Akka

Akka Documentation
Release 2.1-SNAPSHOT
Typesafe Inc
May 18, 2012
CONTENTS
Introduction 1.1 What is Akka? . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Why Akka? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Use-case and Deployment Scenarios . 1.5 Examples of use-cases for Akka . . .
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1 1 3 3 6 6 8 8 9 11 13 19 20 22 23 38 39 39 41 41 52 57 61 64 67 74 93 97 106 116 120 121 122 126 129 131 136
General 2.1 Actor Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 What is an Actor? . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Supervision and Monitoring . . . . . . 2.4 Actor References, Paths and Addresses 2.5 Location Transparency . . . . . . . . . 2.6 Akka and the Java Memory Model . . . 2.7 Message send semantics . . . . . . . . 2.8 Conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 How do I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Common utilities 3.1 Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Java API 4.1 Actors (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Typed Actors (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Logging (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Event Bus (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Scheduler (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Futures (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 Fault Tolerance (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 Dispatchers (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 Routing (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10 Remoting (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11 Serialization (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.12 Software Transactional Memory (Java) . . . 4.13 Agents (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.14 Transactors (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.15 Building Finite State Machine Actors (Java) . 4.16 Akka Extensions (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . 4.17 ZeroMQ (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.18 Microkernel (Java) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Scala API 139 5.1 Actors (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.2 Typed Actors (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 i
5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 6
Logging (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . . . Event Bus (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . . Scheduler (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . . . Futures (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dataow Concurrency (Scala) . . . . . Fault Tolerance (Scala) . . . . . . . . . Dispatchers (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . . Routing (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Remoting (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . . . Serialization (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . FSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Software Transactional Memory (Scala) Agents (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transactors (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . . IO (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Testing Actor Systems (Scala) . . . . . Akka Extensions (Scala) . . . . . . . . ZeroMQ (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . . . Microkernel (Scala) . . . . . . . . . . Camel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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155 160 162 165 171 175 189 194 201 210 213 221 222 225 228 233 247 249 253 255
Cluster 259 6.1 Cluster Specication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Modules 7.1 Durable Mailboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 HTTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Camel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information for Developers 8.1 Building Akka . . . . . . 8.2 Multi-JVM Testing . . . . 8.3 Developer Guidelines . . 8.4 Documentation Guidelines 8.5 Team . . . . . . . . . . . 268 268 270 270 271 271 273 277 279 281 282 282 294 295 295 295 296 299 299 299 300 300 300 300
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Project Information 9.1 Migration Guides . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Release Notes . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 Scaladoc API . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 Documentation for Other Versions 9.5 Issue Tracking . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 Sponsors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 Commercial Support . . . . . . . 9.9 Mailing List . . . . . . . . . . . 9.10 Downloads . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.11 Source Code . . . . . . . . . . . 9.12 Releases Repository . . . . . . . 9.13 Snapshots Repository . . . . . .
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10 Additional Information 301 10.1 Here is a list of recipes for all things Akka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 10.2 Other Language Bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 11 Links 302
ii
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is Akka?
Scalable real-time transaction processing We believe that writing correct concurrent, fault-tolerant and scalable applications is too hard. Most of the time its because we are using the wrong tools and the wrong level of abstraction. Akka is here to change that. Using the Actor Model we raise the abstraction level and provide a better platform to build correct concurrent and scalable applications. For fault-tolerance we adopt the Let it crash model which have been used with great success in the telecom industry to build applications that self-heals, systems that never stop. Actors also provides the abstraction for transparent distribution and the basis for truly scalable and fault-tolerant applications. Akka is Open Source and available under the Apache 2 License. Download from http://akka.io/downloads/
1.1.1 Akka implements a unique hybrid

Actors Actors give you: Simple and high-level abstractions for concurrency and parallelism. Asynchronous, non-blocking and highly performant event-driven programming model. Very lightweight event-driven processes (approximately 2.7 million actors per GB RAM). See Actors (Scala) and Actors (Java) Fault Tolerance Fault tolerance through supervisor hierarchies with let-it-crash semantics. Excellent for writing highly faulttolerant systems that never stop, systems that self-heal. Supervisor hierarchies can span over multiple JVMs to provide truly fault-tolerant systems. See Fault Tolerance (Scala) and Fault Tolerance (Java) Location Transparency Everything in Akka is designed to work in a distributed environment: all interactions of actors use purely message passing and everything is asynchronous. For an overview of the remoting see Location Transparency
Akka Documentation, Release 2.1-SNAPSHOT
Transactors Transactors combine actors and STM (Software Transactional Memory) into transactional actors. It allows you to compose atomic message ows with automatic retry and rollback. See Transactors (Scala) and Transactors (Java)
1.1.2 Scala and Java APIs

Akka has both a Scala API and a Java API .
1.1.3 Akka can be used in two different ways

As a library: used by a web app, to be put into WEB-INF/lib or as a regular JAR on your classpath. As a microkernel: stand-alone kernel to drop your application into. See the Use-case and Deployment Scenarios for details.
1.1.4 What happened to Cloudy Akka?

The commercial offering was earlier referred to as Cloudy Akka. This offering consisted of two things: Cluster support for Akka Monitoring & Management (formerly called Atmos) Cloudy Akka have been discontinued and the Cluster support is now being moved into the Open Source version of Akka (the upcoming Akka 2.1), while the Monitoring & Management (Atmos) is now rebranded into Typesafe Console and is part of the commercial subscription for the Typesafe Stack (see below for details).
1.1.5 Typesafe Stack

Akka is now also part of the Typesafe Stack. The Typesafe Stack is a modern software platform that makes it easy for developers to build scalable software applications. It combines the Scala programming language, Akka, the Play! web framework and robust developer tools in a simple package that integrates seamlessly with existing Java infrastructure. The Typesafe Stack is all fully open source.
1.1.6 Typesafe Console

On top of the Typesafe Stack we have also have commercial product called Typesafe Console which provides the following features: 1. Slick Web UI with real-time view into the system 2. Management through Dashboard, JMX and REST 3. Dapper-style tracing of messages across components and remote nodes 4. Real-time statistics 5. Very low overhead monitoring agents (should always be on in production) 6. Consolidation of statistics and logging information to a single node 7. Storage of statistics data for later processing 8. Provisioning and rolling upgrades Read more here. 1.1. What is Akka? 2
1.2 Why Akka?

1.2.1 What features can the Akka platform offer, over the competition?
Akka provides scalable real-time transaction processing. Akka is an unied runtime and programming model for: Scale up (Concurrency) Scale out (Remoting) Fault tolerance One thing to learn and admin, with high cohesion and coherent semantics. Akka is a very scalable piece of software, not only in the performance sense, but in the size of applications it is useful for. The core of Akka, akka-actor, is very small and easily dropped into an existing project where you need asynchronicity and lockless concurrency without hassle. You can choose to include only the parts of akka you need in your application and then theres the whole package, the Akka Microkernel, which is a standalone container to deploy your Akka application in. With CPUs growing more and more cores every cycle, Akka is the alternative that provides outstanding performance even if youre only running it on one machine. Akka also supplies a wide array of concurrency-paradigms, allowing for users to choose the right tool for the job.
1.2.2 Whats a good use-case for Akka?

We see Akka being adopted by many large organizations in a big range of industries all from investment and merchant banking, retail and social media, simulation, gaming and betting, automobile and trafc systems, health care, data analytics and much more. Any system that have the need for high-throughput and low latency is a good candidate for using Akka. Actors lets you manage service failures (Supervisors), load management (back-off strategies, timeouts and processing-isolation), both horizontal and vertical scalability (add more cores and/or add more machines). Heres what some of the Akka users have to say about http://stackoverow.com/questions/4493001/good-use-case-for-akka All this in the ApacheV2-licensed open source project. how they are using Akka:
1.3 Getting Started

1.3.1 Prerequisites
Akka requires that you have Java 1.6 or later installed on you machine.
1.3.2 Getting Started Guides and Template Projects

The best way to start learning Akka is to download the Typesafe Stack and either try out the Akka Getting Started Tutorials or check out one of Akka Template Projects. Both comes in several avours depending on your development environment preferences. Download Typesafe Stack Getting Started Tutorials Template Projects
1.2. Why Akka?
1.3.3 Download
There are several ways to download Akka. You can download it as part of the Typesafe Stack (as described above). You can download the full distribution with microkernel, which includes all modules. Or you can use a build tool like Maven or SBT to download dependencies from the Akka Maven repository.
1.3.4 Modules
Akka is very modular and has many JARs for containing different features. akka-actor-2.1-SNAPSHOT.jar Classic Actors, Typed Actors, IO Actor etc. Has ZERO dependencies. akka-remote-2.1-SNAPSHOT.jar Remote Actors akka-testkit-2.1-SNAPSHOT.jar Toolkit for testing Actor systems akka-kernel-2.1-SNAPSHOT.jar Akka microkernel for running a bare-bones mini application server akka-transactor-2.1-SNAPSHOT.jar Transactors - transactional actors, integrated with Scala STM akka-agent-2.1-SNAPSHOT.jar Agents, integrated with Scala STM akka-camel-2.1-SNAPSHOT.jar Apache Camel integration akka-zeromq-2.1-SNAPSHOT.jar ZeroMQ integration akka-slf4j-2.1-SNAPSHOT.jar SLF4J Event Handler Listener akka-<storage-system>-mailbox-2.1-SNAPSHOT.jar Akka durable mailboxes How to see the JARs dependencies of each Akka module is described in the Dependencies section. Worth noting is that akka-actor has zero external dependencies (apart from the scala-library.jar JAR).
1.3.5 Using a release distribution

Download the release you need from http://akka.io/downloads and unzip it.
1.3.6 Using a snapshot version

The Akka nightly snapshots are published to http://repo.akka.io/snapshots/ and are versioned with both SNAPSHOT and timestamps. You can choose a timestamped version to work with and can decide when to update to a newer version. The Akka snapshots repository is also proxied through http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/snapshots/ which includes proxies for several other repositories that Akka modules depend on.
1.3.7 Microkernel
The Akka distribution includes the microkernel. To run the microkernel put your application jar in the deploy directory and use the scripts in the bin directory. More information is available in the documentation of the Microkernel (Scala).
1.3.8 Using a build tool

Akka can be used with build tools that support Maven repositories. The Akka Maven repository can be found at http://repo.akka.io/releases/ and Typesafe provides http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/releases/ that proxies several other repositories, including akka.io. 1.3. Getting Started 4
1.3.9 Using Akka with Maven

The simplest way to get started with Akka and Maven is to check out the Akka/Maven template project. Summary of the essential parts for using Akka with Maven: 1. Add this repository to your pom.xml:
<repository> <id>typesafe</id> <name>Typesafe Repository</name> <url>http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/releases/</url> </repository>
2. Add the Akka dependencies. For example, here is the dependency for Akka Actor 2.1-SNAPSHOT:
<dependency> <groupId>com.typesafe.akka</groupId> <artifactId>akka-actor</artifactId> <version>2.1-SNAPSHOT</version> </dependency>
Note: for snapshot versions both SNAPSHOT and timestamped versions are published.
1.3.10 Using Akka with SBT

The simplest way to get started with Akka and SBT is to check out the Akka/SBT template project. Summary of the essential parts for using Akka with SBT: SBT installation instructions on https://github.com/harrah/xsbt/wiki/Setup build.sbt le:
name := "My Project" version := "1.0" scalaVersion := "2.9.1" resolvers += "Typesafe Repository" at "http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/releases/" libraryDependencies += "com.typesafe.akka" % "akka-actor" % "2.1-SNAPSHOT"
1.3.11 Using Akka with Eclipse

Setup SBT project and then use sbteclipse to generate a Eclipse project.
1.3.12 Using Akka with IntelliJ IDEA

Setup SBT project and then use sbt-idea to generate a IntelliJ IDEA project.
1.3.13 Using Akka with NetBeans

Setup SBT project and then use sbt-netbeans-plugin to generate a NetBeans project.
1.3. Getting Started
1.3.14 Build from sources

Akka uses Git and is hosted at Github. Akka: clone the Akka repository from http://github.com/akka/akka Continue reading the page on Building Akka
1.3.15 Need help?

If you have questions you can get help on the Akka Mailing List. You can also ask for commercial support. Thanks for being a part of the Akka community.
1.4 Use-case and Deployment Scenarios

1.4.1 How can I use and deploy Akka?
Akka can be used in different ways: As a library: used as a regular JAR on the classpath and/or in a web app, to be put into WEB-INF/lib As a stand alone application by instantiating ActorSystem in a main class or using the Microkernel (Scala) Using Akka as library This is most likely what you want if you are building Web applications. There are several ways you can use Akka in Library mode by adding more and more modules to the stack. Using Akka as a stand alone microkernel Akka can also be run as a stand-alone microkernel. See Microkernel (Scala) for more information.
1.5 Examples of use-cases for Akka

We see Akka being adopted by many large organizations in a big range of industries all from investment and merchant banking, retail and social media, simulation, gaming and betting, automobile and trafc systems, health care, data analytics and much more. Any system that have the need for high-throughput and low latency is a good candidate for using Akka. There is a great discussion on use-cases for Akka with some good write-ups by production users here
1.5.1 Here are some of the areas where Akka is being deployed into production
Transaction processing (Online Gaming, Finance/Banking, Trading, Statistics, Betting, Social Media, Telecom) Scale up, scale out, fault-tolerance / HA
1.4. Use-case and Deployment Scenarios
Service backend (any industry, any app) Service REST, SOAP, Cometd, WebSockets etc Act as message hub / integration layer Scale up, scale out, fault-tolerance / HA Concurrency/parallelism (any app) Correct Simple to work with and understand Just add the jars to your existing JVM project (use Scala, Java, Groovy or JRuby) Simulation Master/Worker, Compute Grid, MapReduce etc. Batch processing (any industry) Camel integration to hook up with batch data sources Actors divide and conquer the batch workloads Communications Hub (Telecom, Web media, Mobile media) Scale up, scale out, fault-tolerance / HA Gaming and Betting (MOM, online gaming, betting) Scale up, scale out, fault-tolerance / HA Business Intelligence/Data Mining/general purpose crunching Scale up, scale out, fault-tolerance / HA Complex Event Stream Processing Scale up, scale out, fault-tolerance / HA
1.5. Examples of use-cases for Akka
CHAPTER
TWO
GENERAL
2.1 Actor Systems
Actors are objects which encapsulate state and behavior, they communicate exclusively by exchanging messages which are placed into the recipients mailbox. In a sense, actors are the most stringent form of object-oriented programming, but it serves better to view them as persons: while modeling a solution with actors, envision a group of people and assign sub-tasks to them, arrange their functions into an organizational structure and think about how to escalate failure (all with the benet of not actually dealing with people, which means that we need not concern ourselves with their emotional state or moral issues). The result can then serve as a mental scaffolding for building the software implementation.
2.1.1 Hierarchical Structure

Like in an economic organization, actors naturally form hierarchies. One actor, which is to oversee a certain function in the program might want to split up its task into smaller, more manageable pieces. For this purpose it starts child actors which it supervises. While the details of supervision are explained here, we shall concentrate on the underlying concepts in this section. The only prerequisite is to know that each actor has exactly one supervisor, which is the actor that created it. The quintessential feature of actor systems is that tasks are split up and delegated until they become small enough to be handled in one piece. In doing so, not only is the task itself clearly structured, but the resulting actors can be reasoned about in terms of which messages they should process, how they should react normally and how failure should be handled. If one actor does not have the means for dealing with a certain situation, it sends a corresponding failure message to its supervisor, asking for help. The recursive structure then allows to handle failure at the right level. Compare this to layered software design which easily devolves into defensive programming with the aim of not leaking any failure out: if the problem is communicated to the right person, a better solution can be found than if trying to keep everything under the carpet. Now, the difculty in designing such a system is how to decide who should supervise what. There is of course no single best solution, but there are a few guidelines which might be helpful: If one actor manages the work another actor is doing, e.g. by passing on sub-tasks, then the manager should supervise the child. The reason is that the manager knows which kind of failures are expected and how to handle them. If one actor carries very important data (i.e. its state shall not be lost if avoidable), this actor should source out any possibly dangerous sub-tasks to children it supervises and handle failures of these children as appropriate. Depending on the nature of the requests, it may be best to create a new child for each request, which simplies state management for collecting the replies. This is known as the Error Kernel Pattern from Erlang. If one actor depends on another actor for carrying out its duty, it should watch that other actors liveness and act upon receiving a termination notice. This is different from supervision, as the watching party has
no inuence on the supervisor strategy, and it should be noted that a functional dependency alone is not a criterion for deciding where to place a certain child actor in the hierarchy. There are of course always exceptions to these rules, but no matter whether you follow the rules or break them, you should always have a reason.
2.1.2 Conguration Container

The actor system as a collaborating ensemble of actors is the natural unit for managing shared facilities like scheduling services, conguration, logging, etc. Several actor systems with different conguration may co-exist within the same JVM without problems, there is no global shared state within Akka itself. Couple this with the transparent communication between actor systemswithin one node or across a network connectionto see that actor systems themselves can be used as building blocks in a functional hierarchy.
2.1.3 Actor Best Practices

1. Actors should be like nice co-workers: do their job efciently without bothering everyone else needlessly and avoid hogging resources. Translated to programming this means to process events and generate responses (or more requests) in an event-driven manner. Actors should not block (i.e. passively wait while occupying a Thread) on some external entity, which might be a lock, a network socket, etc. The blocking operations should be done in some special-cased thread which sends messages to the actors which shall act on them. 2. Do not pass mutable objects between actors. In order to ensure that, prefer immutable messages. If the encapsulation of actors is broken by exposing their mutable state to the outside, you are back in normal Java concurrency land with all the drawbacks. 3. Actors are made to be containers for behavior and state, embracing this means to not routinely send behavior within messages (which may be tempting using Scala closures). One of the risks is to accidentally share mutable state between actors, and this violation of the actor model unfortunately breaks all the properties which make programming in actors such a nice experience. 4. Top-level actors are the innermost part of your Error Kernel, so create them sparingly and prefer truly hierarchical systems. This has benets wrt. fault-handling (both considering the granularity of conguration and the performance) and it also reduces the number of blocking calls made, since the creation of top-level actors involves synchronous messaging.
2.1.4 What you should not concern yourself with

An actor system manages the resources it is congured to use in order to run the actors which it contains. There may be millions of actors within one such system, after all the mantra is to view them as abundant and they weigh in at an overhead of only roughly 300 bytes per instance. Naturally, the exact order in which messages are processed in large systems is not controllable by the application author, but this is also not intended. Take a step back and relax while Akka does the heavy lifting under the hood.
2.2 What is an Actor?

The previous section about Actor Systems explained how actors form hierarchies and are the smallest unit when building an application. This section looks at one such actor in isolation, explaining the concepts you encounter while implementing it. For more an in depth reference with all the details please refer to Actors (Scala) and Actors (Java). An actor is a container for State, Behavior, a Mailbox, Children and a Supervisor Strategy. All of this is encapsulated behind an Actor Reference. Finally, this happens When an Actor Terminates.
2.2. What is an Actor?
2.2.1 Actor Reference

As detailed below, an actor object needs to be shielded from the outside in order to benet from the actor model. Therefore, actors are represented to the outside using actor references, which are objects that can be passed around freely and without restriction. This split into inner and outer object enables transparency for all the desired operations: restarting an actor without needing to update references elsewhere, placing the actual actor object on remote hosts, sending messages to actors in completely different applications. But the most important aspect is that it is not possible to look inside an actor and get hold of its state from the outside, unless the actor unwisely publishes this information itself.
2.2.2 State
Actor objects will typically contain some variables which reect possible states the actor may be in. This can be an explicit state machine (e.g. using the FSM module), or it could be a counter, set of listeners, pending requests, etc. These data are what make an actor valuable, and they must be protected from corruption by other actors. The good news is that Akka actors conceptually each have their own light-weight thread, which is completely shielded from the rest of the system. This means that instead of having to synchronize access using locks you can just write your actor code without worrying about concurrency at all. Behind the scenes Akka will run sets of actors on sets of real threads, where typically many actors share one thread, and subsequent invocations of one actor may end up being processed on different threads. Akka ensures that this implementation detail does not affect the single-threadedness of handling the actors state. Because the internal state is vital to an actors operations, having inconsistent state is fatal. Thus, when the actor fails and is restarted by its supervisor, the state will be created from scratch, like upon rst creating the actor. This is to enable the ability of self-healing of the system.
2.2.3 Behavior
Every time a message is processed, it is matched against the current behavior of the actor. Behavior means a function which denes the actions to be taken in reaction to the message at that point in time, say forward a request if the client is authorized, deny it otherwise. This behavior may change over time, e.g. because different clients obtain authorization over time, or because the actor may go into an out-of-service mode and later come back. These changes are achieved by either encoding them in state variables which are read from the behavior logic, or the function itself may be swapped out at runtime, see the become and unbecome operations. However, the initial behavior dened during construction of the actor object is special in the sense that a restart of the actor will reset its behavior to this initial one. Note: The initial behavior of an Actor is extracted prior to constructor is run, so if you want to base your initial behavior on member state, you should use become in the constructor.
2.2.4 Mailbox
An actors purpose is the processing of messages, and these messages were sent to the actor from other actors (or from outside the actor system). The piece which connects sender and receiver is the actors mailbox: each actor has exactly one mailbox to which all senders enqueue their messages. Enqueuing happens in the time-order of send operations, which means that messages sent from different actors may not have a dened order at runtime due to the apparent randomness of distributing actors across threads. Sending multiple messages to the same target from the same actor, on the other hand, will enqueue them in the same order. There are different mailbox implementations to choose from, the default being a FIFO: the order of the messages processed by the actor matches the order in which they were enqueued. This is usually a good default, but applications may need to prioritize some messages over others. In this case, a priority mailbox will enqueue not always at the end but at a position as given by the message priority, which might even be at the front. While using such a queue, the order of messages processed will naturally be dened by the queues algorithm and in general not be FIFO. 2.2. What is an Actor? 10
An important feature in which Akka differs from some other actor model implementations is that the current behavior must always handle the next dequeued message, there is no scanning the mailbox for the next matching one. Failure to handle a message will typically be treated as a failure, unless this behavior is overridden.
2.2.5 Children
Each actor is potentially a supervisor: if it creates children for delegating sub-tasks, it will automatically supervise them. The list of children is maintained within the actors context and the actor has access to it. Modications to the list are done by creating (context.actorOf(...)) or stopping (context.stop(child)) children and these actions are reected immediately. The actual creation and termination actions happen behind the scenes in an asynchronous way, so they do not block their supervisor.
2.2.6 Supervisor Strategy

The nal piece of an actor is its strategy for handling faults of its children. Fault handling is then done transparently by Akka, applying one of the strategies described in Supervision and Monitoring for each incoming failure. As this strategy is fundamental to how an actor system is structured, it cannot be changed once an actor has been created. Considering that there is only one such strategy for each actor, this means that if different strategies apply to the various children of an actor, the children should be grouped beneath intermediate supervisors with matching strategies, preferring once more the structuring of actor systems according to the splitting of tasks into sub-tasks.
2.2.7 When an Actor Terminates

Once an actor terminates, i.e. fails in a way which is not handled by a restart, stops itself or is stopped by its supervisor, it will free up its resources, draining all remaining messages from its mailbox into the systems dead letter mailbox. The mailbox is then replaced within the actor reference with a system mailbox, redirecting all new messages into the drain. This is done on a best effort basis, though, so do not rely on it in order to construct guaranteed delivery. The reason for not just silently dumping the messages was inspired by our tests: we register the TestEventListener on the event bus to which the dead letters are forwarded, and that will log a warning for every dead letter receivedthis has been very helpful for deciphering test failures more quickly. It is conceivable that this feature may also be of use for other purposes.
2.3 Supervision and Monitoring

This chapter outlines the concept behind supervision, the primitives offered and their semantics. For details on how that translates into real code, please refer to the corresponding chapters for Scala and Java APIs.
2.3.1 What Supervision Means

As described in Actor Systems supervision describes a dependency relationship between actors: the supervisor delegates tasks to subordinates and therefore must respond to their failures. When a subordinate detects a failure (i.e. throws an exception), it suspends itself and all its subordinates and sends a message to its supervisor, signaling failure. Depending on the nature of the work to be supervised and the nature of the failure, the supervisor has a choice of the following four options: 1. Resume the subordinate, keeping its accumulated internal state 2. Restart the subordinate, clearing out its accumulated internal state 3. Terminate the subordinate permanently 4. Escalate the failure
2.3. Supervision and Monitoring
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It is important to always view an actor as part of a supervision hierarchy, which explains the existence of the fourth choice (as a supervisor also is subordinate to another supervisor higher up) and has implications on the rst three: resuming an actor resumes all its subordinates, restarting an actor entails restarting all its subordinates (but see below for more details), similarly terminating an actor will also terminate all its subordinates. It should be noted that the default behavior of the preRestart hook of the Actor class is to terminate all its children before restarting, but this hook can be overridden; the recursive restart applies to all children left after this hook has been executed. Each supervisor is congured with a function translating all possible failure causes (i.e. exceptions) into one of the four choices given above; notably, this function does not take the failed actors identity as an input. It is quite easy to come up with examples of structures where this might not seem exible enough, e.g. wishing for different strategies to be applied to different subordinates. At this point it is vital to understand that supervision is about forming a recursive fault handling structure. If you try to do too much at one level, it will become hard to reason about, hence the recommended way in this case is to add a level of supervision. Akka implements a specic form called parental supervision. Actors can only be created by other actorswhere the top-level actor is provided by the libraryand each created actor is supervised by its parent. This restriction makes the formation of actor supervision hierarchies explicit and encourages sound design decisions. It should be noted that this also guarantees that actors cannot be orphaned or attached to supervisors from the outside, which might otherwise catch them unawares. In addition, this yields a natural and clean shutdown procedure for (sub-trees of) actor applications.
2.3.2 What Restarting Means

When presented with an actor which failed while processing a certain message, causes for the failure fall into three categories: Systematic (i.e. programming) error for the specic message received (Transient) failure of some external resource used during processing the message Corrupt internal state of the actor Unless the failure is specically recognizable, the third cause cannot be ruled out, which leads to the conclusion that the internal state needs to be cleared out. If the supervisor decides that its other children or itself is not affected by the corruptione.g. because of conscious application of the error kernel patternit is therefore best to restart the child. This is carried out by creating a new instance of the underlying Actor class and replacing the failed instance with the fresh one inside the childs ActorRef; the ability to do this is one of the reasons for encapsulating actors within special references. The new actor then resumes processing its mailbox, meaning that the restart is not visible outside of the actor itself with the notable exception that the message during which the failure occurred is not re-processed. The precise sequence of events during a restart is the following: suspend the actor call the old instances supervisionStrategy.handleSupervisorFailing method (defaults to suspending all children) call the old instances preRestart hook (defaults to sending termination requests to all children and calling postStop) wait for all children stopped during preRestart to actually terminate call the old instances supervisionStrategy.handleSupervisorRestarted method (defaults to sending restart request to all remaining children) create new actor instance by invoking the originally provided factory again invoke postRestart on the new instance resume the actor
2.3. Supervision and Monitoring
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2.3.3 What Lifecycle Monitoring Means

In contrast to the special relationship between parent and child described above, each actor may monitor any other actor. Since actors emerge from creation fully alive and restarts are not visible outside of the affected supervisors, the only state change available for monitoring is the transition from alive to dead. Monitoring is thus used to tie one actor to another so that it may react to the other actors termination, in contrast to supervision which reacts to failure. Lifecycle monitoring is implemented using a Terminated message to be received by the monitoring actor, where the default behavior is to throw a special DeathPactException if not otherwise handled. One important property is that the message will be delivered irrespective of the order in which the monitoring request and targets termination occur, i.e. you still get the message even if at the time of registration the target is already dead. Monitoring is particularly useful if a supervisor cannot simply restart its children and has to terminate them, e.g. in case of errors during actor initialization. In that case it should monitor those children and re-create them or schedule itself to retry this at a later time. Another common use case is that an actor needs to fail in the absence of an external resource, which may also be one of its own children. If a third party terminates a child by way of the system.stop(child) method or sending a PoisonPill, the supervisor might well be affected.
2.3.4 One-For-One Strategy vs. All-For-One Strategy

There are two classes of supervision strategies which come with Akka: OneForOneStrategy and AllForOneStrategy. Both are congured with a mapping from exception type to supervision directive (see above) and limits on how often a child is allowed to fail before terminating it. The difference between them is that the former applies the obtained directive only to the failed child, whereas the latter applies it to all siblings as well. Normally, you should use the OneForOneStrategy, which also is the default if none is specied explicitly. The AllForOneStrategy is applicable in cases where the ensemble of children has so tight dependencies among them, that a failure of one child affects the function of the others, i.e. they are intricably linked. Since a restart does not clear out the mailbox, it often is best to terminate the children upon failure and re-create them explicitly from the supervisor (by watching the childrens lifecycle); otherwise you have to make sure that it is no problem for any of the actors to receive a message which was queued before the restart but processed afterwards. Normally stopping a child (i.e. not in response to a failure) will not automatically terminate the other children in an all-for-one strategy, that can easily be done by watching their lifecycle: if the Terminated message is not handled by the supervisor, it will throw a DeathPathException which (depending on its supervisor) will restart it, and the default preRestart action will terminate all children. Of course this can be handled explicitly as well. Please note that creating one-off actors from an all-for-one supervisor entails that failures escalated by the temporary actor will affect all the permanent ones. If this is not desired, install an intermediate supervisor; this can very easily be done by declaring a router of size 1 for the worker, see Routing (Scala) or Routing (Java).
2.4 Actor References, Paths and Addresses

This chapter describes how actors are identied and located within a possibly distributed actor system. It ties into the central idea that Actor Systems form intrinsic supervision hierarchies as well as that communication between actors is transparent with respect to their placement across multiple network nodes.
2.4. Actor References, Paths and Addresses
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The above image displays the relationship between the most important entities within an actor system, please read on for the details.
2.4.1 What is an Actor Reference?

An actor reference is a subtype of ActorRef, whose foremost purpose is to support sending messages to the actor it represents. Each actor has access to its canonical (local) reference through the self eld; this reference is also included as sender reference by default for all messages sent to other actors. Conversely, during message processing the actor has access to a reference representing the sender of the current message through the sender eld. There are several different types of actor references that are supported depending on the conguration of the actor system: Purely local actor references are used by actor systems which are not congured to support networking functions. These actor references cannot ever be sent across a network connection while retaining their functionality. Local actor references when remoting is enabled are used by actor systems which support networking functions for those references which represent actors within the same JVM. In order to be recognizable also when sent to other network nodes, these references include protocol and remote addressing information. There is a subtype of local actor references which is used for routers (i.e. actors mixing in the Router trait). Its logical structure is the same as for the aforementioned local references, but sending a message to them dispatches to one of their children directly instead. Remote actor references represent actors which are reachable using remote communication, i.e. sending messages to them will serialize the messages transparently and send them to the other JVM. There are several special types of actor references which behave like local actor references for all practical purposes: PromiseActorRef is the special representation of a Promise for the purpose of being completed by the response from an actor; it is created by the ActorRef.ask invocation. DeadLetterActorRef is the default implementation of the dead letters service, where all messages are re-routed whose routees are shut down or non-existent. EmptyLocalActorRef is what is returned when looking up a non-existing local actor path: it is equivalent to a DeadLetterActorRef, but it retains its path so that it can be sent over the network and compared to other existing actor refs for that path, some of which might have been obtained before the actor stopped existing.
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And then there are some one-off internal implementations which you should never really see: There is an actor reference which does not represent an actor but acts only as a pseudo-supervisor for the root guardian, we call it the one who walks the bubbles of space-time. The rst logging service started before actually ring up actor creation facilities is a fake actor reference which accepts log events and prints them directly to standard output; it is Logging.StandardOutLogger. (Future Extension) Cluster actor references represent clustered actor services which may be replicated, migrated or load-balanced across multiple cluster nodes. As such they are virtual names which the cluster service translates into local or remote actor references as appropriate.
2.4.2 What is an Actor Path?

Since actors are created in a strictly hierarchical fashion, there exists a unique sequence of actor names given by recursively following the supervision links between child and parent down towards the root of the actor system. This sequence can be seen as enclosing folders in a le system, hence we adopted the name path to refer to it. As in some real le-systems there also are symbolic links, i.e. one actor may be reachable using more than one path, where all but one involve some translation which decouples part of the path from the actors actual supervision ancestor line; these specialities are described in the sub-sections to follow. An actor path consists of an anchor, which identies the actor system, followed by the concatenation of the path elements, from root guardian to the designated actor; the path elements are the names of the traversed actors and are separated by slashes. Actor Path Anchors Each actor path has an address component, describing the protocol and location by which the corresponding actor is reachable, followed by the names of the actors in the hierarchy from the root up. Examples are:
"akka://my-system/user/service-a/worker1" // purely local "akka://my-system@serv.example.com:5678/user/service-b" // local or remote "cluster://my-cluster/service-c" // clustered (Future Extension)
Here, akka is the default remote protocol for the 2.0 release, and others are pluggable. The interpretation of the host & port part (i.e. serv.example.com:5678 in the example) depends on the transport mechanism used, but it must abide by the URI structural rules. Logical Actor Paths The unique path obtained by following the parental supervision links towards the root guardian is called the logical actor path. This path matches exactly the creation ancestry of an actor, so it is completely deterministic as soon as the actor systems remoting conguration (and with it the address component of the path) is set. Physical Actor Paths While the logical actor path describes the functional location within one actor system, conguration-based remote deployment means that an actor may be created on a different network host as its parent, i.e. within a different actor system. In this case, following the actor path from the root guardian up entails traversing the network, which is a costly operation. Therefore, each actor also has a physical path, starting at the root guardian of the actor system where the actual actor object resides. Using this path as sender reference when querying other actors will let them reply directly to this actor, minimizing delays incurred by routing. One important aspect is that a physical actor path never spans multiple actor systems or JVMs. This means that the logical path (supervision hierarchy) and the physical path (actor deployment) of an actor may diverge if one of its ancestors is remotely supervised.
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Virtual Actor Paths (Future Extension) In order to be able to replicate and migrate actors across a cluster of Akka nodes, another level of indirection has to be introduced. The cluster component therefore provides a translation from virtual paths to physical paths which may change in reaction to node failures, cluster rebalancing, etc. This area is still under active development, expect updates in this section for the 2.1 release.
2.4.3 How are Actor References obtained?

There are two general categories to how actor references may be obtained: by creating actors or by looking them up, where the latter functionality comes in the two avours of creating actor references from concrete actor paths and querying the logical actor hierarchy. While local and remote actor references and their paths work in the same way concerning the facilities mentioned below, the exact semantics of clustered actor references and their pathswhile certainly as similar as possiblemay differ in certain aspects, owing to the virtual nature of those paths. Expect updates for the 2.1 release. Creating Actors An actor system is typically started by creating actors above the guardian actor using the ActorSystem.actorOf method and then using ActorContext.actorOf from within the created actors to spawn the actor tree. These methods return a reference to the newly created actor. Each actor has direct access to references for its parent, itself and its children. These references may be sent within messages to other actors, enabling those to reply directly. Looking up Actors by Concrete Path In addition, actor references may be looked up using the ActorSystem.actorFor method, which returns an (unveried) local, remote or clustered actor reference. Sending messages to such a reference or attempting to observe its liveness will traverse the actor hierarchy of the actor system from top to bottom by passing messages from parent to child until either the target is reached or failure is certain, i.e. a name in the path does not exist (in practice this process will be optimized using caches, but it still has added cost compared to using the physical actor path, which can for example to obtained from the sender reference included in replies from that actor). The messages passed are handled automatically by Akka, so this process is not visible to client code.
Absolute vs. Relative Paths
In addition to ActorSystem.actorFor there is also ActorContext.actorFor, which is available inside any actor as context.actorFor. This yields an actor reference much like its twin on ActorSystem, but instead of looking up the path starting from the root of the actor tree it starts out on the current actor. Path elements consisting of two dots ("..") may be used to access the parent actor. You can for example send a message to a specic sibling:
context.actorFor("../brother") ! msg
Absolute paths may of course also be looked up on context in the usual way, i.e.
context.actorFor("/user/serviceA") ! msg
will work as expected.
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Querying the Logical Actor Hierarchy Since the actor system forms a le-system like hierarchy, matching on paths is possible in the same was as supported by Unix shells: you may replace (parts of) path element names with wildcards (* and ?) to formulate a selection which may match zero or more actual actors. Because the result is not a single actor reference, it has a different type ActorSelection and does not support the full set of operations an ActorRef does. Selections may be formulated using the ActorSystem.actorSelection and ActorContext.actorSelection methods and do support sending messages:
context.actorSelection("../*") ! msg
will send msg to all siblings including the current actor. As for references obtained using actorFor, a traversal of the supervision hierarchy is done in order to perform the message send. As the exact set of actors which match a selection may change even while a message is making its way to the recipients, it is not possible to watch a selection for liveliness changes. In order to do that, resolve the uncertainty by sending a request and gathering all answers, extracting the sender references, and then watch all discovered concrete actors. This scheme of resolving a selection may be improved upon in a future release. Summary: actorOf vs. actorFor
Note: What the above sections described in some detail can be summarized and memorized easily as follows: actorOf only ever creates a new actor, and it creates it as a direct child of the context on which this method is invoked (which may be any actor or actor system). actorFor only ever looks up an existing actor, i.e. does not create one.
2.4.4 Reusing Actor Paths

When an actor is terminated, its path will point to the dead letter mailbox, DeathWatch will publish its nal transition and in general it is not expected to come back to life again (since the actor life cycle does not allow this). While it is possible to create an actor at a later time with an identical pathsimply due to it being impossible to enforce the opposite without keeping the set of all actors ever created availablethis is not good practice: remote actor references which died suddenly start to work again, but without any guarantee of ordering between this transition and any other event, hence the new inhabitant of the path may receive messages which were destined for the previous tenant. It may be the right thing to do in very specic circumstances, but make sure to conne the handling of this precisely to the actors supervisor, because that is the only actor which can reliably detect proper deregistration of the name, before which creation of the new child will fail. It may also be required during testing, when the test subject depends on being instantiated at a specic path. In that case it is best to mock its supervisor so that it will forward the Terminated message to the appropriate point in the test procedure, enabling the latter to await proper deregistration of the name.
2.4.5 The Interplay with Remote Deployment

When an actor creates a child, the actor systems deployer will decide whether the new actor resides in the same JVM or on another node. In the second case, creation of the actor will be triggered via a network connection to happen in a different JVM and consequently within a different actor system. The remote system will place the new actor below a special path reserved for this purpose and the supervisor of the new actor will be a remote actor reference (representing that actor which triggered its creation). In this case, context.parent (the supervisor reference) and context.path.parent (the parent node in the actors path) do not represent the same actor. However, looking up the childs name within the supervisor will nd it on the remote node, preserving logical structure e.g. when sending to an unresolved actor reference.
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2.4.6 The Interplay with Clustering (Future Extension)

This section is subject to change! When creating a scaled-out actor subtree, a cluster name is created for a routed actor reference, where sending to this reference will send to one (or more) of the actual actors created in the cluster. In order for those actors to be able to query other actors while processing their messages, their sender reference must be unique for each of the replicas, which means that physical paths will be used as self references for these instances. In the case of replication for achieving fault-tolerance the opposite is required: the self reference will be a virtual (cluster) path so that in case of migration or fail-over communication is resumed with the fresh instance.
2.4.7 What is the Address part used for?

When sending an actor reference across the network, it is represented by its path. Hence, the path must fully encode all information necessary to send messages to the underlying actor. This is achieved by encoding protocol, host and port in the address part of the path string. When an actor system receives an actor path from a remote node, it checks whether that paths address matches the address of this actor system, in which case it will be resolved to the actors local reference. Otherwise, it will be represented by a remote actor reference.
2.4.8 Special Paths used by Akka

At the root of the path hierarchy resides the root guardian above which all other actors are found. The next level consists of the following: "/user" is the guardian actor for all user-created top-level actors; ActorSystem.actorOf are found at the next level. actors created using
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"/system" is the guardian actor for all system-created top-level actors, e.g. logging listeners or actors automatically deployed by conguration at the start of the actor system. "/deadLetters" is the dead letter actor, which is where all messages sent to stopped or non-existing actors are re-routed. "/temp" is the guardian for all short-lived system-created actors, e.g. those which are used in the implementation of ActorRef.ask. "/remote" is an articial path below which all actors reside whose supervisors are remote actor references
2.5 Location Transparency

The previous section describes how actor paths are used to enable location transparency. This special feature deserves some extra explanation, because the related term transparent remoting was used quite differently in the context of programming languages, platforms and technologies.
2.5.1 Distributed by Default

Everything in Akka is designed to work in a distributed setting: all interactions of actors use purely message passing and everything is asynchronous. This effort has been undertaken to ensure that all functions are available equally when running within a single JVM or on a cluster of hundreds of machines. The key for enabling this is to go from remote to local by way of optimization instead of trying to go from local to remote by way of generalization. See this classic paper for a detailed discussion on why the second approach is bound to fail.
2.5.2 Ways in which Transparency is Broken

What is true of Akka need not be true of the application which uses it, since designing for distributed execution poses some restrictions on what is possible. The most obvious one is that all messages sent over the wire must be serializable. While being a little less obvious this includes closures which are used as actor factories (i.e. within Props) if the actor is to be created on a remote node. Another consequence is that everything needs to be aware of all interactions being fully asynchronous, which in a computer network might mean that it may take several minutes for a message to reach its recipient (depending on conguration). It also means that the probability for a message to be lost is much higher than within one JVM, where it is close to zero (still: no hard guarantee!).
2.5.3 How is Remoting Used?

We took the idea of transparency to the limit in that there is nearly no API for the remoting layer of Akka: it is purely driven by conguration. Just write your application according to the principles outlined in the previous sections, then specify remote deployment of actor sub-trees in the conguration le. This way, your application can be scaled out without having to touch the code. The only piece of the API which allows programmatic inuence on remote deployment is that Props contain a eld which may be set to a specic Deploy instance; this has the same effect as putting an equivalent deployment into the conguration le (if both are given, conguration le wins).
2.5.4 Marking Points for Scaling Up with Routers

In addition to being able to run different parts of an actor system on different nodes of a cluster, it is also possible to scale up onto more cores by multiplying actor sub-trees which support parallelization (think for example a search engine processing different queries in parallel). The clones can then be routed to in different fashions, e.g. round-robin. The only thing necessary to achieve this is that the developer needs to declare a certain actor as withRouter, thenin its steada router actor will be created which will spawn up a congurable number of children of the desired type and route to them in the congured fashion. Once such a router has been declared, its
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conguration can be freely overridden from the conguration le, including mixing it with the remote deployment of (some of) the children. Read more about this in Routing (Scala) and Routing (Java).
2.6 Akka and the Java Memory Model

A major benet of using the Typesafe Stack, including Scala and Akka, is that it simplies the process of writing concurrent software. This article discusses how the Typesafe Stack, and Akka in particular, approaches shared memory in concurrent applications.
2.6.1 The Java Memory Model

Prior to Java 5, the Java Memory Model (JMM) was ill dened. It was possible to get all kinds of strange results when shared memory was accessed by multiple threads, such as: a thread not seeing values written by other threads: a visibility problem a thread observing impossible behavior of other threads, caused by instructions not being executed in the order expected: an instruction reordering problem. With the implementation of JSR 133 in Java 5, a lot of these issues have been resolved. The JMM is a set of rules based on the happens-before relation, which constrain when one memory access must happen before another, and conversely, when they are allowed to happen out of order. Two examples of these rules are: The monitor lock rule: a release of a lock happens before every subsequent acquire of the same lock. The volatile variable rule: a write of a volatile variable happens before every subsequent read of the same volatile variable Although the JMM can seem complicated, the specication tries to nd a balance between ease of use and the ability to write performant and scalable concurrent data structures.
2.6.2 Actors and the Java Memory Model

With the Actors implementation in Akka, there are two ways multiple threads can execute actions on shared memory: if a message is sent to an actor (e.g. by another actor). In most cases messages are immutable, but if that message is not a properly constructed immutable object, without a happens before rule, it would be possible for the receiver to see partially initialized data structures and possibly even values out of thin air (longs/doubles). if an actor makes changes to its internal state while processing a message, and accesses that state while processing another message moments later. It is important to realize that with the actor model you dont get any guarantee that the same thread will be executing the same actor for different messages. To prevent visibility and reordering problems on actors, Akka guarantees the following two happens before rules: The actor send rule: the send of the message to an actor happens before the receive of that message by the same actor. The actor subsequent processing rule: processing of one message happens before processing of the next message by the same actor. Note: In laymans terms this means that changes to internal elds of the actor is visible when the next message is processed by that actor. So elds in your actor does not need to be volatile or equivalent. Both rules only apply for the same actor instance and are not valid if different actors are used.
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2.6.3 Futures and the Java Memory Model

The completion of a Future happens before the invocation of any callbacks registered to it are executed. We recommend not to close over non-nal elds (nal in Java and val in Scala), and if you do choose to close over non-nal elds, they must be marked volatile in order for the current value of the eld to be visible to the callback. If you close over a reference, you must also ensure that the instance that is referred to is thread safe. We highly recommend staying away from objects that use locking, since it can introduce performance problems and in the worst case, deadlocks. Such are the perils of synchronized.
2.6.4 STM and the Java Memory Model

Akkas Software Transactional Memory (STM) also provides a happens before rule: The transactional reference rule: a successful write during commit, on an transactional reference, happens before every subsequent read of the same transactional reference. This rule looks a lot like the volatile variable rule from the JMM. Currently the Akka STM only supports deferred writes, so the actual writing to shared memory is deferred until the transaction commits. Writes during the transaction are placed in a local buffer (the writeset of the transaction) and are not visible to other transactions. That is why dirty reads are not possible. How these rules are realized in Akka is an implementation detail and can change over time, and the exact details could even depend on the used conguration. But they will build on the other JMM rules like the monitor lock rule or the volatile variable rule. This means that you, the Akka user, do not need to worry about adding synchronization to provide such a happens before relation, because it is the responsibility of Akka. So you have your hands free to deal with your business logic, and the Akka framework makes sure that those rules are guaranteed on your behalf.
2.6.5 Actors and shared mutable state

Since Akka runs on the JVM there are still some rules to be followed. Closing over internal Actor state and exposing it to other threads
class MyActor extends Actor { var state = ... def receive = { case _ => //Wrongs // Very bad, shared mutable state, // will break your application in weird ways Future { state = NewState } anotherActor ? message onSuccess { r => state = r } // Very bad, "sender" changes for every message, // shared mutable state bug Future { expensiveCalculation(sender) } //Rights // Completely safe, "self" is OK to close over // and its an ActorRef, which is thread-safe Future { expensiveCalculation() } onComplete { f => self ! f.value.get } // Completely safe, we close over a fixed value // and its an ActorRef, which is thread-safe val currentSender = sender Future { expensiveCalculation(currentSender) }
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} }
Messages should be immutable, this is to avoid the shared mutable state trap.
2.7 Message send semantics

2.7.1 Guaranteed Delivery?
Akka does not support guaranteed delivery. First it is close to impossible to actually give guarantees like that, second it is extremely costly trying to do so. The network is inherently unreliable and there is no such thing as 100% guarantee delivery, so it can never be guaranteed. The question is what to guarantee. That: 1. The message is sent out on the network? 2. The message is received by the other host? 3. The message is put on the target actors mailbox? 4. The message is applied to the target actor? 5. The message is starting to be executed by the target actor? 6. The message is nished executing by the target actor? Each one of this have different challenges and costs. Akka embraces distributed computing and the network and makes it explicit through message passing, therefore it does not try to lie and emulate a leaky abstraction. This is a model that have been used with great success in Erlang and requires the user to model his application around. You can read more about this approach in the Erlang documentation (section 10.9 and 10.10), Akka follows it closely. Bottom line: you as a developer know what guarantees you need in your application and can solve it fastest and most reliable by explicit ACK and RETRY (if you really need it, most often you dont). Using Akkas Durable Mailboxes could help with this.
2.7.2 Delivery semantics

At-most-once Actual transports may provide stronger semantics, but at-most-once is the semantics you should expect. The alternatives would be once-and-only-once, which is extremely costly, or at-least-once which essentially requires idempotency of message processing, which is a user-level concern. Ordering is preserved on a per-sender basis Actor A1 sends messages M1, M2, M3 to A2 Actor A3 sends messages M4, M5, M6 to A2 This means that: 1. If M1 is delivered it must be delivered before M2 and M3 2. If M2 is delivered it must be delivered before M3 3. If M4 is delivered it must be delivered before M5 and M6 4. If M5 is delivered it must be delivered before M6 5. A2 can see messages from A1 interleaved with messages from A3 2.7. Message send semantics 22
6. Since there is no guaranteed delivery, none, some or all of the messages may arrive to A2
2.8 Conguration
Akka uses the Typesafe Cong Library, which might also be a good choice for the conguration of your own application or library built with or without Akka. This library is implemented in Java with no external dependencies; you should have a look at its documentation (in particular about CongFactory), which is only summarized in the following. Warning: If you use Akka from the Scala REPL from the 2.9.x series, and you do not provide your own ClassLoader to the ActorSystem, start the REPL with -Yrepl-sync to work around a deciency in the REPLs provided Context ClassLoader.
2.8.1 Where conguration is read from

All conguration for Akka is held within instances of ActorSystem, or put differently, as viewed from the outside, ActorSystem is the only consumer of conguration information. While constructing an actor system, you can either pass in a Config object or not, where the second case is equivalent to passing ConfigFactory.load() (with the right class loader). This means roughly that the default is to parse all application.conf, application.json and application.properties found at the root of the class pathplease refer to the aforementioned documentation for details. The actor system then merges in all reference.conf resources found at the root of the class path to form the fallback conguration, i.e. it internally uses
appConfig.withFallback(ConfigFactory.defaultReference(classLoader))
The philosophy is that code never contains default values, but instead relies upon their presence in the reference.conf supplied with the library in question. Highest precedence is given to overrides given as system properties, see the HOCON specication (near the bottom). Also noteworthy is that the application congurationwhich defaults to applicationmay be overridden using the config.resource property (there are more, please refer to the Cong docs). Note: If you are writing an Akka application, keep you conguration in application.conf at the root of the class path. If you are writing an Akka-based library, keep its conguration in reference.conf at the root of the JAR le.
2.8.2 When using JarJar, OneJar, Assembly or any jar-bundler

Warning: Akkas conguration approach relies heavily on the notion of every module/jar having its own reference.conf le, all of these will be discovered by the conguration and loaded. Unfortunately this also means that if you put merge multiple jars into the same jar, you need to merge all the reference.confs as well. Otherwise all defaults will be lost and Akka will not function.
2.8.3 Custom application.conf

A custom application.conf might look like this:
# In this file you can override any option defined in the reference files. # Copy in parts of the reference files and modify as you please. akka {
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# Event handlers to register at boot time (Logging$DefaultLogger logs to STDOUT) event-handlers = ["akka.event.slf4j.Slf4jEventHandler"] # Log level used by the configured loggers (see "event-handlers") as soon # as they have been started; before that, see "stdout-loglevel" # Options: ERROR, WARNING, INFO, DEBUG loglevel = DEBUG # Log level for the very basic logger activated during AkkaApplication startup # Options: ERROR, WARNING, INFO, DEBUG stdout-loglevel = DEBUG actor { default-dispatcher { # Throughput for default Dispatcher, set to 1 for as fair as possible throughput = 10 } } remote { server { # The port clients should connect to. Default is 2552 (AKKA) port = 2562 } } }
2.8.4 Including les

Sometimes it can be useful to include another conguration le, for example if you have one application.conf with all environment independent settings and then override some settings for specic environments. Specifying system property with -Dconfig.resource=/dev.conf will load the dev.conf le, which includes the application.conf dev.conf:
include "application" akka { loglevel = "DEBUG" }
More advanced include and substitution mechanisms are explained in the HOCON specication.
2.8.5 Logging of Conguration

If the system or cong property akka.log-config-on-start is set to on, then the complete conguration at INFO level when the actor system is started. This is useful when you are uncertain of what conguration is used. If in doubt, you can also easily and nicely inspect conguration objects before or after using them to construct an actor system:
Welcome to Scala version 2.9.1.final (Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM, Java 1.6.0_27). Type in expressions to have them evaluated. Type :help for more information. scala> import com.typesafe.config._
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import com.typesafe.config._ scala> ConfigFactory.parseString("a.b=12") res0: com.typesafe.config.Config = Config(SimpleConfigObject({"a" : {"b" : 12}})) scala> res0.root.render res1: java.lang.String = { # String: 1 "a" : { # String: 1 "b" : 12 } }
The comments preceding every item give detailed information about the origin of the setting (le & line number) plus possible comments which were present, e.g. in the reference conguration. The settings as merged with the reference and parsed by the actor system can be displayed like this:
final ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create(); println(system.settings()); // this is a shortcut for system.settings().config().root().render()
2.8.6 A Word About ClassLoaders

In several places of the conguration le it is possible to specify the fully-qualied class name of something to be instantiated by Akka. This is done using Java reection, which in turn uses a ClassLoader. Getting the right one in challenging environments like application containers or OSGi bundles is not always trivial, the current approach of Akka is that each ActorSystem implementation stores the current threads context class loader (if available, otherwise just its own loader as in this.getClass.getClassLoader) and uses that for all reective accesses. This implies that putting Akka on the boot class path will yield NullPointerException from strange places: this is simply not supported.
2.8.7 Application specic settings

The conguration can also be used for application specic settings. A good practice is to place those settings in an Extension, as described in: Scala API: Application specic settings Java API: Application specic settings
2.8.8 Conguring multiple ActorSystem

If you have more than one ActorSystem (or youre writing a library and have an ActorSystem that may be separate from the applications) you may want to separate the conguration for each system. Given that ConfigFactory.load() merges all resources with matching name from the whole class path, it is easiest to utilize that functionality and differentiate actor systems within the hierarchy of the conguration:
myapp1 { akka.loglevel = WARNING my.own.setting = 43 } myapp2 { akka.loglevel = ERROR app2.setting = "appname" }
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my.own.setting = 42 my.other.setting = "hello"
val config = ConfigFactory.load() val app1 = ActorSystem("MyApp1", config.getConfig("myapp1").withFallback(config)) val app2 = ActorSystem("MyApp2", config.getConfig("myapp2").withOnlyPath("akka").withFallback(conf
These two samples demonstrate different variations of the lift-a-subtree trick: in the rst case, the conguration accessible from within the actor system is this
akka.loglevel = WARNING my.own.setting = 43 my.other.setting = "hello" // plus myapp1 and myapp2 subtrees
while in the second one, only the akka subtree is lifted, with the following result:
akka.loglevel = ERROR my.own.setting = 42 my.other.setting = "hello" // plus myapp1 and myapp2 subtrees
Note: The conguration library is really powerful, explaining all features exceeds the scope affordable here. In particular not covered are how to include other conguration les within other les (see a small example at Including les) and copying parts of the conguration tree by way of path substitutions. You may also specify and parse the conguration programmatically in other ways when instantiating the ActorSystem.
import akka.actor.ActorSystem import com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory val customConf = ConfigFactory.parseString(""" akka.actor.deployment { /my-service { router = round-robin nr-of-instances = 3 } } """) // ConfigFactory.load sandwiches customConfig between default reference // config and default overrides, and then resolves it. val system = ActorSystem("MySystem", ConfigFactory.load(customConf))
2.8.9 Reading conguration from a custom location

You can replace or supplement application.conf either in code or using system properties. If youre using ConfigFactory.load() (which Akka does by default) you can replace application.conf by dening -Dconfig.resource=whatever, -Dconfig.file=whatever, or -Dconfig.url=whatever. From inside your replacement le specied with -Dconfig.resource and friends, you can include "application" if you still want to use application.{conf,json,properties} as well. Settings specied before include "application" would be overridden by the included le, while those after would override the included le. In code, there are many customization options. There are several overloads of ConfigFactory.load(); these allow you to specify something to be sandwiched between system properties (which override) and the defaults (from reference.conf), replacing the usual application.{conf,json,properties} and replacing -Dconfig.file and friends.
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The simplest variant of ConfigFactory.load() takes a resource basename (instead of application); myname.conf, myname.json, and myname.properties would then be used instead of application.{conf,json,properties}. The most exible variant takes a Config object, which you can load using any method in ConfigFactory. For example you could put a cong string in code using ConfigFactory.parseString() or you could make a map and ConfigFactory.parseMap(), or you could load a le. You can also combine your custom cong with the usual cong, that might look like:
// make a Config with just your special setting Config myConfig = ConfigFactory.parseString("something=somethingElse"); // load the normal config stack (system props, // then application.conf, then reference.conf) Config regularConfig = ConfigFactory.load(); // override regular stack with myConfig Config combined = myConfig.withFallback(regularConfig); // put the result in between the overrides // (system props) and defaults again Config complete = ConfigFactory.load(combined); // create ActorSystem ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create("myname", complete);
When working with Config objects, keep in mind that there are three layers in the cake: ConfigFactory.defaultOverrides() (system properties) the apps settings ConfigFactory.defaultReference() (reference.conf) The normal goal is to customize the middle layer while leaving the other two alone. ConfigFactory.load() loads the whole stack the overloads of ConfigFactory.load() let you specify a different middle layer the ConfigFactory.parse() variations load single les or resources To stack two layers, use override.withFallback(fallback); try to keep system props (defaultOverrides()) on top and reference.conf (defaultReference()) on the bottom. Do keep in mind, you can often just add another include statement in application.conf rather than writing code. Includes at the top of application.conf will be overridden by the rest of application.conf, while those at the bottom will override the earlier stuff.
2.8.10 Listing of the Reference Conguration

Each Akka module has a reference conguration le with the default values. akka-actor
#################################### # Akka Actor Reference Config File # #################################### # This is the reference config file that contains all the default settings. # Make your edits/overrides in your application.conf.
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akka { # Akka version, checked against the runtime version of Akka. version = "2.1-SNAPSHOT" # Home directory of Akka, modules in the deploy directory will be loaded home = "" # Event handlers to register at boot time (Logging$DefaultLogger logs to STDOUT) event-handlers = ["akka.event.Logging$DefaultLogger"] # Event handlers are created and registered synchronously during ActorSystem # start-up, and since they are actors, this timeout is used to bound the # waiting time event-handler-startup-timeout = 5s # Log level used by the configured loggers (see "event-handlers") as soon # as they have been started; before that, see "stdout-loglevel" # Options: ERROR, WARNING, INFO, DEBUG loglevel = "INFO" # Log level for the very basic logger activated during AkkaApplication startup # Options: ERROR, WARNING, INFO, DEBUG stdout-loglevel = "WARNING" # Log the complete configuration at INFO level when the actor system is started. # This is useful when you are uncertain of what configuration is used. log-config-on-start = off # List FQCN of extensions which shall be loaded at actor system startup. # Should be on the format: extensions = ["foo", "bar"] etc. # See the Akka Documentation for more info about Extensions extensions = [] # Toggles whether the threads created by this ActorSystem should be daemons or not daemonic = off # JVM shutdown, System.exit(-1), in case of a fatal error, such as OutOfMemoryError jvm-exit-on-fatal-error = on actor { provider = "akka.actor.LocalActorRefProvider" # Timeout for ActorSystem.actorOf creation-timeout = 20s # frequency with which stopping actors are prodded in case they had to be # removed from their parents reaper-interval = 5s # Serializes and deserializes (non-primitive) messages to ensure immutability, # this is only intended for testing. serialize-messages = off
# Serializes and deserializes creators (in Props) to ensure that they can be sent over the net # this is only intended for testing. serialize-creators = off typed { # Default timeout for typed actor methods with non-void return type timeout = 5s }
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deployment { # deployment id pattern - on the format: /parent/child etc. default {
# routing (load-balance) scheme to use # available: "from-code", "round-robin", "random", "smallest-mailbox", "scatter-gather # or: Fully qualified class name of the router class. # The router class must extend akka.routing.CustomRouterConfig and and have # with com.typesafe.config.Config parameter. # default is "from-code"; # Whether or not an actor is transformed to a Router is decided in code only (Props.withRo # The type of router can be overridden in the configuration; specifying "from-code" means # that the values specified in the code shall be used. # In case of routing, the actors to be routed to can be specified # in several ways: # - nr-of-instances: will create that many children # - routees.paths: will look the paths up using actorFor and route to # them, i.e. will not create children # - resizer: dynamically resizable number of routees as specified in resizer below router = "from-code" # number of children to create in case of a non-direct router; this setting # is ignored if routees.paths is given nr-of-instances = 1 # within is the timeout used for routers containing future calls within = 5 seconds routees { # Alternatively to giving nr-of-instances you can specify the full # paths of those actors which should be routed to. This setting takes # precedence over nr-of-instances paths = [] } # Routers with dynamically resizable number of routees; this feature is enabled # by including (parts of) this section in the deployment resizer { # The fewest number of routees the router should ever have. lower-bound = 1 # The most number of routees the router should ever have. # Must be greater than or equal to lower-bound. upper-bound = 10 # Threshold to evaluate if routee is considered to be busy (under pressure). # Implementation depends on this value (default is 1). # 0: number of routees currently processing a message. # 1: number of routees currently processing a message has # some messages in mailbox. # > 1: number of routees with at least the configured pressure-threshold # messages in their mailbox. Note that estimating mailbox size of # default UnboundedMailbox is O(N) operation. pressure-threshold = 1 # Percentage to increase capacity whenever all routees are busy. # For example, 0.2 would increase 20% (rounded up), i.e. if current # capacity is 6 it will request an increase of 2 more routees. rampup-rate = 0.2 # Minimum fraction of busy routees before backing off.
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# For example, if this is 0.3, # less than 30% of routees are # 3 are busy then the capacity # the capacity is decreased. # Use 0.0 or negative to avoid backoff-threshold = 0.3
then well remove some routees only when busy, i.e. if current capacity is 10 and is unchanged, but if 2 or less are busy removal of routees.
# Fraction of routees to be removed when the resizer reaches the # backoffThreshold. # For example, 0.1 would decrease 10% (rounded up), i.e. if current # capacity is 9 it will request an decrease of 1 routee. backoff-rate = 0.1 # When the resizer reduce the capacity the abandoned routee actors are stopped # with PoisonPill after this delay. The reason for the delay is to give concurrent # messages a chance to be placed in mailbox before sending PoisonPill. # Use 0s to skip delay. stop-delay = 1s # Number of messages between resize operation. # Use 1 to resize before each message. messages-per-resize = 10 } } } default-dispatcher { # Must be one of the following # Dispatcher, (BalancingDispatcher, only valid when all actors using it are of # the same type), PinnedDispatcher, or a FQCN to a class inheriting # MessageDispatcherConfigurator with a constructor with # com.typesafe.config.Config parameter and akka.dispatch.DispatcherPrerequisites # parameters. # PinnedDispatcher must be used toghether with executor=thread-pool-executor. type = "Dispatcher" # Which kind of ExecutorService to use for this dispatcher # Valid options: # "fork-join-executor" requires a "fork-join-executor" section # "thread-pool-executor" requires a "thread-pool-executor" section # or # A FQCN of a class extending ExecutorServiceConfigurator executor = "fork-join-executor" # This will be used if you have set "executor = "fork-join-executor"" fork-join-executor { # Min number of threads to cap factor-based parallelism number to parallelism-min = 8 # Parallelism (threads) ... ceil(available processors * factor) parallelism-factor = 3.0 # Max number of threads to cap factor-based parallelism number to parallelism-max = 64 } # This will be used if you have set "executor = "thread-pool-executor"" thread-pool-executor { # Keep alive time for threads keep-alive-time = 60s # Min number of threads to cap factor-based core number to core-pool-size-min = 8
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# No of core threads ... ceil(available processors * factor) core-pool-size-factor = 3.0 # Max number of threads to cap factor-based number to core-pool-size-max = 64 # Hint: max-pool-size is only used for bounded task queues # minimum number of threads to cap factor-based max number to max-pool-size-min = 8 # Max no of threads ... ceil(available processors * factor) max-pool-size-factor = 3.0 # Max number of threads to cap factor-based max number to max-pool-size-max = 64 # Specifies the bounded capacity of the task queue (< 1 == unbounded) task-queue-size = -1 # Specifies which type of task queue will be used, can be "array" or # "linked" (default) task-queue-type = "linked" # Allow core threads to time out allow-core-timeout = on } # How long time the dispatcher will wait for new actors until it shuts down shutdown-timeout = 1s # Throughput defines the number of messages that are processed in a batch # before the thread is returned to the pool. Set to 1 for as fair as possible. throughput = 5 # Throughput deadline for Dispatcher, set to 0 or negative for no deadline throughput-deadline-time = 0ms # If negative (or zero) then an unbounded mailbox is used (default) # If positive then a bounded mailbox is used and the capacity is set using the # property # NOTE: setting a mailbox to blocking can be a bit dangerous, could lead to # deadlock, use with care # The following mailbox-push-timeout-time is only used for type=Dispatcher and # only if mailbox-capacity > 0 mailbox-capacity = -1 # Specifies the timeout to add a new message to a mailbox that is full # negative number means infinite timeout. It is only used for type=Dispatcher # and only if mailbox-capacity > 0 mailbox-push-timeout-time = 10s # FQCN of the MailboxType, if not specified the default bounded or unbounded # mailbox is used. The Class of the FQCN must have a constructor with # (akka.actor.ActorSystem.Settings, com.typesafe.config.Config) parameters. mailbox-type = "" # For BalancingDispatcher: If the balancing dispatcher should attempt to # schedule idle actors using the same dispatcher when a message comes in, # and the dispatchers ExecutorService is not fully busy already. attempt-teamwork = on # For Actor with Stash: The default capacity of the stash.
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# If negative (or zero) then an unbounded stash is used (default) # If positive then a bounded stash is used and the capacity is set using the # property stash-capacity = -1 } debug { # enable function of Actor.loggable(), which is to log any received message at # DEBUG level, see the Testing Actor Systems section of the Akka Documentation # at http://akka.io/docs receive = off # enable DEBUG logging of all AutoReceiveMessages (Kill, PoisonPill and the like) autoreceive = off # enable DEBUG logging of actor lifecycle changes lifecycle = off # enable DEBUG logging of all LoggingFSMs for events, transitions and timers fsm = off # enable DEBUG logging of subscription changes on the eventStream event-stream = off # enable DEBUG logging of unhandled messages unhandled = off } # Entries for pluggable serializers and their bindings. serializers { java = "akka.serialization.JavaSerializer" } # Class to Serializer binding. You only need to specify the name of an interface # or abstract base class of the messages. In case of ambiguity it is using the # most specific configured class, or giving a warning and choosing the first one. # # To disable one of the default serializers, assign its class to "none", like # "java.io.Serializable" = none serialization-bindings { "java.io.Serializable" = java } }
# Used to set the behavior of the scheduler. # Changing the default values may change the system behavior drastically so make sure # you know what youre doing! See the Scheduler section of the Akka documentation for more detai scheduler { # The HashedWheelTimer (HWT) implementation from Netty is used as the default scheduler # in the system. # HWT does not execute the scheduled tasks on exact time. # It will, on every tick, check if there are any tasks behind the schedule and execute them. # You can increase or decrease the accuracy of the execution timing by specifying smaller # or larger tick duration. # If you are scheduling a lot of tasks you should consider increasing the ticks per wheel. # For more information see: http://www.jboss.org/netty/ tick-duration = 100ms ticks-per-wheel = 512 } }
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akka-remote
##################################### # Akka Remote Reference Config File # ##################################### # This is the reference config file that contains all the default settings. # Make your edits/overrides in your application.conf. # comments about akka.actor settings left out where they are already in akka# actor.jar, because otherwise they would be repeated in config rendering. akka { actor { serializers { proto = "akka.serialization.ProtobufSerializer" }
serialization-bindings { # Since com.google.protobuf.Message does not extend Serializable but GeneratedMessage # does, need to use the more specific one here in order to avoid ambiguity "com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessage" = proto } deployment { default { # if this is set to a valid remote address, the named actor will be deployed # at that node e.g. "akka://sys@host:port" remote = "" target { # A list of hostnames and ports for instantiating the children of a # non-direct router # The format should be on "akka://sys@host:port", where: # - sys is the remote actor system name # - hostname can be either hostname or IP address the remote actor # should connect to # - port should be the port for the remote server on the other node # The number of actor instances to be spawned is still taken from the # nr-of-instances setting as for local routers; the instances will be # distributed round-robin among the given nodes. nodes = [] } } } } remote { # Which implementation of akka.remote.RemoteTransport to use # default is a TCP-based remote transport based on Netty transport = "akka.remote.netty.NettyRemoteTransport" # Enable untrusted mode for full security of server managed actors, allows # untrusted clients to connect. untrusted-mode = off
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33
# Timeout for ACK of cluster operations, like checking actor out etc. remote-daemon-ack-timeout = 30s
# If this is "on", Akka will log all inbound messages at DEBUG level, if off then they are not log-received-messages = off
# If this is "on", Akka will log all outbound messages at DEBUG level, if off then they are no log-sent-messages = off # Each property is annotated with (I) or (O) # The NettyRemoteTransport always starts the # active client connections whenever sending # it reuses inbound connections for replies, # to client). netty {
or (I&O), where I stands for inbound and O for server role to allow inbound connections, and it to a destination which is not yet connected; if c which is called a passive client connection (i.e.
# (O) In case of increased latency / overflow how long should we wait (blocking the sender) # until we deem the send to be cancelled? # 0 means "never backoff", any positive number will indicate time to block at most. backoff-timeout = 0ms # (I&O) Generate your own with $AKKA_HOME/scripts/generate_config_with_secure_cookie.sh # or using akka.util.Crypt.generateSecureCookie secure-cookie = "" # (I) Should the remote server require that its peers share the same secure-cookie # (defined in the remote section)? require-cookie = off # (I) Reuse inbound connections for outbound messages use-passive-connections = on
# (I) EXPERIMENTAL If "<id.of.dispatcher>" then the specified dispatcher will be used to acc # and perform IO. If "" then dedicated threads will be used. use-dispatcher-for-io = "" # (I) The hostname or ip to bind the remoting to, # InetAddress.getLocalHost.getHostAddress is used if empty hostname = "" # (I) The default remote server port clients should connect to. # Default is 2552 (AKKA), use 0 if you want a random available port port = 2552 # (O) The address of a local network interface (IP Address) to bind to when creating # outbound connections. Set to "" or "auto" for automatic selection of local address. outbound-local-address = "auto" # (I&O) Increase this if you want to be able to send messages with large payloads message-frame-size = 1 MiB # (O) Timeout duration connection-timeout = 120s # (I) Sets the size of the connection backlog backlog = 4096 # (I) Length in akka.time-unit how long core threads will be kept alive if idling execution-pool-keepalive = 60s # (I) Size of the core pool of the remote execution unit execution-pool-size = 4
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# (I) Maximum channel size, 0 for off max-channel-memory-size = 0b # (I) Maximum total size of all channels, 0 for off max-total-memory-size = 0b # (O) Time between reconnect attempts for active clients reconnect-delay = 5s # (O) Read inactivity period (lowest resolution is seconds) # after which active client connection is shutdown; # will be re-established in case of new communication requests. # A value of 0 will turn this feature off read-timeout = 0s # (O) Write inactivity period (lowest resolution is seconds) # after which a heartbeat is sent across the wire. # A value of 0 will turn this feature off write-timeout = 10s # (O) Inactivity period of both reads and writes (lowest resolution is seconds) # after which active client connection is shutdown; # will be re-established in case of new communication requests # A value of 0 will turn this feature off all-timeout = 0s # (O) Maximum time window that a client should try to reconnect for reconnection-time-window = 600s } } }
akka-testkit
###################################### # Akka Testkit Reference Config File # ###################################### # This is the reference config file that contains all the default settings. # Make your edits/overrides in your application.conf. akka { test { # factor by which to scale timeouts during tests, e.g. to account for shared # build system load timefactor = 1.0 # duration of EventFilter.intercept waits after the block is finished until # all required messages are received filter-leeway = 3s # duration to wait in expectMsg and friends outside of within() block by default single-expect-default = 3s # The timeout that is added as an implicit by DefaultTimeout trait default-timeout = 5s calling-thread-dispatcher { type = akka.testkit.CallingThreadDispatcherConfigurator } }
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akka-transactor
######################################### # Akka Transactor Reference Config File # ######################################### # This is the reference config file that contains all the default settings. # Make your edits/overrides in your application.conf. akka { transactor { # The timeout used for coordinated transactions across actors coordinated-timeout = 5s } }
akka-agent
#################################### # Akka Agent Reference Config File # #################################### # This is the reference config file that contains all the default settings. # Make your edits/overrides in your application.conf. akka { agent { # The dispatcher used for agent-send-off actor send-off-dispatcher { executor = thread-pool-executor type = PinnedDispatcher } # The dispatcher used for agent-alter-off actor alter-off-dispatcher { executor = thread-pool-executor type = PinnedDispatcher } } }
akka-zeromq
##################################### # Akka ZeroMQ Reference Config File # ##################################### # This is the reference config file that contains all the default settings. # Make your edits/overrides in your application.conf. akka { zeromq { # The default timeout for a poll on the actual zeromq socket.
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poll-timeout = 100ms # Timeout for creating a new socket new-socket-timeout = 5s socket-dispatcher { # A zeromq socket needs to be pinned to the thread that created it. # Changing this value results in weird errors and race conditions within zeromq executor = thread-pool-executor type = "PinnedDispatcher" } } }
akka-le-mailbox
############################################# # Akka File Mailboxes Reference Config File # ############################################# # This is the reference config file that contains all the default settings. # Make your edits/overrides in your application.conf. # # For more information see <https://github.com/robey/kestrel/> akka { actor { mailbox { file-based { # directory below which this queue resides directory-path = "./_mb" # attempting to add an item after the queue reaches this size (in items) will fail. max-items = 2147483647 # attempting to add an item after the queue reaches this size (in bytes) will fail. max-size = 2147483647 bytes # attempting to add an item larger than this size (in bytes) will fail. max-item-size = 2147483647 bytes # maximum expiration time for this queue (seconds). max-age = 0s # maximum journal size before the journal should be rotated. max-journal-size = 16 MiB # maximum size of a queue before it drops into read-behind mode. max-memory-size = 128 MiB # maximum overflow (multiplier) of a journal file before we re-create it. max-journal-overflow = 10 # absolute maximum size of a journal file until we rebuild it, no matter what. max-journal-size-absolute = 9223372036854775807 bytes # whether to drop older items (instead of newer) when the queue is full discard-old-when-full = on # whether to keep a journal file at all keep-journal = on
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# whether to sync the journal after each transaction sync-journal = off } } } }
2.9 How do I . . .
This section of the Akka Documentation tries to answer common usage questions.
2.9.1 . . . deal with blocking third-party code?

Some times you cannot avoid doing blocking, and in that case you might want to explore the following: 1. Isolate the blocking to a dedicated ExecutionContext 2. Congure the actor to have a bounded-mailbox as to prevent from excessive mailbox sizes Note: Before you do anything at all, measure!
2.9.2 . . . use persistence with Akka?

You just use it? You might want to have a look at the answer to the question about blocking though.
2.9.3 . . . use a pool of connections/whatnots

You most probably want to wrap that pooling service as an Akka Extension, see the docs for documentation on Java / Scala Extensions.
2.9. How do I . . .
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CHAPTER
THREE
COMMON UTILITIES
3.1 Duration
Durations are used throughout the Akka library, wherefore this concept is represented by a special data type, Duration. Values of this type may represent innite (Duration.Inf, Duration.MinusInf) or nite durations.
3.1.1 Scala
In Scala durations are constructable using a mini-DSL and support all expected operations:
import akka.util.duration._ // notice the small d
val fivesec = 5.seconds val threemillis = 3.millis val diff = fivesec - threemillis assert (diff < fivesec) val fourmillis = threemillis * 4 / 3 val n = threemillis / (1 millisecond)
// though you cannot write it the other way around
Note: You may leave out the dot if the expression is clearly delimited (e.g. within parentheses or in an argument list), but it is recommended to use it if the time unit is the last token on a line, otherwise semi-colon inference might go wrong, depending on what starts the next line.
3.1.2 Java
Java provides less syntactic sugar, so you have to spell out the operations as method calls instead:
final Duration fivesec = Duration.create(5, "seconds"); final Duration threemillis = Duration.parse("3 millis"); final Duration diff = fivesec.minus(threemillis); assert (diff.lt(fivesec)); assert (Duration.Zero().lt(Duration.Inf()));
3.1.3 Deadline
Durations have a brother name Deadline, which is a class holding a representation of an absolute point in time, and support deriving a duration from this by calculating the difference between now and the deadline. This is useful when you want to keep one overall deadline without having to take care of the book-keeping wrt. the passing of time yourself:
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val deadline = 10 seconds fromNow // do something which takes time awaitCond(..., deadline.timeLeft)
In Java you create these from durations:

final Deadline d = Duration.create(5, "seconds").fromNow();
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CHAPTER
FOUR
JAVA API
4.1 Actors (Java)
The Actor Model provides a higher level of abstraction for writing concurrent and distributed systems. It alleviates the developer from having to deal with explicit locking and thread management, making it easier to write correct concurrent and parallel systems. Actors were dened in the 1973 paper by Carl Hewitt but have been popularized by the Erlang language, and used for example at Ericsson with great success to build highly concurrent and reliable telecom systems. The API of Akkas Actors is similar to Scala Actors which has borrowed some of its syntax from Erlang.
4.1.1 Creating Actors

Since Akka enforces parental supervision every actor is supervised and (potentially) the supervisor of its children; it is advisable that you familiarize yourself with Actor Systems and Supervision and Monitoring and it may also help to read Summary: actorOf vs. actorFor. Dening an Actor class Actor in Java are implemented by extending the UntypedActor class and implementing the onReceive method. This method takes the message as a parameter. Here is an example:
import akka.actor.UntypedActor; import akka.event.Logging; import akka.event.LoggingAdapter; public class MyUntypedActor extends UntypedActor { LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); public void onReceive(Object message) throws Exception { if (message instanceof String) log.info("Received String message: {}", message); else unhandled(message); } }
Props Props is a conguration class to specify options for the creation of actors. Here are some examples on how to create a Props instance.
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Props props1 = new Props(); Props props2 = new Props(MyUntypedActor.class); Props props3 = new Props(new UntypedActorFactory() { public UntypedActor create() { return new MyUntypedActor(); } }); Props props4 = props1.withCreator(new UntypedActorFactory() { public UntypedActor create() { return new MyUntypedActor(); } });
Creating Actors with Props Actors are created by passing in a Props instance into the actorOf factory method.
ActorRef myActor = system.actorOf(new Props(MyUntypedActor.class).withDispatcher("my-dispatcher"),
Creating Actors with default constructor

import akka.actor.ActorRef; import akka.actor.ActorSystem; import akka.actor.Props; ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create("MySystem"); ActorRef myActor = system.actorOf(new Props(MyUntypedActor.class), "myactor");
The call to actorOf returns an instance of ActorRef. This is a handle to the UntypedActor instance which you can use to interact with the UntypedActor. The ActorRef is immutable and has a one to one relationship with the Actor it represents. The ActorRef is also serializable and network-aware. This means that you can serialize it, send it over the wire and use it on a remote host and it will still be representing the same Actor on the original node, across the network. In the above example the actor was created from the system. It is also possible to create actors from other actors with the actor context. The difference is how the supervisor hierarchy is arranged. When using the context the current actor will be supervisor of the created child actor. When using the system it will be a top level actor, that is supervised by the system (internal guardian actor).
public class FirstUntypedActor extends UntypedActor { ActorRef myActor = getContext().actorOf(new Props(MyActor.class), "myactor");
The name parameter is optional, but you should preferably name your actors, since that is used in log messages and for identifying actors. The name must not be empty or start with $. If the given name is already in use by another child to the same parent actor an InvalidActorNameException is thrown. Warning: Creating top-level actors with system.actorOf is a blocking operation, hence it may deadlock due to starvation if the default dispatcher is overloaded. To avoid problems, do not call this method from within actors or futures which run on the default dispatcher. Actors are automatically started asynchronously when created. When you create the UntypedActor then it will automatically call the preStart callback method on the UntypedActor class. This is an excellent place to add initialization code for the actor.
@Override public void preStart() { ... // initialization code }
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Creating Actors with non-default constructor If your UntypedActor has a constructor that takes parameters then you cant create it using actorOf(new Props(clazz)). Then you can instead pass in new Props(new UntypedActorFactory() {..}) in which you can create the Actor in any way you like. Here is an example:
// allows passing in arguments to the MyActor constructor ActorRef myActor = system.actorOf(new Props(new UntypedActorFactory() { public UntypedActor create() { return new MyActor("..."); } }), "myactor");
This way of creating the Actor is also great for integrating with Dependency Injection (DI) frameworks like Guice or Spring.
4.1.2 UntypedActor API

The UntypedActor class denes only one abstract method, the above mentioned onReceive(Object message), which implements the behavior of the actor. If the current actor behavior does not match a received message, unhandled is called, which by default publishes a new akka.actor.UnhandledMessage(message, sender, recipient) on the actor systems event stream. In addition, it offers: getSelf() reference to the ActorRef of the actor getSender() reference sender Actor of the last received message, typically used as described in Reply to messages supervisorStrategy() user overridable denition the strategy to use for supervising child actors getContext() exposes contextual information for the actor and the current message, such as: factory methods to create child actors (actorOf) system that the actor belongs to parent supervisor supervised children lifecycle monitoring hotswap behavior stack as described in HotSwap The remaining visible methods are user-overridable life-cycle hooks which are described in the following:
public void preStart() { } public void preRestart(Throwable reason, Option<Object> message) { for (ActorRef each : getContext().getChildren()) getContext().stop(each); postStop(); } public void postRestart(Throwable reason) { preStart(); } public void postStop() { }
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43
The implementations shown above are the defaults provided by the UntypedActor class. Lifecycle Monitoring aka DeathWatch In order to be notied when another actor terminates (i.e. stops permanently, not temporary failure and restart), an actor may register itself for reception of the Terminated message dispatched by the other actor upon termination (see Stopping Actors). This service is provided by the DeathWatch component of the actor system. Registering a monitor is easy (see fourth line, the rest is for demonstrating the whole functionality):
public static class WatchActor extends UntypedActor { final ActorRef child = this.getContext().actorOf(Props.empty(), "child"); { this.getContext().watch(child); // <-- this is the only call needed for registration } ActorRef lastSender = getContext().system().deadLetters(); @Override public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message.equals("kill")) { getContext().stop(child); lastSender = getSender(); } else if (message instanceof Terminated) { final Terminated t = (Terminated) message; if (t.getActor() == child) { lastSender.tell("finished"); } } else { unhandled(message); } } }
It should be noted that the Terminated message is generated independent of the order in which registration and termination occur. Registering multiple times does not necessarily lead to multiple messages being generated, but there is no guarantee that only exactly one such message is received: if termination of the watched actor has generated and queued the message, and another registration is done before this message has been processed, then a second message will be queued, because registering for monitoring of an already terminated actor leads to the immediate generation of the Terminated message. It is also possible to deregister from watching another actors liveliness using context.unwatch(target), but obviously this cannot guarantee non-reception of the Terminated message because that may already have been queued. Start Hook Right after starting the actor, its preStart method is invoked.
@Override public void preStart() { // registering with other actors someService.tell(Register(getSelf()); }
Restart Hooks All actors are supervised, i.e. linked to another actor with a fault handling strategy. Actors will be restarted in case an exception is thrown while processing a message. This restart involves the hooks mentioned above:
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44
1. The old actor is informed by calling preRestart with the exception which caused the restart and the message which triggered that exception; the latter may be None if the restart was not caused by processing a message, e.g. when a supervisor does not trap the exception and is restarted in turn by its supervisor. This method is the best place for cleaning up, preparing hand-over to the fresh actor instance, etc. By default it stops all children and calls postStop. 2. The initial factory from the actorOf call is used to produce the fresh instance. 3. The new actors postRestart method is invoked with the exception which caused the restart. By default the preStart is called, just as in the normal start-up case. An actor restart replaces only the actual actor object; the contents of the mailbox is unaffected by the restart, so processing of messages will resume after the postRestart hook returns. The message that triggered the exception will not be received again. Any message sent to an actor while it is being restarted will be queued to its mailbox as usual. Stop Hook After stopping an actor, its postStop hook is called, which may be used e.g. for deregistering this actor from other services. This hook is guaranteed to run after message queuing has been disabled for this actor, i.e. messages sent to a stopped actor will be redirected to the deadLetters of the ActorSystem.
4.1.3 Identifying Actors

As described in Actor References, Paths and Addresses, each actor has a unique logical path, which is obtained by following the chain of actors from child to parent until reaching the root of the actor system, and it has a physical path, which may differ if the supervision chain includes any remote supervisors. These paths are used by the system to look up actors, e.g. when a remote message is received and the recipient is searched, but they are also useful more directly: actors may look up other actors by specifying absolute or relative pathslogical or physicaland receive back an ActorRef with the result:
getContext().actorFor("/user/serviceA/aggregator") // will look up this absolute path getContext().actorFor("../joe") // will look up sibling beneath same supervisor
The supplied path is parsed as a java.net.URI, which basically means that it is split on / into path elements. If the path starts with /, it is absolute and the look-up starts at the root guardian (which is the parent of "/user"); otherwise it starts at the current actor. If a path element equals .., the look-up will take a step up towards the supervisor of the currently traversed actor, otherwise it will step down to the named child. It should be noted that the .. in actor paths here always means the logical structure, i.e. the supervisor. If the path being looked up does not exist, a special actor reference is returned which behaves like the actor systems dead letter queue but retains its identity (i.e. the path which was looked up). Remote actor addresses may also be looked up, if remoting is enabled:
getContext().actorFor("akka://app@otherhost:1234/user/serviceB")
These look-ups return a (possibly remote) actor reference immediately, so you will have to send to it and await a reply in order to verify that serviceB is actually reachable and running. An example demonstrating actor look-up is given in Remote Lookup.
4.1.4 Messages and immutability

IMPORTANT: Messages can be any kind of object but have to be immutable. Akka cant enforce immutability (yet) so this has to be by convention. Here is an example of an immutable message:
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45
public class ImmutableMessage { private final int sequenceNumber; private final List<String> values; public ImmutableMessage(int sequenceNumber, List<String> values) { this.sequenceNumber = sequenceNumber; this.values = Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<String>(values)); } public int getSequenceNumber() { return sequenceNumber; } public List<String> getValues() { return values; } }
4.1.5 Send messages

Messages are sent to an Actor through one of the following methods. tell means re-and-forget, e.g. send a message asynchronously and return immediately. ask sends a message asynchronously and returns a Future representing a possible reply. Message ordering is guaranteed on a per-sender basis. Note: There are performance implications of using ask since something needs to keep track of when it times out, there needs to be something that bridges a Promise into an ActorRef and it also needs to be reachable through remoting. So always prefer tell for performance, and only ask if you must. In all these methods you have the option of passing along your own ActorRef. Make it a practice of doing so because it will allow the receiver actors to be able to respond to your message, since the sender reference is sent along with the message. Tell: Fire-forget This is the preferred way of sending messages. No blocking waiting for a message. This gives the best concurrency and scalability characteristics.
actor.tell("Hello");
Or with the sender reference passed along with the message and available to the receiving Actor in its getSender: ActorRef member eld. The target actor can use this to reply to the original sender, by using getSender().tell(replyMsg).
actor.tell("Hello", getSelf());
If invoked without the sender parameter the sender will be deadLetters actor reference in the target actor. Ask: Send-And-Receive-Future The ask pattern involves actors as well as futures, hence it is offered as a use pattern rather than a method on ActorRef:
import static akka.pattern.Patterns.ask; import static akka.pattern.Patterns.pipe; import akka.dispatch.Future;
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import import import import import
akka.dispatch.Futures; akka.util.Duration; akka.util.Timeout; java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; java.util.ArrayList;
final Timeout t = new Timeout(Duration.create(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)); final ArrayList<Future<Object>> futures = new ArrayList<Future<Object>>(); futures.add(ask(actorA, "request", 1000)); // using 1000ms timeout futures.add(ask(actorB, "reqeest", t)); // using timeout from above final Future<Iterable<Object>> aggregate = Futures.sequence(futures, system.dispatcher()); final Future<Result> transformed = aggregate.map(new Mapper<Iterable<Object>, Result>() { public Result apply(Iterable<Object> coll) { final Iterator<Object> it = coll.iterator(); final String s = (String) it.next(); final int x = (Integer) it.next(); return new Result(x, s); } }); pipe(transformed).to(actorC);
This example demonstrates ask together with the pipe pattern on futures, because this is likely to be a common combination. Please note that all of the above is completely non-blocking and asynchronous: ask produces a Future, two of which are composed into a new future using the Futures.sequence and map methods and then pipe installs an onComplete-handler on the future to effect the submission of the aggregated Result to another actor. Using ask will send a message to the receiving Actor as with tell, and the receiving actor must reply with getSender().tell(reply) in order to complete the returned Future with a value. The ask operation involves creating an internal actor for handling this reply, which needs to have a timeout after which it is destroyed in order not to leak resources; see more below. To complete the future with an exception you need send a Failure message to the sender. This is not done automatically when an actor throws an exception while processing a message.
try { String result = operation(); getSender().tell(result); } catch (Exception e) { getSender().tell(new akka.actor.Status.Failure(e)); throw e; }
If the actor does not complete the future, it will expire after the timeout period, specied as parameter to the ask method; this will complete the Future with an AskTimeoutException. See Futures (Java) for more information on how to await or query a future. The onComplete, onResult, or onTimeout methods of the Future can be used to register a callback to get a notication when the Future completes. Gives you a way to avoid blocking. Warning: When using future callbacks, inside actors you need to carefully avoid closing over the containing actors reference, i.e. do not call methods or access mutable state on the enclosing actor from within the callback. This would break the actor encapsulation and may introduce synchronization bugs and race conditions because the callback will be scheduled concurrently to the enclosing actor. Unfortunately there is not yet a way to detect these illegal accesses at compile time. See also: Actors and shared mutable state
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Forward message You can forward a message from one actor to another. This means that the original sender address/reference is maintained even though the message is going through a mediator. This can be useful when writing actors that work as routers, load-balancers, replicators etc. You need to pass along your context variable as well.
myActor.forward(message, getContext());
4.1.6 Receive messages

When an actor receives a message it is passed into the onReceive method, this is an abstract method on the UntypedActor base class that needs to be dened. Here is an example:
import akka.actor.UntypedActor; import akka.event.Logging; import akka.event.LoggingAdapter; public class MyUntypedActor extends UntypedActor { LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); public void onReceive(Object message) throws Exception { if (message instanceof String) log.info("Received String message: {}", message); else unhandled(message); } }
An alternative to using if-instanceof checks is to use Apache Commons MethodUtils to invoke a named method whose parameter type matches the message type.
4.1.7 Reply to messages

If you want to have a handle for replying to a message, you can use getSender(), which gives you an ActorRef. You can reply by sending to that ActorRef with getSender().tell(replyMsg). You can also store the ActorRef for replying later, or passing on to other actors. If there is no sender (a message was sent without an actor or future context) then the sender defaults to a dead-letter actor ref.
public void onReceive(Object request) { String result = process(request); getSender().tell(result); // will have dead-letter actor as default }
4.1.8 Initial receive timeout

A timeout mechanism can be used to receive a message when no initial message is received within a certain time. To receive this timeout you have to set the receiveTimeout property and declare handing for the ReceiveTimeout message.
import akka.actor.ReceiveTimeout; import akka.actor.UntypedActor; import akka.util.Duration; public class MyReceivedTimeoutUntypedActor extends UntypedActor { public MyReceivedTimeoutUntypedActor() { getContext().setReceiveTimeout(Duration.parse("30 seconds"));
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} public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message.equals("Hello")) { getSender().tell("Hello world"); } else if (message == ReceiveTimeout.getInstance()) { throw new RuntimeException("received timeout"); } else { unhandled(message); } } }
4.1.9 Stopping actors

Actors are stopped by invoking the stop method of a ActorRefFactory, i.e. ActorContext or ActorSystem. Typically the context is used for stopping child actors and the system for stopping top level actors. The actual termination of the actor is performed asynchronously, i.e. stop may return before the actor is stopped. Processing of the current message, if any, will continue before the actor is stopped, but additional messages in the mailbox will not be processed. By default these messages are sent to the deadLetters of the ActorSystem, but that depends on the mailbox implementation. Termination of an actor proceeds in two steps: rst the actor suspends its mailbox processing and sends a stop command to all its children, then it keeps processing the termination messages from its children until the last one is gone, nally terminating itself (invoking postStop, dumping mailbox, publishing Terminated on the DeathWatch, telling its supervisor). This procedure ensures that actor system sub-trees terminate in an orderly fashion, propagating the stop command to the leaves and collecting their conrmation back to the stopped supervisor. If one of the actors does not respond (i.e. processing a message for extended periods of time and therefore not receiving the stop command), this whole process will be stuck. Upon ActorSystem.shutdown, the system guardian actors will be stopped, and the aforementioned process will ensure proper termination of the whole system. The postStop hook is invoked after an actor is fully stopped. This enables cleaning up of resources:
@Override public void postStop() { // close some file or database connection }
Note: Since stopping an actor is asynchronous, you cannot immediately reuse the name of the child you just stopped; this will result in an InvalidActorNameException. Instead, watch the terminating actor and create its replacement in response to the Terminated message which will eventually arrive.
PoisonPill You can also send an actor the akka.actor.PoisonPill message, which will stop the actor when the message is processed. PoisonPill is enqueued as ordinary messages and will be handled after messages that were already queued in the mailbox. Use it like this:
import akka.actor.PoisonPill; import akka.actor.Kill; myActor.tell(PoisonPill.getInstance());
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Graceful Stop gracefulStop is useful if you need to wait for termination or compose ordered termination of several actors:
import import import import import static akka.pattern.Patterns.gracefulStop; akka.dispatch.Future; akka.dispatch.Await; akka.util.Duration; akka.actor.ActorTimeoutException;
try { Future<Boolean> stopped = gracefulStop(actorRef, Duration.create(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS), syste Await.result(stopped, Duration.create(6, TimeUnit.SECONDS)); // the actor has been stopped } catch (ActorTimeoutException e) { // the actor wasnt stopped within 5 seconds }
When gracefulStop() returns successfully, the actors postStop() hook will have been executed: there exists a happens-before edge between the end of postStop() and the return of gracefulStop(). Warning: Keep in mind that an actor stopping and its name being deregistered are separate events which happen asynchronously from each other. Therefore it may be that you will nd the name still in use after gracefulStop() returned. In order to guarantee proper deregistration, only reuse names from within a supervisor you control and only in response to a Terminated message, i.e. not for top-level actors.
4.1.10 HotSwap
Upgrade Akka supports hotswapping the Actors message loop (e.g. its implementation) at runtime. Use the getContext().become method from within the Actor. The hotswapped code is kept in a Stack which can be pushed and popped. Warning: Please note that the actor will revert to its original behavior when restarted by its Supervisor. To hotswap the Actor using getContext().become:
import akka.japi.Procedure; public static class HotSwapActor extends UntypedActor { Procedure<Object> angry = new Procedure<Object>() { @Override public void apply(Object message) { if (message.equals("foo")) { getSender().tell("I am already angry?"); } else if (message.equals("foo")) { getContext().become(happy); } } }; Procedure<Object> happy = new Procedure<Object>() { @Override public void apply(Object message) { if (message.equals("bar")) { getSender().tell("I am already happy :-)"); } else if (message.equals("foo")) { getContext().become(angry);
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} } }; public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message.equals("bar")) { getContext().become(angry); } else if (message.equals("foo")) { getContext().become(happy); } else { unhandled(message); } } }
The become method is useful for many different things, such as to implement a Finite State Machine (FSM). Here is another little cute example of become and unbecome in action:
public class UntypedActorSwapper { public static class Swap { public static Swap SWAP = new Swap(); private Swap() { } } public static class Swapper extends UntypedActor { LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message == SWAP) { log.info("Hi"); getContext().become(new Procedure<Object>() { @Override public void apply(Object message) { log.info("Ho"); getContext().unbecome(); // resets the latest become (just for fun) } }); } else { unhandled(message); } } } public static void main(String... args) { ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create("MySystem"); ActorRef swap = system.actorOf(new Props(Swapper.class)); swap.tell(SWAP); // logs Hi swap.tell(SWAP); // logs Ho swap.tell(SWAP); // logs Hi swap.tell(SWAP); // logs Ho swap.tell(SWAP); // logs Hi swap.tell(SWAP); // logs Ho } }
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Downgrade Since the hotswapped code is pushed to a Stack you can downgrade the code as well. getContext().unbecome method from within the Actor.
public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message.equals("revert")) getContext().unbecome(); }
Use the
4.1.11 Killing an Actor

You can kill an actor by sending a Kill message. This will restart the actor through regular supervisor semantics. Use it like this:
import akka.actor.PoisonPill; import akka.actor.Kill; victim.tell(Kill.getInstance());
4.1.12 Actors and exceptions

It can happen that while a message is being processed by an actor, that some kind of exception is thrown, e.g. a database exception. What happens to the Message If an exception is thrown while a message is being processed (so taken of his mailbox and handed over the the receive), then this message will be lost. It is important to understand that it is not put back on the mailbox. So if you want to retry processing of a message, you need to deal with it yourself by catching the exception and retry your ow. Make sure that you put a bound on the number of retries since you dont want a system to livelock (so consuming a lot of cpu cycles without making progress). What happens to the mailbox If an exception is thrown while a message is being processed, nothing happens to the mailbox. If the actor is restarted, the same mailbox will be there. So all messages on that mailbox, will be there as well. What happens to the actor If an exception is thrown, the actor instance is discarded and a new instance is created. This new instance will now be used in the actor references to this actor (so this is done invisible to the developer). Note that this means that current state of the failing actor instance is lost if you dont store and restore it in preRestart and postRestart callbacks.
4.2 Typed Actors (Java)

Akka Typed Actors is an implementation of the Active Objects pattern. Essentially turning method invocations into asynchronous dispatch instead of synchronous that has been the default way since Smalltalk came out. Typed Actors consist of 2 parts, a public interface and an implementation, and if youve done any work in enterprise Java, this will be very familiar to you. As with normal Actors you have an external API (the public interface instance) that will delegate methodcalls asynchronously to a private instance of the implementation.
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The advantage of Typed Actors vs. Actors is that with TypedActors you have a static contract, and dont need to dene your own messages, the downside is that it places some limitations on what you can do and what you cant, i.e. you cant use become/unbecome. Typed Actors are implemented using JDK Proxies which provide a pretty easy-worked API to intercept method calls. Note: Just as with regular Akka Untyped Actors, Typed Actors process one call at a time.
4.2.1 When to use Typed Actors

Typed actors are nice for bridging between actor systems (the inside) and non-actor code (the outside), because they allow you to write normal OO-looking code on the outside. Think of them like doors: their practicality lies in interfacing between private sphere and the public, but you dont want that many doors inside your house, do you? For a longer discussion see this blog post. A bit more background: TypedActors can very easily be abused as RPC, and that is an abstraction which is wellknown to be leaky. Hence TypedActors are not what we think of rst when we talk about making highly scalable concurrent software easier to write correctly. They have their niche, use them sparingly.
4.2.2 The tools of the trade

Before we create our rst Typed Actor we should rst go through the tools that we have at our disposal, its located in akka.actor.TypedActor.
//Returns the Typed Actor Extension TypedActorExtension extension = TypedActor.get(system); //system is an instance of ActorSystem //Returns whether the reference is a Typed Actor Proxy or not TypedActor.get(system).isTypedActor(someReference); //Returns the backing Akka Actor behind an external Typed Actor Proxy TypedActor.get(system).getActorRefFor(someReference); //Returns the current ActorContext, // method only valid within methods of a TypedActor implementation ActorContext context = TypedActor.context(); //Returns the external proxy of the current Typed Actor, // method only valid within methods of a TypedActor implementation Squarer sq = TypedActor.<Squarer>self(); //Returns a contextual instance of the Typed Actor Extension //this means that if you create other Typed Actors with this, //they will become children to the current Typed Actor. TypedActor.get(TypedActor.context());
Warning: Same as not exposing this of an Akka Actor, its important not to expose this of a Typed Actor, instead you should pass the external proxy reference, which is obtained from within your Typed Actor as TypedActor.self(), this is your external identity, as the ActorRef is the external identity of an Akka Actor.
4.2.3 Creating Typed Actors

To create a Typed Actor you need to have one or more interfaces, and one implementation.
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Our example interface:

import import import import import akka.dispatch.*; akka.actor.*; akka.japi.*; akka.util.Duration; java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
public static interface Squarer { // typed actor iface methods ... }
Our example implementation of that interface:

static class SquarerImpl implements Squarer { private String name; public SquarerImpl() { this.name = "default"; } public SquarerImpl(String name) { this.name = name; } // typed actor impl methods ... }
The most trivial way of creating a Typed Actor instance of our Squarer:
Squarer mySquarer = TypedActor.get(system).typedActorOf(new TypedProps<SquarerImpl>(Squarer.class, SquarerImpl.class
First type is the type of the proxy, the second type is the type of the implementation. If you need to call a specic constructor you do it like this:
Squarer otherSquarer = TypedActor.get(system).typedActorOf(new TypedProps<SquarerImpl>(Squarer.class, new Creator<SquarerImpl>() { public SquarerImpl create() { return new SquarerImpl("foo"); } }), "name");
Since you supply a Props, you can specify which dispatcher to use, what the default timeout should be used and more. Now, our Squarer doesnt have any methods, so wed better add those.
public static interface Squarer { void squareDontCare(int i); //fire-forget Future<Integer> square(int i); //non-blocking send-request-reply Option<Integer> squareNowPlease(int i);//blocking send-request-reply
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int squareNow(int i); //blocking send-request-reply }
Alright, now weve got some methods we can call, but we need to implement those in SquarerImpl.
static class SquarerImpl implements Squarer { private String name; public SquarerImpl() { this.name = "default"; } public SquarerImpl(String name) { this.name = name; }
public void squareDontCare(int i) { int sq = i * i; //Nobody cares :( } public Future<Integer> square(int i) { return Futures.successful(i * i, TypedActor.dispatcher()); } public Option<Integer> squareNowPlease(int i) { return Option.some(i * i); } public int squareNow(int i) { return i * i; } }
Excellent, now we have an interface and an implementation of that interface, and we know how to create a Typed Actor from that, so lets look at calling these methods.
4.2.4 Method dispatch semantics

Methods returning: void will be dispatched with fire-and-forget semantics, exactly like ActorRef.tell akka.dispatch.Future<?> ActorRef.ask will use send-request-reply semantics, exactly like
scala.Option<?> or akka.japi.Option<?> will use send-request-reply semantics, but will block to wait for an answer, and return None if no answer was produced within the timout, or scala.Some/akka.japi.Some containing the result otherwise. Any exception that was thrown during this call will be rethrown. Any other type of value will use send-request-reply semantics, but will block to wait for an answer, throwing java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException if there was a timeout or rethrow any exception that was thrown during this call.
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While Akka cannot enforce that the parameters to the methods of your Typed Actors are immutable, we strongly recommend that parameters passed are immutable. One-way message send
mySquarer.squareDontCare(10);
As simple as that! The method will be executed on another thread; asynchronously. Request-reply message send
Option<Integer> oSquare = mySquarer.squareNowPlease(10); //Option[Int]
This will block for as long as the timeout that was set in the Props of the Typed Actor, if needed. It will return None if a timeout occurs.
int iSquare = mySquarer.squareNow(10); //Int
This will block for as long as the timeout that was set in the Props of the Typed Actor, if needed. It will throw a java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException if a timeout occurs. Request-reply-with-future message send
Future<Integer> fSquare = mySquarer.square(10); //A Future[Int]
This call is asynchronous, and the Future returned can be used for asynchronous composition.
4.2.6 Stopping Typed Actors

Since Akkas Typed Actors are backed by Akka Actors they must be stopped when they arent needed anymore.
TypedActor.get(system).stop(mySquarer);
This asynchronously stops the Typed Actor associated with the specied proxy ASAP.
TypedActor.get(system).poisonPill(otherSquarer);
This asynchronously stops the Typed Actor associated with the specied proxy after its done with all calls that were made prior to this call.
4.2.7 Typed Actor Hierarchies

Since you can obtain a contextual Typed Actor Extension by passing in an ActorContext you can create child Typed Actors by invoking typedActorOf(..) on that. This also works for creating child Typed Actors in regular Akka Actors.

By having your Typed Actor implementation class implement TypedActor.Supervisor you can dene the strategy to use for supervising child actors, as described in Supervision and Monitoring and Fault Tolerance (Java).
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4.2.9 Receive arbitrary messages

If your implementation class of your TypedActor extends akka.actor.TypedActor.Receiver, all messages that are not MethodCalls will be passed into the onReceive-method. This allows you to react to DeathWatch Terminated-messages and other types of messages, e.g. when interfacing with untyped actors.
4.2.10 Lifecycle callbacks

By having your Typed Actor implementation class implement any and all of the following: TypedActor.PreStart TypedActor.PostStop TypedActor.PreRestart TypedActor.PostRestart You can hook into the lifecycle of your Typed Actor.
4.2.11 Proxying
You can use the typedActorOf that takes a TypedProps and an ActorRef to proxy the given ActorRef as a TypedActor. This is usable if you want to communicate remotely with TypedActors on other machines, just look them up with actorFor and pass the ActorRef to typedActorOf.
4.2.12 Lookup & Remoting

Since TypedActors are backed by Akka Actors, you can use actorFor together with typedActorOf to proxy ActorRefs potentially residing on remote nodes.
Squarer typedActor = TypedActor.get(system). typedActorOf( new TypedProps<Squarer>(Squarer.class), system.actorFor("akka://SomeSystem@somehost:2552/user/some/foobar") ); //Use "typedActor" as a FooBar
4.3 Logging (Java)

4.3.1 How to Log
Create a LoggingAdapter and use the error, warning, info, or debug methods, as illustrated in this example:
import akka.event.Logging; import akka.event.LoggingAdapter; class MyActor extends UntypedActor { LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); @Override public void preStart() { log.debug("Starting"); }
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@Override public void preRestart(Throwable reason, Option<Object> message) { log.error(reason, "Restarting due to [{}] when processing [{}]", reason.getMessage(), message.isDefined() ? message.get() : ""); } public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message.equals("test")) { log.info("Received test"); } else { log.warning("Received unknown message: {}", message); } } }
The rst parameter to Logging.getLogger could also be any LoggingBus, specically system.eventStream(); in the demonstrated case, the actor systems address is included in the akkaSource representation of the log source (see Logging Thread and Akka Source in MDC) while in the second case this is not automatically done. The second parameter to Logging.getLogger is the source of this logging channel. The source object is translated to a String according to the following rules: if it is an Actor or ActorRef, its path is used in case of a String it is used as is in case of a class an approximation of its simpleName and in all other cases the simpleName of its class The log message may contain argument placeholders {}, which will be substituted if the log level is enabled. Giving more arguments as there are placeholders results in a warning being appended to the log statement (i.e. on the same line with the same severity). You may pass a Java array as the only substitution argument to have its elements be treated individually:
final Object[] args = new Object[] { "The", "brown", "fox", "jumps", 42 }; system.log().debug("five parameters: {}, {}, {}, {}, {}", args);
The Java Class of the log source is also included in the generated LogEvent. In case of a simple string this is replaced with a marker class akka.event.DummyClassForStringSources in order to allow special treatment of this case, e.g. in the SLF4J event listener which will then use the string instead of the class name for looking up the logger instance to use. Auxiliary logging options Akka has a couple of conguration options for very low level debugging, that makes most sense in for developers and not for operations. You almost denitely need to have logging set to DEBUG to use any of the options below:
akka { loglevel = DEBUG }
This cong option is very good if you want to know what cong settings are loaded by Akka:
akka { # Log the complete configuration at INFO level when the actor system is started. # This is useful when you are uncertain of what configuration is used. log-config-on-start = on }
If you want very detailed logging of all automatically received messages that are processed by Actors:
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akka { actor { debug { # enable DEBUG logging of all AutoReceiveMessages (Kill, PoisonPill and the like) autoreceive = on } } }
If you want very detailed logging of all lifecycle changes of Actors (restarts, deaths etc):
akka { actor { debug { # enable DEBUG logging of actor lifecycle changes lifecycle = on } } }
If you want very detailed logging of all events, transitions and timers of FSM Actors that extend LoggingFSM:
akka { actor { debug { # enable DEBUG logging of all LoggingFSMs for events, transitions and timers fsm = on } } }
If you want to monitor subscriptions (subscribe/unsubscribe) on the ActorSystem.eventStream:

akka { actor { debug { # enable DEBUG logging of subscription changes on the eventStream event-stream = on } } }
Auxiliary remote logging options If you want to see all messages that are sent through remoting at DEBUG log level: (This is logged as they are sent by the transport layer, not by the Actor)
akka { remote { # If this is "on", Akka will log all outbound messages at DEBUG level, if off then they are no log-sent-messages = on } }
If you want to see all messages that are received through remoting at DEBUG log level: (This is logged as they are received by the transport layer, not by any Actor)
akka { remote { # If this is "on", Akka will log all inbound messages at DEBUG level, if off then they are not log-received-messages = on } }
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Also see the logging options for TestKit: Tracing Actor Invocations.
4.3.2 Event Handler

Logging is performed asynchronously through an event bus. You can congure which event handlers that should subscribe to the logging events. That is done using the event-handlers element in the Conguration. Here you can also dene the log level.
akka { # Event handlers to register at boot time (Logging$DefaultLogger logs to STDOUT) event-handlers = ["akka.event.Logging$DefaultLogger"] # Options: ERROR, WARNING, INFO, DEBUG loglevel = "DEBUG" }
The default one logs to STDOUT and is registered by default. It is not intended to be used for production. There is also an SLF4J event handler available in the akka-slf4j module. Example of creating a listener:
import akka.event.Logging; import akka.event.LoggingAdapter; import import import import import akka.event.Logging.InitializeLogger; akka.event.Logging.Error; akka.event.Logging.Warning; akka.event.Logging.Info; akka.event.Logging.Debug;
class MyEventListener extends UntypedActor { public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message instanceof InitializeLogger) { getSender().tell(Logging.loggerInitialized()); } else if (message instanceof Error) { // ... } else if (message instanceof Warning) { // ... } else if (message instanceof Info) { // ... } else if (message instanceof Debug) { // ... } } }
4.3.3 SLF4J
Akka provides an event handler for SL4FJ. This module is available in the akka-slf4j.jar. It has one single dependency; the slf4j-api jar. In runtime you also need a SLF4J backend, we recommend Logback:
<dependency> <groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId> <artifactId>logback-classic</artifactId> <version>1.0.0</version> <scope>runtime</scope> </dependency>
You need to enable the Slf4jEventHandler in the event-handlers element in the Conguration. Here you can also dene the log level of the event bus. More ne grained log levels can be dened in the conguration of the SLF4J backend (e.g. logback.xml).
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akka { event-handlers = ["akka.event.slf4j.Slf4jEventHandler"] loglevel = "DEBUG" }
The SLF4J logger selected for each log event is chosen based on the Class of the log source specied when creating the LoggingAdapter, unless that was given directly as a string in which case that string is used (i.e. LoggerFactory.getLogger(Class c) is used in the rst case and LoggerFactory.getLogger(String s) in the second). Note: Beware that the the actor systems name is appended to a String log source if the LoggingAdapter was created giving an ActorSystem to the factory. If this is not intended, give a LoggingBus instead as shown below:
final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(system.eventStream(), "my.nice.string");
Logging Thread and Akka Source in MDC Since the logging is done asynchronously the thread in which the logging was performed is captured in Mapped Diagnostic Context (MDC) with attribute name sourceThread. With Logback the thread name is available with %X{sourceThread} specier within the pattern layout conguration:
<appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender"> <encoder> <pattern>%date{ISO8601} %-5level %logger{36} %X{sourceThread} - %msg%n</pattern> </encoder> </appender>
Note: It will probably be a good idea to use the sourceThread MDC value also in non-Akka parts of the application in order to have this property consistently available in the logs. Another helpful facility is that Akka captures the actors address when instantiating a logger within it, meaning that the full instance identication is available for associating log messages e.g. with members of a router. This information is available in the MDC with attribute name akkaSource:
<appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender"> <encoder> <pattern>%date{ISO8601} %-5level %logger{36} %X{akkaSource} - %msg%n</pattern> </encoder> </appender>
For more details on what this attribute containsalso for non-actorsplease see How to Log.
4.4 Event Bus (Java)

Originally conceived as a way to send messages to groups of actors, the EventBus has been generalized into a set of composable traits implementing a simple interface: public boolean subscribe(S subscriber, C classifier) subscribes the given subscriber to events with the given classier public boolean unsubscribe(S subscriber, C classifier) undoes a specic subscription public void unsubscribe(S subscriber) undoes all subscriptions for the given subscriber public void publish(E event) publishes an event, which rst is classied according to the specic bus (see Classiers) and then published to all subscribers for the obtained classier 4.4. Event Bus (Java) 61
This mechanism is used in different places within Akka, e.g. the DeathWatch and the Event Stream. Implementations can make use of the specic building blocks presented below. An event bus must dene the following three abstract types: E is the type of all events published on that bus S is the type of subscribers allowed to register on that event bus C denes the classier to be used in selecting subscribers for dispatching events The traits below are still generic in these types, but they need to be dened for any concrete implementation.
4.4.1 Classiers
The classiers presented here are part of the Akka distribution, but rolling your own in case you do not nd a perfect match is not difcult, check the implementation of the existing ones on github. Lookup Classication The simplest classication is just to extract an arbitrary classier from each event and maintaining a set of subscribers for each possible classier. This can be compared to tuning in on a radio station. The abstract class LookupEventBus is still generic in that it abstracts over how to compare subscribers and how exactly to classify. The necessary methods to be implemented are the following: public C classify(E event) is used for extracting the classier from the incoming events. public int compareSubscribers(S a, S b) must dene a partial order over the subscribers, expressed as expected from java.lang.Comparable.compare. public void publish(E event, S subscriber) will be invoked for each event for all subscribers which registered themselves for the events classier. public int mapSize determines the initial size of the index data structure used internally (i.e. the expected number of different classiers). This classier is efcient in case no subscribers exist for a particular event. Subchannel Classication If classiers form a hierarchy and it is desired that subscription be possible not only at the leaf nodes, this classication may be just the right one. It can be compared to tuning in on (possibly multiple) radio channels by genre. This classication has been developed for the case where the classier is just the JVM class of the event and subscribers may be interested in subscribing to all subclasses of a certain class, but it may be used with any classier hierarchy. The abstract members needed by this classier are public Subclassification[C] subclassification provides an object providing isEqual(a: Classifier, b: Classifier) and isSubclass(a: Classifier, b: Classifier) to be consumed by the other methods of this classier; this method is called on various occasions, it should be implemented so that it always returns the same object for performance reasons. public C classify(E event) is used for extracting the classier from the incoming events. public void publish(E event, S subscriber) will be invoked for each event for all subscribers which registered themselves for the events classier. This classier is also efcient in case no subscribers are found for an event, but it uses conventional locking to synchronize an internal classier cache, hence it is not well-suited to use cases in which subscriptions change with very high frequency (keep in mind that opening a classier by sending the rst message will also have to re-check all previous subscriptions).
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Scanning Classication The previous classier was built for multi-classier subscriptions which are strictly hierarchical, this classier is useful if there are overlapping classiers which cover various parts of the event space without forming a hierarchy. It can be compared to tuning in on (possibly multiple) radio stations by geographical reachability (for old-school radio-wave transmission). The abstract members for this classier are: public int compareClassifiers(C a, C b) is needed for determining matching classiers and storing them in an ordered collection. public int compareSubscribers(S a, S b) is needed for storing subscribers in an ordered collection. public boolean matches(C classifier, E event) determines whether a given classier shall match a given event; it is invoked for each subscription for all received events, hence the name of the classier. public void publish(E event, S subscriber) will be invoked for each event for all subscribers which registered themselves for a classier matching this event. This classier takes always a time which is proportional to the number of subscriptions, independent of how many actually match. Actor Classication This classication has been developed specically for implementing DeathWatch: subscribers as well as classiers are of type ActorRef. The abstract members are public ActorRef classify(E event) is used for extracting the classier from the incoming events. public int mapSize determines the initial size of the index data structure used internally (i.e. the expected number of different classiers). This classier is still is generic in the event type, and it is efcient for all use cases.
4.4.2 Event Stream

The event stream is the main event bus of each actor system: it is used for carrying log messages and Dead Letters and may be used by the user code for other purposes as well. It uses Subchannel Classication which enables registering to related sets of channels (as is used for RemoteLifeCycleMessage). The following example demonstrates how a simple subscription works. Given a simple actor:
import import import import import akka.actor.Props; akka.actor.ActorRef; akka.actor.ActorSystem; akka.actor.UntypedActor; akka.actor.DeadLetter;
public static class DeadLetterActor extends UntypedActor { public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message instanceof DeadLetter) { System.out.println(message); } } }
it can be subscribed like this:

final ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create("DeadLetters"); final ActorRef actor = system.actorOf(new Props(DeadLetterActor.class)); system.eventStream().subscribe(actor, DeadLetter.class);
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Default Handlers Upon start-up the actor system creates and subscribes actors to the event stream for logging: these are the handlers which are congured for example in application.conf:
akka { event-handlers = ["akka.event.Logging$DefaultLogger"] }
The handlers listed here by fully-qualied class name will be subscribed to all log event classes with priority higher than or equal to the congured log-level and their subscriptions are kept in sync when changing the log-level at runtime:
system.eventStream.setLogLevel(Logging.DebugLevel());
This means that log events for a level which will not be logged are not typically not dispatched at all (unless manual subscriptions to the respective event class have been done) Dead Letters As described at Stopping actors, messages queued when an actor terminates or sent after its death are re-routed to the dead letter mailbox, which by default will publish the messages wrapped in DeadLetter. This wrapper holds the original sender, receiver and message of the envelope which was redirected. Other Uses The event stream is always there and ready to be used, just publish your own events (it accepts Object) and subscribe listeners to the corresponding JVM classes.
4.5 Scheduler (Java)

Sometimes the need for making things happen in the future arises, and where do you go look then? Look no further than ActorSystem! There you nd the scheduler method that returns an instance of akka.actor.Scheduler, this instance is unique per ActorSystem and is used internally for scheduling things to happen at specic points in time. Please note that the scheduled tasks are executed by the default MessageDispatcher of the ActorSystem. You can schedule sending of messages to actors and execution of tasks (functions or Runnable). You will get a Cancellable back that you can call cancel on to cancel the execution of the scheduled operation. Warning: The default implementation of Scheduler used by Akka is based on the Netty HashedWheelTimer. It does not execute tasks at the exact time, but on every tick, it will run everything that is overdue. The accuracy of the default Scheduler can be modied by the ticks-per-wheel and tick-duration conguration properties. For more information, see: HashedWheelTimers.
4.5.1 Some examples

import akka.actor.Props; import akka.util.Duration; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
//Schedules to send the "foo"-message to the testActor after 50ms system.scheduler().scheduleOnce(Duration.create(50, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS), testActor, "foo");
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//Schedules a Runnable to be executed (send the current time) to the testActor after 50ms system.scheduler().scheduleOnce(Duration.create(50, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS), new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { testActor.tell(System.currentTimeMillis()); } }); import akka.actor.Props; import akka.util.Duration; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; import akka.actor.UntypedActor; import akka.actor.UntypedActorFactory; import akka.actor.Cancellable; ActorRef tickActor = system.actorOf(new Props().withCreator(new UntypedActorFactory() { public UntypedActor create() { return new UntypedActor() { public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message.equals("Tick")) { // Do someting } else { unhandled(message); } } }; } }));
//This will schedule to send the Tick-message //to the tickActor after 0ms repeating every 50ms Cancellable cancellable = system.scheduler().schedule(Duration.Zero(), Duration.create(50, Tim tickActor, "Tick"); //This cancels further Ticks to be sent cancellable.cancel();
4.5.2 From akka.actor.ActorSystem

/** * Light-weight scheduler for running asynchronous tasks after some deadline * in the future. Not terribly precise but cheap. */ def scheduler: Scheduler
4.5.3 The Scheduler interface

/** * An Akka scheduler service. This one needs one special behavior: if * Closeable, it MUST execute all outstanding tasks upon .close() in order * to properly shutdown all dispatchers. * * Furthermore, this timer service MUST throw IllegalStateException if it * cannot schedule a task. Once scheduled, the task MUST be executed. If * executed upon close(), the task may execute before its timeout. */ trait Scheduler { /**
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* Schedules a message to be sent repeatedly with an initial delay and * frequency. E.g. if you would like a message to be sent immediately and * thereafter every 500ms you would set delay=Duration.Zero and * frequency=Duration(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) * * Java & Scala API */ def schedule( initialDelay: Duration, frequency: Duration, receiver: ActorRef, message: Any): Cancellable /** * Schedules a function to be run repeatedly with an initial delay and a * frequency. E.g. if you would like the function to be run after 2 seconds * and thereafter every 100ms you would set delay = Duration(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS) * and frequency = Duration(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) * * Scala API */ def schedule( initialDelay: Duration, frequency: Duration)(f: Unit): Cancellable /** * Schedules a function to be run repeatedly with an initial delay and * a frequency. E.g. if you would like the function to be run after 2 * seconds and thereafter every 100ms you would set delay = Duration(2, * TimeUnit.SECONDS) and frequency = Duration(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) * * Java API */ def schedule( initialDelay: Duration, frequency: Duration, runnable: Runnable): Cancellable /** * Schedules a Runnable to be run once with a delay, i.e. a time period that * has to pass before the runnable is executed. * * Java & Scala API */ def scheduleOnce(delay: Duration, runnable: Runnable): Cancellable /** * Schedules a message to be sent once with a delay, i.e. a time period that has * to pass before the message is sent. * * Java & Scala API */ def scheduleOnce(delay: Duration, receiver: ActorRef, message: Any): Cancellable /** * Schedules a function to be run once with a delay, i.e. a time period that has * to pass before the function is run. * * Scala API */ def scheduleOnce(delay: Duration)(f: Unit): Cancellable }
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4.5.4 The Cancellable interface

This allows you to cancel something that has been scheduled for execution. Warning: This does not abort the execution of the task, if it had already been started.
/** * Signifies something that can be cancelled * There is no strict guarantee that the implementation is thread-safe, * but it should be good practice to make it so. */ trait Cancellable { /** * Cancels this Cancellable * * Java & Scala API */ def cancel(): Unit /** * Returns whether this Cancellable has been cancelled * * Java & Scala API */ def isCancelled: Boolean }
4.6 Futures (Java)

4.6.1 Introduction
In Akka, a Future is a data structure used to retrieve the result of some concurrent operation. This operation is usually performed by an Actor or by the Dispatcher directly. This result can be accessed synchronously (blocking) or asynchronously (non-blocking).
4.6.2 Execution Contexts

In order to execute callbacks and operations, Futures need something called an ExecutionContext, which is very similar to a java.util.concurrent.Executor. if you have an ActorSystem in scope, it will use its default dispatcher as the ExecutionContext, or you can use the factory methods provided by the ExecutionContexts class to wrap Executors and ExecutorServices, or even create your own.
import akka.dispatch.*; import akka.util.Timeout; import akka.dispatch.ExecutionContexts; import akka.dispatch.ExecutionContextExecutorService; ExecutionContextExecutorService ec = ExecutionContexts.fromExecutorService(yourExecutorServiceGoesHere); //Use ec with your Futures Future<String> f1 = Futures.successful("foo", ec); // Then you shut the ec down somewhere at the end of your program/application. ec.shutdown();
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4.6.3 Use with Actors

There are generally two ways of getting a reply from an UntypedActor: the rst is by a sent message (actorRef.tell(msg)), which only works if the original sender was an UntypedActor) and the second is through a Future. Using the ActorRefs ask method to send a message will return a Future. To wait for and retrieve the actual result the simplest method is:
import akka.dispatch.*; import akka.util.Timeout; Timeout timeout = new Timeout(Duration.parse("5 seconds")); Future<Object> future = Patterns.ask(actor, msg, timeout); String result = (String) Await.result(future, timeout.duration());
This will cause the current thread to block and wait for the UntypedActor to complete the Future with its reply. Blocking is discouraged though as it can cause performance problem. The blocking operations are located in Await.result and Await.ready to make it easy to spot where blocking occurs. Alternatives to blocking are discussed further within this documentation. Also note that the Future returned by an UntypedActor is a Future<Object> since an UntypedActor is dynamic. That is why the cast to String is used in the above sample.
4.6.4 Use Directly

A common use case within Akka is to have some computation performed concurrently without needing the extra utility of an UntypedActor. If you nd yourself creating a pool of UntypedActors for the sole reason of performing a calculation in parallel, there is an easier (and faster) way:
import import import import import akka.util.Duration; akka.japi.Function; java.util.concurrent.Callable; static akka.dispatch.Futures.future; static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
Future<String> f = future(new Callable<String>() { public String call() { return "Hello" + "World"; } }, system.dispatcher()); String result = (String) Await.result(f, Duration.create(1, SECONDS));
In the above code the block passed to future will be executed by the default Dispatcher, with the return value of the block used to complete the Future (in this case, the result would be the string: HelloWorld). Unlike a Future that is returned from an UntypedActor, this Future is properly typed, and we also avoid the overhead of managing an UntypedActor. You can also create already completed Futures using the Futures class, which can be either successes:
Future<String> future = Futures.successful("Yay!", system.dispatcher());
Or failures:
Future<String> otherFuture = Futures.failed(new IllegalArgumentException("Bang!"), system.dispatch
4.6.5 Functional Futures

Akkas Future has several monadic methods that are very similar to the ones used by Scalas collections. These allow you to create pipelines or streams that the result will travel through.
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Future is a Monad The rst method for working with Future functionally is map. This method takes a Mapper which performs some operation on the result of the Future, and returning a new result. The return value of the map method is another Future that will contain the new result:
import import import import import akka.util.Duration; akka.japi.Function; java.util.concurrent.Callable; static akka.dispatch.Futures.future; static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
Future<String> f1 = future(new Callable<String>() { public String call() { return "Hello" + "World"; } }, system.dispatcher()); Future<Integer> f2 = f1.map(new Mapper<String, Integer>() { public Integer apply(String s) { return s.length(); } }); int result = Await.result(f2, Duration.create(1, SECONDS)); assertEquals(10, result);
In this example we are joining two strings together within a Future. Instead of waiting for f1 to complete, we apply our function that calculates the length of the string using the map method. Now we have a second Future, f2, that will eventually contain an Integer. When our original Future, f1, completes, it will also apply our function and complete the second Future with its result. When we nally get the result, it will contain the number 10. Our original Future still contains the string HelloWorld and is unaffected by the map. Something to note when using these methods: if the Future is still being processed when one of these methods are called, it will be the completing thread that actually does the work. If the Future is already complete though, it will be run in our current thread. For example:
Future<String> f1 = future(new Callable<String>() { public String call() throws Exception { Thread.sleep(100); return "Hello" + "World"; } }, system.dispatcher()); Future<Integer> f2 = f1.map(new Mapper<String, Integer>() { public Integer apply(String s) { return s.length(); } });
The original Future will take at least 0.1 second to execute now, which means it is still being processed at the time we call map. The function we provide gets stored within the Future and later executed automatically by the dispatcher when the result is ready. If we do the opposite:
Future<String> f1 = future(new Callable<String>() { public String call() { return "Hello" + "World"; } }, system.dispatcher()); Thread.sleep(100);
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Future<Integer> f2 = f1.map(new Mapper<String, Integer>() { public Integer apply(String s) { return s.length(); } });
Our little string has been processed long before our 0.1 second sleep has nished. Because of this, the dispatcher has moved onto other messages that need processing and can no longer calculate the length of the string for us, instead it gets calculated in the current thread just as if we werent using a Future. Normally this works quite well as it means there is very little overhead to running a quick function. If there is a possibility of the function taking a non-trivial amount of time to process it might be better to have this done concurrently, and for that we use flatMap:
Future<String> f1 = future(new Callable<String>() { public String call() { return "Hello" + "World"; } }, system.dispatcher()); Future<Integer> f2 = f1.flatMap(new Mapper<String, Future<Integer>>() { public Future<Integer> apply(final String s) { return future(new Callable<Integer>() { public Integer call() { return s.length(); } }, system.dispatcher()); } });
Now our second Future is executed concurrently as well. This technique can also be used to combine the results of several Futures into a single calculation, which will be better explained in the following sections. If you need to do conditional propagation, you can use filter:
Future<Integer> future1 = Futures.successful(4, system.dispatcher()); Future<Integer> successfulFilter = future1.filter(Filter.filterOf(new Function<Integer, Boolean>() public Boolean apply(Integer i) { return i % 2 == 0; } })); Future<Integer> failedFilter = future1.filter(Filter.filterOf(new Function<Integer, Boolean>() { public Boolean apply(Integer i) { return i % 2 != 0; } })); //When filter fails, the returned Future will be failed with a scala.MatchError
Composing Futures It is very often desirable to be able to combine different Futures with each other, below are some examples on how that can be done in a non-blocking fashion.
import static akka.dispatch.Futures.sequence; //Some source generating a sequence of Future<Integer>:s Iterable<Future<Integer>> listOfFutureInts = source; // now we have a Future[Iterable[Integer]] Future<Iterable<Integer>> futureListOfInts = sequence(listOfFutureInts, system.dispatcher());
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// Find the sum of the odd numbers Future<Long> futureSum = futureListOfInts.map(new Mapper<Iterable<Integer>, Long>() { public Long apply(Iterable<Integer> ints) { long sum = 0; for (Integer i : ints) sum += i; return sum; } }); long result = Await.result(futureSum, Duration.create(1, SECONDS));
To better explain what happened in the example, Future.sequence is taking the Iterable<Future<Integer>> and turning it into a Future<Iterable<Integer>>. We can then use map to work with the Iterable<Integer> directly, and we aggregate the sum of the Iterable. The traverse method is similar to sequence, but it takes a sequence of As and applies a function from A to Future and returns a Future<Iterable>, enabling parallel map over the sequence, if you use Futures.future to create the Future.
import static akka.dispatch.Futures.traverse; //Just a sequence of Strings Iterable<String> listStrings = Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c");
Future<Iterable<String>> futureResult = traverse(listStrings, new Function<String, Future<Stri public Future<String> apply(final String r) { return future(new Callable<String>() { public String call() { return r.toUpperCase(); } }, system.dispatcher()); } }, system.dispatcher()); //Returns the sequence of strings as upper case Iterable<String> result = Await.result(futureResult, Duration.create(1, SECONDS)); assertEquals(Arrays.asList("A", "B", "C"), result);
Its as simple as that! Then theres a method thats called fold that takes a start-value, a sequence of Future:s and a function from the type of the start-value, a timeout, and the type of the futures and returns something with the same type as the start-value, and then applies the function to all elements in the sequence of futures, non-blockingly, the execution will be started when the last of the Futures is completed.
import akka.japi.Function2; import static akka.dispatch.Futures.fold;
//A sequence of Futures, in this case Strings Iterable<Future<String>> futures = source; //Start value is the empty string Future<String> resultFuture = fold("", futures, new Function2<String, String, String>() { public String apply(String r, String t) { return r + t; //Just concatenate } }, system.dispatcher()); String result = Await.result(resultFuture, Duration.create(1, SECONDS));
Thats all it takes! If the sequence passed to fold is empty, it will return the start-value, in the case above, that will be empty String.
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In some cases you dont have a start-value and youre able to use the value of the rst completing Future in the sequence as the start-value, you can use reduce, it works like this:
import static akka.dispatch.Futures.reduce;
//A sequence of Futures, in this case Strings Iterable<Future<String>> futures = source; Future<Object> resultFuture = reduce(futures, new Function2<Object, String, Object>() { public Object apply(Object r, String t) { return r + t; //Just concatenate } }, system.dispatcher()); Object result = Await.result(resultFuture, Duration.create(1, SECONDS));
Same as with fold, the execution will be started when the last of the Futures is completed, you can also parallelize it by chunking your futures into sub-sequences and reduce them, and then reduce the reduced results again. This is just a sample of what can be done.
4.6.6 Callbacks
Sometimes you just want to listen to a Future being completed, and react to that not by creating a new Future, but by side-effecting. For this Akka supports onComplete, onSuccess and onFailure, of which the latter two are specializations of the rst.
future.onSuccess(new OnSuccess<String>() { public void onSuccess(String result) { if ("bar" == result) { //Do something if it resulted in "bar" } else { //Do something if it was some other String } } }); future.onFailure(new OnFailure() { public void onFailure(Throwable failure) { if (failure instanceof IllegalStateException) { //Do something if it was this particular failure } else { //Do something if it was some other failure } } }); future.onComplete(new OnComplete<String>() { public void onComplete(Throwable failure, String result) { if (failure != null) { //We got a failure, handle it here } else { // We got a result, do something with it } } });
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4.6.7 Ordering
Since callbacks are executed in any order and potentially in parallel, it can be tricky at the times when you need sequential ordering of operations. But theres a solution! And its name is andThen, and it creates a new Future with the specied callback, a Future that will have the same result as the Future its called on, which allows for ordering like in the following sample:
Future<String> future1 = Futures.successful("value", system.dispatcher()).andThen(new OnComplete<S public void onComplete(Throwable failure, String result) { if (failure != null) sendToIssueTracker(failure); } }).andThen(new OnComplete<String>() { public void onComplete(Throwable failure, String result) { if (result != null) sendToTheInternetz(result); } });
4.6.8 Auxiliary methods

Future fallbackTo combines 2 Futures into a new Future, and will hold the successful value of the second Future if the rst Future fails.
Future<String> future1 = Futures.failed(new IllegalStateException("OHNOES1"), system.dispatcher()) Future<String> future2 = Futures.failed(new IllegalStateException("OHNOES2"), system.dispatcher()) Future<String> future3 = Futures.successful("bar", system.dispatcher()); Future<String> future4 = future1.fallbackTo(future2).fallbackTo(future3); // Will have "bar" in th String result = Await.result(future4, Duration.create(1, SECONDS)); assertEquals("bar", result);
You can also combine two Futures into a new Future that will hold a tuple of the two Futures successful results, using the zip operation.
Future<String> future1 = Futures.successful("foo", system.dispatcher()); Future<String> future2 = Futures.successful("bar", system.dispatcher()); Future<String> future3 = future1.zip(future2).map(new Mapper<scala.Tuple2<String, String>, String> public String apply(scala.Tuple2<String, String> zipped) { return zipped._1() + " " + zipped._2(); } }); String result = Await.result(future3, Duration.create(1, SECONDS)); assertEquals("foo bar", result);
4.6.9 Exceptions
Since the result of a Future is created concurrently to the rest of the program, exceptions must be handled differently. It doesnt matter if an UntypedActor or the dispatcher is completing the Future, if an Exception is caught the Future will contain it instead of a valid result. If a Future does contain an Exception, calling Await.result will cause it to be thrown again so it can be handled properly. It is also possible to handle an Exception by returning a different result. This is done with the recover method. For example:
Future<Integer> future = future(new Callable<Integer>() { public Integer call() { return 1 / 0; } }, system.dispatcher()).recover(new Recover<Integer>() {
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public Integer recover(Throwable problem) throws Throwable { if (problem instanceof ArithmeticException) return 0; else throw problem; } }); int result = Await.result(future, Duration.create(1, SECONDS)); assertEquals(result, 0);
In this example, if the actor replied with a akka.actor.Status.Failure containing the ArithmeticException, our Future would have a result of 0. The recover method works very similarly to the standard try/catch blocks, so multiple Exceptions can be handled in this manner, and if an Exception is not handled this way it will behave as if we hadnt used the recover method. You can also use the recoverWith method, which has the same relationship to recover as flatMap has to map, and is use like this:
Future<Integer> future = future(new Callable<Integer>() { public Integer call() { return 1 / 0; } }, system.dispatcher()).recoverWith(new Recover<Future<Integer>>() { public Future<Integer> recover(Throwable problem) throws Throwable { if (problem instanceof ArithmeticException) { return future(new Callable<Integer>() { public Integer call() { return 0; } }, system.dispatcher()); } else throw problem; } }); int result = Await.result(future, Duration.create(1, SECONDS)); assertEquals(result, 0);
4.7 Fault Tolerance (Java)

As explained in Actor Systems each actor is the supervisor of its children, and as such each actor denes fault handling supervisor strategy. This strategy cannot be changed afterwards as it is an integral part of the actor systems structure.
4.7.1 Fault Handling in Practice

First, let us look at a sample that illustrates one way to handle data store errors, which is a typical source of failure in real world applications. Of course it depends on the actual application what is possible to do when the data store is unavailable, but in this sample we use a best effort re-connect approach. Read the following source code. The inlined comments explain the different pieces of the fault handling and why they are added. It is also highly recommended to run this sample as it is easy to follow the log output to understand what is happening in runtime.
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Diagrams of the Fault Tolerance Sample (Java)
The above diagram illustrates the normal message ow. Normal ow: Step 1 2 3, 4, 5 6, 7 Description The progress Listener starts the work. The Worker schedules work by sending Do messages periodically to itself When receiving Do the Worker tells the CounterService to increment the counter, three times. The Increment message is forwarded to the Counter, which updates its counter variable and sends current value to the Storage. The Worker asks the CounterService of current value of the counter and pipes the result back to the Listener.
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The above diagram illustrates what happens in case of storage failure. Failure ow:
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Step 1 2 3, 4, 5, 6 7 8 9, 10, 11 12 13, 14 15, 16
Description The Storage throws StorageException. The CounterService is supervisor of the Storage and restarts the Storage when StorageException is thrown. The Storage continues to fail and is restarted. After 3 failures and restarts within 5 seconds the Storage is stopped by its supervisor, i.e. the CounterService. The CounterService is also watching the Storage for termination and receives the Terminated message when the Storage has been stopped ... and tells the Counter that there is no Storage. The CounterService schedules a Reconnect message to itself. When it receives the Reconnect message it creates a new Storage ... and tells the the Counter to use the new Storage
Full Source Code of the Fault Tolerance Sample (Java)

import import import import import import import import import import import import import java.util.ArrayList; java.util.HashMap; java.util.List; java.util.Map; akka.actor.*; akka.dispatch.Mapper; akka.japi.Function; akka.util.Duration; akka.util.Timeout; akka.event.Logging; akka.event.LoggingAdapter; com.typesafe.config.Config; com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory;
import static akka.japi.Util.manifest; import static akka.actor.SupervisorStrategy.*; import static akka.pattern.Patterns.ask; import static akka.pattern.Patterns.pipe; import import import import static static static static akka.docs.actor.japi.FaultHandlingDocSample.WorkerApi.*; akka.docs.actor.japi.FaultHandlingDocSample.CounterServiceApi.*; akka.docs.actor.japi.FaultHandlingDocSample.CounterApi.*; akka.docs.actor.japi.FaultHandlingDocSample.StorageApi.*;
public class FaultHandlingDocSample {
/** * Runs the sample */ public static void main(String[] args) { Config config = ConfigFactory.parseString("akka.loglevel = DEBUG \n" + "akka.actor.debug.lifec ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create("FaultToleranceSample", config); ActorRef worker = system.actorOf(new Props(Worker.class), "worker"); ActorRef listener = system.actorOf(new Props(Listener.class), "listener"); // start the work and listen on progress // note that the listener is used as sender of the tell,
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// i.e. it will receive replies from the worker worker.tell(Start, listener); } /** * Listens on progress from the worker and shuts down the system when enough * work has been done. */ public static class Listener extends UntypedActor { final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); @Override public void preStart() { // If we dont get any progress within 15 seconds then the service is unavailable getContext().setReceiveTimeout(Duration.parse("15 seconds")); } public void onReceive(Object msg) { log.debug("received message {}", msg); if (msg instanceof Progress) { Progress progress = (Progress) msg; log.info("Current progress: {} %", progress.percent); if (progress.percent >= 100.0) { log.info("Thats all, shutting down"); getContext().system().shutdown(); } } else if (msg == ReceiveTimeout.getInstance()) { // No progress within 15 seconds, ServiceUnavailable log.error("Shutting down due to unavailable service"); getContext().system().shutdown(); } else { unhandled(msg); } } } public interface WorkerApi { public static final Object Start = "Start"; public static final Object Do = "Do"; public static class Progress { public final double percent; public Progress(double percent) { this.percent = percent; } public String toString() { return String.format("%s(%s)", getClass().getSimpleName(), percent); } } }
/** * Worker performs some work when it receives the Start message. It will * continuously notify the sender of the Start message of current Progress. * The Worker supervise the CounterService. */ public static class Worker extends UntypedActor { final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); final Timeout askTimeout = new Timeout(Duration.parse("5 seconds"));
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// The sender of the initial Start message will continuously be notified about progress ActorRef progressListener; final ActorRef counterService = getContext().actorOf(new Props(CounterService.class), "counter final int totalCount = 51; // Stop the CounterService child if it throws ServiceUnavailable private static SupervisorStrategy strategy = new OneForOneStrategy(-1, Duration.Inf(), new Function<Throwable, Directive>() { @Override public Directive apply(Throwable t) { if (t instanceof ServiceUnavailable) { return stop(); } else { return escalate(); } } }); @Override public SupervisorStrategy supervisorStrategy() { return strategy; }
public void onReceive(Object msg) { log.debug("received message {}", msg); if (msg.equals(Start) && progressListener == null) { progressListener = getSender(); getContext().system().scheduler().schedule(Duration.Zero(), Duration.parse("1 second"), ge } else if (msg.equals(Do)) { counterService.tell(new Increment(1), getSelf()); counterService.tell(new Increment(1), getSelf()); counterService.tell(new Increment(1), getSelf()); // Send current progress to the initial sender pipe(ask(counterService, GetCurrentCount, askTimeout) .mapTo(manifest(CurrentCount.class)) .map(new Mapper<CurrentCount, Progress>() { public Progress apply(CurrentCount c) { return new Progress(100.0 * c.count / totalCount); } })) .to(progressListener); } else { unhandled(msg); } } } public interface CounterServiceApi { public static final Object GetCurrentCount = "GetCurrentCount"; public static class CurrentCount { public final String key; public final long count; public CurrentCount(String key, long count) { this.key = key; this.count = count; } public String toString() { return String.format("%s(%s, %s)", getClass().getSimpleName(), key, count);
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} } public static class Increment { public final long n; public Increment(long n) { this.n = n; } public String toString() { return String.format("%s(%s)", getClass().getSimpleName(), n); } } public static class ServiceUnavailable extends RuntimeException { public ServiceUnavailable(String msg) { super(msg); } } }
/** * Adds the value received in Increment message to a persistent counter. * Replies with CurrentCount when it is asked for CurrentCount. CounterService * supervise Storage and Counter. */ public static class CounterService extends UntypedActor { // Reconnect message static final Object Reconnect = "Reconnect"; private static class SenderMsgPair { final ActorRef sender; final Object msg; SenderMsgPair(ActorRef sender, Object msg) { this.msg = msg; this.sender = sender; } } final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); final String key = getSelf().path().name(); ActorRef storage; ActorRef counter; final List<SenderMsgPair> backlog = new ArrayList<SenderMsgPair>(); final int MAX_BACKLOG = 10000;
// Restart the storage child when StorageException is thrown. // After 3 restarts within 5 seconds it will be stopped. private static SupervisorStrategy strategy = new OneForOneStrategy(3, Duration.parse("5 second new Function<Throwable, Directive>() { @Override public Directive apply(Throwable t) { if (t instanceof StorageException) { return restart(); } else { return escalate(); } }
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}); @Override public SupervisorStrategy supervisorStrategy() { return strategy; } @Override public void preStart() { initStorage(); } /** * The child storage is restarted in case of failure, but after 3 restarts, * and still failing it will be stopped. Better to back-off than * continuously failing. When it has been stopped we will schedule a * Reconnect after a delay. Watch the child so we receive Terminated message * when it has been terminated. */ void initStorage() { storage = getContext().watch(getContext().actorOf(new Props(Storage.class), "storage")); // Tell the counter, if any, to use the new storage if (counter != null) counter.tell(new UseStorage(storage), getSelf()); // We need the initial value to be able to operate storage.tell(new Get(key), getSelf()); }
@Override public void onReceive(Object msg) { log.debug("received message {}", msg); if (msg instanceof Entry && ((Entry) msg).key.equals(key) && counter == null) { // Reply from Storage of the initial value, now we can create the Counter final long value = ((Entry) msg).value; counter = getContext().actorOf(new Props().withCreator(new UntypedActorFactory() { public Actor create() { return new Counter(key, value); } })); // Tell the counter to use current storage counter.tell(new UseStorage(storage), getSelf()); // and send the buffered backlog to the counter for (SenderMsgPair each : backlog) { counter.tell(each.msg, each.sender); } backlog.clear(); } else if (msg instanceof Increment) { forwardOrPlaceInBacklog(msg); } else if (msg.equals(GetCurrentCount)) { forwardOrPlaceInBacklog(msg); } else if (msg instanceof Terminated) { // After 3 restarts the storage child is stopped. // We receive Terminated because we watch the child, see initStorage. storage = null; // Tell the counter that there is no storage for the moment counter.tell(new UseStorage(null), getSelf()); // Try to re-establish storage after while getContext().system().scheduler().scheduleOnce(Duration.parse("10 seconds"), getSelf(), Re } else if (msg.equals(Reconnect)) { // Re-establish storage after the scheduled delay initStorage(); } else { unhandled(msg);
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} } void // // // if forwardOrPlaceInBacklog(Object msg) { We need the initial value from storage before we can start delegate to the counter. Before that we place the messages in a backlog, to be sent to the counter when it is initialized. (counter == null) { if (backlog.size() >= MAX_BACKLOG) throw new ServiceUnavailable("CounterService not available, lack of initial value"); backlog.add(new SenderMsgPair(getSender(), msg)); } else { counter.forward(msg, getContext()); }
} } public interface CounterApi { public static class UseStorage { public final ActorRef storage; public UseStorage(ActorRef storage) { this.storage = storage; } public String toString() { return String.format("%s(%s)", getClass().getSimpleName(), storage); } } }
/** * The in memory count variable that will send current value to the Storage, * if there is any storage available at the moment. */ public static class Counter extends UntypedActor { final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); final String key; long count; ActorRef storage; public Counter(String key, long initialValue) { this.key = key; this.count = initialValue; } @Override public void onReceive(Object msg) { log.debug("received message {}", msg); if (msg instanceof UseStorage) { storage = ((UseStorage) msg).storage; storeCount(); } else if (msg instanceof Increment) { count += ((Increment) msg).n; storeCount(); } else if (msg.equals(GetCurrentCount)) { getSender().tell(new CurrentCount(key, count), getSelf()); } else { unhandled(msg); } }
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void // // if } } }
storeCount() { Delegate dangerous work, to protect our valuable state. We can continue without storage. (storage != null) { storage.tell(new Store(new Entry(key, count)), getSelf());
public interface StorageApi { public static class Store { public final Entry entry; public Store(Entry entry) { this.entry = entry; } public String toString() { return String.format("%s(%s)", getClass().getSimpleName(), entry); } } public static class Entry { public final String key; public final long value; public Entry(String key, long value) { this.key = key; this.value = value; } public String toString() { return String.format("%s(%s, %s)", getClass().getSimpleName(), key, value); } } public static class Get { public final String key; public Get(String key) { this.key = key; } public String toString() { return String.format("%s(%s)", getClass().getSimpleName(), key); } } public static class StorageException extends RuntimeException { public StorageException(String msg) { super(msg); } } }
/** * Saves key/value pairs to persistent storage when receiving Store message. * Replies with current value when receiving Get message. Will throw * StorageException if the underlying data store is out of order. */ public static class Storage extends UntypedActor {
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final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); final DummyDB db = DummyDB.instance;
@Override public void onReceive(Object msg) { log.debug("received message {}", msg); if (msg instanceof Store) { Store store = (Store) msg; db.save(store.entry.key, store.entry.value); } else if (msg instanceof Get) { Get get = (Get) msg; Long value = db.load(get.key); getSender().tell(new Entry(get.key, value == null ? Long.valueOf(0L) : value), getSelf()); } else { unhandled(msg); } } } public static class DummyDB { public static final DummyDB instance = new DummyDB(); private final Map<String, Long> db = new HashMap<String, Long>(); private DummyDB() { } public synchronized void save(String key, Long value) throws StorageException { if (11 <= value && value <= 14) throw new StorageException("Simulated store failure " + value); db.put(key, value); } public synchronized Long load(String key) throws StorageException { return db.get(key); } } } // imports ... public class FaultHandlingDocSample {
/** * Runs the sample */ public static void main(String[] args) { Config config = ConfigFactory.parseString("akka.loglevel = DEBUG \n" + "akka.actor.debug.lifec ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create("FaultToleranceSample", config); ActorRef worker = system.actorOf(new Props(Worker.class), "worker"); ActorRef listener = system.actorOf(new Props(Listener.class), "listener"); // start the work and listen on progress // note that the listener is used as sender of the tell, // i.e. it will receive replies from the worker worker.tell(Start, listener); } /** * Listens on progress from the worker and shuts down the system when enough * work has been done. */ public static class Listener extends UntypedActor {
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final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); @Override public void preStart() { // If we dont get any progress within 15 seconds then the service is unavailable getContext().setReceiveTimeout(Duration.parse("15 seconds")); } public void onReceive(Object msg) { log.debug("received message {}", msg); if (msg instanceof Progress) { Progress progress = (Progress) msg; log.info("Current progress: {} %", progress.percent); if (progress.percent >= 100.0) { log.info("Thats all, shutting down"); getContext().system().shutdown(); } } else if (msg == ReceiveTimeout.getInstance()) { // No progress within 15 seconds, ServiceUnavailable log.error("Shutting down due to unavailable service"); getContext().system().shutdown(); } else { unhandled(msg); } } } // messages ... /** * Worker performs some work when it receives the Start message. It will * continuously notify the sender of the Start message of current Progress. * The Worker supervise the CounterService. */ public static class Worker extends UntypedActor { final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); final Timeout askTimeout = new Timeout(Duration.parse("5 seconds"));
// The sender of the initial Start message will continuously be notified about progress ActorRef progressListener; final ActorRef counterService = getContext().actorOf(new Props(CounterService.class), "counter final int totalCount = 51; // Stop the CounterService child if it throws ServiceUnavailable private static SupervisorStrategy strategy = new OneForOneStrategy(-1, Duration.Inf(), new Function<Throwable, Directive>() { @Override public Directive apply(Throwable t) { if (t instanceof ServiceUnavailable) { return stop(); } else { return escalate(); } } }); @Override public SupervisorStrategy supervisorStrategy() { return strategy; } public void onReceive(Object msg) { log.debug("received message {}", msg);
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if (msg.equals(Start) && progressListener == null) { progressListener = getSender(); getContext().system().scheduler().schedule(Duration.Zero(), Duration.parse("1 second"), ge } else if (msg.equals(Do)) { counterService.tell(new Increment(1), getSelf()); counterService.tell(new Increment(1), getSelf()); counterService.tell(new Increment(1), getSelf()); // Send current progress to the initial sender pipe(ask(counterService, GetCurrentCount, askTimeout) .mapTo(manifest(CurrentCount.class)) .map(new Mapper<CurrentCount, Progress>() { public Progress apply(CurrentCount c) { return new Progress(100.0 * c.count / totalCount); } })) .to(progressListener); } else { unhandled(msg); } } } // messages ... /** * Adds the value received in Increment message to a persistent counter. * Replies with CurrentCount when it is asked for CurrentCount. CounterService * supervise Storage and Counter. */ public static class CounterService extends UntypedActor { // Reconnect message static final Object Reconnect = "Reconnect"; private static class SenderMsgPair { final ActorRef sender; final Object msg; SenderMsgPair(ActorRef sender, Object msg) { this.msg = msg; this.sender = sender; } } final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); final String key = getSelf().path().name(); ActorRef storage; ActorRef counter; final List<SenderMsgPair> backlog = new ArrayList<SenderMsgPair>(); final int MAX_BACKLOG = 10000;
// Restart the storage child when StorageException is thrown. // After 3 restarts within 5 seconds it will be stopped. private static SupervisorStrategy strategy = new OneForOneStrategy(3, Duration.parse("5 second new Function<Throwable, Directive>() { @Override public Directive apply(Throwable t) { if (t instanceof StorageException) { return restart(); } else { return escalate(); }
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} }); @Override public SupervisorStrategy supervisorStrategy() { return strategy; } @Override public void preStart() { initStorage(); } /** * The child storage is restarted in case of failure, but after 3 restarts, * and still failing it will be stopped. Better to back-off than * continuously failing. When it has been stopped we will schedule a * Reconnect after a delay. Watch the child so we receive Terminated message * when it has been terminated. */ void initStorage() { storage = getContext().watch(getContext().actorOf(new Props(Storage.class), "storage")); // Tell the counter, if any, to use the new storage if (counter != null) counter.tell(new UseStorage(storage), getSelf()); // We need the initial value to be able to operate storage.tell(new Get(key), getSelf()); }
@Override public void onReceive(Object msg) { log.debug("received message {}", msg); if (msg instanceof Entry && ((Entry) msg).key.equals(key) && counter == null) { // Reply from Storage of the initial value, now we can create the Counter final long value = ((Entry) msg).value; counter = getContext().actorOf(new Props().withCreator(new UntypedActorFactory() { public Actor create() { return new Counter(key, value); } })); // Tell the counter to use current storage counter.tell(new UseStorage(storage), getSelf()); // and send the buffered backlog to the counter for (SenderMsgPair each : backlog) { counter.tell(each.msg, each.sender); } backlog.clear(); } else if (msg instanceof Increment) { forwardOrPlaceInBacklog(msg); } else if (msg.equals(GetCurrentCount)) { forwardOrPlaceInBacklog(msg); } else if (msg instanceof Terminated) { // After 3 restarts the storage child is stopped. // We receive Terminated because we watch the child, see initStorage. storage = null; // Tell the counter that there is no storage for the moment counter.tell(new UseStorage(null), getSelf()); // Try to re-establish storage after while getContext().system().scheduler().scheduleOnce(Duration.parse("10 seconds"), getSelf(), Re } else if (msg.equals(Reconnect)) { // Re-establish storage after the scheduled delay initStorage(); } else {
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unhandled(msg); } } void // // // if forwardOrPlaceInBacklog(Object msg) { We need the initial value from storage before we can start delegate to the counter. Before that we place the messages in a backlog, to be sent to the counter when it is initialized. (counter == null) { if (backlog.size() >= MAX_BACKLOG) throw new ServiceUnavailable("CounterService not available, lack of initial value"); backlog.add(new SenderMsgPair(getSender(), msg)); } else { counter.forward(msg, getContext()); }
} } // messages ... /** * The in memory count variable that will send current value to the Storage, * if there is any storage available at the moment. */ public static class Counter extends UntypedActor { final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); final String key; long count; ActorRef storage; public Counter(String key, long initialValue) { this.key = key; this.count = initialValue; } @Override public void onReceive(Object msg) { log.debug("received message {}", msg); if (msg instanceof UseStorage) { storage = ((UseStorage) msg).storage; storeCount(); } else if (msg instanceof Increment) { count += ((Increment) msg).n; storeCount(); } else if (msg.equals(GetCurrentCount)) { getSender().tell(new CurrentCount(key, count), getSelf()); } else { unhandled(msg); } } void // // if } } } // messages ... /** storeCount() { Delegate dangerous work, to protect our valuable state. We can continue without storage. (storage != null) { storage.tell(new Store(new Entry(key, count)), getSelf());
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* Saves key/value pairs to persistent storage when receiving Store message. * Replies with current value when receiving Get message. Will throw * StorageException if the underlying data store is out of order. */ public static class Storage extends UntypedActor { final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); final DummyDB db = DummyDB.instance;
@Override public void onReceive(Object msg) { log.debug("received message {}", msg); if (msg instanceof Store) { Store store = (Store) msg; db.save(store.entry.key, store.entry.value); } else if (msg instanceof Get) { Get get = (Get) msg; Long value = db.load(get.key); getSender().tell(new Entry(get.key, value == null ? Long.valueOf(0L) : value), getSelf()); } else { unhandled(msg); } } } // dummydb ... }
4.7.2 Creating a Supervisor Strategy

The following sections explain the fault handling mechanism and alternatives in more depth. For the sake of demonstration let us consider the following strategy:
private static SupervisorStrategy strategy = new OneForOneStrategy(10, Duration.parse("1 minute"), new Function<Throwable, Directive>() { @Override public Directive apply(Throwable t) { if (t instanceof ArithmeticException) { return resume(); } else if (t instanceof NullPointerException) { return restart(); } else if (t instanceof IllegalArgumentException) { return stop(); } else { return escalate(); } } }); @Override public SupervisorStrategy supervisorStrategy() { return strategy; }
I have chosen a few well-known exception types in order to demonstrate the application of the fault handling directives described in Supervision and Monitoring. First off, it is a one-for-one strategy, meaning that each child is treated separately (an all-for-one strategy works very similarly, the only difference is that any decision is applied to all children of the supervisor, not only the failing one). There are limits set on the restart frequency, namely maximum 10 restarts per minute. -1 and Duration.Inf() means that the respective limit does not apply, leaving the possibility to specify an absolute upper limit on the restarts or to make the restarts work innitely.
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4.7.3 Default Supervisor Strategy

Escalate is used if the dened strategy doesnt cover the exception that was thrown. When the supervisor strategy is not dened for an actor the following exceptions are handled by default: ActorInitializationException will stop the failing child actor ActorKilledException will stop the failing child actor Exception will restart the failing child actor Other types of Throwable will be escalated to parent actor If the exception escalate all the way up to the root guardian it will handle it in the same way as the default strategy dened above.
4.7.4 Test Application

The following section shows the effects of the different directives in practice, wherefor a test setup is needed. First off, we need a suitable supervisor:
static public class Supervisor extends UntypedActor {
private static SupervisorStrategy strategy = new OneForOneStrategy(10, Duration.parse("1 minute" new Function<Throwable, Directive>() { @Override public Directive apply(Throwable t) { if (t instanceof ArithmeticException) { return resume(); } else if (t instanceof NullPointerException) { return restart(); } else if (t instanceof IllegalArgumentException) { return stop(); } else { return escalate(); } } }); @Override public SupervisorStrategy supervisorStrategy() { return strategy; }
public void onReceive(Object o) { if (o instanceof Props) { getSender().tell(getContext().actorOf((Props) o)); } else { unhandled(o); } } }
This supervisor will be used to create a child, with which we can experiment:
static public class Child extends UntypedActor { int state = 0; public void onReceive(Object o) throws Exception { if (o instanceof Exception) { throw (Exception) o; } else if (o instanceof Integer) {
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state = (Integer) o; } else if (o.equals("get")) { getSender().tell(state); } else { unhandled(o); } } }
The test is easier by using the utilities described in Testing Actor Systems (Scala), where TestProbe provides an actor ref useful for receiving and inspecting replies.
import import import import import import import import import import import import import akka.actor.ActorRef; akka.actor.ActorSystem; akka.actor.SupervisorStrategy; static akka.actor.SupervisorStrategy.*; akka.actor.OneForOneStrategy; akka.actor.Props; akka.actor.Terminated; akka.actor.UntypedActor; akka.dispatch.Await; static akka.pattern.Patterns.ask; akka.util.Duration; akka.testkit.AkkaSpec; akka.testkit.TestProbe;
public class FaultHandlingTestBase { static ActorSystem system; Duration timeout = Duration.create(5, SECONDS); @BeforeClass public static void start() { system = ActorSystem.create("test", AkkaSpec.testConf()); } @AfterClass public static void cleanup() { system.shutdown(); } @Test public void mustEmploySupervisorStrategy() throws Exception { // code here } }
Let us create actors:

Props superprops = new Props(Supervisor.class); ActorRef supervisor = system.actorOf(superprops, "supervisor"); ActorRef child = (ActorRef) Await.result(ask(supervisor, new Props(Child.class), 5000), timeout);
The rst test shall demonstrate the Resume directive, so we try it out by setting some non-initial state in the actor and have it fail:
child.tell(42); assert Await.result(ask(child, "get", 5000), timeout).equals(42); child.tell(new ArithmeticException()); assert Await.result(ask(child, "get", 5000), timeout).equals(42);
As you can see the value 42 survives the fault handling directive. Now, if we change the failure to a more serious NullPointerException, that will no longer be the case:
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child.tell(new NullPointerException()); assert Await.result(ask(child, "get", 5000), timeout).equals(0);
And nally in case of the fatal IllegalArgumentException the child will be terminated by the supervisor:
final TestProbe probe = new TestProbe(system); probe.watch(child); child.tell(new IllegalArgumentException()); probe.expectMsg(new Terminated(child));
Up to now the supervisor was completely unaffected by the childs failure, because the directives set did handle it. In case of an Exception, this is not true anymore and the supervisor escalates the failure.
child = (ActorRef) Await.result(ask(supervisor, new Props(Child.class), 5000), timeout); probe.watch(child); assert Await.result(ask(child, "get", 5000), timeout).equals(0); child.tell(new Exception()); probe.expectMsg(new Terminated(child));
The supervisor itself is supervised by the top-level actor provided by the ActorSystem, which has the default policy to restart in case of all Exception cases (with the notable exceptions of ActorInitializationException and ActorKilledException). Since the default directive in case of a restart is to kill all children, we expected our poor child not to survive this failure. In case this is not desired (which depends on the use case), we need to use a different supervisor which overrides this behavior.
static public class Supervisor2 extends UntypedActor {
private static SupervisorStrategy strategy = new OneForOneStrategy(10, Duration.parse("1 minute" new Function<Throwable, Directive>() { @Override public Directive apply(Throwable t) { if (t instanceof ArithmeticException) { return resume(); } else if (t instanceof NullPointerException) { return restart(); } else if (t instanceof IllegalArgumentException) { return stop(); } else { return escalate(); } } }); @Override public SupervisorStrategy supervisorStrategy() { return strategy; }
public void onReceive(Object o) { if (o instanceof Props) { getSender().tell(getContext().actorOf((Props) o)); } else { unhandled(o); } } @Override public void preRestart(Throwable cause, Option<Object> msg) { // do not kill all children, which is the default here } }
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With this parent, the child survives the escalated restart, as demonstrated in the last test:
superprops = new Props(Supervisor2.class); supervisor = system.actorOf(superprops, "supervisor2"); child = (ActorRef) Await.result(ask(supervisor, new Props(Child.class), 5000), timeout); child.tell(23); assert Await.result(ask(child, "get", 5000), timeout).equals(23); child.tell(new Exception()); assert Await.result(ask(child, "get", 5000), timeout).equals(0);
4.8 Dispatchers (Java)

An Akka MessageDispatcher is what makes Akka Actors tick, it is the engine of the machine so to speak. All MessageDispatcher implementations are also an ExecutionContext, which means that they can be used to execute arbitrary code, for instance Futures (Java).
4.8.1 Default dispatcher

Every ActorSystem will have a default dispatcher that will be used in case nothing else is congured for an Actor. The default dispatcher can be congured, and is by default a Dispatcher with a fork-join-executor, which gives excellent performance in most cases.
4.8.2 Setting the dispatcher for an Actor

So in case you want to give your Actor a different dispatcher than the default, you need to do two things, of which the rst is:
ActorRef myActor = system.actorOf(new Props(MyUntypedActor.class).withDispatcher("my-dispatcher"), "myactor3");
Note: The dispatcherId you specify in withDispatcher is in fact a path into your conguration. So in this example its a top-level section, but you could for instance put it as a sub-section, where youd use periods to denote sub-sections, like this: "foo.bar.my-dispatcher" And then you just need to congure that dispatcher in your conguration:
my-dispatcher { # Dispatcher is the name of the event-based dispatcher type = Dispatcher # What kind of ExecutionService to use executor = "fork-join-executor" # Configuration for the fork join pool fork-join-executor { # Min number of threads to cap factor-based parallelism parallelism-min = 2 # Parallelism (threads) ... ceil(available processors * parallelism-factor = 2.0 # Max number of threads to cap factor-based parallelism parallelism-max = 10 } # Throughput defines the maximum number of messages to be # processed per actor before the thread jumps to the next # Set to 1 for as fair as possible. throughput = 100 }
number to factor) number to
actor.
4.8. Dispatchers (Java)
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And heres another example that uses the thread-pool-executor:

my-thread-pool-dispatcher { # Dispatcher is the name of the event-based dispatcher type = Dispatcher # What kind of ExecutionService to use executor = "thread-pool-executor" # Configuration for the thread pool thread-pool-executor { # minimum number of threads to cap factor-based core number to core-pool-size-min = 2 # No of core threads ... ceil(available processors * factor) core-pool-size-factor = 2.0 # maximum number of threads to cap factor-based number to core-pool-size-max = 10 } # Throughput defines the maximum number of messages to be # processed per actor before the thread jumps to the next actor. # Set to 1 for as fair as possible. throughput = 100 }
For more options, see the default-dispatcher section of the Conguration.
4.8.3 Types of dispatchers

There are 4 different types of message dispatchers: Dispatcher This is an event-based dispatcher that binds a set of Actors to a thread pool. It is the default dispatcher used if one is not specied. Sharability: Unlimited Mailboxes: Any, creates one per Actor Use cases: Default dispatcher, Bulkheading Driven by: java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService specify ecutor using fork-join-executor, thread-pool-executor or akka.dispatcher.ExecutorServiceConfigurator PinnedDispatcher This dispatcher dedicates a unique thread for each actor using it; i.e. each actor will have its own thread pool with only one thread in the pool. Sharability: None Mailboxes: Any, creates one per Actor Use cases: Bulkheading Driven by: Any akka.dispatch.ThreadPoolExecutorConfigurator by thread-pool-executor BalancingDispatcher This is an executor based event driven dispatcher that will try to redistribute work from busy actors to idle actors. It is assumed that all actors using the same instance of this dispatcher can process all messages that have been sent to one of the actors; i.e. the actors belong to a pool of actors, and to the client there is no guarantee about which actor instance actually processes a given message. Sharability: Actors of the same type only default a the using FQCN of exan
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Mailboxes: Any, creates one for all Actors Use cases: Work-sharing Driven by: java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService specify ecutor using fork-join-executor, thread-pool-executor or akka.dispatcher.ExecutorServiceConfigurator CallingThreadDispatcher This dispatcher runs invocations on the current thread only. This dispatcher does not create any new threads, but it can be used from different threads concurrently for the same actor. See CallingThreadDispatcher for details and restrictions. Sharability: Unlimited Mailboxes: Any, creates one per Actor per Thread (on demand) Use cases: Testing Driven by: The calling thread (duh) More dispatcher conguration examples Conguring a PinnedDispatcher:
my-pinned-dispatcher { executor = "thread-pool-executor" type = PinnedDispatcher }
the
using FQCN
of
exan
And then using it:

ActorRef myActor = system.actorOf(new Props(MyUntypedActor.class) .withDispatcher("my-pinned-dispatcher"));
4.8.4 Mailboxes
An Akka Mailbox holds the messages that are destined for an Actor. Normally each Actor has its own mailbox, but with example a BalancingDispatcher all actors with the same BalancingDispatcher will share a single instance. Builtin implementations Akka comes shipped with a number of default mailbox implementations: UnboundedMailbox Backed by a java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue Blocking: No Bounded: No BoundedMailbox Backed by a java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue Blocking: Yes Bounded: Yes UnboundedPriorityMailbox Backed by a java.util.concurrent.PriorityBlockingQueue
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Blocking: Yes Bounded: No BoundedPriorityMailbox Backed by a java.util.PriorityBlockingQueue akka.util.BoundedBlockingQueue Blocking: Yes Bounded: Yes Durable mailboxes, see Durable Mailboxes. Mailbox conguration examples How to create a PriorityMailbox: wrapped in an
public static class MyPrioMailbox extends UnboundedPriorityMailbox { public MyPrioMailbox(ActorSystem.Settings settings, Config config) { // needed for reflective in // Create a new PriorityGenerator, lower prio means more important super(new PriorityGenerator() { @Override public int gen(Object message) { if (message.equals("highpriority")) return 0; // highpriority messages should be treated first if possible else if (message.equals("lowpriority")) return 2; // lowpriority messages should be treated last if possible else if (message.equals(PoisonPill.getInstance())) return 3; // PoisonPill when no other left else return 1; // By default they go between high and low prio } }); } }
And then add it to the conguration:

prio-dispatcher { mailbox-type = "akka.docs.dispatcher.DispatcherDocSpec$MyPrioMailbox" }
And then an example on how you would use it:

// We create a new Actor that just prints out what it processes ActorRef myActor = system.actorOf( new Props().withCreator(new UntypedActorFactory() { public UntypedActor create() { return new UntypedActor() { LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); { getSelf().tell("lowpriority"); getSelf().tell("lowpriority"); getSelf().tell("highpriority"); getSelf().tell("pigdog"); getSelf().tell("pigdog2"); getSelf().tell("pigdog3"); getSelf().tell("highpriority"); getSelf().tell(PoisonPill.getInstance()); } public void onReceive(Object message) {
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log.info(message.toString()); } }; } }).withDispatcher("prio-dispatcher")); /* Logs: highpriority highpriority pigdog pigdog2 pigdog3 lowpriority lowpriority */
Note: Make sure to include a constructor which takes akka.actor.ActorSystem.Settings and com.typesafe.config.Config arguments, as this constructor is invoked reectively to construct your mailbox type. The cong passed in as second argument is that section from the conguration which describes the dispatcher using this mailbox type; the mailbox type will be instantiated once for each dispatcher using it.
4.9 Routing (Java)

A Router is an actor that routes incoming messages to outbound actors. The router routes the messages sent to it to its underlying actors called routees. Akka comes with some dened routers out of the box, but as you will see in this chapter it is really easy to create your own. The routers shipped with Akka are: akka.routing.RoundRobinRouter akka.routing.RandomRouter akka.routing.SmallestMailboxRouter akka.routing.BroadcastRouter akka.routing.ScatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter
4.9.1 Routers In Action

This is an example of how to create a router that is dened in conguration:
akka.actor.deployment { /router { router = round-robin nr-of-instances = 5 } }
ActorRef router = system.actorOf(new Props(ExampleActor.class).withRouter(new FromConfig()), "rout
This is an example of how to programmatically create a router and set the number of routees it should create:
int nrOfInstances = 5; ActorRef router1 = system.actorOf(new Props(ExampleActor.class).withRouter(new RoundRobinRouter(nr
You can also give the router already created routees as in:
4.9. Routing (Java)
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ActorRef actor1 = system.actorOf(new Props(ExampleActor.class)); ActorRef actor2 = system.actorOf(new Props(ExampleActor.class)); ActorRef actor3 = system.actorOf(new Props(ExampleActor.class)); Iterable<ActorRef> routees = Arrays.asList(new ActorRef[] { actor1, actor2, actor3 }); ActorRef router2 = system.actorOf(new Props(ExampleActor.class).withRouter(RoundRobinRouter.create
When you create a router programmatically you dene the number of routees or you pass already created routees to it. If you send both parameters to the router only the latter will be used, i.e. nrOfInstances is disregarded. It is also worth pointing out that if you dene the router in the conguration le then this value will be used instead of any programmatically sent parameters. The decision whether to create a router at all, on the other hand, must be taken within the code, i.e. you cannot make something a router by external conguration alone (see below for details). Once you have the router actor it is just to send messages to it as you would to any actor:
router.tell(new MyMsg());
The router will apply its behavior to the message it receives and forward it to the routees. Remotely Deploying Routees In addition to being able to supply looked-up remote actors as routees, you can make the router deploy its created children on a set of remote hosts; this will be done in round-robin fashion. In order to do that, wrap the router conguration in a RemoteRouterConfig, attaching the remote addresses of the nodes to deploy to. Naturally, this requires your to include the akka-remote module on your classpath:
Address addr1 = new Address("akka", "remotesys", "otherhost", 1234); Address addr2 = AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://othersys@anotherhost:1234"); Address[] addresses = new Address[] { addr1, addr2 }; ActorRef routerRemote = system.actorOf(new Props(ExampleActor.class) .withRouter(new RemoteRouterConfig(new RoundRobinRouter(5), addresses)));
4.9.2 How Routing is Designed within Akka

Routers behave like single actors, but they should also not hinder scalability. This apparent contradiction is solved by making routers be represented by a special RoutedActorRef, which dispatches incoming messages destined for the routees without actually invoking the router actors behavior (and thus avoiding its mailbox; the single router actors task is to manage all aspects related to the lifecycle of the routees). This means that the code which decides which route to take is invoked concurrently from all possible senders and hence must be thread-safe, it cannot live the simple and happy life of code within an actor. There is one part in the above paragraph which warrants some more background explanation: Why does a router need a head which is actual parent to all the routees? The initial design tried to side-step this issue, but location transparency as well as mandatory parental supervision required a redesign. Each of the actors which the router spawns must have its unique identity, which translates into a unique actor path. Since the router has only one given name in its parents context, another level in the name space is needed, which according to the addressing semantics implies the existence of an actor with the routers name. This is not only necessary for the internal messaging involved in creating, restarting and terminating actors, it is also needed when the pooled actors need to converse with other actors and receive replies in a deterministic fashion. Since each actor knows its own external representation as well as that of its parent, the routees decide where replies should be sent when reacting to a message:
getSender().tell("reply", getContext().parent()); // replies go to router getSender().tell("reply", getSelf()); // replies go to this actor
It is apparent now why routing needs to be enabled in code rather than being possible to bolt on later: whether or not an actor is routed means a change to the actor hierarchy, changing the actor paths of all children of the
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router. The routees especially do need to know that they are routed to in order to choose the sender reference for any messages they dispatch as shown above.
4.9.3 Routers vs. Supervision

As explained in the previous section, routers create new actor instances as children of the head router, who therefor also is their supervisor. The supervisor strategy of this actor can be congured by means of the RouterConfig.supervisorStrategy property, which is supported for all built-in router types. It defaults to always escalate, which leads to the application of the routers parents supervision directive to all children of the router uniformly (i.e. not only the one which failed). It should be mentioned that the router overrides the default behavior of terminating all children upon restart, which means that a restartwhile re-creating themdoes not have an effect on the number of actors in the pool. Setting the strategy is easily done:
final SupervisorStrategy strategy = new OneForOneStrategy(5, Duration.parse("1 minute"), new Class<?>[] { Exception.class }); final ActorRef router = system.actorOf(new Props(MyActor.class) .withRouter(new RoundRobinRouter(5).withSupervisorStrategy(strategy)));
Another potentially useful approach is to give the router the same strategy as its parent, which effectively treats all actors in the pool as if they were direct children of their grand-parent instead. Note: If the child of a router terminates, the router will not automatically spawn a new child. In the event that all children of a router have terminated the router will terminate itself.
4.9.4 Router usage

In this section we will describe how to use the different router types. First we need to create some actors that will be used in the examples:
public class PrintlnActor extends UntypedActor { public void onReceive(Object msg) { System.out.println(String.format("Received message %s in actor %s", msg, getSelf().path().na } }
and
public class FibonacciActor extends UntypedActor { public void onReceive(Object msg) { if (msg instanceof FibonacciNumber) { FibonacciNumber fibonacciNumber = (FibonacciNumber) msg; getSender().tell(fibonacci(fibonacciNumber.getNbr())); } else { unhandled(msg); } } private int fibonacci(int n) { return fib(n, 1, 0); } private int fib(int n, int b, int a) { if (n == 0) return a; // recursion return fib(n - 1, a + b, b); }
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public static class FibonacciNumber implements Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private final int nbr; public FibonacciNumber(int nbr) { this.nbr = nbr; } public int getNbr() { return nbr; } } }
RoundRobinRouter Routes in a round-robin fashion to its routees. Code example:

ActorRef roundRobinRouter = getContext().actorOf( new Props(PrintlnActor.class).withRouter(new RoundRobinRouter(5)), "router"); for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { roundRobinRouter.tell(i, getSelf()); }
When run you should see a similar output to this:

Received Received Received Received Received Received Received Received Received Received message message message message message message message message message message 1 in actor $b 2 in actor $c 3 in actor $d 6 in actor $b 4 in actor $e 8 in actor $d 5 in actor $f 9 in actor $e 10 in actor $f 7 in actor $c
If you look closely to the output you can see that each of the routees received two messages which is exactly what you would expect from a round-robin router to happen. (The name of an actor is automatically created in the format $letter unless you specify it - hence the names printed above.) RandomRouter As the name implies this router type selects one of its routees randomly and forwards the message it receives to this routee. This procedure will happen each time it receives a message. Code example:
ActorRef randomRouter = getContext().actorOf(new Props(PrintlnActor.class).withRouter(new RandomRo "router"); for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { randomRouter.tell(i, getSelf()); }

Received Received Received Received Received Received message message message message message message 1 2 4 5 3 6 in in in in in in actor actor actor actor actor actor $e $c $b $d $e $c
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Received Received Received Received
message message message message
7 in actor $d 8 in actor $e 9 in actor $d 10 in actor $d
The result from running the random router should be different, or at least random, every time you run it. Try to run it a couple of times to verify its behavior if you dont trust us. SmallestMailboxRouter A Router that tries to send to the non-suspended routee with fewest messages in mailbox. The selection is done in this order: pick any idle routee (not processing message) with empty mailbox pick any routee with empty mailbox pick routee with fewest pending messages in mailbox pick any remote routee, remote actors are consider lowest priority, since their mailbox size is unknown Code example:
ActorRef smallestMailboxRouter = getContext().actorOf( new Props(PrintlnActor.class).withRouter(new SmallestMailboxRouter(5)), "router"); for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { smallestMailboxRouter.tell(i, getSelf()); }
BroadcastRouter A broadcast router forwards the message it receives to all its routees. Code example:
ActorRef broadcastRouter = getContext().actorOf(new Props(PrintlnActor.class).withRouter(new Broad "router"); broadcastRouter.tell("this is a broadcast message", getSelf());

Received Received Received Received Received message message message message message this this this this this is is is is is a a a a a broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast message message message message message in in in in in actor actor actor actor actor $f $d $e $c $b
As you can see here above each of the routees, ve in total, received the broadcast message. ScatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter The ScatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter will send the message on to all its routees as a future. It then waits for rst result it gets back. This result will be sent back to original sender. Code example:
ActorRef scatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter = getContext().actorOf( new Props(FibonacciActor.class).withRouter(new ScatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter(5, Duration .parse("2 seconds"))), "router"); Timeout timeout = new Timeout(Duration.parse("5 seconds")); Future<Object> futureResult = akka.pattern.Patterns.ask(scatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter, new FibonacciActor.FibonacciNumber(10), timeout); int result = (Integer) Await.result(futureResult, timeout.duration());
When run you should see this:
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The result of calculating Fibonacci for 10 is 55
From the output above you cant really see that all the routees performed the calculation, but they did! The result you see is from the rst routee that returned its calculation to the router.
4.9.5 Broadcast Messages

There is a special type of message that will be sent to all routees regardless of the router. This message is called Broadcast and is used in the following manner:
router.tell(new Broadcast("Watch out for Davy Jones locker"));
Only the actual message is forwarded to the routees, i.e. Watch out for Davy Jones locker in the example above. It is up to the routee implementation whether to handle the broadcast message or not.
4.9.6 Dynamically Resizable Routers

All routers can be used with a xed number of routees or with a resize strategy to adjust the number of routees dynamically. This is an example of how to create a resizable router that is dened in conguration:
akka.actor.deployment { /router2 { router = round-robin resizer { lower-bound = 2 upper-bound = 15 } } }
ActorRef router2 = system.actorOf(new Props(ExampleActor.class).withRouter(new FromConfig()), "rou
Several more conguration options are available and described in akka.actor.deployment.default.resizer section of the reference Conguration. This is an example of how to programmatically create a resizable router:
int lowerBound = 2; int upperBound = 15; DefaultResizer resizer = new DefaultResizer(lowerBound, upperBound); ActorRef router3 = system.actorOf(new Props(ExampleActor.class).withRouter(new RoundRobinRouter(nr
It is also worth pointing out that if you dene the router in the conguration le then this value will be used instead of any programmatically sent parameters. Note: Resizing is triggered by sending messages to the actor pool, but it is not completed synchronously; instead a message is sent to the head Router to perform the size change. Thus you cannot rely on resizing to instantaneously create new workers when all others are busy, because the message just sent will be queued to the mailbox of a busy actor. To remedy this, congure the pool to use a balancing dispatcher, see Conguring Dispatchers for more information.
4.9.7 Custom Router

You can also create your own router should you not nd any of the ones provided by Akka sufcient for your needs. In order to roll your own router you have to fulll certain criteria which are explained in this section.
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The router created in this example is a simple vote counter. It will route the votes to specic vote counter actors. In this case we only have two parties the Republicans and the Democrats. We would like a router that forwards all democrat related messages to the Democrat actor and all republican related messages to the Republican actor. We begin with dening the class:
public static class VoteCountRouter extends CustomRouterConfig { @Override public String routerDispatcher() { return Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId(); } @Override public SupervisorStrategy supervisorStrategy() { return SupervisorStrategy.defaultStrategy(); } // crRoute ... }
The next step is to implement the createCustomRoute method in the class just dened:
@Override public CustomRoute createCustomRoute(Props props, RouteeProvider routeeProvider) { final ActorRef democratActor = routeeProvider.context().actorOf(new Props(DemocratActor.class), final ActorRef republicanActor = routeeProvider.context().actorOf(new Props(RepublicanActor.clas List<ActorRef> routees = Arrays.asList(new ActorRef[] { democratActor, republicanActor }); routeeProvider.registerRoutees(routees); return new CustomRoute() { @Override public Iterable<Destination> destinationsFor(ActorRef sender, Object msg) { switch ((Message) msg) { case DemocratVote: case DemocratCountResult: return Arrays.asList(new Destination[] { new Destination(sender, democratActor) }); case RepublicanVote: case RepublicanCountResult: return Arrays.asList(new Destination[] { new Destination(sender, republicanActor) }); default: throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown message: " + msg); } } }; }
As you can see above we start off by creating the routees and put them in a collection. Make sure that you dont miss to implement the line below as it is really important. It registers the routees internally and failing to call this method will cause a ActorInitializationException to be thrown when the router is used. Therefore always make sure to do the following in your custom router:
routeeProvider.registerRoutees(routees);
The routing logic is where your magic sauce is applied. In our example it inspects the message types and forwards to the correct routee based on this:
return new CustomRoute() { @Override public Iterable<Destination> destinationsFor(ActorRef sender, Object msg) { switch ((Message) msg) { case DemocratVote: case DemocratCountResult: return Arrays.asList(new Destination[] { new Destination(sender, democratActor) });
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case RepublicanVote: case RepublicanCountResult: return Arrays.asList(new Destination[] { new Destination(sender, republicanActor) }); default: throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown message: " + msg); } } };
As you can see above whats returned in the CustomRoute function, which denes the mapping from incoming sender/message to a List of Destination(sender, routee). The sender is what parent the routee should see - changing this could be useful if you for example want another actor than the original sender to intermediate the result of the routee (if there is a result). For more information about how to alter the original sender we refer to the source code of ScatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter All in all the custom router looks like this:
enum Message { DemocratVote, DemocratCountResult, RepublicanVote, RepublicanCountResult }
public static class DemocratActor extends UntypedActor { int counter = 0; public void onReceive(Object msg) { switch ((Message) msg) { case DemocratVote: counter++; break; case DemocratCountResult: getSender().tell(counter, getSelf()); break; default: unhandled(msg); } } } public static class RepublicanActor extends UntypedActor { int counter = 0; public void onReceive(Object msg) { switch ((Message) msg) { case RepublicanVote: counter++; break; case RepublicanCountResult: getSender().tell(counter, getSelf()); break; default: unhandled(msg); } } }
public static class VoteCountRouter extends CustomRouterConfig { @Override public String routerDispatcher() { return Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId(); }
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@Override public SupervisorStrategy supervisorStrategy() { return SupervisorStrategy.defaultStrategy(); }
@Override public CustomRoute createCustomRoute(Props props, RouteeProvider routeeProvider) { final ActorRef democratActor = routeeProvider.context().actorOf(new Props(DemocratActor.class) final ActorRef republicanActor = routeeProvider.context().actorOf(new Props(RepublicanActor.cl List<ActorRef> routees = Arrays.asList(new ActorRef[] { democratActor, republicanActor }); routeeProvider.registerRoutees(routees); return new CustomRoute() { @Override public Iterable<Destination> destinationsFor(ActorRef sender, Object msg) { switch ((Message) msg) { case DemocratVote: case DemocratCountResult: return Arrays.asList(new Destination[] { new Destination(sender, democratActor) }); case RepublicanVote: case RepublicanCountResult: return Arrays.asList(new Destination[] { new Destination(sender, republicanActor) }); default: throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown message: " + msg); } } }; } }
If you are interested in how to use the VoteCountRouter it looks like this:
@Test public void countVotesAsIntendedNotAsInFlorida() throws Exception { ActorRef routedActor = system.actorOf(new Props().withRouter(new VoteCountRouter())); routedActor.tell(DemocratVote); routedActor.tell(DemocratVote); routedActor.tell(RepublicanVote); routedActor.tell(DemocratVote); routedActor.tell(RepublicanVote); Timeout timeout = new Timeout(Duration.parse("1 seconds")); Future<Object> democratsResult = ask(routedActor, DemocratCountResult, timeout); Future<Object> republicansResult = ask(routedActor, RepublicanCountResult, timeout); assertEquals(3, Await.result(democratsResult, timeout.duration())); assertEquals(2, Await.result(republicansResult, timeout.duration())); }
Caution: When creating a cutom router the resulting RoutedActorRef optimizes the sending of the message so that it does NOT go through the routers mailbox unless the route returns an empty recipient set. This means that the route function dened in the RouterConfig or the function returned from CreateCustomRoute in CustomRouterConfig is evaluated concurrently without protection by the RoutedActorRef: either provide a reentrant (i.e. pure) implementation or do the locking yourself!
Congured Custom Router It is possible to dene conguration properties for custom routers. In the router property of the deployment conguration you dene the fully qualied class name of the router class. The router class must extend akka.routing.CustomRouterConfig and and have constructor with
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com.typesafe.config.Config parameter. The deployment section of the conguration is passed to the constructor. Custom Resizer A router with dynamically resizable number of routees is implemented by ing a akka.routing.Resizer in resizer method of the RouterConfig. akka.routing.DefaultResizer for inspiration of how to write your own resize strategy. providSee
4.9.8 Conguring Dispatchers

The dispatcher for created children of the router will be taken from Props as described in Dispatchers (Java). For a dynamic pool it makes sense to congure the BalancingDispatcher if the precise routing is not so important (i.e. no consistent hashing or round-robin is required); this enables newly created routees to pick up work immediately by stealing it from their siblings. The head router, of course, cannot run on the same balancing dispatcher, because it does not process the same messages, hence this special actor does not use the dispatcher congured in Props, but takes the routerDispatcher from the RouterConfig instead, which defaults to the actor systems default dispatcher. All standard routers allow setting this property in their constructor or factory method, custom routers have to implement the method in a suitable way.
final ActorRef router = system.actorOf(new Props(MyActor.class) .withRouter(new RoundRobinRouter(5).withDispatcher("head")) // head router runs on "head" disp .withDispatcher("workers")); // MyActor workers run on "workers" dispatcher
4.10 Remoting (Java)

For an introduction of remoting capabilities of Akka please see Location Transparency.
4.10.1 Preparing your ActorSystem for Remoting

The Akka remoting is a separate jar le. Make sure that you have the following dependency in your project:
<dependency> <groupId>com.typesafe.akka</groupId> <artifactId>akka-remote</artifactId> <version>2.1-SNAPSHOT</version> </dependency>
To enable remote capabilities in your Akka project you should, at a minimum, add the following changes to your application.conf le:
akka { actor { provider = "akka.remote.RemoteActorRefProvider" } remote { transport = "akka.remote.netty.NettyRemoteTransport" netty { hostname = "127.0.0.1" port = 2552 } } }
As you can see in the example above there are four things you need to add to get started:
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Change provider from akka.actor.LocalActorRefProvider akka.remote.RemoteActorRefProvider
to
Add host name - the machine you want to run the actor system on; this host name is exactly what is passed to remote systems in order to identify this system and consequently used for connecting back to this system if need be, hence set it to a reachable IP address or resolvable name in case you want to communicate across the network. Add port number - the port the actor system should listen on, set to 0 to have it chosen automatically The example above only illustrates the bare minimum of properties you have to add to enable remoting. There are lots of more properties that are related to remoting in Akka. We refer to the following reference le for more information:
serialization-bindings { # Since com.google.protobuf.Message does not extend Serializable but GeneratedMessage # does, need to use the more specific one here in order to avoid ambiguity "com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessage" = proto } deployment { default { # if this is set to a valid remote address, the named actor will be deployed # at that node e.g. "akka://sys@host:port" remote = "" target { # A list of hostnames and ports for instantiating the children of a # non-direct router # The format should be on "akka://sys@host:port", where: # - sys is the remote actor system name # - hostname can be either hostname or IP address the remote actor # should connect to # - port should be the port for the remote server on the other node # The number of actor instances to be spawned is still taken from the # nr-of-instances setting as for local routers; the instances will be # distributed round-robin among the given nodes. nodes = [] } } }
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} remote { # Which implementation of akka.remote.RemoteTransport to use # default is a TCP-based remote transport based on Netty transport = "akka.remote.netty.NettyRemoteTransport" # Enable untrusted mode for full security of server managed actors, allows # untrusted clients to connect. untrusted-mode = off # Timeout for ACK of cluster operations, like checking actor out etc. remote-daemon-ack-timeout = 30s
# (I) EXPERIMENTAL If "<id.of.dispatcher>" then the specified dispatcher will be used to acc # and perform IO. If "" then dedicated threads will be used. use-dispatcher-for-io = "" # (I) The hostname or ip to bind the remoting to, # InetAddress.getLocalHost.getHostAddress is used if empty hostname = "" # (I) The default remote server port clients should connect to. # Default is 2552 (AKKA), use 0 if you want a random available port port = 2552 # (O) The address of a local network interface (IP Address) to bind to when creating # outbound connections. Set to "" or "auto" for automatic selection of local address. outbound-local-address = "auto" # (I&O) Increase this if you want to be able to send messages with large payloads message-frame-size = 1 MiB
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# (O) Timeout duration connection-timeout = 120s # (I) Sets the size of the connection backlog backlog = 4096 # (I) Length in akka.time-unit how long core threads will be kept alive if idling execution-pool-keepalive = 60s # (I) Size of the core pool of the remote execution unit execution-pool-size = 4 # (I) Maximum channel size, 0 for off max-channel-memory-size = 0b # (I) Maximum total size of all channels, 0 for off max-total-memory-size = 0b # (O) Time between reconnect attempts for active clients reconnect-delay = 5s # (O) Read inactivity period (lowest resolution is seconds) # after which active client connection is shutdown; # will be re-established in case of new communication requests. # A value of 0 will turn this feature off read-timeout = 0s # (O) Write inactivity period (lowest resolution is seconds) # after which a heartbeat is sent across the wire. # A value of 0 will turn this feature off write-timeout = 10s # (O) Inactivity period of both reads and writes (lowest resolution is seconds) # after which active client connection is shutdown; # will be re-established in case of new communication requests # A value of 0 will turn this feature off all-timeout = 0s # (O) Maximum time window that a client should try to reconnect for reconnection-time-window = 600s } } }
4.10.2 Looking up Remote Actors

actorFor(path) will obtain an ActorRef to an Actor on a remote node:
ActorRef actor = context.actorFor("akka://app@10.0.0.1:2552/user/serviceA/retrieval");
As you can see from the example above the following pattern is used to nd an ActorRef on a remote node:
akka://<actorsystemname>@<hostname>:<port>/<actor path>
For more details on how actor addresses and paths are formed and used, please refer to Actor References, Paths and Addresses.
4.10.3 Creating Actors Remotely

The conguration below instructs the system to deploy the actor retrieval on the specic host app@10.0.0.1. The app in this case refers to the name of the ActorSystem (only showing deployment section): 4.10. Remoting (Java) 109
akka { actor { deployment { /serviceA/retrieval { remote = "akka://app@10.0.0.1:2552" } } } }
Logical path lookup is supported on the node you are on, i.e. to use the actor created above you would do the following:
ActorRef a1 = getContext().actorFor("/serviceA/retrieval");
This will obtain an ActorRef on a remote node:

ActorRef a2 = getContext().actorFor("akka://app@10.0.0.1:2552/user/serviceA/retrieval");
akka://<actorsystemname>@<hostname>:<port>/<actor path>
Programmatic Remote Deployment To allow dynamically deployed systems, it is also possible to include deployment conguration in the Props which are used to create an actor: this information is the equivalent of a deployment section from the conguration le, and if both are given, the external conguration takes precedence. With these imports:
import import import import import import import akka.actor.ActorRef; akka.actor.Address; akka.actor.AddressFromURIString; akka.actor.Deploy; akka.actor.Props; akka.actor.ActorSystem; akka.remote.RemoteScope;
and a remote address like this:

Address addr = new Address("akka", "sys", "host", 1234); addr = AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://sys@host:1234"); // the same
you can advise the system to create a child on that remote node like so:
ActorRef ref = system.actorOf(new Props(RemoteDeploymentDocSpec.Echo.class).withDeploy(new Deploy(
4.10.4 Serialization
When using remoting for actors you must ensure that the props and messages used for those actors are serializable. Failing to do so will cause the system to behave in an unintended way. For more information please see Serialization (Java)
4.10.5 Routers with Remote Destinations

It is absolutely feasible to combine remoting with Routing (Java). This is also done via conguration:
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akka { actor { deployment { /serviceA/aggregation { router = "round-robin" nr-of-instances = 10 target { nodes = ["akka://app@10.0.0.2:2552", "akka://app@10.0.0.3:2552"] } } } } }
This conguration setting will clone the actor aggregation 10 times and deploy it evenly distributed across the two given target nodes.
4.10.6 Description of the Remoting Sample

There is a more extensive remote example that comes with the Akka distribution. Please have a look here for more information: Remote Sample This sample demonstrates both, remote deployment and look-up of remote actors. First, let us have a look at the common setup for both scenarios (this is common.conf):
akka { actor { provider = "akka.remote.RemoteActorRefProvider" } remote { netty { hostname = "127.0.0.1" } } }
This enables the remoting by installing the RemoteActorRefProvider and chooses the default remote transport. All other options will be set specically for each show case. Note: Be sure to replace the default IP 127.0.0.1 with the real address the system is reachable by if you deploy onto multiple machines!
Remote Lookup In order to look up a remote actor, that one must be created rst. For this purpose, we congure an actor system to listen on port 2552 (this is a snippet from application.conf):
calculator { include "common" akka { remote.netty.port = 2552 } }
Then the actor must be created. For all code which follows, assume these imports:
import akka.actor.ActorRef; import akka.actor.ActorSystem;
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import import import import
akka.actor.Props; akka.actor.UntypedActor; akka.kernel.Bootable; com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory;
The actor doing the work will be this one:

public class JSimpleCalculatorActor extends UntypedActor { @Override public void onReceive(Object message) {
if (message instanceof Op.Add) { Op.Add add = (Op.Add) message; System.out.println("Calculating " + add.getN1() + " + " + add.getN2()); getSender().tell(new Op.AddResult(add.getN1(), add.getN2(), add.getN1() + add.getN2())
} else if (message instanceof Op.Subtract) { Op.Subtract subtract = (Op.Subtract) message; System.out.println("Calculating " + subtract.getN1() + " - " + subtract.getN2()); getSender().tell(new Op.SubtractResult(subtract.getN1(), subtract.getN2(), subtract.ge } else { unhandled(message); } } }
and we start it within an actor system using the above conguration

public class JCalculatorApplication implements Bootable { private ActorSystem system;
public JCalculatorApplication() { system = ActorSystem.create("CalculatorApplication", ConfigFactory.load().getConfig("calcu ActorRef actor = system.actorOf(new Props(JSimpleCalculatorActor.class), "simpleCalculator } @Override public void startup() { } @Override public void shutdown() { system.shutdown(); } }
With the service actor up and running, we may look it up from another actor system, which will be congured to use port 2553 (this is a snippet from application.conf).
remotelookup { include "common" akka { remote.netty.port = 2553 } }
The actor which will query the calculator is a quite simple one for demonstration purposes
public class JLookupActor extends UntypedActor { @Override public void onReceive(Object message) throws Exception {
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if (message instanceof InternalMsg.MathOpMsg) { // send message to server actor InternalMsg.MathOpMsg msg = (InternalMsg.MathOpMsg) message; msg.getActor().tell(msg.getMathOp(), getSelf()); } else if (message instanceof Op.MathResult) { // receive reply from server actor if (message instanceof Op.AddResult) { Op.AddResult result = (Op.AddResult) message; System.out.println("Add result: " + result.getN1() + " + " + result.getN2() + " = " + result.getResult()); } else if (message instanceof Op.SubtractResult) { Op.SubtractResult result = (Op.SubtractResult) message; System.out.println("Sub result: " + result.getN1() + " - " + result.getN2() + " = " + result.getResult()); } } else { unhandled(message); } } }
and it is created from an actor system using the aforementioned clients cong.
public class JLookupApplication implements Bootable { private ActorSystem system; private ActorRef actor; private ActorRef remoteActor;
public JLookupApplication() { system = ActorSystem.create("LookupApplication", ConfigFactory.load().getConfig("remoteloo actor = system.actorOf(new Props(JLookupActor.class)); remoteActor = system.actorFor("akka://CalculatorApplication@127.0.0.1:2552/user/simpleCalc } public void doSomething(Op.MathOp mathOp) { actor.tell(new InternalMsg.MathOpMsg(remoteActor, mathOp)); } @Override public void startup() { } @Override public void shutdown() { system.shutdown(); } }
Requests which come in via doSomething will be sent to the client actor along with the reference which was looked up earlier. Observe how the actor system name using in actorFor matches the remote systems name, as do IP and port number. Top-level actors are always created below the "/user" guardian, which supervises them.
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Remote Deployment Creating remote actors instead of looking them up is not visible in the source code, only in the conguration le. This section is used in this scenario (this is a snippet from application.conf):
remotecreation { include "common" akka { actor { deployment { /advancedCalculator { remote = "akka://CalculatorApplication@127.0.0.1:2552" } } } remote.netty.port = 2554 } }
For all code which follows, assume these imports:

import import import import import import akka.actor.ActorRef; akka.actor.ActorSystem; akka.actor.Props; akka.actor.UntypedActor; akka.kernel.Bootable; com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory;
The server actor can multiply or divide numbers:

public class JAdvancedCalculatorActor extends UntypedActor { @Override public void onReceive(Object message) throws Exception {
if (message instanceof Op.Multiply) { Op.Multiply multiply = (Op.Multiply) message; System.out.println("Calculating " + multiply.getN1() + " * " + multiply.getN2()); getSender().tell(new Op.MultiplicationResult(multiply.getN1(), multiply.getN2(), multi } else if (message instanceof Op.Divide) { Op.Divide divide = (Op.Divide) message; System.out.println("Calculating " + divide.getN1() + " / " + divide.getN2()); getSender().tell(new Op.DivisionResult(divide.getN1(), divide.getN2(), divide.getN1() } else { unhandled(message); } } }
The client actor looks like in the previous example

public class JCreationActor extends UntypedActor { private static final NumberFormat formatter = new DecimalFormat("#0.00"); @Override public void onReceive(Object message) throws Exception { if (message instanceof InternalMsg.MathOpMsg) { // forward math op to server actor InternalMsg.MathOpMsg msg = (InternalMsg.MathOpMsg) message; msg.getActor().tell(msg.getMathOp(), getSelf());
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} else if (message instanceof Op.MathResult) { // receive reply from server actor if (message instanceof Op.MultiplicationResult) { Op.MultiplicationResult result = (Op.MultiplicationResult) message; System.out.println("Mul result: " + result.getN1() + " * " + result.getN2() + " = " + result.getResult()); } else if (message instanceof Op.DivisionResult) { Op.DivisionResult result = (Op.DivisionResult) message; System.out.println("Div result: " + result.getN1() + " / " + result.getN2() + " = " + formatter.format(result.getResult())); } } else { unhandled(message); } } }
but the setup uses only actorOf:

public class JCreationApplication implements Bootable { private ActorSystem system; private ActorRef actor; private ActorRef remoteActor;
public JCreationApplication() { system = ActorSystem.create("CreationApplication", ConfigFactory.load().getConfig("remotec actor = system.actorOf(new Props(JCreationActor.class)); remoteActor = system.actorOf(new Props(JAdvancedCalculatorActor.class), "advancedCalculato } public void doSomething(Op.MathOp mathOp) { actor.tell(new InternalMsg.MathOpMsg(remoteActor, mathOp)); } @Override public void startup() { } @Override public void shutdown() { system.shutdown(); } }
Observe how the name of the server actor matches the deployment given in the conguration le, which will transparently delegate the actor creation to the remote node. Remote Events It is possible to listen to events that occur in Akka Remote, and to subscribe/unsubscribe to there events, you simply register as listener to the below described types in on the ActorSystem.eventStream. Note: To subscribe to any outbound-related events, subscribe to RemoteClientLifeCycleEvent To subscribe to any inbound-related events, subscribe to RemoteServerLifeCycleEvent To subscribe to any remote events, subscribe to RemoteLifeCycleEvent To intercept when an outbound connection is disconnected, you listen to RemoteClientDisconnected
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which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and the outbound address that was disconnected (Address). To intercept when an outbound connection is connected, you listen to RemoteClientConnected which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and the outbound address that was connected to (Address). To intercept when an outbound client is started you listen to RemoteClientStarted which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and the outbound address that it is connected to (Address). To intercept when an outbound client is shut down you listen to RemoteClientShutdown which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and the outbound address that it was connected to (Address). To intercept when an outbound message cannot be sent, you listen to RemoteClientWriteFailed which holds the payload that was not written (AnyRef), the cause of the failed send (Throwable), the transport used (RemoteTransport) and the outbound address that was the destination (Address). For general outbound-related errors, that do not classify as any of the others, you can listen to RemoteClientError, which holds the cause (Throwable), the transport used (RemoteTransport) and the outbound address (Address). To intercept when an inbound server is started (typically only once) you listen to RemoteServerStarted which holds the transport that it will use (RemoteTransport). To intercept when an inbound server is shut down (typically only once) you listen to RemoteServerShutdown which holds the transport that it used (RemoteTransport). To intercept when an inbound connection has been established you listen to RemoteServerClientConnected which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and optionally the address that connected (Option<Address>). To intercept when an inbound connection has been disconnected you listen to RemoteServerClientDisconnected which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and optionally the address that disconnected (Option<Address>). To intercept when an inbound remote client has been closed you listen to RemoteServerClientClosed which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and optionally the address of the remote client that was closed (Option<Address>).
4.11 Serialization (Java)

Akka has a built-in Extension for serialization, and it is both possible to use the built-in serializers and to write your own. The serialization mechanism is both used by Akka internally to serialize messages, and available for ad-hoc serialization of whatever you might need it for.
4.11.1 Usage
Conguration For Akka to know which Serializer to use for what, you need edit your Conguration, in the akka.actor.serializers-section you bind names to implementations of the akka.serialization.Serializer you wish to use, like this:
val config = ConfigFactory.parseString(""" akka { actor { serializers { java = "akka.serialization.JavaSerializer" proto = "akka.serialization.ProtobufSerializer" myown = "akka.docs.serialization.MyOwnSerializer" } }
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} """)
After youve bound names to different implementations of Serializer you need to wire which classes should be serialized using which Serializer, this is done in the akka.actor.serialization-bindings-section:
val config = ConfigFactory.parseString(""" akka { actor { serializers { java = "akka.serialization.JavaSerializer" proto = "akka.serialization.ProtobufSerializer" myown = "akka.docs.serialization.MyOwnSerializer" } serialization-bindings { "java.lang.String" = java "akka.docs.serialization.Customer" = java "com.google.protobuf.Message" = proto "akka.docs.serialization.MyOwnSerializable" = myown "java.lang.Boolean" = myown } } } """)
You only need to specify the name of an interface or abstract base class of the messages. In case of ambiguity, i.e. the message implements several of the congured classes, the most specic congured class will be used, i.e. the one of which all other candidates are superclasses. If this condition cannot be met, because e.g. java.io.Serializable and MyOwnSerializable both apply and neither is a subtype of the other, a warning will be issued. Akka provides serializers for java.io.Serializable and protobuf com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessage by default (the latter only if depending on the akka-remote module), so normally you dont need to add conguration for that; since com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessage implements java.io.Serializable, protobuf messages will always by serialized using the protobuf protocol unless specically overridden. In order to disable a default serializer, map its marker type to none:
akka.actor.serialization-bindings { "java.io.Serializable" = none }
Verication If you want to verify that your messages are serializable you can enable the following cong option:
val config = ConfigFactory.parseString(""" akka { actor { serialize-messages = on } } """)
Warning: We only recommend using the cong option turned on when youre running tests. It is completely pointless to have it turned on in other scenarios. If you want to verify that your Props are serializable you can enable the following cong option:
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val config = ConfigFactory.parseString(""" akka { actor { serialize-creators = on } } """)
Warning: We only recommend using the cong option turned on when youre running tests. It is completely pointless to have it turned on in other scenarios.
Programmatic If you want to programmatically serialize/deserialize using Akka Serialization, heres some examples:
import akka.actor.*; import akka.serialization.*; import com.typesafe.config.*; ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create("example"); // Get the Serialization Extension Serialization serialization = SerializationExtension.get(system); // Have something to serialize String original = "woohoo"; // Find the Serializer for it Serializer serializer = serialization.findSerializerFor(original); // Turn it into bytes byte[] bytes = serializer.toBinary(original); // Turn it back into an object, // the nulls are for the class manifest and for the classloader String back = (String)serializer.fromBinary(bytes); // Voil! assertEquals(original, back);
For more information, have a look at the ScalaDoc for akka.serialization._
4.11.2 Customization
So, lets say that you want to create your own Serializer, akka.docs.serialization.MyOwnSerializer in the cong example above? Creating new Serializers First you need to create a class denition of your Serializer, which is done by extending akka.serialization.JSerializer, like this:
import akka.actor.*; import akka.serialization.*; import com.typesafe.config.*; public static class MyOwnSerializer extends JSerializer {
you
saw
the
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// This is whether "fromBinary" requires a "clazz" or not @Override public boolean includeManifest() { return false; } // Pick a unique identifier for your Serializer, // youve got a couple of billions to choose from, // 0 - 16 is reserved by Akka itself @Override public int identifier() { return 1234567; } // "toBinary" serializes the given object to an Array of Bytes @Override public byte[] toBinary(Object obj) { // Put the code that serializes the object here // ... ... } // "fromBinary" deserializes the given array, // using the type hint (if any, see "includeManifest" above) @Override public Object fromBinaryJava(byte[] bytes, Class<?> clazz) { // Put your code that deserializes here // ... ... } }
Then you only need to ll in the blanks, bind it to a name in your Conguration and then list which classes that should be serialized using it. Serializing ActorRefs All ActorRefs are serializable using JavaSerializer, but in case you are writing your own serializer, you might want to know how to serialize and deserialize them properly, heres the magic incantation:
import akka.actor.*; import akka.serialization.*; import com.typesafe.config.*; // Serialize // (beneath toBinary) final Address transportAddress = Serialization.currentTransportAddress().value(); String identifier; // If there is no transportAddress, // it means that either this Serializer isnt called // within a piece of code that sets it, // so either you need to supply your own, // or simply use the local path. if (transportAddress == null) identifier = theActorRef.path().toString(); else identifier = theActorRef.path().toStringWithAddress(transportAddress); // Then just serialize the identifier however you like
// Deserialize // (beneath fromBinary) final ActorRef deserializedActorRef = theActorSystem.actorFor(identifier); // Then just use the ActorRef
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Deep serialization of Actors The current recommended approach to do deep serialization of internal actor state is to use Event Sourcing, for more reading on the topic, see these examples: Martin Krasser on EventSourcing Part1 Martin Krasser on EventSourcing Part2 Note: Built-in API support for persisting Actors will come in a later release, see the roadmap for more info: Akka 2.0 roadmap
4.11.3 A Word About Java Serialization

When using Java serialization without employing the JavaSerializer for the task, you must make sure to supply a valid ExtendedActorSystem in the dynamic variable JavaSerializer.currentSystem. This is used when reading in the representation of an ActorRef for turning the string representation into a real reference. DynamicVariable is a thread-local variable, so be sure to have it set while deserializing anything which might contain actor references.
4.12 Software Transactional Memory (Java)

4.12.1 Overview of STM
An STM turns the Java heap into a transactional data set with begin/commit/rollback semantics. Very much like a regular database. It implements the rst three letters in ACID; ACI: Atomic Consistent Isolated Generally, the STM is not needed very often when working with Akka. Some use-cases (that we can think of) are: When you really need composable message ows across many actors updating their internal local state but need them to do that atomically in one big transaction. Might not be often, but when you do need this then you are screwed without it. When you want to share a datastructure across actors. The use of STM in Akka is inspired by the concepts and views in Clojures STM. Please take the time to read this excellent document about state in clojure and view this presentation by Rich Hickey (the genius behind Clojure).
4.12.2 Scala STM

The STM supported in Akka is ScalaSTM which will be soon included in the Scala standard library. The STM is based on Transactional References (referred to as Refs). Refs are memory cells, holding an (arbitrary) immutable value, that implement CAS (Compare-And-Swap) semantics and are managed and enforced by the STM for coordinated changes across many Refs.
4.12.3 Integration with Actors

In Akka weve also integrated Actors and STM in Agents (Java) and Transactors (Java).
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4.13 Agents (Java)

Agents in Akka are inspired by agents in Clojure. Agents provide asynchronous change of individual locations. Agents are bound to a single storage location for their lifetime, and only allow mutation of that location (to a new state) to occur as a result of an action. Update actions are functions that are asynchronously applied to the Agents state and whose return value becomes the Agents new state. The state of an Agent should be immutable. While updates to Agents are asynchronous, the state of an Agent is always immediately available for reading by any thread (using get) without any messages. Agents are reactive. The update actions of all Agents get interleaved amongst threads in a thread pool. At any point in time, at most one send action for each Agent is being executed. Actions dispatched to an agent from another thread will occur in the order they were sent, potentially interleaved with actions dispatched to the same agent from other sources. If an Agent is used within an enclosing transaction, then it will participate in that transaction. Agents are integrated with the STM - any dispatches made in a transaction are held until that transaction commits, and are discarded if it is retried or aborted.
4.13.1 Creating and stopping Agents

Agents are created by invoking new Agent(value, system) passing in the Agents initial value and a reference to the ActorSystem for your application. An ActorSystem is required to create the underlying Actors. See Actor Systems for more information about actor systems. Here is an example of creating an Agent:
import akka.actor.ActorSystem; import akka.agent.Agent; ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create("app"); Agent<Integer> agent = new Agent<Integer>(5, system);
An Agent will be running until you invoke close on it. Then it will be eligible for garbage collection (unless you hold on to it in some way).
agent.close();
4.13.2 Updating Agents

You update an Agent by sending a function that transforms the current value or by sending just a new value. The Agent will apply the new value or function atomically and asynchronously. The update is done in a re-forget manner and you are only guaranteed that it will be applied. There is no guarantee of when the update will be applied but dispatches to an Agent from a single thread will occur in order. You apply a value or a function by invoking the send function.
import akka.japi.Function; // send a value agent.send(7); // send a function agent.send(new Function<Integer, Integer>() { public Integer apply(Integer i) { return i * 2; } });
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You can also dispatch a function to update the internal state but on its own thread. This does not use the reactive thread pool and can be used for long-running or blocking operations. You do this with the sendOff method. Dispatches using either sendOff or send will still be executed in order.
// sendOff a function agent.sendOff(longRunningOrBlockingFunction);
4.13.3 Reading an Agents value

Agents can be dereferenced (you can get an Agents value) by calling the get method:
Integer result = agent.get();
Reading an Agents current value does not involve any message passing and happens immediately. So while updates to an Agent are asynchronous, reading the state of an Agent is synchronous.
4.13.4 Awaiting an Agents value

It is also possible to read the value after all currently queued sends have completed. You can do this with await:
import akka.util.Timeout; import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS; Integer result = agent.await(new Timeout(5, SECONDS));
4.14 Transactors (Java)

4.14.1 Why Transactors?
Actors are excellent for solving problems where you have many independent processes that can work in isolation and only interact with other Actors through message passing. This model ts many problems. But the actor model is unfortunately a terrible model for implementing truly shared state. E.g. when you need to have consensus and a stable view of state across many components. The classic example is the bank account where clients can deposit and withdraw, in which each operation needs to be atomic. For detailed discussion on the topic see this JavaOne presentation. STM on the other hand is excellent for problems where you need consensus and a stable view of the state by providing compositional transactional shared state. Some of the really nice traits of STM are that transactions compose, and it raises the abstraction level from lock-based concurrency. Akkas Transactors combine Actors and STM to provide the best of the Actor model (concurrency and asynchronous event-based programming) and STM (compositional transactional shared state) by providing transactional, compositional, asynchronous, event-based message ows. Generally, the STM is not needed very often when working with Akka. Some use-cases (that we can think of) are: When you really need composable message ows across many actors updating their internal local state but need them to do that atomically in one big transaction. Might not be often but when you do need this then you are screwed without it. When you want to share a datastructure across actors.
4.14.2 Actors and STM

You can combine Actors and STM in several ways. An Actor may use STM internally so that particular changes are guaranteed to be atomic. Actors may also share transactional datastructures as the STM provides safe shared state across threads.
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Its also possible to coordinate transactions across Actors or threads so that either the transactions in a set all commit successfully or they all fail. This is the focus of Transactors and the explicit support for coordinated transactions in this section.
4.14.3 Coordinated transactions

Akka provides an explicit mechanism for coordinating transactions across actors. Under the hood it uses a CommitBarrier, similar to a CountDownLatch. Here is an example of coordinating two simple counter UntypedActors so that they both increment together in coordinated transactions. If one of them was to fail to increment, the other would also fail.
import akka.actor.ActorRef; public class Increment { private ActorRef friend = null; public Increment() {} public Increment(ActorRef friend) { this.friend = friend; } public boolean hasFriend() { return friend != null; } public ActorRef getFriend() { return friend; } } import import import import akka.actor.*; akka.transactor.*; scala.concurrent.stm.Ref; scala.concurrent.stm.japi.STM;
public class CoordinatedCounter extends UntypedActor { private Ref.View<Integer> count = STM.newRef(0); public void onReceive(Object incoming) throws Exception { if (incoming instanceof Coordinated) { Coordinated coordinated = (Coordinated) incoming; Object message = coordinated.getMessage(); if (message instanceof Increment) { Increment increment = (Increment) message; if (increment.hasFriend()) { increment.getFriend().tell(coordinated.coordinate(new Increment())); } coordinated.atomic(new Runnable() { public void run() { STM.increment(count, 1); } }); } } else if ("GetCount".equals(incoming)) { getSender().tell(count.get()); } else { unhandled(incoming); } } }
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import import import import import import import
akka.actor.*; akka.dispatch.Await; static akka.pattern.Patterns.ask; akka.transactor.Coordinated; akka.util.Duration; akka.util.Timeout; static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create("CoordinatedExample"); ActorRef counter1 = system.actorOf(new Props(CoordinatedCounter.class)); ActorRef counter2 = system.actorOf(new Props(CoordinatedCounter.class)); Timeout timeout = new Timeout(5, SECONDS); counter1.tell(new Coordinated(new Increment(counter2), timeout)); Integer count = (Integer) Await.result(ask(counter1, "GetCount", timeout), timeout.duration());
To start a new coordinated transaction that you will also participate in, create a Coordinated object, passing in a Timeout:
Timeout timeout = new Timeout(5, SECONDS); Coordinated coordinated = new Coordinated(timeout);
To start a coordinated transaction that you wont participate in yourself you can create a Coordinated object with a message and send it directly to an actor. The recipient of the message will be the rst member of the coordination set:
actor.tell(new Coordinated(new Message(), timeout));
To include another actor in the same coordinated transaction that youve created or received, use the coordinate method on that object. This will increment the number of parties involved by one and create a new Coordinated object to be sent.
actor.tell(coordinated.coordinate(new Message()));
To enter the coordinated transaction use the atomic method of the coordinated object, passing in a java.lang.Runnable.
coordinated.atomic(new Runnable() { public void run() { // do something in the coordinated transaction ... } });
The coordinated transaction will wait for the other transactions before committing. If any of the coordinated transactions fail then they all fail. Note: The same actor should not be added to a coordinated transaction more than once. The transaction will not be able to complete as an actor only processes a single message at a time. When processing the rst message the coordinated transaction will wait for the commit barrier, which in turn needs the second message to be received to proceed.
4.14.4 UntypedTransactor
UntypedTransactors are untyped actors that provide a general pattern for coordinating transactions, using the explicit coordination described above. Heres an example of a simple untyped transactor that will join a coordinated transaction:
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import akka.transactor.*; import scala.concurrent.stm.Ref; import scala.concurrent.stm.japi.STM; public class Counter extends UntypedTransactor { Ref.View<Integer> count = STM.newRef(0); public void atomically(Object message) { if (message instanceof Increment) { STM.increment(count, 1); } } @Override public boolean normally(Object message) { if ("GetCount".equals(message)) { getSender().tell(count.get()); return true; } else return false; } }
You could send this Counter transactor a Coordinated(Increment) message. If you were to send it just an Increment message it will create its own Coordinated (but in this particular case wouldnt be coordinating transactions with any other transactors). To coordinate with other transactors override the coordinate method. The coordinate method maps a message to a set of SendTo objects, pairs of ActorRef and a message. You can use the include and sendTo methods to easily coordinate with other transactors. Heres an example of coordinating an increment, using an untyped transactor, similar to the explicitly coordinated example above.
import import import import import akka.actor.*; akka.transactor.*; java.util.Set; scala.concurrent.stm.Ref; scala.concurrent.stm.japi.STM;
public class FriendlyCounter extends UntypedTransactor { Ref.View<Integer> count = STM.newRef(0); @Override public Set<SendTo> coordinate(Object message) { if (message instanceof Increment) { Increment increment = (Increment) message; if (increment.hasFriend()) return include(increment.getFriend(), new Increment()); } return nobody(); } public void atomically(Object message) { if (message instanceof Increment) { STM.increment(count, 1); } } @Override public boolean normally(Object message) { if ("GetCount".equals(message)) { getSender().tell(count.get()); return true; } else return false; } }
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To execute directly before or after the coordinated transaction, override the before and after methods. They do not execute within the transaction. To completely bypass coordinated transactions override the normally method. Any message matched by normally will not be matched by the other methods, and will not be involved in coordinated transactions. In this method you can implement normal actor behavior, or use the normal STM atomic for local transactions.
4.15 Building Finite State Machine Actors (Java)

4.15.1 Overview
The FSM (Finite State Machine) pattern is best described in the Erlang design principles. In short, it can be seen as a set of relations of the form: State(S) x Event(E) -> Actions (A), State(S) These relations are interpreted as meaning: If we are in state S and the event E occurs, we should perform the actions A and make a transition to the state S. While the Scala programming language enables the formulation of a nice internal DSL (domain specic language) for formulating nite state machines (see FSM ), Javas verbosity does not lend itself well to the same approach. This chapter describes ways to effectively achieve the same separation of concerns through self-discipline.
4.15.2 How State should be Handled

All mutable elds (or transitively mutable data structures) referenced by the FSM actors implementation should be collected in one place and only mutated using a small well-dened set of methods. One way to achieve this is to assemble all mutable state in a superclass which keeps it private and offers protected methods for mutating it.
import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import akka.actor.ActorRef; static abstract class MyFSMBase extends UntypedActor { /* * This is the mutable state of this state machine. */ protected enum State { IDLE, ACTIVE; } private State state = State.IDLE; private ActorRef target; private List<Object> queue; /* * Then come all the mutator methods: */ protected void init(ActorRef target) { this.target = target; queue = new ArrayList<Object>(); } protected void setState(State s) { if (state != s) { transition(state, s); state = s;
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} } protected void enqueue(Object o) { if (queue != null) queue.add(o); } protected List<Object> drainQueue() { final List<Object> q = queue; if (q == null) throw new IllegalStateException("drainQueue(): not yet initialized"); queue = new ArrayList<Object>(); return q; } /* * Here are the interrogation methods: */ protected boolean isInitialized() { return target != null; } protected State getState() { return state; } protected ActorRef getTarget() { if (target == null) throw new IllegalStateException("getTarget(): not yet initialized"); return target; } /* * And finally the callbacks (only one in this example: react to state change) */ abstract protected void transition(State old, State next); }
The benet of this approach is that state changes can be acted upon in one central place, which makes it impossible to forget inserting code for reacting to state transitions when adding to the FSMs machinery.
4.15.3 Message Buncher Example

The base class shown above is designed to support a similar example as for the Scala FSM documentation: an actor which receives and queues messages, to be delivered in batches to a congurable target actor. The messages involved are:
public static final class SetTarget { final ActorRef ref; public SetTarget(ActorRef ref) { this.ref = ref; } } public static final class Queue { final Object o; public Queue(Object o) { this.o = o; }
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} public static final Object flush = new Object(); public static final class Batch { final List<Object> objects; public Batch(List<Object> objects) { this.objects = objects; } }
This actor has only the two states IDLE and ACTIVE, making their handling quite straight-forward in the concrete actor derived from the base class:
import akka.event.LoggingAdapter; import akka.event.Logging; import akka.actor.UntypedActor; static public class MyFSM extends MyFSMBase { private final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); @Override public void onReceive(Object o) { if (getState() == State.IDLE) { if (o instanceof SetTarget) init(((SetTarget) o).ref); else whenUnhandled(o); } else if (getState() == State.ACTIVE) { if (o == flush) setState(State.IDLE); else whenUnhandled(o); } } @Override public void transition(State old, State next) { if (old == State.ACTIVE) { getTarget().tell(new Batch(drainQueue())); } } private void whenUnhandled(Object o) { if (o instanceof Queue && isInitialized()) { enqueue(((Queue) o).o); setState(State.ACTIVE); } else { log.warning("received unknown message {} in state {}", o, getState()); } } }
The trick here is to factor out common functionality like whenUnhandled and transition in order to obtain
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a few well-dened points for reacting to change or insert logging.
4.15.4 State-Centric vs. Event-Centric

In the example above, the subjective complexity of state and events was roughly equal, making it a matter of taste whether to choose primary dispatch on either; in the example a state-based dispatch was chosen. Depending on how evenly the matrix of possible states and events is populated, it may be more practical to handle different events rst and distinguish the states in the second tier. An example would be a state machine which has a multitude of internal states but handles only very few distinct events.
4.16 Akka Extensions (Java)

If you want to add features to Akka, there is a very elegant, but powerful mechanism for doing so. Its called Akka Extensions and is comprised of 2 basic components: an Extension and an ExtensionId. Extensions will only be loaded once per ActorSystem, which will be managed by Akka. You can choose to have your Extension loaded on-demand or at ActorSystem creation time through the Akka conguration. Details on how to make that happens are below, in the Loading from Conguration section. Warning: Since an extension is a way to hook into Akka itself, the implementor of the extension needs to ensure the thread safety of his/her extension.
4.16.1 Building an Extension

So lets create a sample extension that just lets us count the number of times something has happened. First, we dene what our Extension should do:
import akka.actor.*; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong; public static class CountExtensionImpl implements Extension { //Since this Extension is a shared instance // per ActorSystem we need to be threadsafe private final AtomicLong counter = new AtomicLong(0); //This is the operation this Extension provides public long increment() { return counter.incrementAndGet(); } }
Then we need to create an ExtensionId for our extension so we can grab ahold of it.
import akka.actor.*; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
public static class CountExtension extends AbstractExtensionId<CountExtensionImpl> implements Ex //This will be the identifier of our CountExtension public final static CountExtension CountExtensionProvider = new CountExtension(); //The lookup method is required by ExtensionIdProvider, // so we return ourselves here, this allows us // to configure our extension to be loaded when // the ActorSystem starts up public CountExtension lookup() { return CountExtension.CountExtensionProvider; //The public static final }
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//This method will be called by Akka // to instantiate our Extension public CountExtensionImpl createExtension(ExtendedActorSystem system) { return new CountExtensionImpl(); } }
Wicked! Now all we need to do is to actually use it:

// typically you would use static import of CountExtension.CountExtensionProvider field CountExtension.CountExtensionProvider.get(system).increment();
Or from inside of an Akka Actor:

public static class MyActor extends UntypedActor { public void onReceive(Object msg) { // typically you would use static import of CountExtension.CountExtensionProvider field CountExtension.CountExtensionProvider.get(getContext().system()).increment(); } }
Thats all there is to it!
4.16.2 Loading from Conguration

To be able to load extensions from your Akka conguration you must add FQCNs of implementations of either ExtensionId or ExtensionIdProvider in the akka.extensions section of the cong you provide to your ActorSystem.
akka { extensions = ["akka.docs.extension.ExtensionDocTestBase.CountExtension"] }
4.16.3 Applicability
The sky is the limit! By the way, did you know that Akkas Typed Actors, Serialization and other features are implemented as Akka Extensions? Application specic settings The Conguration can be used for application specic settings. A good practice is to place those settings in an Extension. Sample conguration:
myapp { db { uri = "mongodb://example1.com:27017,example2.com:27017" } circuit-breaker { timeout = 30 seconds } }
The Extension:
import import import import akka.actor.Extension; akka.actor.AbstractExtensionId; akka.actor.ExtensionIdProvider; akka.actor.ActorSystem;
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import import import import
akka.actor.ExtendedActorSystem; akka.util.Duration; com.typesafe.config.Config; java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
public static class SettingsImpl implements Extension { public final String DB_URI; public final Duration CIRCUIT_BREAKER_TIMEOUT;
public SettingsImpl(Config config) { DB_URI = config.getString("myapp.db.uri"); CIRCUIT_BREAKER_TIMEOUT = Duration.create(config.getMilliseconds("myapp.circuit-breaker.time TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS); } }
public static class Settings extends AbstractExtensionId<SettingsImpl> implements ExtensionIdPro public final static Settings SettingsProvider = new Settings(); public Settings lookup() { return Settings.SettingsProvider; } public SettingsImpl createExtension(ExtendedActorSystem system) { return new SettingsImpl(system.settings().config()); } }
Use it:
public static class MyActor extends UntypedActor { // typically you would use static import of CountExtension.CountExtensionProvider field final SettingsImpl settings = Settings.SettingsProvider.get(getContext().system()); Connection connection = connect(settings.DB_URI, settings.CIRCUIT_BREAKER_TIMEOUT);
4.17 ZeroMQ (Java)

Akka provides a ZeroMQ module which abstracts a ZeroMQ connection and therefore allows interaction between Akka actors to take place over ZeroMQ connections. The messages can be of a proprietary format or they can be dened using Protobuf. The socket actor is fault-tolerant by default and when you use the newSocket method to create new sockets it will properly reinitialize the socket. ZeroMQ is very opinionated when it comes to multi-threading so conguration option akka.zeromq.socketdispatcher always needs to be congured to a PinnedDispatcher, because the actual ZeroMQ socket can only be accessed by the thread that created it. The ZeroMQ module for Akka is written against an API introduced in JZMQ, which uses JNI to interact with the native ZeroMQ library. Instead of using JZMQ, the module uses ZeroMQ binding for Scala that uses the native ZeroMQ library through JNA. In other words, the only native library that this module requires is the native ZeroMQ library. The benet of the scala library is that you dont need to compile and manage native dependencies at the cost of some runtime performance. The scala-bindings are compatible with the JNI bindings so they are a drop-in replacement, in case you really need to get that extra bit of performance out.
4.17.1 Connection
ZeroMQ supports multiple connectivity patterns, each aimed to meet a different set of requirements. Currently, this module supports publisher-subscriber connections and connections based on dealers and routers.
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For connecting or accepting connections, a socket must be created. Sockets are always created using the akka.zeromq.ZeroMQExtension, for example:
import akka.zeromq.Bind; import akka.zeromq.ZeroMQExtension;
ActorRef pubSocket = ZeroMQExtension.get(system).newPubSocket(new Bind("tcp://127.0.0.1:1233")
Above examples will create a ZeroMQ Publisher socket that is Bound to the port 1233 on localhost. Similarly you can create a subscription socket, with a listener, that subscribes to all messages from the publisher using:
import akka.zeromq.Connect; import akka.zeromq.Listener; import akka.zeromq.Subscribe;
ActorRef listener = system.actorOf(new Props(ListenerActor.class)); ActorRef subSocket = ZeroMQExtension.get(system).newSubSocket(new Connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:123 new Listener(listener), Subscribe.all()); public static class ListenerActor extends UntypedActor { public void onReceive(Object message) throws Exception { //... } }
The following sub-sections describe the supported connection patterns and how they can be used in an Akka environment. However, for a comprehensive discussion of connection patterns, please refer to ZeroMQ The Guide. Publisher-Subscriber Connection In a publisher-subscriber (pub-sub) connection, the publisher accepts one or more subscribers. Each subscriber shall subscribe to one or more topics, whereas the publisher publishes messages to a set of topics. Also, a subscriber can subscribe to all available topics. In an Akka environment, pub-sub connections shall be used when an actor sends messages to one or more actors that do not interact with the actor that sent the message. When youre using zeromq pub/sub you should be aware that it needs multicast - check your cloud - to work properly and that the ltering of events for topics happens client side, so all events are always broadcasted to every subscriber. An actor is subscribed to a topic as follows:
ActorRef subTopicSocket = ZeroMQExtension.get(system).newSubSocket(new Connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:12 new Listener(listener), new Subscribe("foo.bar"));
It is a prex match so it is subscribed to all topics starting with foo.bar. Note that if the given string is empty or Subscribe.all() is used, the actor is subscribed to all topics. To unsubscribe from a topic you do the following:
import akka.zeromq.Unsubscribe; subTopicSocket.tell(new Unsubscribe("foo.bar"));
To publish messages to a topic you must use two Frames with the topic in the rst frame.
import akka.zeromq.Frame; import akka.zeromq.ZMQMessage; pubSocket.tell(new ZMQMessage(new Frame("foo.bar"), new Frame(payload)));
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Pub-Sub in Action
The following example illustrates one publisher with two subscribers. The publisher monitors current heap usage and system load and periodically publishes Heap events on the "health.heap" topic and Load events on the "health.load" topic.
import import import import import import import import import import akka.actor.ActorRef; akka.actor.UntypedActor; akka.actor.Props; akka.event.Logging; akka.event.LoggingAdapter; akka.util.Duration; akka.serialization.SerializationExtension; akka.serialization.Serialization; java.io.Serializable; java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
public static final Object TICK = "TICK"; public static class public final long public final long public final long Heap implements Serializable { timestamp; used; max;
public Heap(long timestamp, long used, long max) { this.timestamp = timestamp; this.used = used; this.max = max; } } public static class Load implements Serializable { public final long timestamp; public final double loadAverage; public Load(long timestamp, double loadAverage) { this.timestamp = timestamp; this.loadAverage = loadAverage; } } public static class HealthProbe extends UntypedActor {
ActorRef pubSocket = ZeroMQExtension.get(getContext().system()).newPubSocket(new Bind("tcp://1 MemoryMXBean memory = ManagementFactory.getMemoryMXBean(); OperatingSystemMXBean os = ManagementFactory.getOperatingSystemMXBean(); Serialization ser = SerializationExtension.get(getContext().system()); @Override public void preStart() { getContext().system().scheduler() .schedule(Duration.parse("1 second"), Duration.parse("1 second"), getSelf(), TICK); } @Override public void postRestart(Throwable reason) { // dont call preStart, only schedule once } @Override public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message.equals(TICK)) {
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MemoryUsage currentHeap = memory.getHeapMemoryUsage(); long timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis(); // use akka SerializationExtension to convert to bytes byte[] heapPayload = ser.serializerFor(Heap.class).toBinary( new Heap(timestamp, currentHeap.getUsed(), currentHeap.getMax())); // the first frame is the topic, second is the message pubSocket.tell(new ZMQMessage(new Frame("health.heap"), new Frame(heapPayload)));
// use akka SerializationExtension to convert to bytes byte[] loadPayload = ser.serializerFor(Load.class).toBinary(new Load(timestamp, os.getSyst // the first frame is the topic, second is the message pubSocket.tell(new ZMQMessage(new Frame("health.load"), new Frame(loadPayload))); } else { unhandled(message); } } } system.actorOf(new Props(HealthProbe.class), "health");
Lets add one subscriber that logs the information. It subscribes to all topics starting with "health", i.e. both Heap and Load events.
public static class Logger extends UntypedActor {
ActorRef subSocket = ZeroMQExtension.get(getContext().system()).newSubSocket(new Connect("tcp:// new Listener(getSelf()), new Subscribe("health")); Serialization ser = SerializationExtension.get(getContext().system()); SimpleDateFormat timestampFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss.SSS"); LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this);
@Override public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message instanceof ZMQMessage) { ZMQMessage m = (ZMQMessage) message; // the first frame is the topic, second is the message if (m.firstFrameAsString().equals("health.heap")) { Heap heap = (Heap) ser.serializerFor(Heap.class).fromBinary(m.payload(1)); log.info("Used heap {} bytes, at {}", heap.used, timestampFormat.format(new Date(heap.time } else if (m.firstFrameAsString().equals("health.load")) { Load load = (Load) ser.serializerFor(Load.class).fromBinary(m.payload(1)); log.info("Load average {}, at {}", load.loadAverage, timestampFormat.format(new Date(load. } } else { unhandled(message); } } } system.actorOf(new Props(Logger.class), "logger");
Another subscriber keep track of used heap and warns if too much heap is used. It only subscribes to Heap events.
public static class HeapAlerter extends UntypedActor {
ActorRef subSocket = ZeroMQExtension.get(getContext().system()).newSubSocket(new Connect("tcp:// new Listener(getSelf()), new Subscribe("health.heap")); Serialization ser = SerializationExtension.get(getContext().system()); LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this); int count = 0;
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@Override public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message instanceof ZMQMessage) { ZMQMessage m = (ZMQMessage) message; // the first frame is the topic, second is the message if (m.firstFrameAsString().equals("health.heap")) { Heap heap = (Heap) ser.serializerFor(Heap.class).fromBinary(m.payload(1)); if (((double) heap.used / heap.max) > 0.9) { count += 1; } else { count = 0; } if (count > 10) { log.warning("Need more memory, using {} %", (100.0 * heap.used / heap.max)); } } } else { unhandled(message); } } } system.actorOf(new Props(HeapAlerter.class), "alerter");
Router-Dealer Connection While Pub/Sub is nice the real advantage of zeromq is that it is a lego-box for reliable messaging. And because there are so many integrations the multi-language support is fantastic. When youre using ZeroMQ to integrate many systems youll probably need to build your own ZeroMQ devices. This is where the router and dealer socket types come in handy. With those socket types you can build your own reliable pub sub broker that uses TCP/IP and does publisher side ltering of events. To create a Router socket that has a high watermark congured, you would do:
ActorRef highWatermarkSocket = ZeroMQExtension.get(system).newRouterSocket( new SocketOption[] { new Listener(listener), new Bind("tcp://127.0.0.1:1233"), new HighWaterma
The akka-zeromq module accepts most if not all the available conguration options for a zeromq socket. Push-Pull Connection Akka ZeroMQ module supports Push-Pull connections. You can create a Push connection through the:
ActorRef newPushSocket(SocketOption[] socketParameters);
You can create a Pull connection through the:

ActorRef newPullSocket(SocketOption[] socketParameters);
More documentation and examples will follow soon. Rep-Req Connection Akka ZeroMQ module supports Rep-Req connections. You can create a Rep connection through the:
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ActorRef newRepSocket(SocketOption[] socketParameters);
You can create a Req connection through the:

ActorRef newReqSocket(SocketOption[] socketParameters);
More documentation and examples will follow soon.
4.18 Microkernel (Java)

The Akka Microkernel is included in the Akka download found at downloads. To run an application with the microkernel you need to create a Bootable class that handles the startup and shutdown the application. An example is included below. Put your application jar in the deploy directory to have it automatically loaded. To start the kernel use the scripts in the bin directory, passing the boot classes for your application. There is a simple example of an application setup for running with the microkernel included in the akka download. This can be run with the following command (on a unix-based system):
bin/akka sample.kernel.hello.HelloKernel
Use Ctrl-C to interrupt and exit the microkernel. On a Windows machine you can also use the bin/akka.bat script. The code for the Hello Kernel example (see the HelloKernel class for an example of creating a Bootable):
/** * Copyright (C) 2009-2012 Typesafe Inc. <http://www.typesafe.com> */ package sample.kernel.hello.java; import import import import import akka.actor.ActorRef; akka.actor.UntypedActor; akka.actor.ActorSystem; akka.actor.Props; akka.kernel.Bootable;
public class HelloKernel implements Bootable { final ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create("hellokernel"); static class HelloActor extends UntypedActor { final ActorRef worldActor = getContext().actorOf(new Props(WorldActor.class)); public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message == "start") worldActor.tell("Hello"); else if (message instanceof String) System.out.println("Received message %s".format((String)message)); else unhandled(message); } } static class WorldActor extends UntypedActor { public void onReceive(Object message) { if (message instanceof String) getSender().tell(((String)message).toUpperCase() + " world!"); else unhandled(message); }
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} public void startup() { system.actorOf(new Props(HelloActor.class)).tell("start"); } public void shutdown() { system.shutdown(); } }
4.18.1 Distribution of microkernel application

To make a distribution package of the microkernel and your application the akka-sbt-plugin provides AkkaKernelPlugin. It creates the directory structure, with jar les, conguration les and start scripts. To use the sbt plugin you dene it in your project/plugins.sbt:
resolvers += "Typesafe Repo" at "http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/releases/" addSbtPlugin("com.typesafe.akka" % "akka-sbt-plugin" % "2.1-SNAPSHOT")
Then you add it to the settings of your project/Build.scala. It is also important that you add the akka-kernel dependency. This is an example of a complete sbt build le:
import import import import sbt._ Keys._ akka.sbt.AkkaKernelPlugin akka.sbt.AkkaKernelPlugin.{ Dist, outputDirectory, distJvmOptions}
object HelloKernelBuild extends Build { val Organization = "akka.sample" val Version = "2.1-SNAPSHOT" val ScalaVersion = "2.9.1" lazy val HelloKernel = Project( id = "hello-kernel", base = file("."), settings = defaultSettings ++ AkkaKernelPlugin.distSettings ++ Seq( libraryDependencies ++= Dependencies.helloKernel, distJvmOptions in Dist := "-Xms256M -Xmx1024M", outputDirectory in Dist := file("target/hello-dist") ) ) lazy val buildSettings = Defaults.defaultSettings ++ Seq( organization := Organization, version := Version, scalaVersion := ScalaVersion, crossPaths := false, organizationName := "Typesafe Inc.", organizationHomepage := Some(url("http://www.typesafe.com")) ) lazy val defaultSettings = buildSettings ++ Seq( resolvers += "Typesafe Repo" at "http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/releases/", // compile options scalacOptions ++= Seq("-encoding", "UTF-8", "-deprecation", "-unchecked"), javacOptions ++= Seq("-Xlint:unchecked", "-Xlint:deprecation") )
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} object Dependencies { import Dependency._ val helloKernel = Seq( akkaKernel, akkaSlf4j, logback ) } object Dependency { // Versions object V { val Akka = "2.1-SNAPSHOT" } val akkaKernel val akkaSlf4j val logback } = "com.typesafe.akka" % "akka-kernel" = "com.typesafe.akka" % "akka-slf4j" = "ch.qos.logback" % "logback-classic" % V.Akka % V.Akka % "1.0.0"
Run the plugin with sbt:

> dist > dist:clean
There are several settings that can be dened: outputDirectory - destination directory of the package, default target/dist distJvmOptions - JVM parameters to be used in the start script configSourceDirs - Conguration les are copied from these directories, default src/config, src/main/config, src/main/resources distMainClass - Kernel main class to use in start script libFilter - Filter of dependency jar les additionalLibs - Additional dependency jar les
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CHAPTER
FIVE
SCALA API
5.1 Actors (Scala)
The Actor Model provides a higher level of abstraction for writing concurrent and distributed systems. It alleviates the developer from having to deal with explicit locking and thread management, making it easier to write correct concurrent and parallel systems. Actors were dened in the 1973 paper by Carl Hewitt but have been popularized by the Erlang language, and used for example at Ericsson with great success to build highly concurrent and reliable telecom systems. The API of Akkas Actors is similar to Scala Actors which has borrowed some of its syntax from Erlang.
5.1.1 Creating Actors

Since Akka enforces parental supervision every actor is supervised and (potentially) the supervisor of its children; it is advisable that you familiarize yourself with Actor Systems and Supervision and Monitoring and it may also help to read Summary: actorOf vs. actorFor. Dening an Actor class Actor classes are implemented by extending the Actor class and implementing the receive method. The receive method should dene a series of case statements (which has the type PartialFunction[Any, Unit]) that denes which messages your Actor can handle, using standard Scala pattern matching, along with the implementation of how the messages should be processed. Here is an example:
import akka.actor.Actor import akka.actor.Props import akka.event.Logging class MyActor extends Actor { val log = Logging(context.system, this) def receive = { case "test" log.info("received test") case _ log.info("received unknown message") } }
Please note that the Akka Actor receive message loop is exhaustive, which is different compared to Erlang and Scala Actors. This means that you need to provide a pattern match for all messages that it can accept and if you want to be able to handle unknown messages then you need to have a default case as in the example above. Otherwise an akka.actor.UnhandledMessage(message, sender, recipient) will be published to the ActorSystems EventStream.
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Creating Actors with default constructor

object Main extends App { val system = ActorSystem("MySystem") val myActor = system.actorOf(Props[MyActor], name = "myactor")
The call to actorOf returns an instance of ActorRef. This is a handle to the Actor instance which you can use to interact with the Actor. The ActorRef is immutable and has a one to one relationship with the Actor it represents. The ActorRef is also serializable and network-aware. This means that you can serialize it, send it over the wire and use it on a remote host and it will still be representing the same Actor on the original node, across the network. In the above example the actor was created from the system. It is also possible to create actors from other actors with the actor context. The difference is how the supervisor hierarchy is arranged. When using the context the current actor will be supervisor of the created child actor. When using the system it will be a top level actor, that is supervised by the system (internal guardian actor).
class FirstActor extends Actor { val myActor = context.actorOf(Props[MyActor], name = "myactor")
The name parameter is optional, but you should preferably name your actors, since that is used in log messages and for identifying actors. The name must not be empty or start with $. If the given name is already in use by another child to the same parent actor an InvalidActorNameException is thrown. Warning: Creating top-level actors with system.actorOf is a blocking operation, hence it may deadlock due to starvation if the default dispatcher is overloaded. To avoid problems, do not call this method from within actors or futures which run on the default dispatcher. Actors are automatically started asynchronously when created. When you create the Actor then it will automatically call the preStart callback method on the Actor trait. This is an excellent place to add initialization code for the actor.
override def preStart() = { ... // initialization code }
Creating Actors with non-default constructor If your Actor has a constructor that takes parameters then you cant create it using actorOf(Props[TYPE]). Instead you can use a variant of actorOf that takes a call-by-name block in which you can create the Actor in any way you like. Here is an example:
// allows passing in arguments to the MyActor constructor val myActor = system.actorOf(Props(new MyActor("...")), name = "myactor")
Props Props is a conguration class to specify options for the creation of actors. Here are some examples on how to create a Props instance.
import akka.actor.Props val props1 = Props() val props2 = Props[MyActor] val props3 = Props(new MyActor) val props4 = Props( creator = { () new MyActor }, dispatcher = "my-dispatcher")
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val props5 = props1.withCreator(new MyActor) val props6 = props5.withDispatcher("my-dispatcher")
Creating Actors with Props Actors are created by passing in a Props instance into the actorOf factory method.
import akka.actor.Props val myActor = system.actorOf(Props[MyActor].withDispatcher("my-dispatcher"), name = "myactor2")
Creating Actors using anonymous classes When spawning actors for specic sub-tasks from within an actor, it may be convenient to include the code to be executed directly in place, using an anonymous class.
def receive = { case m: DoIt context.actorOf(Props(new Actor { def receive = { case DoIt(msg) val replyMsg = doSomeDangerousWork(msg) sender ! replyMsg context.stop(self) } def doSomeDangerousWork(msg: ImmutableMessage): String = { "done" } })) forward m }
Warning: In this case you need to carefully avoid closing over the containing actors reference, i.e. do not call methods on the enclosing actor from within the anonymous Actor class. This would break the actor encapsulation and may introduce synchronization bugs and race conditions because the other actors code will be scheduled concurrently to the enclosing actor. Unfortunately there is not yet a way to detect these illegal accesses at compile time. See also: Actors and shared mutable state
5.1.2 Actor API

The Actor trait denes only one abstract method, the above mentioned receive, which implements the behavior of the actor. If the current actor behavior does not match a received message, unhandled is called, which by default publishes an akka.actor.UnhandledMessage(message, sender, recipient) on the actor systems event stream (set conguration item akka.event-handler-startup-timeout to true to have them converted into actual Debug messages) In addition, it offers: self reference to the ActorRef of the actor sender reference sender Actor of the last received message, typically used as described in Reply to messages supervisorStrategy user overridable denition the strategy to use for supervising child actors context exposes contextual information for the actor and the current message, such as: factory methods to create child actors (actorOf) system that the actor belongs to parent supervisor
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supervised children lifecycle monitoring hotswap behavior stack as described in Become/Unbecome You can import the members in the context to avoid prexing access with context.
class FirstActor extends Actor { import context._ val myActor = actorOf(Props[MyActor], name = "myactor") def receive = { case x myActor ! x } }
The remaining visible methods are user-overridable life-cycle hooks which are described in the following:
def preStart() {} def preRestart(reason: Throwable, message: Option[Any]) { context.children foreach (context.stop(_)) postStop() } def postRestart(reason: Throwable) { preStart() } def postStop() {}
The implementations shown above are the defaults provided by the Actor trait. Lifecycle Monitoring aka DeathWatch In order to be notied when another actor terminates (i.e. stops permanently, not temporary failure and restart), an actor may register itself for reception of the Terminated message dispatched by the other actor upon termination (see Stopping Actors). This service is provided by the DeathWatch component of the actor system. Registering a monitor is easy:
import akka.actor.{ Actor, Props, Terminated } class WatchActor extends Actor { val child = context.actorOf(Props.empty, "child") context.watch(child) // <-- this is the only call needed for registration var lastSender = system.deadLetters def receive = { case "kill" context.stop(child); lastSender = sender case Terminated(child) lastSender ! "finished" } }
It should be noted that the Terminated message is generated independent of the order in which registration and termination occur. Registering multiple times does not necessarily lead to multiple messages being generated, but there is no guarantee that only exactly one such message is received: if termination of the watched actor has generated and queued the message, and another registration is done before this message has been processed, then a second message will be queued, because registering for monitoring of an already terminated actor leads to the immediate generation of the Terminated message. It is also possible to deregister from watching another actors liveliness using context.unwatch(target), but obviously this cannot guarantee non-reception of the Terminated message because that may already have been queued. Start Hook Right after starting the actor, its preStart method is invoked.
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override def preStart() { // registering with other actors someService ! Register(self) }
Restart Hooks All actors are supervised, i.e. linked to another actor with a fault handling strategy. Actors will be restarted in case an exception is thrown while processing a message. This restart involves the hooks mentioned above: 1. The old actor is informed by calling preRestart with the exception which caused the restart and the message which triggered that exception; the latter may be None if the restart was not caused by processing a message, e.g. when a supervisor does not trap the exception and is restarted in turn by its supervisor. This method is the best place for cleaning up, preparing hand-over to the fresh actor instance, etc. By default it stops all children and calls postStop. 2. The initial factory from the actorOf call is used to produce the fresh instance. 3. The new actors postRestart method is invoked with the exception which caused the restart. By default the preStart is called, just as in the normal start-up case. An actor restart replaces only the actual actor object; the contents of the mailbox is unaffected by the restart, so processing of messages will resume after the postRestart hook returns. The message that triggered the exception will not be received again. Any message sent to an actor while it is being restarted will be queued to its mailbox as usual. Stop Hook After stopping an actor, its postStop hook is called, which may be used e.g. for deregistering this actor from other services. This hook is guaranteed to run after message queuing has been disabled for this actor, i.e. messages sent to a stopped actor will be redirected to the deadLetters of the ActorSystem.
5.1.3 Identifying Actors

As described in Actor References, Paths and Addresses, each actor has a unique logical path, which is obtained by following the chain of actors from child to parent until reaching the root of the actor system, and it has a physical path, which may differ if the supervision chain includes any remote supervisors. These paths are used by the system to look up actors, e.g. when a remote message is received and the recipient is searched, but they are also useful more directly: actors may look up other actors by specifying absolute or relative pathslogical or physicaland receive back an ActorRef with the result:
context.actorFor("/user/serviceA/aggregator") // will look up this absolute path context.actorFor("../joe") // will look up sibling beneath same supervisor
The supplied path is parsed as a java.net.URI, which basically means that it is split on / into path elements. If the path starts with /, it is absolute and the look-up starts at the root guardian (which is the parent of "/user"); otherwise it starts at the current actor. If a path element equals .., the look-up will take a step up towards the supervisor of the currently traversed actor, otherwise it will step down to the named child. It should be noted that the .. in actor paths here always means the logical structure, i.e. the supervisor. If the path being looked up does not exist, a special actor reference is returned which behaves like the actor systems dead letter queue but retains its identity (i.e. the path which was looked up). Remote actor addresses may also be looked up, if remoting is enabled:
context.actorFor("akka://app@otherhost:1234/user/serviceB")
These look-ups return a (possibly remote) actor reference immediately, so you will have to send to it and await a reply in order to verify that serviceB is actually reachable and running. An example demonstrating actor look-up is given in Remote Lookup. 5.1. Actors (Scala) 143

IMPORTANT: Messages can be any kind of object but have to be immutable. Scala cant enforce immutability (yet) so this has to be by convention. Primitives like String, Int, Boolean are always immutable. Apart from these the recommended approach is to use Scala case classes which are immutable (if you dont explicitly expose the state) and works great with pattern matching at the receiver side. Here is an example:
// define the case class case class Register(user: User) // create a new case class message val message = Register(user)
Other good messages types are scala.Tuple2, scala.List, scala.Map which are all immutable and great for pattern matching.
5.1.5 Send messages

Messages are sent to an Actor through one of the following methods. ! means re-and-forget, e.g. send a message asynchronously and return immediately. Also known as tell. ? sends a message asynchronously and returns a Future representing a possible reply. Also known as ask. Message ordering is guaranteed on a per-sender basis. Note: There are performance implications of using ask since something needs to keep track of when it times out, there needs to be something that bridges a Promise into an ActorRef and it also needs to be reachable through remoting. So always prefer tell for performance, and only ask if you must.
Tell: Fire-forget This is the preferred way of sending messages. No blocking waiting for a message. This gives the best concurrency and scalability characteristics.
actor ! "hello"
If invoked from within an Actor, then the sending actor reference will be implicitly passed along with the message and available to the receiving Actor in its sender: ActorRef member eld. The target actor can use this to reply to the original sender, by using sender ! replyMsg. If invoked from an instance that is not an Actor the sender will be deadLetters actor reference by default. Ask: Send-And-Receive-Future The ask pattern involves actors as well as futures, hence it is offered as a use pattern rather than a method on ActorRef:
import akka.pattern.{ ask, pipe } case class Result(x: Int, s: String, d: Double) case object Request implicit val timeout = Timeout(5 seconds) // needed for ? below val f: Future[Result] =
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for { x ask(actorA, Request).mapTo[Int] // call pattern directly s actorB ask Request mapTo manifest[String] // call by implicit conversion d actorC ? Request mapTo manifest[Double] // call by symbolic name } yield Result(x, s, d) f pipeTo actorD // .. or .. pipe(f) to actorD

This example demonstrates ask together with the pipeTo pattern on futures, because this is likely to be a common combination. Please note that all of the above is completely non-blocking and asynchronous: ask produces a Future, three of which are composed into a new future using the for-comprehension and then pipeTo installs an onComplete-handler on the future to effect the submission of the aggregated Result to another actor. Using ask will send a message to the receiving Actor as with tell, and the receiving actor must reply with sender ! reply in order to complete the returned Future with a value. The ask operation involves creating an internal actor for handling this reply, which needs to have a timeout after which it is destroyed in order not to leak resources; see more below. To complete the future with an exception you need send a Failure message to the sender. This is not done automatically when an actor throws an exception while processing a message.
try { val result = operation() sender ! result } catch { case e: Exception sender ! akka.actor.Status.Failure(e) throw e }
If the actor does not complete the future, it will expire after the timeout period, completing it with an AskTimeoutException. The timeout is taken from one of the following locations in order of precedence: 1. explicitly given timeout as in:
import akka.util.duration._ import akka.pattern.ask val future = myActor.ask("hello")(5 seconds)
2. implicit argument of type akka.util.Timeout, e.g.

import akka.util.duration._ import akka.util.Timeout import akka.pattern.ask implicit val timeout = Timeout(5 seconds) val future = myActor ? "hello"
See Futures (Scala) for more information on how to await or query a future. The onComplete, onResult, or onTimeout methods of the Future can be used to register a callback to get a notication when the Future completes. Gives you a way to avoid blocking. Warning: When using future callbacks, such as onComplete, onSuccess, and onFailure, inside actors you need to carefully avoid closing over the containing actors reference, i.e. do not call methods or access mutable state on the enclosing actor from within the callback. This would break the actor encapsulation and may introduce synchronization bugs and race conditions because the callback will be scheduled concurrently to the enclosing actor. Unfortunately there is not yet a way to detect these illegal accesses at compile time. See also: Actors and shared mutable state
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Forward message You can forward a message from one actor to another. This means that the original sender address/reference is maintained even though the message is going through a mediator. This can be useful when writing actors that work as routers, load-balancers, replicators etc.
myActor.forward(message)
5.1.6 Receive messages

An Actor has to implement the receive method to receive messages:
protected def receive: PartialFunction[Any, Unit]
Note: Akka has an alias to the PartialFunction[Any, Unit] type called Receive (akka.actor.Actor.Receive), so you can use this type instead for clarity. But most often you dont need to spell it out. This method should return a PartialFunction, e.g. a match/case clause in which the message can be matched against the different case clauses using Scala pattern matching. Here is an example:
import akka.actor.Actor import akka.actor.Props import akka.event.Logging class MyActor extends Actor { val log = Logging(context.system, this) def receive = { case "test" log.info("received test") case _ log.info("received unknown message") } }
5.1.7 Reply to messages

If you want to have a handle for replying to a message, you can use sender, which gives you an ActorRef. You can reply by sending to that ActorRef with sender ! replyMsg. You can also store the ActorRef for replying later, or passing on to other actors. If there is no sender (a message was sent without an actor or future context) then the sender defaults to a dead-letter actor ref.
case request => val result = process(request) sender ! result // will have dead-letter actor as default
5.1.8 Initial receive timeout

A timeout mechanism can be used to receive a message when no initial message is received within a certain time. To receive this timeout you have to set the receiveTimeout property and declare a case handing the ReceiveTimeout object.
import akka.actor.ReceiveTimeout import akka.util.duration._ class MyActor extends Actor { context.setReceiveTimeout(30 milliseconds) def receive = { case "Hello" //... case ReceiveTimeout throw new RuntimeException("received timeout") } }
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5.1.9 Stopping actors

Actors are stopped by invoking the stop method of a ActorRefFactory, i.e. ActorContext or ActorSystem. Typically the context is used for stopping child actors and the system for stopping top level actors. The actual termination of the actor is performed asynchronously, i.e. stop may return before the actor is stopped. Processing of the current message, if any, will continue before the actor is stopped, but additional messages in the mailbox will not be processed. By default these messages are sent to the deadLetters of the ActorSystem, but that depends on the mailbox implementation. Termination of an actor proceeds in two steps: rst the actor suspends its mailbox processing and sends a stop command to all its children, then it keeps processing the termination messages from its children until the last one is gone, nally terminating itself (invoking postStop, dumping mailbox, publishing Terminated on the DeathWatch, telling its supervisor). This procedure ensures that actor system sub-trees terminate in an orderly fashion, propagating the stop command to the leaves and collecting their conrmation back to the stopped supervisor. If one of the actors does not respond (i.e. processing a message for extended periods of time and therefore not receiving the stop command), this whole process will be stuck. Upon ActorSystem.shutdown, the system guardian actors will be stopped, and the aforementioned process will ensure proper termination of the whole system. The postStop hook is invoked after an actor is fully stopped. This enables cleaning up of resources:
override def postStop() = { // close some file or database connection }
Note: Since stopping an actor is asynchronous, you cannot immediately reuse the name of the child you just stopped; this will result in an InvalidActorNameException. Instead, watch the terminating actor and create its replacement in response to the Terminated message which will eventually arrive.
PoisonPill You can also send an actor the akka.actor.PoisonPill message, which will stop the actor when the message is processed. PoisonPill is enqueued as ordinary messages and will be handled after messages that were already queued in the mailbox. Graceful Stop gracefulStop is useful if you need to wait for termination or compose ordered termination of several actors:
import akka.pattern.gracefulStop import akka.dispatch.Await import akka.actor.ActorTimeoutException try { val stopped: Future[Boolean] = gracefulStop(actorRef, 5 seconds)(system) Await.result(stopped, 6 seconds) // the actor has been stopped } catch { case e: ActorTimeoutException // the actor wasnt stopped within 5 seconds }
When gracefulStop() returns successfully, the actors postStop() hook will have been executed: there exists a happens-before edge between the end of postStop() and the return of gracefulStop().
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Warning: Keep in mind that an actor stopping and its name being deregistered are separate events which happen asynchronously from each other. Therefore it may be that you will nd the name still in use after gracefulStop() returned. In order to guarantee proper deregistration, only reuse names from within a supervisor you control and only in response to a Terminated message, i.e. not for top-level actors.
5.1.10 Become/Unbecome
Upgrade Akka supports hotswapping the Actors message loop (e.g. context.become method from within the Actor. its implementation) at runtime: Invoke the The
Become takes a PartialFunction[Any, Unit] that implements the new message handler. hotswapped code is kept in a Stack which can be pushed and popped. Warning: Please note that the actor will revert to its original behavior when restarted by its Supervisor. To hotswap the Actor behavior using become:
class HotSwapActor extends Actor { import context._ def angry: Receive = { case "foo" sender ! "I am already angry?" case "bar" become(happy) } def happy: Receive = { case "bar" sender ! "I am already happy :-)" case "foo" become(angry) } def receive = { case "foo" become(angry) case "bar" become(happy) } }
The become method is useful for many different things, but a particular nice example of it is in example where it is used to implement a Finite State Machine (FSM): Dining Hakkers. Here is another little cute example of become and unbecome in action:
case object Swap class Swapper extends Actor { import context._ val log = Logging(system, this) def receive = { case Swap log.info("Hi") become { case Swap log.info("Ho") unbecome() // resets the latest become (just for fun) } } } object SwapperApp extends App { val system = ActorSystem("SwapperSystem")
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val swap = system.actorOf(Props[Swapper], name = "swapper") swap ! Swap // logs Hi swap ! Swap // logs Ho swap ! Swap // logs Hi swap ! Swap // logs Ho swap ! Swap // logs Hi swap ! Swap // logs Ho }
Encoding Scala Actors nested receives without accidentally leaking memory See this Unnested receive example. Downgrade Since the hotswapped code is pushed to a Stack you can downgrade the code as well, all you need to do is to: Invoke the context.unbecome method from within the Actor. This will pop the Stack and replace the Actors implementation with the PartialFunction[Any, Unit] that is at the top of the Stack. Heres how you use the unbecome method:
def receive = { case "revert" => context.unbecome() }
5.1.11 Killing an Actor

You can kill an actor by sending a Kill message. This will restart the actor through regular supervisor semantics. Use it like this:
// kill the actor called victim victim ! Kill
5.1.12 Actors and exceptions

It can happen that while a message is being processed by an actor, that some kind of exception is thrown, e.g. a database exception. What happens to the Message If an exception is thrown while a message is being processed (so taken of his mailbox and handed over the the receive), then this message will be lost. It is important to understand that it is not put back on the mailbox. So if you want to retry processing of a message, you need to deal with it yourself by catching the exception and retry your ow. Make sure that you put a bound on the number of retries since you dont want a system to livelock (so consuming a lot of cpu cycles without making progress). What happens to the mailbox If an exception is thrown while a message is being processed, nothing happens to the mailbox. If the actor is restarted, the same mailbox will be there. So all messages on that mailbox, will be there as well.
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What happens to the actor If an exception is thrown, the actor instance is discarded and a new instance is created. This new instance will now be used in the actor references to this actor (so this is done invisible to the developer). Note that this means that current state of the failing actor instance is lost if you dont store and restore it in preRestart and postRestart callbacks.
5.1.13 Extending Actors using PartialFunction chaining

A bit advanced but very useful way of dening a base message handler and then extend that, either through inheritance or delegation, is to use PartialFunction.orElse chaining.
abstract class GenericActor extends Actor { // to be defined in subclassing actor def specificMessageHandler: Receive // generic message handler def genericMessageHandler: Receive = { case event printf("generic: %s\n", event) } def receive = specificMessageHandler orElse genericMessageHandler } class SpecificActor extends GenericActor { def specificMessageHandler = { case event: MyMsg printf("specific: %s\n", event.subject) } } case class MyMsg(subject: String)
Or:
trait ComposableActor extends Actor { private var receives: List[Receive] = List() protected def registerReceive(receive: Receive) { receives = receive :: receives } def receive = receives reduce { _ orElse _ } } class MyComposableActor extends ComposableActor { override def preStart() { registerReceive({ case "foo" /* Do something */ }) registerReceive({ case "bar" /* Do something */ }) } }
5.2 Typed Actors (Scala)

Akka Typed Actors is an implementation of the Active Objects pattern. Essentially turning method invocations into asynchronous dispatch instead of synchronous that has been the default way since Smalltalk came out. 5.2. Typed Actors (Scala) 150
Typed Actors consist of 2 parts, a public interface and an implementation, and if youve done any work in enterprise Java, this will be very familiar to you. As with normal Actors you have an external API (the public interface instance) that will delegate methodcalls asynchronously to a private instance of the implementation. The advantage of Typed Actors vs. Actors is that with TypedActors you have a static contract, and dont need to dene your own messages, the downside is that it places some limitations on what you can do and what you cant, i.e. you cant use become/unbecome. Typed Actors are implemented using JDK Proxies which provide a pretty easy-worked API to intercept method calls. Note: Just as with regular Akka Actors, Typed Actors process one call at a time.
5.2.1 When to use Typed Actors

Typed actors are nice for bridging between actor systems (the inside) and non-actor code (the outside), because they allow you to write normal OO-looking code on the outside. Think of them like doors: their practicality lies in interfacing between private sphere and the public, but you dont want that many doors inside your house, do you? For a longer discussion see this blog post. A bit more background: TypedActors can very easily be abused as RPC, and that is an abstraction which is wellknown to be leaky. Hence TypedActors are not what we think of rst when we talk about making highly scalable concurrent software easier to write correctly. They have their niche, use them sparingly.
5.2.2 The tools of the trade

Before we create our rst Typed Actor we should rst go through the tools that we have at our disposal, its located in akka.actor.TypedActor.
import akka.actor.TypedActor //Returns the Typed Actor Extension val extension = TypedActor(system) //system is an instance of ActorSystem //Returns whether the reference is a Typed Actor Proxy or not TypedActor(system).isTypedActor(someReference) //Returns the backing Akka Actor behind an external Typed Actor Proxy TypedActor(system).getActorRefFor(someReference) //Returns the current ActorContext, // method only valid within methods of a TypedActor implementation val c: ActorContext = TypedActor.context //Returns the external proxy of the current Typed Actor, // method only valid within methods of a TypedActor implementation val s: Squarer = TypedActor.self[Squarer] //Returns a contextual instance of the Typed Actor Extension //this means that if you create other Typed Actors with this, //they will become children to the current Typed Actor. TypedActor(TypedActor.context)
Warning: Same as not exposing this of an Akka Actor, its important not to expose this of a Typed Actor, instead you should pass the external proxy reference, which is obtained from within your Typed Actor as TypedActor.self, this is your external identity, as the ActorRef is the external identity of an Akka Actor.
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5.2.3 Creating Typed Actors

To create a Typed Actor you need to have one or more interfaces, and one implementation. Our example interface:
import akka.dispatch.{ Promise, Future, Await } import akka.util.duration._ import akka.actor.{ ActorContext, TypedActor, TypedProps } trait Squarer { // typed actor iface methods ... }
Our example implementation of that interface:

import akka.dispatch.{ Promise, Future, Await } import akka.util.duration._ import akka.actor.{ ActorContext, TypedActor, TypedProps } class SquarerImpl(val name: String) extends Squarer { def this() = this("default") // typed actor impl methods ... }
The most trivial way of creating a Typed Actor instance of our Squarer:
val mySquarer: Squarer = TypedActor(system).typedActorOf(TypedProps[SquarerImpl]())
First type is the type of the proxy, the second type is the type of the implementation. If you need to call a specic constructor you do it like this:
val otherSquarer: Squarer = TypedActor(system).typedActorOf(TypedProps(classOf[Squarer], new SquarerImpl("foo")), "name")
Since you supply a Props, you can specify which dispatcher to use, what the default timeout should be used and more. Now, our Squarer doesnt have any methods, so wed better add those.
import akka.dispatch.{ Promise, Future, Await } import akka.util.duration._ import akka.actor.{ ActorContext, TypedActor, TypedProps } trait Squarer { def squareDontCare(i: Int): Unit //fire-forget def square(i: Int): Future[Int] //non-blocking send-request-reply def squareNowPlease(i: Int): Option[Int] //blocking send-request-reply def squareNow(i: Int): Int //blocking send-request-reply }
Alright, now weve got some methods we can call, but we need to implement those in SquarerImpl.
import akka.dispatch.{ Promise, Future, Await } import akka.util.duration._ import akka.actor.{ ActorContext, TypedActor, TypedProps } class SquarerImpl(val name: String) extends Squarer { def this() = this("default") import TypedActor.dispatcher //So we can create Promises
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def squareDontCare(i: Int): Unit = i * i //Nobody cares :( def square(i: Int): Future[Int] = Promise successful i * i def squareNowPlease(i: Int): Option[Int] = Some(i * i) def squareNow(i: Int): Int = i * i }
Excellent, now we have an interface and an implementation of that interface, and we know how to create a Typed Actor from that, so lets look at calling these methods.
5.2.4 Method dispatch semantics

Methods returning: Unit will be dispatched with fire-and-forget semantics, exactly like ActorRef.tell akka.dispatch.Future[_] ActorRef.ask will use send-request-reply semantics, exactly like
scala.Option[_] or akka.japi.Option<?> will use send-request-reply semantics, but will block to wait for an answer, and return None if no answer was produced within the timout, or scala.Some/akka.japi.Some containing the result otherwise. Any exception that was thrown during this call will be rethrown. Any other type of value will use send-request-reply semantics, but will block to wait for an answer, throwing java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException if there was a timeout or rethrow any exception that was thrown during this call.

While Akka cannot enforce that the parameters to the methods of your Typed Actors are immutable, we strongly recommend that parameters passed are immutable. One-way message send
mySquarer.squareDontCare(10)
As simple as that! The method will be executed on another thread; asynchronously. Request-reply message send
val oSquare = mySquarer.squareNowPlease(10) //Option[Int]
This will block for as long as the timeout that was set in the Props of the Typed Actor, if needed. It will return None if a timeout occurs.
val iSquare = mySquarer.squareNow(10) //Int
This will block for as long as the timeout that was set in the Props of the Typed Actor, if needed. It will throw a java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException if a timeout occurs. Request-reply-with-future message send
val fSquare = mySquarer.square(10) //A Future[Int]
This call is asynchronous, and the Future returned can be used for asynchronous composition. 5.2. Typed Actors (Scala) 153
5.2.6 Stopping Typed Actors

Since Akkas Typed Actors are backed by Akka Actors they must be stopped when they arent needed anymore.
TypedActor(system).stop(mySquarer)
This asynchronously stops the Typed Actor associated with the specied proxy ASAP.
TypedActor(system).poisonPill(otherSquarer)
This asynchronously stops the Typed Actor associated with the specied proxy after its done with all calls that were made prior to this call.
5.2.7 Typed Actor Hierarchies

Since you can obtain a contextual Typed Actor Extension by passing in an ActorContext you can create child Typed Actors by invoking typedActorOf(..) on that. This also works for creating child Typed Actors in regular Akka Actors.

By having your Typed Actor implementation class implement TypedActor.Supervisor you can dene the strategy to use for supervising child actors, as described in Supervision and Monitoring and Fault Tolerance (Scala).
5.2.9 Lifecycle callbacks

By having your Typed Actor implementation class implement any and all of the following: TypedActor.PreStart TypedActor.PostStop TypedActor.PreRestart TypedActor.PostRestart You can hook into the lifecycle of your Typed Actor.
5.2.10 Receive arbitrary messages

If your implementation class of your TypedActor extends akka.actor.TypedActor.Receiver, all messages that are not MethodCalls will be passed into the onReceive-method. This allows you to react to DeathWatch Terminated-messages and other types of messages, e.g. when interfacing with untyped actors.
5.2.11 Proxying
You can use the typedActorOf that takes a TypedProps and an ActorRef to proxy the given ActorRef as a TypedActor. This is usable if you want to communicate remotely with TypedActors on other machines, just look them up with actorFor and pass the ActorRef to typedActorOf. Note: The ActorRef needs to accept MethodCall messages.
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5.2.12 Lookup & Remoting

Since TypedActors are backed by Akka Actors, you can use actorFor together with typedActorOf to proxy ActorRefs potentially residing on remote nodes.
val typedActor: Foo with Bar = TypedActor(system). typedActorOf( TypedProps[FooBar], system.actorFor("akka://SomeSystem@somehost:2552/user/some/foobar")) //Use "typedActor" as a FooBar
5.2.13 Supercharging
Heres an example on how you can use traits to mix in behavior in your Typed Actors.
trait Foo { def doFoo(times: Int): Unit = println("doFoo(" + times + ")") } trait Bar { import TypedActor.dispatcher //So we have an implicit dispatcher for our Promise def doBar(str: String): Future[String] = Promise successful str.toUpperCase } class FooBar extends Foo with Bar val awesomeFooBar: Foo with Bar = TypedActor(system).typedActorOf(TypedProps[FooBar]()) awesomeFooBar.doFoo(10) val f = awesomeFooBar.doBar("yes") TypedActor(system).poisonPill(awesomeFooBar)
5.3 Logging (Scala)

5.3.1 How to Log
Create a LoggingAdapter and use the error, warning, info, or debug methods, as illustrated in this example:
import akka.event.Logging class MyActor extends Actor { val log = Logging(context.system, this) override def preStart() = { log.debug("Starting") } override def preRestart(reason: Throwable, message: Option[Any]) { log.error(reason, "Restarting due to [{}] when processing [{}]", reason.getMessage, message.getOrElse("")) } def receive = { case "test" log.info("Received test") case x log.warning("Received unknown message: {}", x) } }
For convenience you can mixin the log member into actors, instead of dening it as above.
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class MyActor extends Actor with akka.actor.ActorLogging { ... }
The second parameter to the Logging is the source of this logging channel. The source object is translated to a String according to the following rules: if it is an Actor or ActorRef, its path is used in case of a String it is used as is in case of a class an approximation of its simpleName and in all other cases a compile error occurs unless and implicit LogSource[T] is in scope for the type in question. The log message may contain argument placeholders {}, which will be substituted if the log level is enabled. Giving more arguments as there are placeholders results in a warning being appended to the log statement (i.e. on the same line with the same severity). You may pass a Java array as the only substitution argument to have its elements be treated individually:
val args = Array("The", "brown", "fox", "jumps", 42) system.log.debug("five parameters: {}, {}, {}, {}, {}", args)
The Java Class of the log source is also included in the generated LogEvent. In case of a simple string this is replaced with a marker class akka.event.DummyClassForStringSources in order to allow special treatment of this case, e.g. in the SLF4J event listener which will then use the string instead of the class name for looking up the logger instance to use. Auxiliary logging options Akka has a couple of conguration options for very low level debugging, that makes most sense in for developers and not for operations. You almost denitely need to have logging set to DEBUG to use any of the options below:
akka { loglevel = DEBUG }
This cong option is very good if you want to know what cong settings are loaded by Akka:
akka { # Log the complete configuration at INFO level when the actor system is started. # This is useful when you are uncertain of what configuration is used. log-config-on-start = on }
If you want very detailed logging of all user-level messages that are processed by Actors that use akka.event.LoggingReceive:
akka { actor { debug { # enable function of LoggingReceive, which is to log any received message at # DEBUG level receive = on } } }
If you want very detailed logging of all automatically received messages that are processed by Actors:
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akka { actor { debug { # enable DEBUG logging of all AutoReceiveMessages (Kill, PoisonPill and the like) autoreceive = on } } }
If you want very detailed logging of all lifecycle changes of Actors (restarts, deaths etc):
akka { actor { debug { # enable DEBUG logging of actor lifecycle changes lifecycle = on } } }
If you want very detailed logging of all events, transitions and timers of FSM Actors that extend LoggingFSM:
akka { actor { debug { # enable DEBUG logging of all LoggingFSMs for events, transitions and timers fsm = on } } }
If you want to monitor subscriptions (subscribe/unsubscribe) on the ActorSystem.eventStream:

akka { actor { debug { # enable DEBUG logging of subscription changes on the eventStream event-stream = on } } }
Auxiliary remote logging options If you want to see all messages that are sent through remoting at DEBUG log level: (This is logged as they are sent by the transport layer, not by the Actor)
akka { remote { # If this is "on", Akka will log all outbound messages at DEBUG level, if off then they are no log-sent-messages = on } }
If you want to see all messages that are received through remoting at DEBUG log level: (This is logged as they are received by the transport layer, not by any Actor)
akka { remote { # If this is "on", Akka will log all inbound messages at DEBUG level, if off then they are not log-received-messages = on } }
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Also see the logging options for TestKit: Tracing Actor Invocations. Translating Log Source to String and Class The rules for translating the source object to the source string and class which are inserted into the LogEvent during runtime are implemented using implicit parameters and thus fully customizable: simply create your own instance of LogSource[T] and have it in scope when creating the logger.
import akka.event.LogSource import akka.actor.ActorSystem object MyType { implicit val logSource: LogSource[AnyRef] = new LogSource[AnyRef] { def genString(o: AnyRef): String = o.getClass.getName override def getClazz(o: AnyRef): Class[_] = o.getClass } } class MyType(system: ActorSystem) { import MyType._ import akka.event.Logging val log = Logging(system, this) }
This example creates a log source which mimics traditional usage of Java loggers, which are based upon the originating objects class name as log category. The override of getClazz is only included for demonstration purposes as it contains exactly the default behavior. Note: You may also create the string representation up front and pass that in as the log source, but be aware that then the Class[_] which will be put in the LogEvent is akka.event.DummyClassForStringSources. The SLF4J event listener treats this case specially (using the actual string to look up the logger instance to use instead of the class name), and you might want to do this also in case you implement your own logging adapter.
5.3.2 Event Handler

Logging is performed asynchronously through an event bus. You can congure which event handlers that should subscribe to the logging events. That is done using the event-handlers element in the Conguration. Here you can also dene the log level.
akka { # Event handlers to register at boot time (Logging$DefaultLogger logs to STDOUT) event-handlers = ["akka.event.Logging$DefaultLogger"] # Options: ERROR, WARNING, INFO, DEBUG loglevel = "DEBUG" }
The default one logs to STDOUT and is registered by default. It is not intended to be used for production. There is also an SLF4J event handler available in the akka-slf4j module. Example of creating a listener:
import import import import import import akka.event.Logging.InitializeLogger akka.event.Logging.LoggerInitialized akka.event.Logging.Error akka.event.Logging.Warning akka.event.Logging.Info akka.event.Logging.Debug
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class MyEventListener extends Actor { def receive = { case InitializeLogger(_) case Error(cause, logSource, logClass, message) case Warning(logSource, logClass, message) case Info(logSource, logClass, message) case Debug(logSource, logClass, message) } }
sender ! LoggerInitialized // ... // ... // ... // ...
5.3.3 SLF4J
Akka provides an event handler for SL4FJ. This module is available in the akka-slf4j.jar. It has one single dependency; the slf4j-api jar. In runtime you also need a SLF4J backend, we recommend Logback:
lazy val logback = "ch.qos.logback" % "logback-classic" % "1.0.0" % "runtime"
You need to enable the Slf4jEventHandler in the event-handlers element in the Conguration. Here you can also dene the log level of the event bus. More ne grained log levels can be dened in the conguration of the SLF4J backend (e.g. logback.xml).
akka { event-handlers = ["akka.event.slf4j.Slf4jEventHandler"] loglevel = "DEBUG" }
The SLF4J logger selected for each log event is chosen based on the Class[_] of the log source specied when creating the LoggingAdapter, unless that was given directly as a string in which case that string is used (i.e. LoggerFactory.getLogger(c: Class[_]) is used in the rst case and LoggerFactory.getLogger(s: String) in the second). Note: Beware that the the actor systems name is appended to a String log source if the LoggingAdapter was created giving an ActorSystem to the factory. If this is not intended, give a LoggingBus instead as shown below:
val log = Logging(system.eventStream, "my.nice.string")
Logging Thread and Akka Source in MDC Since the logging is done asynchronously the thread in which the logging was performed is captured in Mapped Diagnostic Context (MDC) with attribute name sourceThread. With Logback the thread name is available with %X{sourceThread} specier within the pattern layout conguration:
<appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender"> <encoder> <pattern>%date{ISO8601} %-5level %logger{36} %X{sourceThread} - %msg%n</pattern> </encoder> </appender>
Note: It will probably be a good idea to use the sourceThread MDC value also in non-Akka parts of the application in order to have this property consistently available in the logs. Another helpful facility is that Akka captures the actors address when instantiating a logger within it, meaning that the full instance identication is available for associating log messages e.g. with members of a router. This information is available in the MDC with attribute name akkaSource:
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<appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender"> <encoder> <pattern>%date{ISO8601} %-5level %logger{36} %X{akkaSource} - %msg%n</pattern> </encoder> </appender>
For more details on what this attribute containsalso for non-actorsplease see How to Log.
5.4 Event Bus (Scala)

Originally conceived as a way to send messages to groups of actors, the EventBus has been generalized into a set of composable traits implementing a simple interface: subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber, classifier: subscribes the given subscriber to events with the given classier unsubscribe(subscriber: undoes a specic subscription unsubscribe(subscriber: Subscriber, classifier: Classifier): Classifier): Boolean Boolean
Subscriber) undoes all subscriptions for the given subscriber
publish(event: Event) publishes an event, which rst is classied according to the specic bus (see Classiers) and then published to all subscribers for the obtained classier This mechanism is used in different places within Akka, e.g. the DeathWatch and the Event Stream. Implementations can make use of the specic building blocks presented below. An event bus must dene the following three abstract types: Event is the type of all events published on that bus Subscriber is the type of subscribers allowed to register on that event bus Classifier denes the classier to be used in selecting subscribers for dispatching events The traits below are still generic in these types, but they need to be dened for any concrete implementation.
5.4.1 Classiers
The classiers presented here are part of the Akka distribution, but rolling your own in case you do not nd a perfect match is not difcult, check the implementation of the existing ones on github. Lookup Classication The simplest classication is just to extract an arbitrary classier from each event and maintaining a set of subscribers for each possible classier. This can be compared to tuning in on a radio station. The trait LookupClassification is still generic in that it abstracts over how to compare subscribers and how exactly to classify. The necessary methods to be implemented are the following: classify(event: events. Event): Classifier is used for extracting the classier from the incoming
compareSubscribers(a: Subscriber, b: Subscriber): Int must dene a partial order over the subscribers, expressed as expected from java.lang.Comparable.compare. publish(event: Event, subscriber: Subscriber) will be invoked for each event for all subscribers which registered themselves for the events classier. mapSize: Int determines the initial size of the index data structure used internally (i.e. the expected number of different classiers). This classier is efcient in case no subscribers exist for a particular event.
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Subchannel Classication If classiers form a hierarchy and it is desired that subscription be possible not only at the leaf nodes, this classication may be just the right one. It can be compared to tuning in on (possibly multiple) radio channels by genre. This classication has been developed for the case where the classier is just the JVM class of the event and subscribers may be interested in subscribing to all subclasses of a certain class, but it may be used with any classier hierarchy. The abstract members needed by this classier are subclassification: Subclassification[Classifier] is an object providing isEqual(a: Classifier, b: Classifier) and isSubclass(a: Classifier, b: Classifier) to be consumed by the other methods of this classier. classify(event: events. Event): Classifier is used for extracting the classier from the incoming
publish(event: Event, subscriber: Subscriber) will be invoked for each event for all subscribers which registered themselves for the events classier. This classier is also efcient in case no subscribers are found for an event, but it uses conventional locking to synchronize an internal classier cache, hence it is not well-suited to use cases in which subscriptions change with very high frequency (keep in mind that opening a classier by sending the rst message will also have to re-check all previous subscriptions). Scanning Classication The previous classier was built for multi-classier subscriptions which are strictly hierarchical, this classier is useful if there are overlapping classiers which cover various parts of the event space without forming a hierarchy. It can be compared to tuning in on (possibly multiple) radio stations by geographical reachability (for old-school radio-wave transmission). The abstract members for this classier are: compareClassifiers(a: Classifier, b: Classifier): mining matching classiers and storing them in an ordered collection. compareSubscribers(a: Subscriber, b: subscribers in an ordered collection. Subscriber): Int is needed for deterInt is needed for storing
matches(classifier: Classifier, event: Event): Boolean determines whether a given classier shall match a given event; it is invoked for each subscription for all received events, hence the name of the classier. publish(event: Event, subscriber: Subscriber) will be invoked for each event for all subscribers which registered themselves for a classier matching this event. This classier takes always a time which is proportional to the number of subscriptions, independent of how many actually match. Actor Classication This classication has been developed specically for implementing DeathWatch: subscribers as well as classiers are of type ActorRef. The abstract members are classify(event: events. Event): ActorRef is used for extracting the classier from the incoming
mapSize: Int determines the initial size of the index data structure used internally (i.e. the expected number of different classiers). This classier is still is generic in the event type, and it is efcient for all use cases.
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5.4.2 Event Stream

The event stream is the main event bus of each actor system: it is used for carrying log messages and Dead Letters and may be used by the user code for other purposes as well. It uses Subchannel Classication which enables registering to related sets of channels (as is used for RemoteLifeCycleMessage). The following example demonstrates how a simple subscription works:
import akka.actor.{ Actor, DeadLetter, Props } val listener = system.actorOf(Props(new Actor { def receive = { case d: DeadLetter println(d) } })) system.eventStream.subscribe(listener, classOf[DeadLetter])
Default Handlers Upon start-up the actor system creates and subscribes actors to the event stream for logging: these are the handlers which are congured for example in application.conf:
akka { event-handlers = ["akka.event.Logging$DefaultLogger"] }
The handlers listed here by fully-qualied class name will be subscribed to all log event classes with priority higher than or equal to the congured log-level and their subscriptions are kept in sync when changing the log-level at runtime:
system.eventStream.setLogLevel(Logging.DebugLevel)
This means that log events for a level which will not be logged are not typically not dispatched at all (unless manual subscriptions to the respective event class have been done) Dead Letters As described at Stopping actors, messages queued when an actor terminates or sent after its death are re-routed to the dead letter mailbox, which by default will publish the messages wrapped in DeadLetter. This wrapper holds the original sender, receiver and message of the envelope which was redirected. Other Uses The event stream is always there and ready to be used, just publish your own events (it accepts AnyRef) and subscribe listeners to the corresponding JVM classes.
5.5 Scheduler (Scala)

Sometimes the need for making things happen in the future arises, and where do you go look then? Look no further than ActorSystem! There you nd the scheduler method that returns an instance of akka.actor.Scheduler, this instance is unique per ActorSystem and is used internally for scheduling things to happen at specic points in time. Please note that the scheduled tasks are executed by the default MessageDispatcher of the ActorSystem. You can schedule sending of messages to actors and execution of tasks (functions or Runnable). You will get a Cancellable back that you can call cancel on to cancel the execution of the scheduled operation.
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Warning: The default implementation of Scheduler used by Akka is based on the Netty HashedWheelTimer. It does not execute tasks at the exact time, but on every tick, it will run everything that is overdue. The accuracy of the default Scheduler can be modied by the ticks-per-wheel and tick-duration conguration properties. For more information, see: HashedWheelTimers.
5.5.1 Some examples

import akka.actor.Actor import akka.actor.Props import akka.util.duration._ //Schedules to send the "foo"-message to the testActor after 50ms system.scheduler.scheduleOnce(50 milliseconds, testActor, "foo") //Schedules a function to be executed (send the current time) to the testActor after 50ms system.scheduler.scheduleOnce(50 milliseconds) { testActor ! System.currentTimeMillis } val Tick = "tick" val tickActor = system.actorOf(Props(new Actor { def receive = { case Tick //Do something } })) //This will schedule to send the Tick-message //to the tickActor after 0ms repeating every 50ms val cancellable = system.scheduler.schedule(0 milliseconds, 50 milliseconds, tickActor, Tick) //This cancels further Ticks to be sent cancellable.cancel()
5.5.2 From akka.actor.ActorSystem

/** * Light-weight scheduler for running asynchronous tasks after some deadline * in the future. Not terribly precise but cheap. */ def scheduler: Scheduler
5.5.3 The Scheduler interface

/** * An Akka scheduler service. This one needs one special behavior: if * Closeable, it MUST execute all outstanding tasks upon .close() in order * to properly shutdown all dispatchers. * * Furthermore, this timer service MUST throw IllegalStateException if it * cannot schedule a task. Once scheduled, the task MUST be executed. If * executed upon close(), the task may execute before its timeout. */ trait Scheduler { /**
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* Schedules a message to be sent repeatedly with an initial delay and * frequency. E.g. if you would like a message to be sent immediately and * thereafter every 500ms you would set delay=Duration.Zero and * frequency=Duration(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) * * Java & Scala API */ def schedule( initialDelay: Duration, frequency: Duration, receiver: ActorRef, message: Any): Cancellable /** * Schedules a function to be run repeatedly with an initial delay and a * frequency. E.g. if you would like the function to be run after 2 seconds * and thereafter every 100ms you would set delay = Duration(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS) * and frequency = Duration(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) * * Scala API */ def schedule( initialDelay: Duration, frequency: Duration)(f: Unit): Cancellable /** * Schedules a function to be run repeatedly with an initial delay and * a frequency. E.g. if you would like the function to be run after 2 * seconds and thereafter every 100ms you would set delay = Duration(2, * TimeUnit.SECONDS) and frequency = Duration(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) * * Java API */ def schedule( initialDelay: Duration, frequency: Duration, runnable: Runnable): Cancellable /** * Schedules a Runnable to be run once with a delay, i.e. a time period that * has to pass before the runnable is executed. * * Java & Scala API */ def scheduleOnce(delay: Duration, runnable: Runnable): Cancellable /** * Schedules a message to be sent once with a delay, i.e. a time period that has * to pass before the message is sent. * * Java & Scala API */ def scheduleOnce(delay: Duration, receiver: ActorRef, message: Any): Cancellable /** * Schedules a function to be run once with a delay, i.e. a time period that has * to pass before the function is run. * * Scala API */ def scheduleOnce(delay: Duration)(f: Unit): Cancellable }
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5.5.4 The Cancellable interface

This allows you to cancel something that has been scheduled for execution. Warning: This does not abort the execution of the task, if it had already been started.
/** * Signifies something that can be cancelled * There is no strict guarantee that the implementation is thread-safe, * but it should be good practice to make it so. */ trait Cancellable { /** * Cancels this Cancellable * * Java & Scala API */ def cancel(): Unit /** * Returns whether this Cancellable has been cancelled * * Java & Scala API */ def isCancelled: Boolean }
5.6 Futures (Scala)

5.6.1 Introduction
In Akka, a Future is a data structure used to retrieve the result of some concurrent operation. This operation is usually performed by an Actor or by the Dispatcher directly. This result can be accessed synchronously (blocking) or asynchronously (non-blocking).
5.6.2 Execution Contexts

In order to execute callbacks and operations, Futures need something called an ExecutionContext, which is very similar to a java.util.concurrent.Executor. if you have an ActorSystem in scope, it will use its default dispatcher as the ExecutionContext, or you can use the factory methods provided by the ExecutionContext companion object to wrap Executors and ExecutorServices, or even create your own.
import akka.dispatch.{ ExecutionContext, Promise } implicit val ec = ExecutionContext.fromExecutorService(yourExecutorServiceGoesHere) // Do stuff with your brand new shiny ExecutionContext val f = Promise.successful("foo") // Then shut your ExecutionContext down at some // appropriate place in your program/application ec.shutdown()
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5.6.3 Use With Actors

There are generally two ways of getting a reply from an Actor: the rst is by a sent message (actor ! which only works if the original sender was an Actor) and the second is through a Future. msg),
Using an Actors ? method to send a message will return a Future. To wait for and retrieve the actual result the simplest method is:
import import import import akka.dispatch.Await akka.pattern.ask akka.util.Timeout akka.util.duration._
implicit val timeout = Timeout(5 seconds) val future = actor ? msg // enabled by the ask import val result = Await.result(future, timeout.duration).asInstanceOf[String]
This will cause the current thread to block and wait for the Actor to complete the Future with its reply. Blocking is discouraged though as it will cause performance problems. The blocking operations are located in Await.result and Await.ready to make it easy to spot where blocking occurs. Alternatives to blocking are discussed further within this documentation. Also note that the Future returned by an Actor is a Future[Any] since an Actor is dynamic. That is why the asInstanceOf is used in the above sample. When using non-blocking it is better to use the mapTo method to safely try to cast a Future to an expected type:
import akka.dispatch.Future import akka.pattern.ask val future: Future[String] = ask(actor, msg).mapTo[String]
The mapTo method will return a new Future that contains the result if the cast was successful, or a ClassCastException if not. Handling Exceptions will be discussed further within this documentation.
5.6.4 Use Directly

A common use case within Akka is to have some computation performed concurrently without needing the extra utility of an Actor. If you nd yourself creating a pool of Actors for the sole reason of performing a calculation in parallel, there is an easier (and faster) way:
import akka.dispatch.Await import akka.dispatch.Future import akka.util.duration._ val future = Future { "Hello" + "World" } val result = Await.result(future, 1 second)
In the above code the block passed to Future will be executed by the default Dispatcher, with the return value of the block used to complete the Future (in this case, the result would be the string: HelloWorld). Unlike a Future that is returned from an Actor, this Future is properly typed, and we also avoid the overhead of managing an Actor. You can also create already completed Futures using the Promise companion, which can be either successes:
val future = Promise.successful("Yay!")
Or failures:
val otherFuture = Promise.failed[String](new IllegalArgumentException("Bang!"))
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5.6.5 Functional Futures

Akkas Future has several monadic methods that are very similar to the ones used by Scalas collections. These allow you to create pipelines or streams that the result will travel through. Future is a Monad The rst method for working with Future functionally is map. This method takes a Function which performs some operation on the result of the Future, and returning a new result. The return value of the map method is another Future that will contain the new result:
val f1 = Future { "Hello" + "World" } val f2 = f1 map { x x.length } val result = Await.result(f2, 1 second) result must be(10) f1.value must be(Some(Right("HelloWorld")))
In this example we are joining two strings together within a Future. Instead of waiting for this to complete, we apply our function that calculates the length of the string using the map method. Now we have a second Future that will eventually contain an Int. When our original Future completes, it will also apply our function and complete the second Future with its result. When we nally get the result, it will contain the number 10. Our original Future still contains the string HelloWorld and is unaffected by the map. The map method is ne if we are modifying a single Future, but if 2 or more Futures are involved map will not allow you to combine them together:
val f1 = Future { "Hello" + "World" } val f2 = Promise.successful(3) val f3 = f1 map { x f2 map { y x.length * y } }
f3 is a Future[Future[Int]] instead of the desired Future[Int]. Instead, the flatMap method should be used:
val f1 = Future { "Hello" + "World" } val f2 = Promise.successful(3) val f3 = f1 flatMap { x f2 map { y x.length * y } } val result = Await.result(f3, 1 second) result must be(30)
Composing futures using nested combinators it can sometimes become quite complicated and hard read, in these cases using Scalas for comprehensions usually yields more readable code. See next section for examples. If you need to do conditional propagation, you can use filter:
val future1 = Promise.successful(4) val future2 = future1.filter(_ % 2 == 0) val result = Await.result(future2, 1 second)
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result must be(4) val failedFilter = future1.filter(_ % 2 == 1).recover { case m: MatchError 0 //When filter fails, it will have a MatchError } val result2 = Await.result(failedFilter, 1 second) result2 must be(0) //Can only be 0 when there was a MatchError
For Comprehensions Since Future has a map, filter and flatMap method it can be easily used in a for comprehension:
val f = for { a Future(10 / 2) // 10 / 2 = 5 b Future(a + 1) // 5 + 1 = 6 c Future(a - 1) // 5 - 1 = 4 if c > 3 // Future.filter } yield b * c // 6 * 4 = 24 // Note that the execution of futures a, b, and c // are not done in parallel. val result = Await.result(f, 1 second) result must be(24)

Something to keep in mind when doing this is even though it looks like parts of the above example can run in parallel, each step of the for comprehension is run sequentially. This will happen on separate threads for each step but there isnt much benet over running the calculations all within a single Future. The real benet comes when the Futures are created rst, and then combining them together. Composing Futures The example for comprehension above is an example of composing Futures. A common use case for this is combining the replies of several Actors into a single calculation without resorting to calling Await.result or Await.ready to block for each result. First an example of using Await.result:
val f1 = ask(actor1, msg1) val f2 = ask(actor2, msg2) val a = Await.result(f1, 1 second).asInstanceOf[Int] val b = Await.result(f2, 1 second).asInstanceOf[Int] val f3 = ask(actor3, (a + b)) val result = Await.result(f3, 1 second).asInstanceOf[Int]
Here we wait for the results from the rst 2 Actors before sending that result to the third Actor. We called Await.result 3 times, which caused our little program to block 3 times before getting our nal result. Now compare that to this example:
val f1 = ask(actor1, msg1) val f2 = ask(actor2, msg2) val f3 = for { a f1.mapTo[Int] b f2.mapTo[Int] c ask(actor3, (a + b)).mapTo[Int] } yield c val result = Await.result(f3, 1 second).asInstanceOf[Int]

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Here we have 2 actors processing a single message each. Once the 2 results are available (note that we dont block to get these results!), they are being added together and sent to a third Actor, which replies with a string, which we assign to result. This is ne when dealing with a known amount of Actors, but can grow unwieldy if we have more then a handful. The sequence and traverse helper methods can make it easier to handle more complex use cases. Both of these methods are ways of turning, for a subclass T of Traversable, T[Future[A]] into a Future[T[A]]. For example:
// oddActor returns odd numbers sequentially from 1 as a List[Future[Int]] val listOfFutures = List.fill(100)(akka.pattern.ask(oddActor, GetNext).mapTo[Int]) // now we have a Future[List[Int]] val futureList = Future.sequence(listOfFutures) // Find the sum of the odd numbers val oddSum = Await.result(futureList.map(_.sum), 1 second).asInstanceOf[Int] oddSum must be(10000)
To better explain what happened in the example, Future.sequence is taking the List[Future[Int]] and turning it into a Future[List[Int]]. We can then use map to work with the List[Int] directly, and we nd the sum of the List. The traverse method is similar to sequence, but it takes a T[A] and a function A => Future[B] to return a Future[T[B]], where T is again a subclass of Traversable. For example, to use traverse to sum the rst 100 odd numbers:
val futureList = Future.traverse((1 to 100).toList)(x Future(x * 2 - 1)) val oddSum = Await.result(futureList.map(_.sum), 1 second).asInstanceOf[Int] oddSum must be(10000)
This is the same result as this example:

val futureList = Future.sequence((1 to 100).toList.map(x Future(x * 2 - 1))) val oddSum = Await.result(futureList.map(_.sum), 1 second).asInstanceOf[Int] oddSum must be(10000)
But it may be faster to use traverse as it doesnt have to create an intermediate List[Future[Int]]. Then theres a method thats called fold that takes a start-value, a sequence of Futures and a function from the type of the start-value and the type of the futures and returns something with the same type as the start-value, and then applies the function to all elements in the sequence of futures, asynchronously, the execution will start when the last of the Futures is completed.
val futures = for (i 1 to 1000) yield Future(i * 2) // Create a sequence of Futures val futureSum = Future.fold(futures)(0)(_ + _) Await.result(futureSum, 1 second) must be(1001000)
Thats all it takes! If the sequence passed to fold is empty, it will return the start-value, in the case above, that will be 0. In some cases you dont have a start-value and youre able to use the value of the rst completing Future in the sequence as the start-value, you can use reduce, it works like this:
val futures = for (i 1 to 1000) yield Future(i * 2) // Create a sequence of Futures val futureSum = Future.reduce(futures)(_ + _) Await.result(futureSum, 1 second) must be(1001000)
Same as with fold, the execution will be done asynchronously when the last of the Future is completed, you can also parallelize it by chunking your futures into sub-sequences and reduce them, and then reduce the reduced results again.
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5.6.6 Callbacks
Sometimes you just want to listen to a Future being completed, and react to that not by creating a new Future, but by side-effecting. For this Akka supports onComplete, onSuccess and onFailure, of which the latter two are specializations of the rst.
future onSuccess { case "bar" println("Got my bar alright!") case x: String println("Got some random string: " + x) } future onFailure { case ise: IllegalStateException if ise.getMessage == "OHNOES" //OHNOES! We are in deep trouble, do something! case e: Exception //Do something else } future onComplete { case Right(result) doSomethingOnSuccess(result) case Left(failure) doSomethingOnFailure(failure) }
5.6.7 Dene Ordering

Since callbacks are executed in any order and potentially in parallel, it can be tricky at the times when you need sequential ordering of operations. But theres a solution and its name is andThen. It creates a new Future with the specied callback, a Future that will have the same result as the Future its called on, which allows for ordering like in the following sample:
val result = Future { loadPage(url) } andThen { case Left(exception) log(exception) } andThen { case _ watchSomeTV }
5.6.8 Auxiliary Methods

Future fallbackTo combines 2 Futures into a new Future, and will hold the successful value of the second Future if the rst Future fails.
val future4 = future1 fallbackTo future2 fallbackTo future3
You can also combine two Futures into a new Future that will hold a tuple of the two Futures successful results, using the zip operation.
val future3 = future1 zip future2 map { case (a, b) a + " " + b }
5.6.9 Exceptions
Since the result of a Future is created concurrently to the rest of the program, exceptions must be handled differently. It doesnt matter if an Actor or the dispatcher is completing the Future, if an Exception is caught the Future will contain it instead of a valid result. If a Future does contain an Exception, calling Await.result will cause it to be thrown again so it can be handled properly. It is also possible to handle an Exception by returning a different result. This is done with the recover method. For example:
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val future = akka.pattern.ask(actor, msg1) recover { case e: ArithmeticException 0 }
In this example, if the actor replied with a akka.actor.Status.Failure containing the ArithmeticException, our Future would have a result of 0. The recover method works very similarly to the standard try/catch blocks, so multiple Exceptions can be handled in this manner, and if an Exception is not handled this way it will behave as if we hadnt used the recover method. You can also use the recoverWith method, which has the same relationship to recover as flatMap has to map, and is use like this:
val future = akka.pattern.ask(actor, msg1) recoverWith { case e: ArithmeticException Promise.successful(0) case foo: IllegalArgumentException Promise.failed[Int](new IllegalStateException("All br0ken! }
5.7 Dataow Concurrency (Scala)

5.7.1 Description
Akka implements Oz-style dataow concurrency by using a special API for Futures (Scala) that allows single assignment variables and multiple lightweight (event-based) processes/threads. Dataow Concurrency has its origin in logic programming and is declarative and fully deterministic. This means that it will always behave the same. If you run it once and it yields output 5 then it will do that every time, run it 10 million times, same result. If it on the other hand deadlocks the rst time you run it, then it will deadlock every single time you run it. Also, there is no difference between sequential code and concurrent code. These properties makes it very easy to reason about concurrency. The limitation is that the code needs to be side-effect free, e.g. deterministic. You cant use exceptions, time, random etc., but need to treat the part of your program that uses dataow concurrency as a pure function with input and output. The best way to learn how to program with dataow variables is to read the fantastic book Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming. By Peter Van Roy and Seif Haridi. The documentation is not as complete as it should be, something we will improve shortly. For now, besides above listed resources on dataow concurrency, I recommend you to read the documentation for the GPars implementation, which is heavily inuenced by the Akka implementation: http://gpars.codehaus.org/Dataow http://www.gpars.org/guide/guide/7.%20Dataow%20Concurrency.html
5.7.2 Getting Started

Scalas Delimited Continuations plugin is required to use the Dataow API. To enable the plugin when using sbt, your project must inherit the AutoCompilerPlugins trait and contain a bit of conguration as is seen in this example:
autoCompilerPlugins := true, libraryDependencies <+= scalaVersion { v => compilerPlugin("org.scala-lang.plugins" % "continuatio scalacOptions += "-P:continuations:enable",
To use the DataFlow library you have to provide an implicit ExecutionContext, here is an example:
import akka.dispatch._ import java.util.concurrent.Executors implicit val ec = ExecutionContext.fromExecutorService(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(..))
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5.7.3 Dataow Variables

Dataow Variable denes four different operations: 1. Dene a Dataow Variable
val x = Promise[Int]()
2. Wait for Dataow Variable to be bound (must be contained within a Future.flow block as described in the next section)
x()
3. Bind Dataow Variable (must be contained within a Future.flow block as described in the next section)
x << 3
4. Bind Dataow Variable with a Future (must be contained within a Future.flow block as described in the next section)
x << y
A Dataow Variable can only be bound once. Subsequent attempts to bind the variable will be ignored.
5.7.4 Dataow Delimiter

Dataow is implemented in Akka using Scalas Delimited Continuations. To use the Dataow API the code must be contained within a Future.flow block. For example:
import Future.flow implicit val executionContext = ... val a = Future( ... ) val b = Future( ... ) val c = Promise[Int]() flow { c << (a() + b()) } val result = Await.result(c, timeout)
The flow method also returns a Future for the result of the contained expression, so the previous example could also be written like this:
import Future.flow implicit val executionContext = ... val a = Future( ... ) val b = Future( ... ) val c = flow { a() + b() } val result = Await.result(c, timeout)
5.7.5 Examples
Most of these examples are taken from the Oz wikipedia page To run these examples:
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1. Start REPL
$ sbt > project akka-actor > console Welcome to Scala version 2.9.1 (Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM, Java 1.6.0_25). Type in expressions to have them evaluated. Type :help for more information. scala>
2. Paste the examples (below) into the Scala REPL. Paste in each of the flow blocks at a time to see data ow in action. Note: Do not try to run the Oz version, it is only there for reference. 3. Have fun. Simple DataFlowVariable example This example is from Oz wikipedia page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_(programming_language). Sort of the Hello World of dataow concurrency. Example in Oz:
thread Z = X+Y % will wait until both X and Y are bound to a value. {Browse Z} % shows the value of Z. end thread X = 40 end thread Y = 2 end
Example in Akka:
import akka.dispatch._ import Future.flow import java.util.concurrent.Executors implicit val ec = ExecutionContext.fromExecutorService(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4)) val x, y, z = Promise[Int]() flow { z << x() + y() println("z = " + z()) } flow { x << 40 } flow { y << 2 }
Example of using DataFlowVariable with recursion Using DataFlowVariable and recursion to calculate sum. Example in Oz:
fun {Ints N Max} if N == Max then nil else {Delay 1000} N|{Ints N+1 Max} end end fun {Sum S Stream}
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case Stream of nil then S [] H|T then S|{Sum H+S T} end end local X Y in thread X = {Ints 0 1000} end thread Y = {Sum 0 X} end {Browse Y} end
Example in Akka:
import akka.dispatch._ import Future.flow import java.util.concurrent.Executors implicit val ec = ExecutionContext.fromExecutorService(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4)) def ints(n: Int, max: Int): List[Int] = { if (n == max) Nil else n :: ints(n + 1, max) } def sum(s: Int, stream: List[Int]): List[Int] = stream match { case Nil => s :: Nil case h :: t => s :: sum(h + s, t) } val x, y = Promise[List[Int]]() flow { x << ints(0, 1000) } flow { y << sum(0, x()) } flow { println("List of sums: " + y()) }
Example using concurrent Futures Shows how to have a calculation run in another thread. Example in Akka:
import akka.dispatch._ import Future.flow import java.util.concurrent.Executors implicit val ec = ExecutionContext.fromExecutorService(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4)) // create four Int data flow variables val x, y, z, v = Promise[Int]() flow { println("Thread main") x << 1 println("x set to: " + x()) println("Waiting for y to be set...") if (x() > y()) { z << x println("z set to x: " + z()) } else { z << y
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println("z set to y: " + z()) } } flow { y << Future { println("Thread setY, sleeping") Thread.sleep(2000) 2 } println("y set to: " + y()) } flow { println("Thread setV") v << y println("v set to y: " + v()) }
5.8 Fault Tolerance (Scala)

As explained in Actor Systems each actor is the supervisor of its children, and as such each actor denes fault handling supervisor strategy. This strategy cannot be changed afterwards as it is an integral part of the actor systems structure.
5.8.1 Fault Handling in Practice

First, let us look at a sample that illustrates one way to handle data store errors, which is a typical source of failure in real world applications. Of course it depends on the actual application what is possible to do when the data store is unavailable, but in this sample we use a best effort re-connect approach. Read the following source code. The inlined comments explain the different pieces of the fault handling and why they are added. It is also highly recommended to run this sample as it is easy to follow the log output to understand what is happening in runtime.
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Diagrams of the Fault Tolerance Sample (Scala)
The above diagram illustrates the normal message ow. Normal ow: Step 1 2 3, 4, 5 6, 7 Description The progress Listener starts the work. The Worker schedules work by sending Do messages periodically to itself When receiving Do the Worker tells the CounterService to increment the counter, three times. The Increment message is forwarded to the Counter, which updates its counter variable and sends current value to the Storage. The Worker asks the CounterService of current value of the counter and pipes the result back to the Listener.
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The above diagram illustrates what happens in case of storage failure. Failure ow:
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Step 1 2 3, 4, 5, 6 7 8 9, 10, 11 12 13, 14 15, 16
Description The Storage throws StorageException. The CounterService is supervisor of the Storage and restarts the Storage when StorageException is thrown. The Storage continues to fail and is restarted. After 3 failures and restarts within 5 seconds the Storage is stopped by its supervisor, i.e. the CounterService. The CounterService is also watching the Storage for termination and receives the Terminated message when the Storage has been stopped ... and tells the Counter that there is no Storage. The CounterService schedules a Reconnect message to itself. When it receives the Reconnect message it creates a new Storage ... and tells the the Counter to use the new Storage
Full Source Code of the Fault Tolerance Sample (Scala)

import import import import import import import import akka.actor._ akka.actor.SupervisorStrategy._ akka.util.duration._ akka.util.Duration akka.util.Timeout akka.event.LoggingReceive akka.pattern.{ ask, pipe } com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory
/** * Runs the sample */ object FaultHandlingDocSample extends App { import Worker._ val config = ConfigFactory.parseString(""" akka.loglevel = DEBUG akka.actor.debug { receive = on lifecycle = on } """) val system = ActorSystem("FaultToleranceSample", config) val worker = system.actorOf(Props[Worker], name = "worker") val listener = system.actorOf(Props[Listener], name = "listener") // start the work and listen on progress // note that the listener is used as sender of the tell, // i.e. it will receive replies from the worker worker.tell(Start, sender = listener) } /** * Listens on progress from the worker and shuts down the system when enough * work has been done. */ class Listener extends Actor with ActorLogging { import Worker._ // If we dont get any progress within 15 seconds then the service is unavailable context.setReceiveTimeout(15 seconds)
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def receive = { case Progress(percent) log.info("Current progress: {} %", percent) if (percent >= 100.0) { log.info("Thats all, shutting down") context.system.shutdown() } case ReceiveTimeout // No progress within 15 seconds, ServiceUnavailable log.error("Shutting down due to unavailable service") context.system.shutdown() } } object case case case } Worker { object Start object Do class Progress(percent: Double)
/** * Worker performs some work when it receives the Start message. * It will continuously notify the sender of the Start message * of current Progress. The Worker supervise the CounterService. */ class Worker extends Actor with ActorLogging { import Worker._ import CounterService._ implicit val askTimeout = Timeout(5 seconds) // Stop the CounterService child if it throws ServiceUnavailable override val supervisorStrategy = OneForOneStrategy() { case _: CounterService.ServiceUnavailable Stop } // The sender of the initial Start message will continuously be notified about progress var progressListener: Option[ActorRef] = None val counterService = context.actorOf(Props[CounterService], name = "counter") val totalCount = 51 def receive = LoggingReceive { case Start if progressListener.isEmpty progressListener = Some(sender) context.system.scheduler.schedule(Duration.Zero, 1 second, self, Do) case Do counterService ! Increment(1) counterService ! Increment(1) counterService ! Increment(1) // Send current progress to the initial sender counterService ? GetCurrentCount map { case CurrentCount(_, count) Progress(100.0 * count / totalCount) } pipeTo progressListener.get } } object case case case CounterService { class Increment(n: Int) object GetCurrentCount class CurrentCount(key: String, count: Long)
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class ServiceUnavailable(msg: String) extends RuntimeException(msg) private case object Reconnect } /** * Adds the value received in Increment message to a persistent * counter. Replies with CurrentCount when it is asked for CurrentCount. * CounterService supervise Storage and Counter. */ class CounterService extends Actor { import CounterService._ import Counter._ import Storage._
// Restart the storage child when StorageException is thrown. // After 3 restarts within 5 seconds it will be stopped. override val supervisorStrategy = OneForOneStrategy(maxNrOfRetries = 3, withinTimeRange = 5 seco case _: Storage.StorageException Restart } val var var var val key = self.path.name storage: Option[ActorRef] = None counter: Option[ActorRef] = None backlog = IndexedSeq.empty[(ActorRef, Any)] MaxBacklog = 10000
override def preStart() { initStorage() } /** * The child storage is restarted in case of failure, but after 3 restarts, * and still failing it will be stopped. Better to back-off than continuously * failing. When it has been stopped we will schedule a Reconnect after a delay. * Watch the child so we receive Terminated message when it has been terminated. */ def initStorage() { storage = Some(context.watch(context.actorOf(Props[Storage], name = "storage"))) // Tell the counter, if any, to use the new storage counter foreach { _ ! UseStorage(storage) } // We need the initial value to be able to operate storage.get ! Get(key) } def receive = LoggingReceive { case Entry(k, v) if k == key && counter == None // Reply from Storage of the initial value, now we can create the Counter val c = context.actorOf(Props(new Counter(key, v))) counter = Some(c) // Tell the counter to use current storage c ! UseStorage(storage) // and send the buffered backlog to the counter for ((replyTo, msg) backlog) c.tell(msg, sender = replyTo) backlog = IndexedSeq.empty
case msg @ Increment(n)
forwardOrPlaceInBacklog(msg)
case msg @ GetCurrentCount forwardOrPlaceInBacklog(msg) case Terminated(actorRef) if Some(actorRef) == storage // After 3 restarts the storage child is stopped.
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// We receive Terminated because we watch the child, see initStorage. storage = None // Tell the counter that there is no storage for the moment counter foreach { _ ! UseStorage(None) } // Try to re-establish storage after while context.system.scheduler.scheduleOnce(10 seconds, self, Reconnect) case Reconnect // Re-establish storage after the scheduled delay initStorage() } def forwardOrPlaceInBacklog(msg: Any) { // We need the initial value from storage before we can start delegate to the counter. // Before that we place the messages in a backlog, to be sent to the counter when // it is initialized. counter match { case Some(c) c forward msg case None if (backlog.size >= MaxBacklog) throw new ServiceUnavailable("CounterService not available, lack of initial value") backlog = backlog :+ (sender, msg) } } } object Counter { case class UseStorage(storage: Option[ActorRef]) } /** * The in memory count variable that will send current * value to the Storage, if there is any storage * available at the moment. */ class Counter(key: String, initialValue: Long) extends Actor { import Counter._ import CounterService._ import Storage._ var count = initialValue var storage: Option[ActorRef] = None def receive = LoggingReceive { case UseStorage(s) storage = s storeCount() case Increment(n) count += n storeCount() case GetCurrentCount sender ! CurrentCount(key, count) } def storeCount() { // Delegate dangerous work, to protect our valuable state. // We can continue without storage. storage foreach { _ ! Store(Entry(key, count)) } }
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} object Storage { case class Store(entry: Entry) case class Get(key: String) case class Entry(key: String, value: Long) class StorageException(msg: String) extends RuntimeException(msg) } /** * Saves key/value pairs to persistent storage when receiving Store message. * Replies with current value when receiving Get message. * Will throw StorageException if the underlying data store is out of order. */ class Storage extends Actor { import Storage._ val db = DummyDB def receive = LoggingReceive { case Store(Entry(key, count)) db.save(key, count) case Get(key) sender ! Entry(key, db.load(key).getOrElse(0L)) } } object DummyDB { import Storage.StorageException private var db = Map[String, Long]()
@throws(classOf[StorageException]) def save(key: String, value: Long): Unit = synchronized { if (11 <= value && value <= 14) throw new StorageException("Simulated store failure " + value) db += (key -> value) } @throws(classOf[StorageException]) def load(key: String): Option[Long] = synchronized { db.get(key) } } // imports ... /** * Runs the sample */ object FaultHandlingDocSample extends App { import Worker._ val config = ConfigFactory.parseString(""" akka.loglevel = DEBUG akka.actor.debug { receive = on lifecycle = on } """) val system = val worker = val listener // start the // note that ActorSystem("FaultToleranceSample", config) system.actorOf(Props[Worker], name = "worker") = system.actorOf(Props[Listener], name = "listener") work and listen on progress the listener is used as sender of the tell,
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// i.e. it will receive replies from the worker worker.tell(Start, sender = listener) } /** * Listens on progress from the worker and shuts down the system when enough * work has been done. */ class Listener extends Actor with ActorLogging { import Worker._ // If we dont get any progress within 15 seconds then the service is unavailable context.setReceiveTimeout(15 seconds) def receive = { case Progress(percent) log.info("Current progress: {} %", percent) if (percent >= 100.0) { log.info("Thats all, shutting down") context.system.shutdown() } case ReceiveTimeout // No progress within 15 seconds, ServiceUnavailable log.error("Shutting down due to unavailable service") context.system.shutdown() } } // messages ... /** * Worker performs some work when it receives the Start message. * It will continuously notify the sender of the Start message * of current Progress. The Worker supervise the CounterService. */ class Worker extends Actor with ActorLogging { import Worker._ import CounterService._ implicit val askTimeout = Timeout(5 seconds) // Stop the CounterService child if it throws ServiceUnavailable override val supervisorStrategy = OneForOneStrategy() { case _: CounterService.ServiceUnavailable Stop } // The sender of the initial Start message will continuously be notified about progress var progressListener: Option[ActorRef] = None val counterService = context.actorOf(Props[CounterService], name = "counter") val totalCount = 51 def receive = LoggingReceive { case Start if progressListener.isEmpty progressListener = Some(sender) context.system.scheduler.schedule(Duration.Zero, 1 second, self, Do) case Do counterService ! Increment(1) counterService ! Increment(1) counterService ! Increment(1) // Send current progress to the initial sender counterService ? GetCurrentCount map { case CurrentCount(_, count) Progress(100.0 * count / totalCount)
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} pipeTo progressListener.get } } // messages ... /** * Adds the value received in Increment message to a persistent * counter. Replies with CurrentCount when it is asked for CurrentCount. * CounterService supervise Storage and Counter. */ class CounterService extends Actor { import CounterService._ import Counter._ import Storage._
// Restart the storage child when StorageException is thrown. // After 3 restarts within 5 seconds it will be stopped. override val supervisorStrategy = OneForOneStrategy(maxNrOfRetries = 3, withinTimeRange = 5 seco case _: Storage.StorageException Restart } val var var var val key = self.path.name storage: Option[ActorRef] = None counter: Option[ActorRef] = None backlog = IndexedSeq.empty[(ActorRef, Any)] MaxBacklog = 10000
override def preStart() { initStorage() } /** * The child storage is restarted in case of failure, but after 3 restarts, * and still failing it will be stopped. Better to back-off than continuously * failing. When it has been stopped we will schedule a Reconnect after a delay. * Watch the child so we receive Terminated message when it has been terminated. */ def initStorage() { storage = Some(context.watch(context.actorOf(Props[Storage], name = "storage"))) // Tell the counter, if any, to use the new storage counter foreach { _ ! UseStorage(storage) } // We need the initial value to be able to operate storage.get ! Get(key) } def receive = LoggingReceive { case Entry(k, v) if k == key && counter == None // Reply from Storage of the initial value, now we can create the Counter val c = context.actorOf(Props(new Counter(key, v))) counter = Some(c) // Tell the counter to use current storage c ! UseStorage(storage) // and send the buffered backlog to the counter for ((replyTo, msg) backlog) c.tell(msg, sender = replyTo) backlog = IndexedSeq.empty
case msg @ Increment(n)
forwardOrPlaceInBacklog(msg)
case msg @ GetCurrentCount forwardOrPlaceInBacklog(msg) case Terminated(actorRef) if Some(actorRef) == storage
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// After 3 restarts the storage child is stopped. // We receive Terminated because we watch the child, see initStorage. storage = None // Tell the counter that there is no storage for the moment counter foreach { _ ! UseStorage(None) } // Try to re-establish storage after while context.system.scheduler.scheduleOnce(10 seconds, self, Reconnect) case Reconnect // Re-establish storage after the scheduled delay initStorage() } def forwardOrPlaceInBacklog(msg: Any) { // We need the initial value from storage before we can start delegate to the counter. // Before that we place the messages in a backlog, to be sent to the counter when // it is initialized. counter match { case Some(c) c forward msg case None if (backlog.size >= MaxBacklog) throw new ServiceUnavailable("CounterService not available, lack of initial value") backlog = backlog :+ (sender, msg) } } } // messages ... /** * The in memory count variable that will send current * value to the Storage, if there is any storage * available at the moment. */ class Counter(key: String, initialValue: Long) extends Actor { import Counter._ import CounterService._ import Storage._ var count = initialValue var storage: Option[ActorRef] = None def receive = LoggingReceive { case UseStorage(s) storage = s storeCount() case Increment(n) count += n storeCount() case GetCurrentCount sender ! CurrentCount(key, count) } def storeCount() { // Delegate dangerous work, to protect our valuable state. // We can continue without storage. storage foreach { _ ! Store(Entry(key, count)) } }
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} // messages ... /** * Saves key/value pairs to persistent storage when receiving Store message. * Replies with current value when receiving Get message. * Will throw StorageException if the underlying data store is out of order. */ class Storage extends Actor { import Storage._ val db = DummyDB def receive = LoggingReceive { case Store(Entry(key, count)) db.save(key, count) case Get(key) sender ! Entry(key, db.load(key).getOrElse(0L)) } } // dummydb ...
5.8.2 Creating a Supervisor Strategy

The following sections explain the fault handling mechanism and alternatives in more depth. For the sake of demonstration let us consider the following strategy:
import akka.actor.OneForOneStrategy import akka.actor.SupervisorStrategy._ import akka.util.duration._
override val supervisorStrategy = OneForOneStrategy(maxNrOfRetries = 10, withinTimeRange = 1 minut case _: ArithmeticException Resume case _: NullPointerException Restart case _: IllegalArgumentException Stop case _: Exception Escalate }
I have chosen a few well-known exception types in order to demonstrate the application of the fault handling directives described in Supervision and Monitoring. First off, it is a one-for-one strategy, meaning that each child is treated separately (an all-for-one strategy works very similarly, the only difference is that any decision is applied to all children of the supervisor, not only the failing one). There are limits set on the restart frequency, namely maximum 10 restarts per minute; each of these settings could be left out, which means that the respective limit does not apply, leaving the possibility to specify an absolute upper limit on the restarts or to make the restarts work innitely. The match statement which forms the bulk of the body is of type Decider, which is a PartialFunction[Throwable, Directive]. This is the piece which maps child failure types to their corresponding directives.
5.8.3 Default Supervisor Strategy

Escalate is used if the dened strategy doesnt cover the exception that was thrown. When the supervisor strategy is not dened for an actor the following exceptions are handled by default: ActorInitializationException will stop the failing child actor ActorKilledException will stop the failing child actor Exception will restart the failing child actor 5.8. Fault Tolerance (Scala) 186
Other types of Throwable will be escalated to parent actor If the exception escalate all the way up to the root guardian it will handle it in the same way as the default strategy dened above.
5.8.4 Test Application

The following section shows the effects of the different directives in practice, wherefor a test setup is needed. First off, we need a suitable supervisor:
import akka.actor.Actor class Supervisor extends Actor { import akka.actor.OneForOneStrategy import akka.actor.SupervisorStrategy._ import akka.util.duration._
override val supervisorStrategy = OneForOneStrategy(maxNrOfRetries = 10, withinTimeRange = 1 min case _: ArithmeticException Resume case _: NullPointerException Restart case _: IllegalArgumentException Stop case _: Exception Escalate } def receive = { case p: Props sender ! context.actorOf(p) } }
This supervisor will be used to create a child, with which we can experiment:
import akka.actor.Actor class Child extends Actor var state = 0 def receive = { case ex: Exception case x: Int case "get" } } {
throw ex state = x sender ! state
The test is easier by using the utilities described in Testing Actor Systems (Scala), where AkkaSpec is a convenient mixture of TestKit with WordSpec with MustMatchers
import akka.testkit.{ AkkaSpec, ImplicitSender, EventFilter } import akka.actor.{ ActorRef, Props, Terminated } class FaultHandlingDocSpec extends AkkaSpec with ImplicitSender { "A supervisor" must { "apply the chosen strategy for its child" in { // code here } } }
Let us create actors:

val supervisor = system.actorOf(Props[Supervisor], "supervisor")
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supervisor ! Props[Child] val child = expectMsgType[ActorRef] // retrieve answer from TestKits testActor
The rst test shall demonstrate the Resume directive, so we try it out by setting some non-initial state in the actor and have it fail:
child ! 42 // set state to 42 child ! "get" expectMsg(42) child ! new ArithmeticException // crash it child ! "get" expectMsg(42)
As you can see the value 42 survives the fault handling directive. Now, if we change the failure to a more serious NullPointerException, that will no longer be the case:
child ! new NullPointerException // crash it harder child ! "get" expectMsg(0)
And nally in case of the fatal IllegalArgumentException the child will be terminated by the supervisor:
watch(child) // have testActor watch child child ! new IllegalArgumentException // break it expectMsg(Terminated(child)) child.isTerminated must be(true)
Up to now the supervisor was completely unaffected by the childs failure, because the directives set did handle it. In case of an Exception, this is not true anymore and the supervisor escalates the failure.
supervisor ! Props[Child] // create new child val child2 = expectMsgType[ActorRef] watch(child2) child2 ! "get" // verify it is alive expectMsg(0) child2 ! new Exception("CRASH") // escalate failure expectMsg(Terminated(child2))
The supervisor itself is supervised by the top-level actor provided by the ActorSystem, which has the default policy to restart in case of all Exception cases (with the notable exceptions of ActorInitializationException and ActorKilledException). Since the default directive in case of a restart is to kill all children, we expected our poor child not to survive this failure. In case this is not desired (which depends on the use case), we need to use a different supervisor which overrides this behavior.
class Supervisor2 extends Actor { import akka.actor.OneForOneStrategy import akka.actor.SupervisorStrategy._ import akka.util.duration._
override val supervisorStrategy = OneForOneStrategy(maxNrOfRetries = 10, withinTimeRange = 1 min case _: ArithmeticException Resume case _: NullPointerException Restart case _: IllegalArgumentException Stop case _: Exception Escalate } def receive = { case p: Props sender ! context.actorOf(p) }
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// override default to kill all children during restart override def preRestart(cause: Throwable, msg: Option[Any]) {} }
With this parent, the child survives the escalated restart, as demonstrated in the last test:
val supervisor2 = system.actorOf(Props[Supervisor2], "supervisor2") supervisor2 ! Props[Child] val child3 = expectMsgType[ActorRef] child3 ! 23 child3 ! "get" expectMsg(23) child3 ! new Exception("CRASH") child3 ! "get" expectMsg(0)
5.9 Dispatchers (Scala)

An Akka MessageDispatcher is what makes Akka Actors tick, it is the engine of the machine so to speak. All MessageDispatcher implementations are also an ExecutionContext, which means that they can be used to execute arbitrary code, for instance Futures (Scala).
5.9.1 Default dispatcher

Every ActorSystem will have a default dispatcher that will be used in case nothing else is congured for an Actor. The default dispatcher can be congured, and is by default a Dispatcher with a fork-join-executor, which gives excellent performance in most cases.
5.9.2 Setting the dispatcher for an Actor

So in case you want to give your Actor a different dispatcher than the default, you need to do two things, of which the rst is:
import akka.actor.Props val myActor = context.actorOf(Props[MyActor].withDispatcher("my-dispatcher"), "myactor1")
Note: The dispatcherId you specify in withDispatcher is in fact a path into your conguration. So in this example its a top-level section, but you could for instance put it as a sub-section, where youd use periods to denote sub-sections, like this: "foo.bar.my-dispatcher" And then you just need to congure that dispatcher in your conguration:
my-dispatcher { # Dispatcher is the name of the event-based dispatcher type = Dispatcher # What kind of ExecutionService to use executor = "fork-join-executor" # Configuration for the fork join pool fork-join-executor { # Min number of threads to cap factor-based parallelism number to parallelism-min = 2 # Parallelism (threads) ... ceil(available processors * factor)
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parallelism-factor = 2.0 # Max number of threads to cap factor-based parallelism number to parallelism-max = 10 } # Throughput defines the maximum number of messages to be # processed per actor before the thread jumps to the next actor. # Set to 1 for as fair as possible. throughput = 100 }
And heres another example that uses the thread-pool-executor:

my-thread-pool-dispatcher { # Dispatcher is the name of the event-based dispatcher type = Dispatcher # What kind of ExecutionService to use executor = "thread-pool-executor" # Configuration for the thread pool thread-pool-executor { # minimum number of threads to cap factor-based core number to core-pool-size-min = 2 # No of core threads ... ceil(available processors * factor) core-pool-size-factor = 2.0 # maximum number of threads to cap factor-based number to core-pool-size-max = 10 } # Throughput defines the maximum number of messages to be # processed per actor before the thread jumps to the next actor. # Set to 1 for as fair as possible. throughput = 100 }
For more options, see the default-dispatcher section of the Conguration.
5.9.3 Types of dispatchers

There are 4 different types of message dispatchers: Dispatcher This is an event-based dispatcher that binds a set of Actors to a thread pool. It is the default dispatcher used if one is not specied. Sharability: Unlimited Mailboxes: Any, creates one per Actor Use cases: Default dispatcher, Bulkheading Driven by: java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService specify ecutor using fork-join-executor, thread-pool-executor or akka.dispatcher.ExecutorServiceConfigurator PinnedDispatcher This dispatcher dedicates a unique thread for each actor using it; i.e. each actor will have its own thread pool with only one thread in the pool. Sharability: None Mailboxes: Any, creates one per Actor Use cases: Bulkheading Driven by: Any akka.dispatch.ThreadPoolExecutorConfigurator by thread-pool-executor 5.9. Dispatchers (Scala) default a the using FQCN of exan
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BalancingDispatcher This is an executor based event driven dispatcher that will try to redistribute work from busy actors to idle actors. It is assumed that all actors using the same instance of this dispatcher can process all messages that have been sent to one of the actors; i.e. the actors belong to a pool of actors, and to the client there is no guarantee about which actor instance actually processes a given message. Sharability: Actors of the same type only Mailboxes: Any, creates one for all Actors Use cases: Work-sharing Driven by: java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService specify ecutor using fork-join-executor, thread-pool-executor or akka.dispatcher.ExecutorServiceConfigurator CallingThreadDispatcher This dispatcher runs invocations on the current thread only. This dispatcher does not create any new threads, but it can be used from different threads concurrently for the same actor. See CallingThreadDispatcher for details and restrictions. Sharability: Unlimited Mailboxes: Any, creates one per Actor per Thread (on demand) Use cases: Testing Driven by: The calling thread (duh) More dispatcher conguration examples Conguring a PinnedDispatcher:
my-pinned-dispatcher { executor = "thread-pool-executor" type = PinnedDispatcher }
the
using FQCN
of
exan
And then using it:

val myActor = context.actorOf(Props[MyActor].withDispatcher("my-pinned-dispatcher"), "myactor2")
Note that thread-pool-executor conguration as per the above my-thread-pool-dispatcher exmaple is NOT applicable. This is because every actor will have its own thread pool when using PinnedDispatcher, and that pool will have only one thread.
5.9.4 Mailboxes
An Akka Mailbox holds the messages that are destined for an Actor. Normally each Actor has its own mailbox, but with example a BalancingDispatcher all actors with the same BalancingDispatcher will share a single instance. Builtin implementations Akka comes shipped with a number of default mailbox implementations: UnboundedMailbox Backed by a java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue
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Blocking: No Bounded: No BoundedMailbox Backed by a java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue Blocking: Yes Bounded: Yes UnboundedPriorityMailbox Backed by a java.util.concurrent.PriorityBlockingQueue Blocking: Yes Bounded: No BoundedPriorityMailbox Backed by a java.util.PriorityBlockingQueue akka.util.BoundedBlockingQueue Blocking: Yes Bounded: Yes Durable mailboxes, see Durable Mailboxes. Mailbox conguration examples How to create a PriorityMailbox:
import akka.dispatch.PriorityGenerator import akka.dispatch.UnboundedPriorityMailbox import com.typesafe.config.Config
wrapped
in
an
// We inherit, in this case, from UnboundedPriorityMailbox // and seed it with the priority generator class MyPrioMailbox(settings: ActorSystem.Settings, config: Config) extends UnboundedPriorityMailb // Create a new PriorityGenerator, lower prio means more important PriorityGenerator { // highpriority messages should be treated first if possible case highpriority 0 // lowpriority messages should be treated last if possible case lowpriority 2 // PoisonPill when no other left case PoisonPill 3 // We default to 1, which is in between high and low case otherwise 1 })
And then add it to the conguration:

prio-dispatcher { mailbox-type = "akka.docs.dispatcher.DispatcherDocSpec$MyPrioMailbox" }
And then an example on how you would use it:

// We create a new Actor that just prints out what it processes val a = system.actorOf( Props(new Actor {
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val log: LoggingAdapter = Logging(context.system, this) self self self self self self self self ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! lowpriority lowpriority highpriority pigdog pigdog2 pigdog3 highpriority PoisonPill
def receive = { case x log.info(x.toString) } }).withDispatcher("prio-dispatcher")) /* Logs: highpriority highpriority pigdog pigdog2 pigdog3 lowