Bibliotheque Orientale^ p. Q50,

yet

idO
yet
it is

A GRAMMAR OF THE
remarkable, that
in Pcriian

many Arabic
tlie

phirals

are

con-

iidered

as

nouns of

lingular

number, and

agree as fuch with verbs and adjectives, as

B}' the

approach of fpring, and the return of December,

life

the leaves of our

v^'here

are continually folded.

rij^

/Vly^l

the

plural of

leaf,

governs ;^/C^

in the lingular.

There
fyntax
;

is

another ftrange irregularity in the Perlian

the cardinal numbers are ufually joined to nouns

in the lingular, as ^\^

and verbs
one days.

^.^

'^

a thousand and

If the gale fhall waft the fragrance of thy locks over the

tomb of
from
tlic

Hafiz, a hundred thousand floivers will spring

earth that hides his corfe,

Thefe idioms, however, are by no means natural to

the Perlian, but feem borrowed from the Arabs,

who

fay,

^U

<AJ

,^Ju'l

thousand and one nights.

In Arabic
too

PERSIAN LANCT'ACK.
too a noTHi

101
it

of

tlie

pUiral

number,

it

lignify
aiul
Ir.i-.

tiling

without

life,

rcqiiircvs

a verb in the lingular,

Arabics
verl^s

that of
(iiltinet

the tcminiPxe gender, tor the

genders like nouns, as

The

rivers

murmured, and the branehes

^\"ere

bent (o

adore their Maker.

(^U!^

^s,i'\

^:li

Their cups overflowed with wine, and

my

eyes with tears.

Moft
them, as

adlive verbs require the

oblique cafe in

^ after

If that fair

damfel of Shiraz would accept

for the black

my

heart, I
cities

would give

mole on her cheek the

of Samarcand and Bokhara.

It

has before been obferved (fee page

if
;

r)

that the
,j

^ is

omitted
fill

the

noun be
it is

indefinite

or general,

^ ^U

a cup

but that

Inferted, if the thing be particular

he-filled the

and

limited,

^f

h /^^

cup; examples of this

occur in

almofl every page.

c c

All

102

A GRAMMAR OF THE

ATI nouns or verbs

by which any

profit or acquifilion is

implied govern the obhque cafes, as

Yes

"Whenever the fun appears,

vvhat advantage can

?

there be to * Soha, but his being hidden

The following remark

to the fyntax
:

relates to the pofition rather than

in a period of

two or more members, each

firft

of w^hich might end with an auxiliary verb, the

of

them commonly contains the

the
reil,

verb,

which

is

underilood in

as

The

difadvantages of hafte are many, and the advantages

(are)

of patience and deliberation

innumerable.
fubftantive,

The adjedive
governing noun
is

is

placed after

its

and the

prefixed to that

which

it

governs, a&

^^f
but
^sij^j
* Soha

(J^J

^ beautiful face,

J^

ij^^

the scent

of a
is

rose;

if this

order be inverted a
ij

^^ ^ fcm' faced,
is

compound adjedive
rose-scent ed.
ftar in

formed,

the Arabic

name

for a very

fmaltand obfcure

the conftellatioa

of the Great Bear.

Con-

y>

PF.RSIAN

LAXGUAGE.

103

Conjanclions
motive,
&;c.

wliicli cxprcts conjecliire, condition, will,

require the conj.vmclive, or potential

.. .

mood,

a?.

y^;,

7 ^^
I
,

J
*'
I

[f
*

^*

/
^*-'

f
!

J^/\
If
I

i^-^^^

w^.^ r

>^

had known

///<7i

thy i:bfence would

I

have been fo

forrowful and

afflicting,
;

would not have departed would not have

left

from thee a fmgle day

lingle

thee

a^

moment.
and
interjeclions are fxxed to

Prepofitions

nouns

in the

nominative

cafe, as

have heard that two doves lived together

m
;

one
the

neft,
dull:

and whifpered

their feerets

one chamber
their

of jealoufy had

never fullied

minds,

and the

anguifli of misfortune

had never pierced

their hearts.

10-i

A GKAM^JAR OF THE

S.^lv^l ^\

>^

^ >*'^-

^'

L/-'
*

-^ " v ^

Tlie fpider holds the veil

i?f

the palace of Caviar

the o\n 1

Hands

fentinel on the

watch-tower of Afrafiab.

Tliefe are the principal rules that I have collccled for

the Perfian language

unlefs

but rules alone will avail but

little,

the
:

learner will exemplify

them

in
is

his

own

re-

learches

the only office

literature,

of a grammarian

to

open the

mine of

but they

who

wifli to pollefs the

gems

mull endeavour to find them by their

own

labours.

*
bix:
lignify

,**/J

is

an Arabic

word
"^

fignlfj'ing

a turn, a change, a watch, exciil***-^

'^^

hence
to

i*)^j

Ci^r*

Perfian,

and

\i^ y
is

^^

Turkifh,
is

rehcve the guards hy the founds of drums arid trumpets.

This office

given

by the poet to the owl, as that of

to the
Jpider.

\i>sj' or chamberlain

elegantly afligned

Some

copies have

^^^ y

Inflead of

^i^'y
allufion.

which reading

would make very good

fenfe^ but deftroys the

beauty of the

PER-

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

JOi

A PERSIAN FABLE *.

The Gardener and

the

Nigiitinga}

e.

(/^x

(f

J?

J'f

^^^ ^\

^%

-^>' ^;;/

;:r-' y:

>j:^ ^

^u>

^
Or^J U

(>^ 0;/

;^T

(/;;t
p.

J^

From

the

Anvar

Sohelll, by Caftiefi.

See hereafter,

14L

D D

20G

A GRAMMAR OF THE

'A

^-"..A-

^ f'W' wJ xA

c^/

j^^

Jl^

c^k

X>

;.v

^''J)^

t/>iA.

^^

t}^

d^

/^

-r.

j^A

l}>

PERSIAN'

LANGUAGE.
.

iO/
of;

J^l')

;)

^)/ M:0

1;;1

^f
J>.^

Jl>

y^; C/^

;.

^^__/ ^\

y^c ^L; /,

^t-'^^

JX

^.-'^ ^.^^

^C^

.-

^^^^ vU^vf,

^^> /
'

VlwvO

<'

/'

't*

^-

c^';^'

^^

;;

^\r^

C;t*k

>^'l^

ji

^.

/I

JA

J^.

./ y f\ju\/

(fy/* A')/

-'^
;Jj'~-:.4

U.-^

<.r? z''^-

10^

A G1?.\1MMAR OF TllL

(j-^-:

^,^))

'^h/ ^T^

,yi

jk.

;>yi

J/

13!

I
>U^e.,;
;

t/o-,^*.

Uj

>,l

J./

j^T cfU?

^y_5r:

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

OQ

A
The

Uieral translation of the foregoing Fable.

gardener

and the

NIGHTINGALE.

It is related that a

hufbandman had a fwcet and pleafant

orchard, and a garden

more

frclli

than the bower of Ircm*.

The

air

of

it

gave mildnefs to the gales of the fpring, and

its

the fcent

of

herbs that refreflicd the

foul.

fpirits,

conveyed

perfume to the very

VERSES.

bower
in the

like the

garden of youtli, a bed of rofes bathed

of
its

waters
;

life

tlic

notes of

its

nightingales

railing delight

fragrant gale Hiedding perfume.

And

in

one

corner of his garden there was a rofe-bufli

delire,

freflier

than the fhrub of

and more

lofty than the

branch of the tree of mirth.

of
the rofe-buHi the
rofe

Every morning on the top

blollbmed, coloured like the

cheek of heart-alluring damfels wiih gentle minds, and

the
face
*

of lily-bofomed maids fcented like jellamine.

fabuloii? paradlfiacal garden incniioncd in the Oricntnl

tnW.

i:

The

110

A GRAMMAR OF THE
to lliow
faid,

The gardener began

excellent rofes,

an extreme fondnefs for thefe

and

A
I

DISTICH.
lips,

know

not what the role fays under his

that he

brings back the helplefs nightingales with their

ful notes.

mourn-

One day
went
was
to

the gardener, according to his eftablifhed cuftom,

view the

rofes

he faw a plaintive nightingaje,

rofes,

who was

rubbing his head on the leaves of the

and

tearing afunder with his fliarp bill that

volume adorned

with gold.

A
The
he

DISTICH.
becomes intoxicated

nightingale, if he fee the rofe

lets

go from

his

hand the

reins of prudence.

The gardener viewing

leaves, tore
tience,

the fcattered condition of the rofe-

with the hand of confuiion the collar of pahis heart

and rent the mantle of

with the piercing

the Hime

thorn of uneaiinefs.

The next day he found

adion repeated, and the flames of wrath occafioned by the

lofs

of his

rofes,

AN

PERSIAN J-ANGUAGE.

1 1 1

AN HEMISTICH.

added another fear to the fear which he had hetbre.

The

third

day by the motion of the nightingale's

bill

AN HEMISTICH.
the rofes were pkindered, and the thorns only remained.

Then

the refentment caufed

by the nightingale broke out

in the breafl; of the gardener, he fet a deceitful ipringe in his

way, and having caught him

witli the bait of treachery,

he confined him

in the prifon of a his

cage.
like

The
a

dilheart-

ened nightingale opened

faid,

mouth,

parrot,

and

Oh,

Sir,

for ^^lrdt canfc haft

thou

imprifoned
?

me

for

what reafon

hatl thou refolved to dillrefs

formed the

defire

of hearing

my

fongs,

me my own

if

thou
is

ncll

in

thy garden, w^here in the morning thy bower

Ihall

be the

houfe of

my

mufic

but

if

thou haft another idea, inform

pln-afe).

me

of what thou haft in thy mind (an Arabic

The gardener
fpoiled

faid,

I^oll:

tliuu not

know how
it
is

thou halt

my

fortune,
lofs of

and liow often thou

favom'ite rofe
;

haft dillrelfed

me
thy

with the

my

right

tliat

adion fhould be requited, and that thou, bcnig fcparated

tVom

112

GRAMMAR OF THE
and family, and fecluded from
all

from

thy

friends

joy

and

diverlions, fliouldft
I,

mourn

in

the corner of a prifon

whilll

affli61:ed

with the anguiih of feparation from

in the cottage of care.

my

darling flowers,

weep

A DISTICH OF
INIourn,
lofs

HAFIZ.

nightingale

if

with

me thou

regretteft the
lovers,

of thy

friend, for
is

we

are

two mournful

and our employ- ment

weeping.
refolution,

The

nightingale faid. Depart from that

and

conlider, that if I

am

imprifoned for fuch an oiFence as

tearing a rofe, \^iiat will be thy puniHiment if thou tearell

ii

heart afunder

VERSES.

He

tliat

formed

tlie

Iky

by exact meafure,
evil
if
;

knows

th-e

right rewards for

good and
to

whoever does well,

he does
ill,

good will come

attend him.

him

and

evil will

This difcourfe taking

effect

upon the heart of the gar-

dener, he fet\he nightingale at liberty.

his voice in his free Hate,

The

bird tuned

and

faid.

Since thou hall done

me

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

113
(in the

me

this fervicc,

according to the fcntence

for
benclits,
it.

Alcoran)
?

Is there

any recompenfe

but benefits

it is

necelTary to reward thee for

tree
it,

Know,
a coffer
full

that under the

where thou
it

flandeft there

is

of gold

take

and fpend

to fupply tliy wants.

The gardener
what
a

fearched the place, and found the words

;

of the nightingale to be true

he then

faid,

O nightingale!
the coffer of

wonder

it is,

that thou

couldft

fee

gold beneath the earth, and not difcover the fpringe upon
the ground
!

The

nightingale faid,

Dofl thou not

know
is

that (an

Arabic fentence)

when

fate defcends caution

vain

AN
It is impoffible to

HEMISTICH.
contend with
fate.

When

the decrees of heaven are fulfilled, no light re-

mains to the eye of underflanding, and neither prudence nor wifdom bring any advantage.

F F

Lfi^

114

A GRAMMAR OF THE

OF VERSIFICATION.
jL
to

he
be

modern

Periians
:

borrowed

their poetical meafures

from the Arabs

fully

they are too various and complicated

in
this

explained

grammar

but

when
written

the learner can read the Perlian poetry with tolerable eafe,

he may receive further information from a

profeffedly

treatife

upon verification by (/>w^ Yahidi, who was

of metre which are ufed by the
of them are

himfelf no contemptible poet.

There are nineteen

Perfians, but

forts

the moil

common

pj j^ or
^

the

iambic
;y

meafure,

or the trochaic meafure^

and T

y
feet

a metre that conlilts chiefly of thc-fe

comand

pounded

which the ancients

called

'E7riTpiTiiC>

w^hich are
nately,
as

compofed of iambic
amatorcs piicllarutn.

feet

and Ipondees

alter-

In lyric poetry

thefe
as

verfes are generally of twelves or fixteen l}llables,

Btbui

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

115
bukfhaycd
I

Bebui na

fei
I

kakher

sebl zan tur

I

re

Zi jadi zul

fi

mufhklnefli

chi tub uftad

u der dllha.

When

the zephyr difperfcs the fragrance of thofe miifky

locks,

what ardent

deiire

inflames the hearts of thy

admirci^

They fometimes

confifl

of fourteen fyllables

in this

form.

as

Ta ghanchc ekhendanet
|

devlet be
I

kc khahtd dad

AT Ihakhi

gidl rana

ez behri

kc mlruyl
rofe

Ah!

to

whom
?

will the fmiling

bud of thy
!

lips give

delight
life

fweet branch of a tender plant

for

whofe

doll thou

grow

or in this,

as

Goihem

he

mc
!

bcr

kiili

ney u nagina
j

ti

chengucft

ChEfhmem

he

me

bcr

liilT

to u gerde

flii

jamcfl

My

Il6
^fy
ear
pipe,
is

A GRAMMAR OF THE
continually intent upon
foft
tlie

melody of the

and the

notes of

tlie

lute
lip,

my

eye

is

con-

tinually fixed

upon thy rubied

and the circling

cup.

This kind of meafure

is

not unlike that which Sappho ufes

in thofe elegant lines quoted

by Hephellion,

IToflco SoLiiLzldx "uroctSog

^^aSivoiv Sl 'A(ppo^iT<xv,

which he fcans
r>^VXs7oi

thus,
T^, OVTOl Sv
(7CC

[Xoi

VlX[AOCl

K^EKSIV

TOV lajcV

no9w
Other

^oc[jLs7

"urociSo; fS^oc

S'lvciv ^i'

'A

(p^oStTtxv.

lyric verfes contain thirteen fyllables in this form,

w.o-|
as,

jo-o-j--

Seba be teh

nelti peer

meiforolh

amed
I

Ke musimi
Tlie zephyr

tarb u elfh

u nazu nolh

amed

comes to congratulate the old keeper of the

joy,

banquet-houfe, that the feafon of mirth,

tonncfs,

w^an-

and ^vine

is

coming.
or.

rnilSJAN'

LANGI'AGE.

II7

or,

oas,

lu-.o-o

Scba belutf bogou an

I
|

gaziili ra

ni^ra

Ke
This couplet

ser

becouh

va bjiiban

to dadcl

mara
\X\'i

lias

been

tranllated in

another part of

grammar.

Sec

p. 89.

The

Perfians fometimes

ufed a mcafure

confilling of

trochees and fpondces alternately, like thelc vcrfes of Catullus

and Arillophanes.

Cras amet qui

nunquam

amavit, quique amavit eras amct,

thus Hafiz,

Aber

azari

beramcd badi

neuriizi vazecd

The vernal
breatlie.

clouds appear, the gales of the picafaiit feafon

But the moft

bles,

common

Pcrfian verfe contains eleven lylla-

as

118

GRAMMAR OF THE

Chuukeh gul

reft

va gulillan derguzertit

Nelheiivi zan pes zebulbul fcrgnzcilit

When

the rofes

T\'ither,

and

tlie

bower

lofes Its fwectnefs,

you have no longer the

talc

of the nightingale.

In this

lalt

meaftire

are writ ten

all

the orcat Perfian

fubjecls,

poems, whether upon heroic or moral

as

the

works of
the

Ferdufi,

and of Jami, the Boilan of Sadi, and

excellent

Melhavi of the
anfwers to our
fo

Gelaleddin.

lliis fort

of

vcrfe

common

heroic rhvme, \^"hich

was
of

brought to

high a degree of perfection by

Pope, and

which the

Engliili poets wdll

lefs

do well to

retain, inftead

adopting the
I

harmonious meafures of other nations.

the longer

have dwelt

upon the

different forts

of

verfe ufed in Perlia,

becaufe there are few books or even

common

letters written in the Perlian language,

;

which are
all

not interfperfed with fragments of poetry

and becaufe

the Perfian verfes mufi: be read according to the paufes of

canfion:

thus the following

:

elegant couplet quoted

by

Meninlki

1^

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

ly

mull be pronounced.

Tebader die ne her

tarec

buved zulfee
zefumbul pu

tera fad cheen

Ke

fazee bcr

gulee furce

de

cheen ber

cheen

with a Ilrong accent upon every fourth f\ilable

and

it

may

here be obferved, that the Perllans,

like the French,

ufually accent the lafl fvllablcs of their words.

As
limple
;

to

the profody,

nothing can be more eafy and

^

their

vowels

alif,

van,

and (/ ya are long by

fapprefs, are

nature; the points, which

naturally
fliort
is
;

they

commonly

and every

fliort fyllable jl
:

that

ends with

a confonant

long by pofition; as
^/"^^^ semen
licences
;

'^.^^ Shiraz,

Lt^^
fliort

sumbul,

^it^ dehan,

but the Perlians, like

other poets,

have

many

they often add a

to the

vowel which does not properly belong

the
firll

word,

as in

ode of Hafiz,

Lkci^

^1:31

J^ Veil aftiidu muflikilha,

^'
*

and

,yo/^^) ^

cujii

dunendi hall ma.

They

120

GRAMMAR OT

Tii'E

Tlacy alio fliorten fome long

lyllablj^.s

at pleafure
;

hy

omilting the vowels

iH'eruii,
it Js

alii',

van, and i< ya

thus ^';^^

which

is

a fpondee,

becomes an iambic foot when

fame manner y^
)

written

^*^
is

berQn

in the

is

ufed for

jd^,

and .!>

for ,!*v

Tlie
t\j,

omillion of

alif is

more
as in

common:

fo tj

put for

and /M*^

for

^Uil,

this beautiful couplet,

''

Call for wine,

and

fcatter flo\%'ers

around
r" lb

what favour

" canlt thou expcA from fortune

this

fpake the rofe

morning
?

nightingale

\N'hat fayefi;

thou to her

maxim

In which lines ^liJ^isufed for ^\h^}f shedding flowers,

and f,^""^^

for ol^^:^^^ the morning.

I lliall

dole

this

feAion wdth fome examples of Perfian

hemistich^

verfes

from the ^^y^* or

differs

to

the

\^h

or

ode,

which

from the d^,^' or elegy

in nothing

but the

number of
fewer than

the diftichs, of which the ode feldom contains

five,

and the elegy feldom few^er than tw^enty.

I fhall

PERSIAN LANGUAGE,
I fliall

121
fliall

not

fet

down

thele examples at random, but

leled fuch as are remarkable for beauty of fentimcnt or

delicacy of exprellion.

ol^^X^

AN HEMISTICH.

He

tliat

plants thorns will not gather rofes.

^M^^ A DISTICH.

crk c^^
The caravan
lies
is

^ ^A

-^*

'>

^^>
;

'

departed, and thou

;

fleepefl
?

the defert

before thee

whither wilt thou go

?

thou alk the way

xifl
?

what wilt thou do

whom wilt how wilt thou

of

,S\,

A TETRASTICH.

^/

^r

^^
H H

<J

Jh

At

122

A
that the

GRAMMAR OF THE

At the time

dawn

appears, doft thou

know
?

for

what reafon the

bird of the

morning complains

He
loft

fays, that it is fliown in the

mirror of the day, that a

whole night of thy

in indolence.

life

is

palled,

while thou art

Another.

J
(/U-

-I

"A

"

Jjli"

,.J ^^-^,

Boft thou defire to be free from forrow and pain a

hear

maxim more

valuable then a precious

gem
;

Defpife

not

thine enemy, though

if

he be

diltrefled

and truH

not thy friend,

he be proud and malevolent.

In

all

the Perfian: elegies and odes the the fame rhyme,

at the

two

iirft

hemif-

tichs have

which

is

continued through

the whole

poem
in
is

end of every
firft

diflich.'

fliort

piece

of poetry,
together,

which the two

.^iaiJ

lines

do not rhyme
fable

called

a fragment; as

this elegant
:

of Sadi on the advantages of good company

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

lUS

(^>

ij..r/^

>^>^^

}\

>r;

Oiie day, as I

was

in the

bath, a friend

of mine put into

hand a piece of fccnted clay *. I took it^ and faid to it, " Art thou miilk or ambergris ? for I am
"'

my

charmed with thy dehghtful

I

fcent."
;

It anfvvcrcd,.

'^

was a

del|3icable
tlie

piece of clay

but

was fome

''

time in

company of

the rofe

the fweet quality

to

^'

of

my

companion was communicated

me;

other-^
1

*'

wife

I fliould

have been only a piece of earth, as

**

appear to be."

y^'-'*^

ghili khnflibui, a l<in'^

of unfiuous

cLiy,

which the

Perfiuus

prfumc with eiXcncc of roli-Sj and ule

in the baths iulUiui of foap.

124

GRAMMAR OF THE
rhyme together through
{Jy^'.*
as

^\^len botli lines of each couplet

a Avhole compofition,
it

is

called

in

the

fol-

lowing examples

Such

is

the nature of inconllant fortune, neither her mild;

nefs nor her violence are of long duration

fhe exalts
for
flie
is

no one

whom

flie

does not at

lafl

opprefs

light in her aiFeclion,

but mofl

harfli in

her hatred.

*'^

*/

^-

The happy* Feridun was not an angel he was not formed

;

An

ancient king of Perfia, highly celebrated for his eminent virtues.

The

leanied and excellent d'Herbelot has

lines (fee the article

made

a miftake in his tranflation of thefe

Farrakh in his Bibliotheque Orientale) for not recolle<5ting

the fenfe ^^

rakh was a
nanimity.

7 P happy, he made a proper name of it, and tells us that Farman whom the Perfians coniider as a perfeft model of juftice and mag-

When

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
of mu(k or ambergris.
tice

1^2

He

gained his reputation by juf-

and

liberality

be thou juft and liberal, and thou wilt

be a Fcridun.

/-"I

There was an affectionate and amiable youth,

betrothed to a beautifid
girl.
1

who was

have read, that as they

fell

were

failing in

the

great fca, they

together into
to
th(;

u whirlpool.

When

a mariner
his

went
hand,

young

man

that

he might catch
I

and five him

frorr*

r.-

y26

A
pcrilliing

GRAMMAR OF THE
in

from
:

that

unhappy

juncfture

he called

aloud,

and pointed to his millrcfs from the midft of " Leave me, and take the hand of my the waves
:

" beloved."
fpeech
ia,y
;
;

1 he whole world admired him for that

to

and when he was expiring he was heard

tale

" Learn not the

of love from

that

wretch

"

who

forgets his beloved in the hour of danger."

Thefe examples
thofe

will,

hope, be fufficient to undeceive

who

think that

the Aliatic poetry coniiils

merely
is

in lofty figures

and flowery defcriptions.

There

fcarce

a leflbn of morality or a tender fentiment in

any European

language,

to

which a

parallel

may not be brought from

which
always rhyme togethis

the poets of Alia.

The

verfes of eleven fyllables,

are ufed in the great Perlians poems,

ther in couplets.

It is unnccellliry in
6>v,^*
{'h

fedion to give
as
it

an example of the Perllan

only in
its

or

elegy,

differs

length from the

turns

or ode, except that the

Caffideh often

upon

lofty

fubjeds and the Gazal

comprifes for the moft part the prailes of love and merriment, like the lighter

odes of Horace and Anacreon.

The moft

elegant

compofer of thefe odes are

^^ Jami
and

PERSIAN LANCUAGE.

127

and il^U

Ilafiz,

each of
poems.

whom
1

has

left

an ample collec-

tion of his

Ivric

mav

confidently affirm that

fimilar fuhjects

few odes of the Greeks or Romans upon

are

more
:

finely poliihed

than the fongs of thefe Periian

in their

poets

they want only a reader that can fee them

original drefs,

and

feel their

heauties without the difad-

vantage of a tranllation.
Hafiz that offers
itfelf,
:

I lliall tranferibe

the

firll;

ode of
I

out

of near three hundred that

is

have paraphrafed

when

the learner

able to

underlland

the images and allufions in the Perfian poems, he will fee

a reafon in every line
rally into

why

they cannot be tranllatcd

lite-

any European language.

>^V ijf

)\,

[S^

l/

28

GRAMMAR

OF THE

y\
>^'V

J^ ^:>^;

-^

(^^'

4
iS^

(/-^ ^^'^

l/^

The

rofe

is

not fweet
is

\\

ithout the check

of

mv

beloved

the fpring

not fwect without wine.

Tiie borders of the bower,

and the walks of the garden,

are not pleafant without the notes of the nightingale.

The motion of
flowers
is

the dancing cyprefs and of the waving

not agreeable without a miftrefs whofe cheeks

are like tulips.

Tlie prefence of a damfel with fweet lips and a rofy

com-

plexion

is

not delightful without killes and dalliance.

The

rofe-garden and the wine are fweet, but they are not

really

charming

^\'ithout the

company of

my

beloved.

AJl the pictures that the hand of art can devife are not agreeable without the brighter hues of a beautiful
girl.

Thy
,

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

2p
is

Thy

life,

ITafiz,

is

trilling

piece of money,

it

not valuable enough to be thrown

away

at

our

tcaft.

The
ing

lall diflich

alludes to the Afiatic cuftom of throw-

money among

the gueils at a jjridal

:

feall,

or

upon any

other extraordinary occalion

<l:i*

the Perlians call this

it

money
cheeu,

nilar,

and him who

collecls

,.K-r

j^SC

nifar

I fliall

conclude this

grammar with

a tranflation of the
letters
;

ode quoted in the ledion upon the Perlian

p. 12.

fee

If that lovely maid of Shiraz would accept

I

my

heart,

would give

for the

mole on her cheek the

cities

of

Samarcand and Bokhara.

Boy, bring
find

me

the wine that remains, for thou wilt not

in paradife the fweet

banks of our Rocnabad, or

the roly bowers of our

ISIo fella.

Alas

thefe

wanton nymphs,

thefe fair deceivers

city,

whofe
of

beauty
reft

raifes a

tumult in our
like

rob

my

heart

and patience,

the Turks

that are

fcizing

their plunder.

K K

Yet

130

GRAMMAR OF THE
need of our
face naturally?

Yet the charms of our darlings have no

imperfedt love
;

what occalion has a

lovely for perfumes, paint, and artificial ornaments

Talk to

me

of the fingers, and of wine, of futurity

;

and feek not to

difclofe the fecrets

for

no one, however

wife, ever has difcovered, or ever will difcover them.

can

eafily

conceive

how

the enchanting beauties of

fo deeply, that

Jofeph affected Zoleikha

the veil of her challity.

her love tore

Attend,

O my

foul

to prudent counfels

for youths of

a good difpoiition love the advice of the aged better

than their

own fouls.
ill

Thou
do

hail fpoken

of

me
!

yet

am

not

offended
w^ell
;

may Heaven
bitter

forgive thee

thou hall fpoken

but

words become a

lip like
?

a ruby, which ought

to ihed nothing but fweetnefs

Hafiz!

when thou
to

compofell verfes, thou feemefl

: :

to

make

a Uring of pearls

come, ling them fweetly for

Heaven feems

have Ihed on thy poetry the clearnels

Pleiads.

and beauty of the

The

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

1.31

The

wlldiiefs

and
I

fiinplicity

of

tliis

Perfian fong ple.ifcd

traiillale it in verfe

me
I

fo

much, that

have attempted to

the reader will exciile the lingularity of the meafure which

have

iifed,

if

he conliders the

ditTiculty

of bringing

lb

many
I

callern proper

names

into our ftanzas.

far as I

have endeavoured, as

was
;

able,

to give
I

my
as

tranflation the eafy turn of the original

and

have,

nearly as polTible, imitated the cadence and accent of the

Perfian meafure
flands
;

from which every reader, who underperceive that the Afiatic

mufic, will

numbers are

capable of as regular a melody as any air in ^letaftafio.

A PERSIAN SONG.

Sweet maid,

if

thou

^a

ouldll

charm
;

my

fight,

And

bid thefe aruis thy neck infold

lilly

That rofy cheek, that

hand

Would
llian

give thy poet

more delight

all

Bokhara's vaunte<l gold.

the

Than

all

gems of Sarmarcand.
-

Bov,

132

A Boj,
let

GRAMMAR OF THE
yon *
liquid ruby flow.

And
I'ell

bid thy penfivc heart be glad.

:

Whatever the frowning zealots fay

them

their

Eden

ci^nnot

Ihow

A A

llream fo clear as Rocnabad,

bow'r fo fweet

as Mofellay.

Oh

when

thefe fair,

perfidious maids,
infell,

^Yhofe eyes our fecret haunts

Their dear deftrudlive charms difplay.

Each glance

And
As

robs

my tender breaft invades. my wounded foul of reft.

Tartars feize their deftin'd prey.

In vain with love our boforas glow

Can

all

our tears, can

all

our fighs
?

New

luftre to thofe

charms impart

Can cheeks where

living rofes blow.

Where

nature Ipreads her richefl dies.

?

Require the borrow'd glofs of art

Nfc.-'

'><

<2

mghed ruhj

is

a commoii periphrafis for wine In the Pcr-

lian poetry.

See Haiiz, ode 22.

Speak

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

133

Speak not of late ah

change the theme,

And

talk of odours, talk of wine,

:

Talk of the flower's that round us bloom

'Tis all a cloud,
'tis all

a dream

To

love and joy thy

t}iou<i;hts

confine,

Nor hope

to pierce the facred gloom.

Beauty has fuch

rcfifllefs

pow'r,

That ev'n the chafle Egyptian dame *

Sigh'd for the blooming

Hebrew boy
came

For her

how

fatal

was the hour.

When
f

to the banks of Nilus

fo

youth fo lovely and

coy

But ah

fweet maid,

my

counfel hear

(Youth fhould attend

when

thofe advife

Whom
While

long experience renders lage)

ravifli'd ear.

While mulic charms the

Be gay

fparkling cups delight our eyes.

;

and fcorn the frowns of age.

Zuleikha, Potiphar's wife.

f ^okph,

What

34

A GRAMMAR, &C.
"What cruel anfwer have
I

heard

And
Yet

yet,

by heav'n,

love thee Hill

lip
?

Can aught be cmel from thy

fay,

how

fell

that bitter

word
fill.
?

From

lips

which ilreams of fweetnefs

but drops of honey
lip

Which nought

Go boldly forth, my fimple lay, Whofe accents flow with artlefs eaie,
Like orient pearls at random ilrung
;

Thy

notes are fweet, the damfels fay.

But, oh, far fweeter, if they pleafe

The nymph

for

whom

thefe notes are fung

END OF THE GRAMMAR

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iii

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An

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YL

p. 4-11, et fcqq.

136

A CATALOGUE OF
f J
^/

dcfcription of

tlie

Indian empire,

written by the order

of Sultan Acber by a focicty of

lation of
this

Ikilful

men. A tranfufeful to
it

book would be extremely

in

the

European companies that trade

India, as

contains

a full account of CYcry province and city in the domi-

nions

of the

Mogul, of

his

revenues
all

and expences,
and

both in peace and war, and of ceremonies in his palace

;

the cufloms

together with a defcription of

Qj'f.

the natural productions of his empire *.

The

actions of Sultan
his

Baler

written either by himfelf, or

under

infjpeClion. This

book contains a minute

account of that prince's wars, and a natural hiliory of

his dominions.

Oxf.

Xhe

history

of Cashnir, by a native of that extraordinary

country.---A very curious and entertaining work. Oaf,

^U
The
hiftory of the lives
Sefi

o't;l

tj^
from the

of the Perfian kings,

head of the

family to the death of Abbas the Cruel,

improperly called the Great.

Oxf

This work was tranflated by Mr. Francis Gladwin, and publiflied at Calcutta

in three volumes 4t0i and fince, at

London, in two volumes 8vo,

PERSIAN BOOKS.

137

The

select chromcJe.'T\\\'^

work

is

an excellent

liiflory

of

Perfivi,

and has been tranllated into Arabic and Turkifh.

o.r/:

iliort hlll(jry

of Perfia, in one volume,

Oxf.

by Khandemir,

a learneci and agreeable writer.

The

heart of histories.

A copious

hiflory of the Perfian

empire, written in the middle of the (ixteenth century

by

Abdallatif, a native of Cazvin.

The

look of victory.

hiftory of the

life

of Timur,

commonly
tiful

called Tamerlane, written in a moll beauftyle.

and elegant

An

account of the
fliah

lives

of the Perfian poets, by DevlctPar.

of Samarcand.

The

hiftory

of the

life

of Nader Shah, king

of

Perfia,

written by Mirza Mahadi, and tranflated into

French

by the author of

this

grammar.

M M

POETRY.

138

A CATALOGUE OF

POETRY.
Sliah

Nameh.

colleaion of heroic poems on the an-

cient hiftories

of Perfia, by Ferdufi.
i)oetry

See the treatife

of Nader Shah,

on Oriental
i^&..

added to
Priv.

the

life

II.

p. 248.

Oxf,

The works of
Priv.

Khakani;, a fublime and fpirited poet.

Odf-

The odes of Haiiz

Lond. Oxf. Par,

fee
Priv,.

the treatife above mentioned.

{S>^

"^^^
'^

The works of

Sadi

containing ^I'tJ^ or ihe led of roses,

or the rays of lights

^^y^
but
I

or the garden, and ,,::^U>

firfl

The two

of thefe excellent books are very

lall:

common

have not feen the

they are
all

all

upon moral

fubjeds^ and are written with

Perfian language.

the elegance of the

Oxf

^!
;

^U
and the moth, a poem,

The works of Ahli containing, y^ laiiftl magic, a poem.

ill::-

^U^^

^ T'^''^ the taper

> Ls2^

\^^ l*y
^.^[^'j

a hook of elegies. a lookofodes,.

s^U'p

Oxf

PERSIAN IJOOKS.

139,

Tlie

works of Jiimi; containing, among

Ul

others,

'X-L^
,

the chain of gold, a

poem, in three

books.
([

y\

(LL^
;^-*.

^^* S-elman

and

Aha

I,

tale.

\)^)

the loves of Joacph

and Zuklkha,

very beautiful poem.

*jJJ^

XJ

the hvcs of Leila

and Megenwn.

^U

,^^J\ a collection of odes.

^ilX^y^^ the mansion of the spring,

,1^111
jl

"Jy' the gift of the noble,

th*^

A\ "^

manners of the just

VXj

A book

of elegant odes, by MirKhofru.

0,i/-

^y)

t>r/^'

J--:

-V

vv2

poetical

work Mesnavi,
furnamed
Perfia,

upon
and

leveral
;

fubjeas,

of

religion, hillory, morality,

politics

compofed by
is

Gelaleddin,

Rumi. This poem

it

greatly

admired in
Or/. Vriv.

and

really dclervcs athniration.

140

A CATALOGUE OF

The poems of

Anvari, which are quoted by Sadi

in

liis

Gulillan, aiid are

much elleemed

in the Eafl.

The works of Nezami

^y3^[}\
jX^^^

containing
secrets

fix

poems

jS^] the

of lovers.

s:iJ\ the seven faces.

^

/ r'y^s.ji^

^j^

the loves ofCosrit arid Shhin.

^^ jyCS^^ the life of Alexander. Cjy^ ^ X^ Lteila and Megeiinn,

j^y^U\

a tale.

c)y

^^^^

treasure

tf secrets.

Land. Priv.

Pendnama, a book of moral fentences, not unlike thofe of

Theogenis in Greek,
Attar.

by

^Iki/

/^^>^>>/

Ferideddin

Lond. Oaf.

The works of

Catebi,

containing live poems

/^y^l
w-^t
e^

^-w-f^ the junction

of two

seas.

the ten chapters.

fj-tP ^

/V^
^

hcauty and

love.

^ya^

j^^

the conqiiei'or
loves

and triumpher.

^)>IU ^ ^\^^ the

of Baharam and Gulendam.

There

PERSIAN BOOKS.

1^1

There nre many more

PerfKiii
;

hiftorics

and poems written

in

but

tliofc

above-mentioned are the moll celebrated

of the

in

Alia.

The

poets

lecond clafs were

J y^j
i3'>--^;

Roudeki, wlio tranflated Pilpai's fables into vcric;

Reihidi,
the

who wrote
j)oeni
grexit

an art of poetry called J^"]

;

'*l\,^

inchaufcd ganlofs
heroic

(/^U'

Ahmed

i,

who compofed
:

an

on

tlie

actions

of TanKn-Linc

not to

mention a
are very

number of
in

elegiac

and

lyric poets,

who

little

known

Europe.

PHILOSOPHT.
The
Canopus. x\ very

light

of Solcil or

elegant paraO.if.

phrafe of Pilpai's tales and fables, by

Cafliefi.

The

touchftone of learning

more fimple

tranflation of

Pilpai,

by

Abu

Fazl.

O.if.

The

Perfian tales of a thoufand and one days,

tranflated

into French

by

Petit de la Croix.

142

A CATALOGUE OP

Scganiliin,

tJie

gallery of pictures, by Jouini.

in profe

mifcelverfe.

laneous \^^ork upon moral fubjedls,

and

There

is

a beautiful copy of this

book

in the Bodleiai^

jjbrary at Oxford.

Marsh 397.

fy ilem

of natural philofophy,

by

Isfahani.

Ojf

The

natural hiflory of precious flones.

Oxf,

There are many books

gebra,
Phylic;

in Perfian

upon Geometry, AlRhetoric,

Agronomy,
all

Mechanics,
to

Logic,

and

which deferve

be read and lludied by the

Europeans.

The

Perlians are very fond of elegant

manu-

fcripts; all their favourite fine filky

works are generally written upon

is

paper, the

ground of which
:

often

powdered

with gold or

filver dull:

the

two

firfl

leaves are

commonly

illuminated, and the

whole book

is

fometimes perfumed

with elTence
Jofeph and

of rofes

or fandal wood,

The poem of
Oxford
:

Zuleikha in the public library at

is,

perhaps, the mpfi: beautiful

manufcript in the world

the

margins of every page are

gilt

and adorned with garlands

PERSIAN BOOKS.
of flowers
;

113
elegant to the highcll

and the liand-Avriting

is

degree:

it is

in the collcdlion of the learned Greaves,

i.

The
is

Afiatics

have

many advantages
and never
tliey write,
;

in

writing
;

their ink

extremely blaek.

lofes its colour

the

Egypthe

tian reeds

with which

are formed to
their letters

make

iineft llrokes

and

flourifhcs

and

nm

fo Cvafily

into one another, that they can write falter than any other

nation.

It is

not llrange, therefore, that they prefer their

;

manufcripts to our beft printed books

and

if

they fliould

ever adopKtlie art of printing, in order to promote the

general circulation of learning, tJiey will
preferve their claftical
ftill

do right to

works

in manufcript.

I fliall

conclude with a Perfian ode in four Afiatic

fliall

hands, and

add a few remarks upon each of thcra,

I.

N
Tliis
is

K H

I,

the form of writing ufed by the Arabianij,

;

who

invented the charaAers

as

every Pcrdan ftudent fliould

it

acquire a knowledge of the Arabic,

ought therefore to

be learned.
Perflans,

Tiiis

hand

is

frequently employed by the

\\

and the
is

hifl:ory

of Nader Sliah was

ritten in

it.

The

Nilkhi
in

the parent of the Taleek, and of

all

the other

hands

which the Arabic and

Perfian languages are

now
IL

written.

IM
II.

T A L
The Taleck
the rerfians.
is

i:

K.

the moll beautiful hand writing \i{cd

by

In a charader called Nuftaleck, compounded

of the Nifkhi and Talcek the prefent edition of this

n}ar
is

Gram-

printed.
p;raceful
tlie

It

difFers,

however,

confiderably

from the
vcral o{

turns

and beautiful

fiourifiies

of fe-

manufcripts.
as

The Nuftaleek

characler here

ufed

mav be

cahly read by Europeans as the ^ilkhi.

In the manufcripts written in the Talcek hand, the llrokes

of the reed are extrernelv
fcarccly perceptible.
lines of
fine,

and the

initial letters

)*

are

As

the Perfians always write their

an equal length, they are obliged to place their words

in a very irregular

manner

if

the line be too

;

fliort,

they

lengtiien

it

by a

fine ftroke

of the reed

if

too long, they

Avrite the w^ords

one above another.

In the Perfian poems

a couplet
as

the tranfcribers place both

members of

on the
do
:

fame

line,

and not the

firll

above the fecond,

we

PcrHan would write the following verfes

IFifh ravisli'd ears

in this order hears,

The monarch
Jffects to nod.

Assumes the god,

It

muft be

confeil'ed; that this irregularity in writing, joined

to the confufion of the diacritical points,

which are often

it

placed at random, and ibmetimes omitted, makes

ditficult to

very

read the Perfian manufcripts,

till

the language

becomcjs

M5
but

becomes familiar
in the

to

iis

this difficulty,

like all others

world, will be infcnfibly furmounted by the habit

of induftry and perfevenincc, without which no great dcfign

was ever accomplilhed.

III.

SHEKESTEH.
In
cd
;

this inelegant

hand

all

order and analogy are negled-

the points

which

dillinguifli

from
for

t'j,

^ from

--y

and Si^ from >^, J^ and^.^, &c. arc

ted,

moll part oinit^

^-re

and thefe feYcn

letters,

) )

j ) j

connected

with thofe that follow them in a moll irregular m.anner.

This
is,

certainly, a conliderable difficulty,

tranllate

which mull be
letter:
it

furmounted before the learner can

but
I

an Indian

am

perfuaded

that thofe
Itill

who

chiefly
is

complain of

have another

difficulty

greater,

which

their imperfect

knowledge of the language.

o o

NISKHL

li6

K H

I.

J'

':

^^

(^^!u\a^ A:^ /*-v^

aJ

lXXs (^^U^ ^T-^

147

NUSTALEEK.
>T^ JL
-B'

ADYE
jL
iill

Pt

M E N T.
hoj^rd, of coniideraLK*

he
to

following Index will be found,

;iiul

it is

](\irncrs,

to tliolc

in

particular

who

arc ^mp^o^idcd

with

diclionarics.

It is

not onlv intended as a

liteial alpliabetieal

explanation and analylis of the exinicls and authorities fr(;m the

various writers intcrfpcrfed through the
bulary,
it

Grammar,

hut, as a voca-

may

be emplo^'ed to achantage, by in^printing on the

ufctul words.

memory
It

number of

may

not be improper, however,

progrefs in
tliis

to inlorm thofo

who

have

made but

little

language, that,

in eonfulting

any
and

dictionary, there are a variety of infeparable particles prefixed

annexed to words, which mult be analyfed or feparated before the

meaning can be found

,^^^-vw^!^

for example,
is,

which

literally tlgnifies to desire

;

muft not be looked

for

under the

letter

but under
io,

the

prefixed being the infepadesire,

to be.
it

rable

prepofition for,

in,

^\i

implying
of /M^^^

^c. and

,^^^

(for ^j^^l) the third perfon prefent

It

is

unneceflary to
trouble
if

multiply examples, but

will fave

the

learner

much

he keep

in

mind, that the principal of thefe

prefixed particles are,

!)

the Arabic article the.

^^

(or

before words beginning with

I)

the charadcriliic of

tiie

firft

future,
.'

and fometimes of the imperative.

in,
to, for,

^ or
}

the prepofition

&c.

prefixed fometimes by

way

of pleonafm, to wliich no trantlation

can give any prccife meaning.

L

U'itJi.

luithout.

p p

ADVERTISEMENT.
J
>

iSov j)) frorrty

zt'ith,

by,

&c,

(for

/)
or

iih'ich,
^^'t

2vhaf.

^
^
to

^
(or

charac^eriftlcs of the prefent

tenfe. Thefe charac-

teriftics

of the prefent are frequently omitted by the Perlian authors.

before words beginning with

I)

the negative prefixed

imperatives.

^ or; (or

j before \vords

beginning with

!)

the general nega-

tive prefixed to all other tenfes *.

Tlie following particles are

commonly annexed
pronouns

to w^ords

The
^
^\ or

poii'eiiive

imj,

mine.
fhi/y thine.

our.

^^ s^]
^li'iSy

or ,^M^
its.

^jT"^^ your.

her,

.t

or

ja.

their,

.jl
i;

the plural of nouns having reference to living creatures*

the plural of inanim.ate nouns.,

or
1

f
1

the poetic vocative.

cafes^.

the termination of the oblique the third perfon prefent of

^M^v-^

/N"

io he,~
;

fj
after

is

fometimes equivalent to our a or one

)

and

at other times
is

nouns ending with

caie
;

or
it is

c it

marks that

the-

following noun
of.

m the genitive
The

and

then equal to our

Perfian writers

make frequent ufe of the

contradred infinitive;
as >v-^ ^ or >v-- T

when

the learner therefore cannot find fuch

words

in the Index, let

^^' Cj^^j^ *** The a prefixed to fome words in the Index ftiov/s that they
for

him look

^^u^ ^

are of Arabic original.

*

Notwithftandlng the above obfervations, which will

fa ve the

learner

fome perplexity in

confulting diftionaries,

many of the compounded

words, and fuch oblique tenfes as differ moft

from

their infinitives, are for his greater eafe and. fatisfaftion inferted in this Index.

INDEX.
/
w^T Water, fountain:
j^S

luilre.

.\^f\

pi- (>f
;

affairs,

con-

upon: a cloud.
to

ditions
^
<

fecrets.

a A

pl-of ^ the

jufi:.

cV''^

to
I.

draw a

sz^wc^, hnifcy &?c.

^^*^!

colour, paint, conip. of^^S

a y'v^ choice, liberty; prudence.

water fl7iG?\,^)0; colour.

a
jLw'l Abfal,

j^\ end, finally;

another.
pofterity.

proper name.
(father of vir-

a z^/') moderns;

V^yS Abufazel
tuc)

a ^^) Adam; a man: ameircngcr

I^J

proper name.
(father of the

when.

>^i^^^ Abuleis
lion)

yl;' the gthPcrfian month; vernal.

proper name.
to luordsj thy.

f^

fire,

v^) (annexed
^^'t fire.

cf^*iy ^^

province of

jNIedia.

^Jiv'T fiery.

yT bringing, bring thou,^}'. .ru^.T

(/l^T or \jj adorning,
,;u-I^T to

a mark, imprefiion..
to plant.
pi.

from

^s]
a

adorn.

^\^\

o/"*i> the

eyes.
free.

m\ ^\ reft.
^^.^|

a j\^\pl.ofy the noble,

jg

worth, /rom ^i>J;/

bring, /;'o/ ^*.;,!

^''

Cr,;^'

C^';^'

^^^^^ g^^^^-

,;l

may

a ^(L^l aprefent, favour, benefit.

y^:;.^)

f.,f^ty, rectitude.

a>/)Ahmed
praife)

(moil worthy
7iafnc.

of

^j)lrcm,?iameqfafalulousgarden
in the East.

a /jropcr

i/
; from.
>^)

/'

.-I />/,

o/^v-- fecrets.

^IjT

he

fcts at liberty.

c U'^l
O'-^r-'
.

hea\"en. to rell.

DH

C/5^;T liberty,
^
I

^'
I

afflicting,

/row

i!

faimed' cd

to

zvordsj

their.

rj)j^J^ ^^ rebuke, affliel,

wound.

^,^-1 a tear.

^1

jl

from

that.

j^]

c]ear, evident.

l/'Tjl thence,
^r;t jl

(/l^i-T

love,
:

friendiliip,

familik]
t/,7''/

from

this.

rity
>,.^y^
of.
}
1

knowledge.

U^

/
/!

/M

hence.

dillurbing, yro7;i

^
'^'

on account

;;?yil to difrurb.

/y. )^

vvhcrefore

why
of,

^'vJl^-T

a nelL

^^^^

y!

on account

<7

w^l ij^) confufion, pain.

tsjjl afflicted,

from ^i\jp

^\J^\ pi.

o/*,^yi^ parts, trads.

U
^

jl

whence.

j!>*^l equality,
^lij;^)

temperance.

UjT experienced, /ro??? Ch^^)'^

,yi;UjT temptation, experience.
i\^sy^)^

a
a

belief, faith.

great

greater.

to try, tempt.

jit) a beginning.

^jL^
^

yj

from amidfl. from one another.

^

m\^\

pi.

of ^^^ branches.

'^Z^,
i\\sj^

j'

y:^ J;) to embrace, a il^l pL of j^

^pJi^s] to cut.
rivals, jealoufy.

to

few together,
refembhng: appeafmg.
loth

like,

^^'UT

reft,

from ,*J\yJ

w^l^T the

fan.

^^~^f a horfe.

^^\
*

or

^bl

a bottle;

a coffer.

^ /^^'^^ hearing, found.

^^l::?! to fall.

(/>;*/ /ir") they

lillened.

j\^\ exalting,

//'OTTZ

^\/\

J'
wlvvvj^l Afraiiab, proper imnic.
l*r-^*/^ to inflame.
j^^?) inflaiwing,
f/
I'l

but, except.

^/

y^^JsJ] eftceni, relpecl.

lenity.

from

tlie

ahorc.

a /w-l gcnlicncfs,
n
^Ir'l
y;;-,-J^l

^(>

)l

to create.

nuifical notes.

1*/}^ creating,

from

the above.

the mind.

K'l or \J^p\ increafiug, jront

1*1

a ,^'! a thouland.
^yi fprinkled, llained, 7 /'>///

)*J^^

to incrcale.

i*J^p^ increafiug.

^^yi
(f'

to fiain,

fprinkle.
;

//'y^

alas

,c^^ ^ God, heaven

>,
aid,

divine.

/M_5yU3) to fpcak idly.

/Mlii) fprinkling, fliedding.

r/>Jl ///e yf //'. article prefixed to

flrength, hand,
to ivords)

&c.

^>Uil

to fprinklc, fliedj

^1

(annexed

mv.

i\j^/^\ to prefs.

^^U)
jUT

to prepare

to be ready.

..X^) throwing, from

/V/>^C^i to throw.

preparing.

rt,(Ul lecurity,

mercy;

fincerity,

a ^)>?)

^/. o/' ^>if cups.

>l he came

coming.

a fi^^^\
a
^1 3*1

their cups.

^f>T

to approach: the approach.

-

affirmation, confirmation.

^^^
)^-*l

>l coming and going.

a .S] Akber (greater) prop, narfie^

to-dav.

or i^]

intelligent, vigilant

^^^jj^^^l to-night.
,ju^,^T to learn,

knowledge.

teach.

y1

if,

^;y1 though.
^ia/J" to
fill,

/7

iT

fkilled, teaching.
I

Jt
^yj
^JI"
a
j)

filling.
)

now.
full.

>^T
^v-'

^^.

to mix.

liope.

/;>;*' hopefii!.

a prince, a noble.

Me

article the.

:^,jj^ >'4^^-<*'

Mirkhond

ikili,

01
propel' mnne.
j^*T
(/^) or ^! or ^ he,
j*/-'-'^^
llie,
it
:

his,

mixing, from

hers,

its.

^1

he: that: time:

now.

y^
a

^1

himfelf, herfelf.
voice, Ibmid: fame.

^L*T thofe.
,*;C'^Ij]

*UTa
i*j^

to

fill.

^ pi'

^f cj^ times.

;lli:ol

defire,

expedation.

X^\ devouring, fwallowing,/ro7?j

yO^L^) to devour.

1/ T there, in that place.

;/
)

bringing, yro77i

J*

or

^[f

liars.
1

^^;/
to him, &c.

/*)

him, her,

it;

j^^!>l to throw,
^j>) throwing,
i*J^jJ^ within.

dart.

from

^
the alove.

L?^>^' P^'

Rf CV^ leaves.

^,j^l
^,J^\
little.

to bring.

^^y^l
,^^>) to gain, gather.
a
,

a throne: a manufaclur-

ing village.
^

>

to belmear.
fi

f-^^\
j^f

pi' oj ^J^ affairs, adlions.

:

;,>) gathering, gaining.

.

fii*ft

the beginning,

Aj>) thought, confi deration.

thither.

/V:^*^
!

forefathers, the ancients.

^1

.;;^

to hang.
fkilful
:

.-\^! that which; he who.

L]

endowed with,

^CJT

or

fil^/T

then, at that time.

poiTelTed of: people.

.X'-K^j
^

to think.
' )

to excite, raife.

^T
(/T
(/!
ft

a fawn.

>v^Cj! railing,
i7y 1^*
)

exciting.

coming; comethou,yr. /(>T

or
!

Anvar (fplendor)j5rop.?2a???e.

O!

5zV?z o/" f/ze voc. case.

UT
^'

thofe.
/^/.

/L

times, days, pi. of a*,

;U'

of

rivers.

^^vCvwJ to Hand.

thev:

their,
ty-*-^~'j

{J^[
thciii:

once
thou, /r. ^;;^L

theinfelvcs.

to

;l playing, play
L

them.
;;;P ij\

again,

anew

O
the

Sir

,;^--U *l

to ^vit^l-ho]d

a .%J
,J

rig'ht

hand.
thcle.

o>;L a player; playing

this.

,jlj)

-^L being, be thou^

U' L

//"owi i^j^y^

U^

here.
''I

a balhaw, governor
it

lb,

thus.

>^L

may

be;

it

may happen,

r
Ul

hither.

from

^f;,.

^JC^S behoia.
^cj a mirfor.
thefe.

^>J^'-t^ to fprinkle, difTufe

c^L

a garden.
to

^ti^L a gardener
:

^^t
a
i'L

weave

to tinge

nature.

the remainder; permanent

fear, care

^^ t

^^
J

pure, charte, clean

affe(5lionatc

with; in:

to, for.
:

jlj
fnice.
Ji/

with, poflelled of

more pure
t

>,^L a gate; a chapter,

.^Lu
*/L

innocent, nnblemllhcd

^t Baber, a proper name.

beautiful, amiable

^L
^L
L>i>

to phiy.
air;
let it be.

owl
!l

gentle, pure,

lovely

thcwind,

wing

an arm

zephyr; a gentle gale; the

above, upwards
to iLrain
ii^

eaft or
e^t w^ine.
il

morning ^ind.

.uJt
,I>*L
c^v't
^ua-'L

tlie

morning

a load, baggage.
Pcrfian.

fifteen
five

^yL

hundered

4
f\
>L
togellicr
it

might have known, fr. ^'uJ

is

ncceflary,

from
from

^r^-^.l
(jTl

:>

p'ivc

thou,

/ro7?z

/u!*

-l>l

pcrinanent,
iSs^

^^> confpicuoufly, pubhclj

,f>^!>> to become confpicuous
C^

foot, cjid
,v"'-'^ to

the partkipic of

"V

have

^>
^^

accepting, //w/?
to accept

^JCv^'t

to be necciTarj
to accept

,*P j-/^
full.

i*f^\^

the bofom

upon
car-

^^^ he took'or bore up

/f/-^ fear \\\ou,

s::^ >

upon thy bofom, ^

from i^J^^}
from
i*j/^y^

rying, ravifliing,
C)'>r^^A
to rell

/row ,u^

J^y^^

he
:

killed,

Thefirst appears to he redundan t.

J" (pi. ,^\^s,!*^^'

I fliould refl

ail

infant

, i><Ty- to afcend
(/ly
for,

for

becaufe

(^

metre

the fea.

>Ty
mj'y,

arifes,

comes, fr.

i\jM'ji

}\)/

the Iambic meafure.

iijy a harp, lute

\<\/ the Trochaic meafure.

a ray, Iplendor
to
rife, arife

a -

chy

>

a kind of verfe, con

Jt-~lr^

fifting of Iambics and

Spondees
,*/'^Uj^ to linifli,

a
!

^.y

eompofe

dual of /^ the tvNO

feas.
^*K^^^

compoling, completing he
finiflies,

'^

Bokhara, name of a place.

:1^^^

performs

.,*:x/

to boil
,;tt)^ ^

.V
.

to raife exalt

J*'""

woidd

give,

from

,M^

;^

to bear, carry,

lead

.^j^.ty^ to give.

>
me
^^^
,

^
-.

they carry off

a veil tapellry

>
^'^

bad*

^>^ bad of

&^

h!>
.''>

to or for thefe

(f !o,v a

chamberlain, porter.

know

thou.

l>

^j.^ alk thou, alking

j^j.
j^j.^

is

arrives

^'ji^^ a

garden

bread

above, on the top or head

to alk
vvc Iiavc alTced

O
jt
>

to bind,

Ihut

,i>u--' -

a boy, child

>'

o>^y

much, many
J^'^l it

,,M^^^

he went away.
a leaf; power; arms; ornamiitical inftnimcnt

'"^

bioflbincd

^^

^'

let us

break
:

men; a

a .^j^^
a

^S^^t

prudence

jlL^ lazy: a mifcreant

fruit lefs.
>ot.^

^J

>

to return, recede

a JL^ vain,
>^^ after.

/r^*--J^^ to afcend, mount

/^Tyl

afterwards

^).^ a
i^j.

butterfly,

moth
;

U^^
edu.^ji^^

2fi?

pcrsoii impcrafite,

from

a protestor, nouriflier
;

i\j^y^} to

command, &c.

cating

educate thou

^K

is

to

my

delire

C}))^A ^^ educate, nourilli /pj^y education

1*)^/'^

>^(i^ he

fliall

dig,yro7

^^
i*j^ijj

;f>X leave thou

*,C

without, out of
together

lay thou,
it

from
pafs,

;i/

^^

^y><-^
,

fliall

from

i*f^A ^^ beware, abllain y^ abftinence, chattity

{JJ, an angel, fairy
.jLvj
-

L It

but
misfortune: without
a country, region
a nif]^htinc;ale

a a

^IL

ruinous, difordered, fcat-

LJv

tered

..^^^^ but
.^_
,

^>

under, below
to witluT, deeay
/ro/;i

_i^'^^

a tiger

*j^j^'}^

a,X
,

yes
it fliall perifli,

>,l>,,^^ they will give up,

*;>

//o?//

/',

^'w

therefore

>
>X.

J'X

mourn
five.

thou,

from ^>^C

all,

every one; fortune; pre-

oi/'

fifty

excellence

A^^ Baharam
^,,
the fifth

(the planet Mars)

binding, compiling; bind thou

advice, counfel
to fuppofe, think
^7^^
-^

proper name
iS*X/ the breaft, fide; near: the

^
*>X
it

ancient Perfian language.

,^\)^

can bind,y)w/i

^
,.-

together, one with another

without

jJ!u2X

a garden of violets

yy^
:

Ihowed, Jrom /M^y

The

Iv

come

thou,

from /^>T
:

prefixed seems to he i^ediindant

to be

.jL'^^ a defart

uncultivated

/LI
a
.

fliall

find
t\)sjyS

O^y^
94*.

JJ'^y^ they were,

a
little

from

)L bring thou, from

]j^y^

yiU white: brightnefs.

a cup

branch

JL

C
,

excufe r*]y ^^
Y*f
f

a KllS a garden
kifled,

^J^lw^ fearlefs

^hUL
from
owl
{Jjy*\^^

faithlefs, mercilefs

bc^*/

>v^^ he

thou
T

fhalt learn,

from

i^\/^y to hide, cover, conceal

^y an

owl.

the ^y^^ to

,^i^^

a houfe; a difiich

(/y fragrance, fmell.

J^ (/*/

Llx^ inconfiderate
.

rofe-fcented
in,

^^^v";t^ irregular
afliflance

^ good:

into

Jl^^^ without

the fpring ^y^ ^Ixv^iL the manfion of the fpring

^^

a root, origin

j\^^ without a thorn

.j^Jf chearfulnefs
jY^

j^
account of:

ignorant
to
fift

becaufe, for, on

,,;^

.,x^

to take captive

^-^HJi>^^ falie, faithlels

t^l or
C*

^1^ {annexed to ivonh)

that, in order to

thy

W.. openly: a dilrovery

JA-y^
-v^^

until,

lieartlcls,

dircoufolate

w' n^Mt, liame; fplendor;Ilrength

defire; a fever;

old; an old

man
.

contorfion,

adorning, colleding

/M^wU*

to caufc to lliine
Sc-c.

.;c-^l^ to deck
t[J^j^^

/C
fr.

rnay turn,

from

without, out of doors

^>jC

to turn, twill; to fhine,.

;

j^^

llicdding, fitting;

,*/^

make warm

to be able

,^;^vww^

twenty

^^\i
^C
novelty
.

bright,
tvvift
;

fhining
haften
;

/Ay^ betbre; the front

U""^''
1

^Y^t* to

wager

innumerable
inconlhmt;
afflicted

obfcurity; a

hair; a thread,

H^^

the fumiTiit
-1^1" fpoil, prey, ruin

^TfeCv.
...

new.

,^'CJ^

Aw

the face, form

p'yC obfcurity, darknefs

an elephant
fear,

a ^'jt

a-

hiftory, chronicle

^
C^,

danger

wX.;t' ^ark.
Cyt* frelh,

/-^.yT darker

j'vv^^^

unequalled

new, }oung
freth,

^^^'^^^^ to

meafure

^'fijC
^;;JL'*

more

&r.

feeing

to inflame,, burrt

^^
l;Clv

may lee,
L:;}
)
,

loth

from

i*jj^y

a
L"

UC confideration, fpeculationlet

or

^ endlels

alone,, leave,

relinquilli

JyU

helplels, unfortunate

a Jj' a prefent; rare, elegant

,*f^y^

to join, touch

a ^^> prudence, advice; govern-

>^^

touchhig, joining, reaching

a

ment
ij^ji'

regulation

a record, obligation.

f
"

moift, frcfli
;

end: completely
Z

)y thcc
J,\
'^

to thee
,-

U/

a wifh

fupplication

harmony, modulation
"./ a

the body, perfon

alone, only; folitary

tomb
LX."

a .^^^ } order, regularity

y* thou: thy.

^r
of

thyfelf
hiftories

^^^ thou
(J

feareil,

from

/ )W
it

(pi.
is

c M^
0>u^
/^

to fear

^ ^n
;

^!^r

poiliblc, />'.

^j;^\y

thou mayefl fear

a "jy repentance; converfion

,*f^y
to Collect to

a ^y:J' pointing; ihame, anguiili

^
a

pay debts

} a beautiful man or \^'oman

;

a y^>A^" congratulation
^^.^yrwretched,empty,nakcd,poor
'IS
>s."

Turk

leaving, relinquilhing
;

i^
a
a J^\

correcting

arranging

an arrow
fliarp
;

the river Tigris

palTionate

compolition, invention
0/'

violent,

JU."

JU." ^U)

omnipo-

^J* a fword

tent

God
hanging,

Lf^' hafte

(jJ^
fian

dependent

a ij '^ moifture

the moll elegant kind of Per-

a
hand-writing
a
:

t the conftellation Pleiades

IjUT negligence
JC*

contempt
;

^^

precious

the eighth

a^

relaxation,

walking

con-

templation

J^ bitter, ^8L/^ bitter in the mouth

feverely

U
feeing
&

a place

4^U an enchanter; enchanting

;U a remedy
filTure,

[VJ
J

diversion; fpecftacle,
full,

-t^-'*

perfed:;

completion.

^^

a breach

^J))

v-/tj to tear
'd

^jXa^

what
-^

doft tliou do
'^)

cmnp/7/tf

^[^

cup, glals; mirror

^/
'id

(/^>"'

^vhat,

rt;?^

^*\^ a mantle, robe; a

bed

person prrs. of *j\/

?

^U
^Cl?
(/)?

ii

colledion
foul; a beautiful

^M how

what

/nUtbc

woman

(I

^y^^J'\
glory
ot"

Jelaiedihn

(flift

fouls; friends; lovers

religion) proper
:

name

^U delighting
life,

the foul

a >L- a vuhune

tlie li^in

/lyU having
a
a

an animal

JU".

beauty, elegance

,r^^ the forehead

yC-

^Ji>'.

Jemfliid, proper
colle(R:ion,

name

lludy, endeavour

^*
>%

allembly, troo]w

1^ which; wherefore, why?

a y^-^^/'
-^

a garden,

meadow
meadow

(pi;

w^^'Z") a wound
tlie

j^j^'f

a verdant plain,

fortune

world, globe

^(It^ in like

manner
manner, thus

-O;

CircafTia
'<x

^
examine

lA^
ID

in this

a
)

J^
*p

crime
except, unlefs

a ,^1^ or J^ paradife

or

v^

.,:<,.^

to leap: to feek,

>V how many X >^ how often?

?

an eye
^*

jhIxvJ^ fairy land

a fountain
talte, try

y^J^^ a harp, lute

*r

^>viu^ to
^\

when

(or

.^)
from

like, as
.*.*

o>^ I have tailed a >v a curling lock

^U^ a kind
of mufical
inllru-

v" feck thou,

^.^1 at

an anfwcr

,'l*r

young;

young man

inent, a lyre, a lute

^!^; youth
hcart,.(*r

^G

the

heart.

;.5>^

piercing

how? when

s s

S^f^, when
Xf *:^

that

a JaJ^Hafiz

(a

man

of great

me-

Jouini,

name of an author
feek,

mory) name of a poet

J

*''^

thou

mayeit

from G

U a condition,

ftate

a thing i

time prefent

^ ^

what, which
leaping, yro?/^

a ,^jj^U motion, action; flate

/V^^

a
^'

j^^ imprifonment
(P^'

il^ four

e^yl^ fourteen

^f ^/^) garden? ^ w--.>^ news; an accident

CH^^

/^\\p^ four hundred

-^yG' the fourth

a j)ff caution
a

.^^ p
yUvj?

motion

a vowel

^L^

the world

a a

enay, malevolence

IjlCJU' conqueror of the world

ij>l;?'

,j^p beauty,

elegance

pollefling the

world

a ,j;^"^
a

follow^ers, troops
:

c./^^ diligence, folicitude

true

truth, reafon

fincerity: truly
jj;

what

^;:>wvs^

what

is it?

a decree;

wiiHom
a miracle

Ju^ he gathers, from /M>^

K./:^'

(/yCs^
..sC'

^ ^

what
what

dofl thou feek

doll thou fay
?

a
?

^^^c fcience;
>

wife:

a dodlor, learned

China: a ringlet

man, philofopher, phyfician

/ *>^
a
a
\}h

jT^i I

may

gather, ^/o'w

lawful a bath

A^

a >* praife
<Z

v*

p-Unecellity

poverty

a Ji,'^\f
dents,

Cph of ^;t^)'

acci-

news
fupport
:

CL
,

Ui^

arriving;

completion;

a
harveft,

produce

profit

Jjf

aflxilance,

a for-

^
trefs
;

eminence, mountain
[pi.

J>^\^y a prince, lord, patron

\^C^\y^
^Bo^

\*f?

of ^:>^U) neceila:

O God O
!

heaven

ries,

nccefiitics

things

>'>^ the only Lord

friend of
Itatcly,

God

a
a a

^:^tj? lite;
,

portico; veltibule

j[Jy^

God, prop, name

Vs-

[pi. of

J^^) frauds.
;

^D^

pomppus
fcll,yro/
i

^\

living, life

an animal

ii

>^/! murmured.:
:

^^> intellecl

fmall
fubtilc
;

c^^ minute,

minutia[^
I ^in

^U

a thorn

yJ^^

contented.

fA^f

jU;1? anguilli, refentment

contented.

(3>"y^ content

^Y^^U to rile a ,^b pure, excellent

.

^^^ charming, pleafant

;

noble.

/f^P

a cock or hen
:

a h\S n]ind, heart, dilpoiition

jSU Khakani,

7iame of a poet

i/-)/ ^-igp^ emotion an attack >^ buying he bought

;

^U
a a

earth, dull
a

Cj'^'f

tlie

autumn
Cijrits

jU

mole

ofi

the face

.j^ Khofru,

/U^'U the

Creator

^
Ls^
II35'

Khezzar, proper name

a mullacho
ii
;

^U
\)^

a lord, grandee;
(pi.

an inn

a
a

a line, rule

of ^\^) houfes.
;

crime,

cTror

a yf hiliory
i^J^ relate

news

fame

^IH^
o.

palpitation of the heart

\ho\\y

from

^^j^^^U^

the bell part of any

i*J)^)/f inform, relate

thing, the fuhilance,

cream

^
,

Khotcn,

Tar fan/
:

lP^

lincerity, purity

alliamed, bkilliinD;

envv

^f>Vr fmiling, plealant

w*'!*^ lleep
;

a ^^'U"^

blufii,

llianie

dream
in

j> God

^y w^l^

drowned

llcp

'

</:
U^^li>^ die place of
I

reft

bed

{/> v^ thou

iiaft rifen

J^

eating, devouring

,*/^^y to be williDg

^i'^ a

reader, linger, fniging

;

^J^ darknefs, night

viands, viduals
i\j>^

a table

^S equity

a pift; alamcntatioii

to read, fing

i^)h
will, frofn

to give

t)y

afK, eall, wifli for

j\^ having, /?'o 772 ^*/^^^)

,^!^ you

^j^Vf
gentle

a As a family; houfe
1

town

O^
j^'^
I*''

pleafant, fair,

jl^

Darn, Darius
enjoy,
poiTefs

more

beautiful, &c.

^j^^ I have,

/^^

moft beautiful
fair-faced

>yl^ they have or hold

(/;

w^*^

,^^U he had

<,^ ^^

iP^f

one's fclf

-^U
v'-f

to have, hold
fear.

^.y^
J^^i'

to cat, devour

u vround, a
a net,

the iun
fvveet

-^1^

fnh.re,

trap

^^

y^l^ a fold, lappet, or

hem

of a

l^y' joy be

to
C

garment
^1^^

ij y^f' A^eet-fcented
LS ^^""^ f' fweet-tempered

knowing:

a velTel

fhcath

a wife or learned
t')^

man

^^ blood.
(/^
^<>y?
to

V.y*^ blood- dropping

^t

prudently,
I

wifely

difpofition,

temper

know

chew

the cud

y;J!^ to
?

know

Jli' imagination,

phantaly

yi;!^

learning

fpcdre

vain^ fruitlefs

>U'^

)^

learned
1^

a.

dodlor
literature
,

Tiling,

from

^;;-L? or

(/>X^

learning,

Cj'^J'^

to rife, fpring

up

>^l^ they know, from

.XvJl^

&
^*|_5

faare,

allurcincnt
ball.

a grain:

^^i,<v^^

the hand

cannon
;t^

thou
?

knowcd,

doll

Ihou
J

;i'>

a remitter, journal
3'^

index
Imall
;

know
a (Sj^^)

minute;
:

rubtli,

dominion,

admin iflra-

a
j)j j^

l\il)ti]tv

a miiuile

tion ot jntlice
j^ in,

depart iVuni, leave

it

above; around:

agate

,^^^/fj\
J ^ again
Jj

pa lies

away

J) fP^'

9f ^^J^) pearls

another

I*JM^ j^ to enter
i\\)j^^j^ to carry in

the heart
ravilliing, delightful,
(^

^)*l/^

co?;//i.

i*f^ ^^j^

to

fulpend;

contend;

of

and

v^]

participle

of

provoke
y,^^]^ a plant, tree

,*;^J' -I

to exalt, lliipcnd

^*
:

agreeable, lalutary, comp. of

"'^^

^;i^]^js to require, demand

^
(^

J)
(!>'^

r?)

'^Z^'"

yV?

^^'*^-

^f

wound, torment

dregs
a

to defire, alk

^^i^^y) right,

compleat
hard

miltrcls; heart-ravilhing,
j\ ^

^jj^y_j harfli,

comp^ of [-^and

paiiicip.

of

^y ^/jy he was betrothed

^tl^

to have, hold

J wXJ;^

delay

js^^ heart-wounding, cowp. of

and J y^ part, of ^^y-^ burn
1,

*.X^;) he beholds, from

view, behold Cr'^j^^^^ )) ^^

to

^;4 within
i^
)^

the heart; intrails

^^_^j jI'^

heart-deceiving, comp. of
o/"

the Perfian language

L and ,^^ji /^u;^

,;d' 3

I 1^

the lea, a

wave

to deceive
J:X'^

^^t M
U.'

to underliand
:%} js

heart-conquering,

co//;^).

V-?

,'^

or

/>

alas

0/'

J;

^^//^

^ffrom

^>.:':/

TT

to open, conquer, &c.

(/* winter,

firft

winter months

^K time: breath: plcafiire

December; yefterday
fit)
(p^-

cU^
jLvv^^

the brain, the palate

(f J

'

friends,
:

fami-

africnd

;.

harmony, comp.

lies,

habitations

a country

of ^^ breath, and jU' from

.y;^U to do,
.V

>

he faw, from
^

make
trees

^>

to fee
fight

two
an orchard

/>;
hj;.^
;

a ,^s ^ a fpecies of large

yellerday
i^nother.

rattles for children

/^^,)

cti^ a circle, orbit,

revolution:

l\M,) ^'^g-'^i^i ^l*j^ a colledHon of an author's

works, chiefly poetical: aroyal
court, tribunal of jultice

rolling
(Ji^^ dillance, ablence

j^^ fewing, piercing

^)J^>

twelve
a friend, mirtrels

^^w^v^*^

.^

poflelTed of,

endowed with

/^^ dearer, more friendly

>o*^ two hundred

riches;

wx3

g^^^

a,^A^

or J*^ felicity;

a kingdom, Hate
A^^ the fecond
6^

a yj^^l
,*!
i

tranquillity

a village; a giver: ten

fortune, fate, time, "world

a fecret, myllery
t

^^

^)
a

a declivity, foot of a

hill

/jiL^

gift,

liberality

^^\ )
1 J

companion, favour
drive, banilh

^iim^

fear, alionifliment

,f>l
ol

to draw,

jhIjI^ a villager
)

aw^ay, path

^k ^^ ^^^ thoufand

^l^y cly to rob, fteal, infefl the

highway

a J*
\

fragrant

fragrance.
lines,

a
a

^j
J

he threw;

throwing^

a ,^\j a verfc of four "word of four letters

a.
-^

/f

lorrow, pain

9-

*P ).

returning
;

>y
a

a wanton, diliblutc, drunken

pcrfon
y a

eheck, face

groan

the
^..X^Jy colour, paint

found of a
iLvi'

miifical inftrument

a clieek

y^^J^* ^j nianj'-coloured, various

/;;'Vw^*;

a JUy anenibalTv; a mandate

^f^cjU-/ to caufe to arrive

coloured

a Uy right, competent, worth

ci

^/
a

to
^

grow

to be delivered

*i

the foul,

life, fpirit

^
/

manner, law, regulation

!/)

^.y

fpirit-railing, //.

^,.i\

yCv-^

arrives,

from

/^*j Rudcki, prop, nanw,

j^j a day

,i>^-/ to arrive

Xl^j a line, thread

CJyP^h)
age
^L*

^'"crcafing daily

a jJ^i Rafliid

(a

condudor) pro-

j^j*^ fortune, world, time, an

;

per name.

wind,

air,

vanity

[^1 tender, delicate, lovely

I

ywJM

a journal
:

)^v3

motion
WGnt,froi/i

iSj*j one day

,*r'-*j

fortune
evident
-

^
a

J I

fplendid,

;3i to

go: departure
i

jLV--,y

more fplendid

,*\x^

to dance

motion

.^'"^j light, iplendor

colouring, painting,embroi^
;

a y^-^j a garden. a ty^j beauty, elegance

ij^j or ^j face, top

dery: vvb'iting
ra(fter;

a letter, cha-

arithmetic

X^\

Roknabad, name of a place

(J J thou doil

g^o,

from

*'},

a jytj {pi ofj.*j) enigmas

^*j thou

doll gro\\',

from y>.

tj a

5oad,
J

wav
(/V2

y^ from whom
ge?2cralj prov'
)

a .I'y

herbs
i

a lock of hair

peril/

wcet
pour

bafiJ

U"

j Zuleikha,
tlie

Pofiphars

tvife

,*^y

to

a ^jtt^
.

wprld; fortune; time

v./ P^^iririg,

dropping

feafon

,*f^,j

to buz

f^^j^)
,^
-^

emerald-coloured
of emeralds
earth

^ ^ made
)

'J

>

Cj^f*)

gi'oi^ri<^>

(for jj)
(

from:
;

^)
if

ftriking, dillurbing, /r.

^^y

i^^J') a prifon
to bring forth

J^' to

be born

J(^>j
a
\]^j

life

/Ij

a complaint: a bed, a place

decay, mifery

i\j>)^j the

tongue; language

^j

poifon,

venom
courage;

c c>j the moil excellent of any

thing, the flour,
j>j

^^C ^j
^*j[

poifonous
gall.

cream

Dv; Venus;
J lofs,
ij

above, high, fuperior

'

damage

>"

wound, blow,

liroke.
to
)

an ornament; beauty

\^j difpelling

beautiful

^^j

to flrike, hurt, impel

^IjJ more beautiful

>v.'J

agrees, /ro77z

JJ

gold
pale,
J

^^cs^'y to quadrate,

agree with

sjj
J /j

yellow

vj under,

below

^ goldfmith

!y j becaufe, for

}^^ ))
O^J
)

ornamentedwith gold

L*^
to live

like, reif^^mbling

tL^

a ihore,

coall:,

bank

J;^L-^ to prepare, make

d
/
,

ib',-v

X-^ the injured, alHidc^d

a
t

^K^y

full

ot

^'

yrr.nt

j^L-^ preparing
^

K^
^-..vU'

the wicked
a tyrant,
fo praiii:

jl,-^hc makes both from ^'s l,..^

a

D> jL-^

coinpoler, performer

^;>y>

^L-^

cup
^^^'"^

a kind of carpet
rh^iiu:,

a (jf'w-^ the leg

n^fdody;

the

a 3'U a cup-bearer, water-carrier

cooing of doves

a'^^^K^V^
JL-^
a
,

a traveller

going

a
CL

'^^^""^

adoration
difpolition,

a year, age

y^^y-^^""^

temper
;

^ L.^ a iliade
^s.^.^

a /'^""^ the morning, crcpufcic

a caule, motive

inchantment

j^

xN-^to relign, commit, recom-

^^/^^

or

f^

the

morning

mend, charge, enjoin

.^^L^^y light of weight

C/;^ belonging to the morning

adverfity, danger,

^1

iLO bearers of light bm-dens

to prick
foldier, foldicry,

^ ^
y-^
ffr

poverty

fpeech

word
;

'A^Ajv^

head, end, extremity

:

love,

army

defire

principal,

fupreme

white
^^^ 9^vw^ the morning, aurora

ly"^alamp, lanthern; the fun

^.-)^ from beginning to end

.y^l:;-^ to take, ravifh

,fU^ taking
.

j^^^y^y

lofty,

tall; glorious

a country

i\h^)r^
%y^
'^/i

^^ banifli to a place, to

j^^y^ praife, from i*))^-^

confine
to mix,

,*jyC^ to take
!^

compofe
acci-

j;^ to lliave, erafe, efface

j^ an occurrence,
:

injury, opprefiion, tyranny,

dent

a talc, i^ws^, warblin^

i'^

threatening

'XiJ y^
j

wanton
:

aflonifhed, con-

fufed

a vagabond

.Y:-^ ftony fl ^l^blacknefs

melancholy

>^

a cyprefs-tree; a horn

j*i^^ to burn, inflame

a i.v^ajoy: a prince, chief

/fr{,j^

.^^y
*CJ^y^

would touch,

rxxhyfi^om

mixing,

/ro77i i^r^^j'^

to liroke, rub, touch

Sy^ convenient,

proper

(Jjy

a beautiful kind of red rofe

[S\^

it

is

proper
;

J^

inflaming, from ^^/^y"

oatli
;

>/ ^U^

of a good dilpofition

/.Sy- an

happy, auguft
(/>A^ Sadi, a
JCv-

iSy^ towards

a place, part, flde

??rt7we

o/'a poet

three
star

an endeavour, diligence. thou

piercefi^,

L^ Soha, name of a
.e;^^
**

^^^
^^J^

from

tall,

ered:
;

to pierce, bore

L^ /^e 5to?' Canopus

Perfian author
thirty

name of a

^^cS^ Sekandcr,

Alexander

a i^.y^ quiet, resignation a

a
j'wJw^
^LvvLv^/

^
(5

pure v^ater: a phain,

a chain,
feries,

*'elv-~'

or ^v^ black

lineage

Lv' blacknefs
'jl:

^
a

^f^U' Selman., proper iiame,

^-'^

bathed, full of water.

thirteen.

Sehm

(perfed, unble-

t'^>v^

miflied)

proper name
of Samarcand

k,-^^ three

hundred

yU^y^"""^ a native

^'
|,,vv^

Silver.

.y*
j--^^-

jeflamine

the face, coloured

fllvered

jeiTamine-bofomcd
a hyacinth.
<^,vv-

\y^

the bofom,

breafl

^l;:,wXs^,^

a garden of hyacinths

-^^v^

the third

^J^

a flone

ij

j^

LT
or
Iicr
-^lJ-:i
;

^J^

bafhfulnefs

a
a

jX to \v:ilh
fix
^j!;-

;^

anjic.vcd to7L'onh)\\\^,

^
1

fixty

to

him, to her

V^

^/V.

of

S'^l) pw^ts,

learned

biancli, tuig,

hora
a

men, doclors
^Ljl'^

jU^V-- mirth

Hght, flame, fplendor

-^l'^

the evening
in the

j^^
.^;
;

a hunter

ol^<tl'^

evening
they
their

!^''

breaking,

from

^(U-

f^Jor /(l^-;J)

,.;i!>l-'

to cleave, tear, break

,f>li' to

comb

,^::^-'.cw

a complaint

b^v l'^ lixtecn

^<^^
princely

lugar

t^.^^ a king, emperor

.

11*^ ^C' eatuig lugar

.*\^X' to hunt, take,
lei/x^

&4wl'^ royal,

^^^^/I'*

night

a ^^^IS vouth

"^

/^^

>/

a cheft ot liigac

^J^ one night

^,^^J ^<v,.i:^

lugar- lipped
to break, defeat

Z^^:^^
l:i^
.*'3lvl'-

halte
.;:

^^

or

-.'

U'i

make

halte

^vv^Gix Shekeffeh (broken)

to inatrc

the

hade
current Persian Jnind-irritlngy
itsed in ffindostan

yil

(pi.

/M'^- or K/^-) a camel

'I

a
a

/"^^

tree

ftrcngth, force, agility

*X^<^^'to blollbm

lo

admire

>C^

Che was: going, yro?;j

cVc,

-j>X to be,

-^--

wine
batlillil

Iw^^ji^ paiicnt

iLv J^

,.'L^Cji^ patience, toleration

jour.

5^

U-i;^

r/.'S^
f*r'y^yj^

a lion

vourlMves
\\j^ nnmbcr:

Shireen (fwcct, gentle)

numerous
;

proper name
I

l;U-t^ ye, you

to

you

^ ---^^ of pontic manners

^j?w3

^^If^Ji^

odour, fragrance

t*^)/""^^^ to

number, enumerate
;

^
iiv*

the fun

gold
,

a lord, mafler, pofTefTor

:

a fcvmitar
a candle,

friend

endowed with

a
a

wax

taper

^__^U? beautiful

odour:

nature,

cuftom;

J-.
a

^^.o-

[^ honefl-hearted

an atom
to underftand

Lo

the zephyr;
'T

youth
aurora

^^ or

Lo morning,
morning

knowing, from the above

or /M)*^--i^ to hear
I

fs/^
a a
iS-

in the

.^J^*'^ one morning

have heard
y)'. i*]^^-^.J^

patience
a

they heard,
jovial, gay,

boy

wanton, bold,
fz

company, fociety

infolent

JlJ^ a

leaf,

book, page

a >..ji^ honey, honey-comb a

^ a city: the
'

>o

a hundred

moon; aknave

y^^^Cx?

Saddar

(a

hundred gates)
booli

infane
;

enamoured
alfo a tiger
j]*^

name of a

Periian

a lion
\)\(/;l..

>o

a hundred thoufand

s^ the top band of a book

^f^y ^j-^ to expend, employ

a ^_^JL^ difficult, fevere
^^Jt^ a rank, file;

'H^hivaz,

7iamcqf a place

the habitation of lions

c;^"/:^
I

order

a lionefs
A.

a U.O purity, pleafure

a calamity

a -n/^ defire, avarice

(i

a sli^yo voice, found, noifc

-w^l^?

ii

circuit,

walk

w^ y^

fancy,

tniage,

form

1^^
rjl?Jj

a parrot

fpc^tre
f^

(he deluge
told, i^ly:

.^js^

(-0

fcitin
tlie

,J-^i

folding

a /'t^

faltiiip;

fealbn ot fall-

a^J: a bird

ing

among

the

Mahomedans
a
Jl^ viclory
:

vietaphoiicalhj the fpring

Timur

or

Tamer-

a ^^o hunting; prey

lane

1*)^/ J^o to take prifoner a ,^^^^A^ darknefs

a ^X^ mind, confcience

t
a ,^s\p cuftom, ufagc

l^- light,

fplendor

^iL? a check;

a tooth;

an

accident

a heavy cloud
miftrefs
;

w^yi^ joy,
J?

mipth, feftivity

i^^\>

ii

lover,

ena-

^U"

the houfc of mirth

a

moured
a ,.K^l; two lovers
a
^J*lp

a a a

^
D J?

i?

border,

margin, part

a lock ot hair
ciiftom, ^vay,
alkelT,

the end,
;

illue,

event, fuc-

/%'.y!^

manner
(>^^LL^
...

cefs

finally

,^JJ?
(J'
fit

thou

from
sun

^V

the worlil, time;

learned
intla-

o^iL

ij\^^

riling,

G.s

tfic

/l^ enlightencr or

K X

mer of
rt

the world
:

\^iaP perfumed, fragrant

^1p univerfal
.(^^^-^

plebeian

a ^^\
a a

rjf'ip'

God

preferve
:

Abbafi,

name of a dyIihalifs

^
jUp

a llring of pearls

a treatj
art,

77asty

of Ai^abian

prudence, memory,
;

el^C^^V^Lp

a place of worfliip

knowledge
a a
>^:^^f^

narrative

a y^:^^ wonder, my llery, example

puniftiment, torment
fcience, art

a >^^>
*

wonder, admiration

/
[

knowledge,

a
a
a

J^\^ juflice
,jS'

Ss. a ^U> (pi. of ^^ ) learned men.

an enemy
2i

a jjt a

life.

^jk

my

life

\\jS'

cheek, face, temples

2i

Aa

a<$iion,^

operation

a ^.^\s^

wild Arab

a ySs amber, ambergris

a^.^S' an Arabian inhabiting a city

a ^.^vtuP a nightingale a s^^^Qs'

2i

^rVjP

field,

court,
:

area;

an

Ipider

empty Ipace
a
.

a dice-table

^ ^*-^J^ (p^a

^w^^)
;

vices
proi=>

j^ajP poetry, profody

x^

age, time

compac^l,

a v\P magnificent, incomparable

mife
a
a

a >^jtS'

mirth,

converfation

X^

2i

touchiione, proof

the pleafures of the table

,^_~nP

a vice, crime,

ftain
;

fV.'J>

love

/^
f

a feilival, folemnity
;

joy

C/jL

^iS' fondnefs
;

a
de-

yiuP mirth, delight

;

life

a ,,^^/^^^ chaility, integrity

fence, fafeguard

a .t^ a fountain
gold; effence
:

an eye, look;

paradife

a Jb& perfume, ottar of rofes

O-

a
<7

f>*

ranfom, redemption

U^.i '^ abient, in vifibIe,concealed

/j!i abfcnce, fcparation

y/'o;7i

;Ij^

dull: a thick
i'

vapour

^^^<I3 oblivion,

a ^,_^

a ftranger, foreigner:

ex

C/'^Vr'^'''/
U),

^^ forget

traordinary

Ci

j^

Iiappy

jl t^

fawn

lo to-morrow
f^^)} Fcrdufi
(belonging
to

jtP

an ode
(y->/.

a >^v\-t^ a a
^<3p

of the above) odes

paradife) ?mjne of
i\j^^'^^/ to

a poet

vexation

fend
fairy,

A^

^'iy?

a boy, fervant

an angel, meilenger;
a.

a /" care^ griefs terror

a ,^ji abfcnce;
t^jyy*** to

troop; a feA

.^(>

forrow
afflided

command

^IX/
^f^

^ below: dejed^ed

a rofe-bud

.^^ ^}
flumber
-

felling

he

fold,

from

,.;;r,> to fell
i^jJ*^ )*} to

H^^^si to ficcp,

dcfcend'

(/;/
fl

(/(^^'

^0*/')

inflamed,

,^H^t overflowed, yro7.

Jb an

joJs

omen, preface

^V
^X'-*}

felling

^t coloured
a
<-X^

he

fells,

hoflifroiii

,*^^p

a tumult,

fti<^lon,

difcord,

fplcndor
to be d{^jcclcd
,

mifchief, fcandal

.j>U}
ornament
,,<
.9

jT glorious: glory,

or

,:

deceit,

/)\

.jd.'

,,!,>) Fori doun, 7iame of a lihig

y;i') to deceive

a jj^ fate, predellination, quanlitj

;

value; dignity, power.

..|,^
,l'jl:3

to freeze, congeal

a
,j^^Jih

,1

JJconltancj, confiftency, conlirniation;

Icattering,

fi^om

quiet
related to

,'^3 to prefs, fqueeze

a ,,f^ contiguous,

^^^l^

eloquence,

melody

>l^'>

{pi.

of d>.^*)

poems,

^|U3 forrow, complaint; alas!

a

elegies

xC^ confideration, Ui^^ X^? conlider

;

care
Lyd.^ is the

.^

a palace a tale; an aAion

^
^

imperative of

,o\^y'*h

a c>^^* an elegy,
f'lte,

poem

,yC^thro\ving, throw thou, /;^o7w

death, judgement; ju~

C)AkJ>

to

throw, throw away,

rifdidion
fl ..aIi)?

lay afide

a fragment

fegment,

part

a ^^CLMieayen the w^orid fortune

;

/H^* ^ ^^S^
a
,jcO*

} in, into
:

(pi.

s^U^

*)

a caftle

a ^yis? abundance
Li

he

diffufed,

fl

a pen

an elephant

j^
a
a

a writer, an engraver
(pi. of

a s^^J3

y^)3)

hearts

/
^Jf

the

moon

^%

Kaf, the

name of afaluhus

\3 a \\ord, fpeech, eloquence

violence, force, opprciiion;
;

mouvtain
G > a form, figure,
fliape, ftature

power
a

chaftifement
;

anger

a ^Ji a cup> goblet

JJ

meafure

reafoning,

^
thought, advice, argument; a
fy li ogifm
.

/
(V''/^^ caravan
.

;> '/ t o
^iO

efl'en

/3
tion

ftation,

Handing; nnurtumult

would!
a
Iroufri,
li;i]],

confufioii,

JV-'j

gaik-rv,

a ^<rJ Cefar, an emperor

chamber

u
a
a

^>/to
.

dig

jb

U a curling lock
the

as, like^ in

the fame
(a

manner
le-

>JU
^U

body; a form, model

^'^

Katcbi

writer, a

deflrc, wifli

"cretary) proper

name
of
(he

'J^/^^
and

dciire

the

obtaining

^t<^^
>

like

my

eyes, comp. ^y^^y

one's wifli
dU

like,

(j^^\

a place: a ftraw: lellening

inscparalle pronoun
^)^l^ to carefs

my,

^/ pride,
^ dove

magnificence

/ T:
maker

j^

bufinefs,
lliop,

objecl; a

a ^^^bv a book, letter, writing

;U;I^ a

place of bufincfs;

(/

^vhere? whither?

how?

the world

,^r'^\/to melt, difpel

;;// a

battle, conteft

;i,/ melting, J'rom

labours,
?

the alove
is

y^O

expect: one

who

^ ly/ who ^^.-I^^who

,ju-!;/ to leave,
{J^^}^

there

adjufts,

penetrates,

brings a

neglea
through

thmg
^'>T/^U
&^*

to bear
to

j^

^^ P^^^s

penetrate, lubour,

,,;-:-:-yJ

to pafs: to leave

if:

a perfornHT,
i

maker

/
!

U
;

whom

to

whom

hire, rent
llruttJ

iUvjy
that,

to

weep

e>jly fporting, Hvipping,

ting

which
perform

^^!y
*yC!i-t/

to

^ f though
sf
bufincfs, labour
:

to pafs
to choofe
felect
;

he made
gulf,

i\)^/

to bite

,^})/ a whirlpool,
cipice
^
I

pre-

9> ;

inoft excellent,

no-

ble, glorious: bitten.

;
,

^y^ action, labour, profelTion

jJ

a perfon,

any one
jTroTTi

hfe
>t?;

y.wJ fpreading, ilrewing,

circling glafs

{j"i/ ^^^
I

r-j)/^
,*f-^^
,

to fpread, llrew, fcatter

y<^j)

made, from

to break, tear

i\)^/ to do,

make

UwJ breaking, f7'om the above,

conquering,opening,&c^'o?7J
difcover,

i*J^f the neck

U/
mace

jy a

battle-axe,

j'^U/ to open,

con-

^f
^Uy
^J

;^yf to take
a

quer

to rejoice

wolf

> \tS

he difcovers, fr. the above

to

^J warm.

Uy warmth

y:JL/

become

to kill

Carmania, name of a place

Cr

to break, rend

marriage, nuptials, betrothing;

,jJitif to fcattei*, diflblvt

a pledge

Cachemire, na7ne of place

>,tS

iSjJ

or

^f

lamentation, vreep-

he has difcovered, ^c.from

ing
t*l^ ) to
flee,

^^,yiJ to difcover? open, conefcape.

quer, delight

lyu a

religion, clnnate,
I

country

Iraied look
ijj^

^\ ^/.Ju

have ruHored or drawn

the

fe^

a beautiful fpecies of red

,^^ the hand,

,^^J

palm

role

hefaid.
I

jldTrpeech

^t^
^^^oLo^

a rofe-gardcn

/^'^

laid
;

rofc-chceked
role-

^
'th

to Ipeak, lay

Ipeaking

^ vij^

coloured

thou hall
(gul) a rofe
(geel) clay

faid;

he laid

^'^Jiij^

Itrewing flowers
a role- walk
;

^
J^
J 10
^[tj

,^^JiJs,^

bo\^ er,

delightful place

>.,^lu
**',

rofe- water

[^y^^J^ rofe-coloured
a ^i^'L^ rph of
univcrlal.
^

hair locks a word, writing, oration

J^)

the

whole;

The whole works

^!>iLr

Gulendam
fi^oju

(role-rcfcma rofe,

little;

defedive; abfent

bhng,

and
pro-

^r'v-U

to inicrt, place, comnait;

^?>l form,

ligure, &c.) a

to loole, liberate

per name
tllJ

/
J'>

perfedion,

aceompli/li-

a diadem, cap a rofe-biiHi

rofe-lcentcd

inent, finilliing

,^1^

\J
.J

of

little vahir-.

/ IcH

^C^vfe'
wvls'

IpjU

with

little

fcnfe
/>.

a clofet, cottage, hut

ot"

do
a

tiiou;

doing,

^^f
fide,

il

J^ a bed
;lw..i:)

roios

^U
rulc-gardcn^
////c'

boundary,
ihore
;

margin,
an

Gulillan (a
roles)

part,

embmce

bower of

of a

cele-

>j/

a vault, arch, toMer, cupola

/
>U
^
rotting;,

^
rancour.
,t-N/

//WW
*j/SJ

full

of
i

,.(>>j or
,.A>
>

to rot
fl.ive

,^ that

thcfe, comp. oj

amir,/

a fervant maid, female

J where?

J
from
^yta>

y
/

lav thou,
;iJ

I'

a tulip

an ear
li

jljJl'

a border or bed of tulips

to
^/>/.

/, i'/

Hen thou, j9*om

to
liften.

^>lf

move
/|tJ) a lip;

^^y
y"y
,^p
,ty
D v'

^y
I

w^J
a

margin

a corner

^^

the heart, pith,

marrow

fmote, /r Tom

^_^U

up to the brim

S to fniite
Cy' various, many-coloured
a

XtJ an army
,

jiJ

^C^

a conquering

army

mountain
jewel, pearl
:

^^!2Jbenignity,gentlenefs,grace,
;

^y

luftre

ef-

favour, humanity, generofit/

lence

felf-exifting

U) a ruby, ruby

lip

who, which:

fince

^.^CJ a
a s^^

lack, a hundred thoufand

/who
the univerfe
.^^

for

the

w^orfhip
for,
if

(of

God) comp, of )
the Arab,

and )for
ar.d

taking

article

k^

,.y

might

i\\^s.Q,

hothfroni
comt).
^ ^

,X" ^

adoration
a

y^^^ "
-^
07*

v.h.o

i.s

it?

of

Is
v.f'J

,/
*^

/lyy

the moft precious fort cf

who, m?d?>dpers.prcs. of
,,^/

pearls: beautiful

women

hatred,

revenge,

Jl^

a lion

u cXi a U
but
Leil or J^J niglit
f^L<. left,

by cliance
(1,

a L^.^^ extend
,

dilated, fpread

Leila,

ri'onia7i's inxine

-.^^ do not atk, from

j'j':*

>^^

rt

fjmilitudc, rcfcmblance

C
^ fawiexed
a
a
to jvordsj

(/y;'-<-

rliyme

my
rt

^L-"**

an aircmbly, ban(}uet
(

U water, U that,
Ave
;

li(|\ior,

juice

a I'^y^* Megeniim

diliracicil

A\'lii(:}\

with love) proper name

a -K^y* a place were people
af-

U
it*

01 iT

s4^ l ourfelvcs.

e^U female:
a ferpent

vvomaa
a

fcmble; a collection, junction

^^-^;

love, friendfliip, bene-

f^U us;

to us

volence; affection;

company
amia-

a ^^^t bent,

y)'o?.u

Iv^

^j^U

a
to rub, grind,, polifli.

^..^..s/^ a friend, millrcfs:

^>U
^i^U

ble,

dear, beloved

to

remain
a
/

to referable

fy^^

confined, imprilbned

yjGU they remain, from ,,'>U

o^j?^a friend, counfcllor; fpoufe,

hulband, wife
;

eU

the

moon:

month
like the like the

any one who

^ idU with cheeks

(/* loU

moon
moon

from
is

their Ration in a tamily

with a face

admitted into

the liaram

J^
i*

limar,

monthly; a

fifh

or women's apartments

U inclining,

having a pro-

a a

'i^'^

vile,

contemptible, trifling

p^n-fity

[/"*

place, time, opposition

z.

J,/*

Itlohamed (praife- worthy),

^k.
content

'

difdainful

ricli;

proper ?iame

a y,^'-^
a
a
^jX^^""

alilitflion,

difgrace
;

a f^^J:^ perfumed
OL

tlic

palate

contracted

an epitome

^/Xj^

the fight
to

y^^y^

difcordant, confufed

,!*/ o>/\^
a ijA-< the

view

i*jy

a magazine, treafury
;

eaft.

a j-M governing
maglftrate

a governor,

Lx.i^ attentive;
^^^Jji^ muflv

attention

ij <y.Kti.^ fmelling

a
a

sii^v^ a fpace
,

of time

of muflv.
a
9-

U"

-^

P't^j*

aftoniihcd, difturbed
:

or

^ol

.^^

an hemiHich; one

a ij^M
]

to talle
;

the

tafte,

palate

half of a folding door

^ me
I

to
{pi.

me
of

jyK,^3^

a fource

infinitive

a ^^

,,<

,^^ j^

favours^

lUz^ Mofeila

name a

place,

graces

>^.^
ii-*
)jL-<t

damage, diladvantage
a linger,

a J ,^

defirc, will, affection

ipl'

>^ a
\

mafician

a A^j^

of A^^) remedies,

an excnfe
field

plafters

a J^st^ a battle,

of battle

^^1 or ^sjM a

man, hero

brave

a ijyii^^ a friend, a lover

a Jytjk^ a miitrefs

^\^^ courageoully, manfully

a pix^ fcented, perfumed
^,!y^ to die
;

to be extinguiihed

L^a* reafonable, rational, probable,

a w^;y- courteiy, generofity

e^j>*

pertinent

joyful tidings
intoxicated

(jA,.

an enigma, myflery
i^ivdC)

,^ enamoured,

^^^

idea, fignification

cr
a
a
^yx,^ efiabliflied,

known

\jX^

a houfc of entertainment,
jilacc vvlicre tranlirhi

a.

prieft

of the Parfces, Gue-

an inn; any
vcllcrs

bres or woilliippcrs of lire

"*

red at

a day's

^^;f

cup -bearers
head, marrow, fuh-

joaniey> a (bgc

^^ the brain,

j^^^

a coiKjueror, uiiimphcr

llance, or beftpart of

anything

a ^^aiX* advantages
a
^(iJX-

a ,^j[i^ reparation, alienation

c;

a bird's bill

>lJl^

condition, ftation; dignity;

jlJ^ do not bring.

Mc

iwpcraf.

office: refidenco:

muficaitone

o/'^V^'
fixed

witli the negative

prc-

a jS/i^ quantity, fpace, number a

a

^^po^er

intention, will, defire

//^
a a
-^ .<)

liilen

not,

the negative

^^v^ a condu^or,

mover,

dif-

imperative of
a

cjM^^^

wave
a caufe
;

a ^::^^K*^. recompence, reward

^.C perhaps, by chance
:

w-:>^

an acceptor
;

unlefs

a ^j;;^

melodious

adjuftcd,

U
^

wine

arranged, weighed
iailor

La

"

/"^
J-\^ > ;--

^^"^^'' ^^'^^^^"

a^GUakingdom,
a

power, pofan angej

^
i,

Mouful, namcofapJacc

feliion, inheritance;

y* n^n'
^iri^

*^jJ^
I
:

ravs of

liglit

^^

^^

my.

^f ^^
endowed

myfelf

;>-:?'"

Separated,

repudiated,

a [;C^

finillicd,

concluded
wiili

abandoned
.^
t^^^' i'li";

>t,l full of,

moon:

love- a feal-

coi] about ring: a gold coin

ll.

i6s

/'^Vr^

complain, from m/J^^

^v^
.

like the

moon

[^^^ fnuts

^<t

O
,

wine
character id't'ic of
tltc

.*

pros, tense
.

CJ
.

^vx,*

do not bring, the negative

I*

not,

^ul

t*

hopelefs
;

impcratiueof ^^j^\

w^l* pure, lincere

/'l^X

like

.iL*

bctNN'een,

among: middle

imperfect
worthlefs, defpicable

^v^U. do not mix or fprinkle, the

negative imperat. of
iS^. ij*
^^^^^
^""aAvelt,
.:;J'-^']

^^^

5 .,^;

memorable events;
;,L*

rare

'2d pcrs,

6^^A^

Nadir Shab,j&rop.wa?//e
;

present of

f^j^^^

jC

blandiihments

wantonnels

ojf*/^ a wine drinker; an earth-

^-^jl* gentle, tender, delicate

en drinking

velTel

Cj^J^

elegant, delicate, amiable

jtu^ thou knowell

^v^ dying y)'o/?2 /M^y^
)

^CC
//''^L*

unblown, miblemifhed
ignorant

J^jv*

the fon of a prince or great

iS^y* ^jj^

a ^t* a conqueror, defender

o.

man, a knight.

^\.

fpedator,

fuperintendant

Mirza Mahadi, proper name

i

JL* a

bag (of mulk): the navel

full of.

j.^

dofi:

thou grow

from

^^

JiT fuddenly

"

^j
llrikelt
is it

ijy^ unexpededly
^[ft* plaintive,
?

.J>^ thou
j(L.^

complaining

becoming
a fog

^^C^L* to

complain
lyt^C
;

i^ a cloud,
.

A a name.
co/??^.

thy

name

p*A^

a feller of wine,

of

J>-1* iiluftrious

a hero

^ wine, and
^^C. thou

part, of

^^)

^\^ a book, hijftory

draweft, bearell

^C tread

s^;,C

^ viceroy, dcput}

a /'^ a gale
.j'-^'^'^v*

^^
7^,

a battle, war
]S

to caufe (o

lit

down

\^^

not.

,^-<*fc<^^

...

would

a Wd'J alacrity, j)leafure

.<>l:':-*
,,;iwJ:v*

not have been

fr

to fix to
lit

^* a propbct
I

down
f/rar
,,;^

^yi^
<^/^

will not turn

ijfJJiS
,..J!:v* ?

you do not
fittin";,

do yoii not tear

fro/n

i:J

a .^y-"^ counlel, exhortation

,()y^* it is inij)ofribki

j^

fcattcring, difpcrdng
;

a JC prole
,,^'^^^ I
**

to diffafe, Itrew
bavelbiiglit,

>11* Nezzami, name of a poet <s a J*i^ the light, the eye

would not

jt il' rolling the eyes, ogling

or leaped
t

a >
planet
fortune.
.f,
,*

vcrfe
e

a firing of pearls

yi

a
CI

liar,

V to

call or fing
;

aloud

/ a y
*

(rraniniar, l\ritax

a ^^^^ a benefit
jL*

vidluals
;

beautiful,

good

fwift

^^

hunting; the chace

lirli

prey

a ^^j^

inufie,

harmony
breath; defire

^jj^^y

a
/;/'o/A

yJC

foul, felf;

^
^
.

^ Naklhebi,
male
a narcillus

name

a jcC gain, utility

a /iC read}' money

a
liglit
:
,

^f^

:i.V

painting, embroidery

^^* gentle,
s'j 'J

tame

loft

<i

LV a narratioji, report, copy,

tranflation

near
i>*

a
a a

defeendinp^

Iiofpitalitv

,^

a pidure, ornauHMit
tiful

;i

Ikm^;-

!%*
>"'"'

delcent
INilklii

happening
tranleript)
the.

woman

(a

-Iv'i^* Negarillan (a gallery of

pictures) iitlenf aceh'lraicdlooli
j:.C-^* fubtilties.

character in trhich Arabic ?namiscripts arc general/j/ u-rittcn

nnlleries

A A A

,;^^0*

^^

^'ie"^^

thing drinkable, from ,*)^tj

s^'^'^'y
,

ys^
^.CJ or

"''

y^ good
ciUtody, care, obfer-

or
^*J-'^^y

to

-svrite

c 1^*

M^,y write thou, from the above

vation
y!_)-X* preferve thou, imperaf.

.^

nine

of ^ \A^cing, from
i\)^^y

^^1^
j^*

J^
>^y' they Ihow

to place

Ihowing.

c^^L*

we have
/}^07/2

placed

Cjsy^ to lliow
ly*

Jl>/ a tree, llirub

melody, voice: wealth

f"^/.

^XJ
&c.
^

hidden, ^ river;

^^iy*

^!y

o/'^.^l') viceroys,

flowing

^y
C/'J^y

to foothe
tlie

^jL,' to hide, lie hid

jiy foothing, y}w7?

^P^'

alove

.J a pipe, a flute
*CJ

^^^>^y)

^ flavour

even, alio

again

e>jiy foothing, warbling, //w/i

r*/^^y

,,^wy there
*xiL^S to

is

not

write

Jiy

a benefit

,^J good, excellent

<2^^^^* a turn, change, watch, centinel.

j\;^^*

vC* bright, beautiful, elegant

,^y<;^'

^^^y^^y torelieveguard
year

reputation, goodnefs

the fpring, the early fpring:

" L*

the river Nile

new
a
-r

the prophet

Noah.
^ and; he,

^
flie,

y.^y^ y

a complaint

it

^y ninety
a jy light, brightnefs

Lj^^h
a a
a drinker; any

'^^^^^^

behind, again
^^ detain

L*/^') W^'^ ^

j^jy the

firfl:

day of the fpring

^\^

evident
a(ftions,

o^^y nineteen

y^U3*)^
events:

occurrences,

^y

drinking,

battles:

misfortunes

A
^j\y

^
/^^^^^^ ^^

Van, name of a town

iuljllance, cxift-

a ^^^ eflence,
iincQ,

[/

^^/^ altha.oh wherever

^ Avherefuever

natui'e,

body,

pcrlbn

/ ^^:^
/^^
^)^^
o^,

Cz-^V^^.* ^^ give a bcnclit to

;!;>
rt

commit, perform,

y^^^ ever.'"

j/^
:i

never

^,)^

^vholbcver
nigiitingale

or

J,

like,

polieirmg
o?'

athoufand,
to be,
^ight.

J;,
it

a leaf of a tree

paper

-'^^

cxift
;jl-ii^

^'^'^ ^'^*^^"-

c:^^
^^./^^
-,;

eighty

>;,

blows, from ^i>;.

ihe,
it

Vightceii
ii^ven.
Jj;:i^

>::>^^ he,

is

feveiity

^,

like,

refembling

t^c?^

feventeen
L

a JU^, enjoyment; arrival; meeting: eonjimaion

^J' * fituaiion
c; t^,
;

whether, but
alfo
;

/: ;md,

togetlier

bc.th

action; gefture
a promife.

a
^'

/?:

(i/;z/z(\r6'(/?

/o /ron/.v) tlicir
^^-^^^f-

good

faith

V''^

^^' ^^^^^ ^'^^^^^^

'but: a prince;
it;

lla\'c
its

,(

only
directly

01' he, Ihc,

his,

her,

^>^
-^>>X
;Uv^v>t

;i^.^ a defcrt

depopulated

^1l
'^^^^nr.

of the fame inelination

of the fame bampiet

lying on the fame pillow
j^,

JJ
or

dreadful, terrible

the fane

way

c/i

^\/.

feparation, abfencc

^^.-^

^r ,r-\ like, as

^f\ an

allault;
'-'''">'

impetuohty
^'''''''''''

j^^z',^^

fl^oping togcthcT

""'^

C)'A
/m///c o/\^ dfif

ini

inlimate friend
jetting together,

^i^, Herat

|^^J^-t

A^

acom-

whcnc^ver
I:

^^1^;^,^^

^^A

^'' -5"

whatfoever

^-r

^q uaivcrlul

if

'v

lives,

it

comes

&mI eleven
,,,^^
L

/-'^^^

^vcnt, frojn

^^

ielfamine

^-t

always
;

^^L
s^^i

he found, Jr.
a ruby,

^^t

to find

^>v black
>B^v
I

an Indian
fcalbn

time,

,,^j {aiuiexed to uw^ds)

thy.

yet

fl> the hand; aid, power, ftrengtl^

ft

\^ air: wind:
no, never
.f^.t

found

jii.1

(afi7jexed to

words) their
viz.

/^
^'

Jjv

that

is

to fav,

!>^^

Jofl thou not

know

^sL
.

prcy; fpoil,

booty

^X
,

one
;

to lay dos\

^ ^^ a hero, conqueror parable

;

incom-

unequalled
valuable,
rare.

(/l^
if
L

precious,

'>

A'^t^O

one another

or

^>C
find, loth from
;

^\ one

moment

y'L I
^t

may

^l

^uC

one or two, a few

ineitimable, rare

Jt^<X

remember
a friend,

memory, record
;

y*^Cone day
{cmnexed
to ?vords)

miftrcfs

defender,

my.

power, advantage
,.^/t () heaven
!

f!

,*/ Yemen, Aralmtlie happy

O
^'^

Lord

comp-

Jofepb.

of

a^t^i

w^;

iord, maftcr

THE END.
LONDON
Wood
:

Printed by S. Rousskau, at the Arabic ar.d Perjiun Prcfs,

Street;,

Spa

Fields.

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DUE AS STAMPED BELOW

U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES

CDM7D13a^D

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A^^. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY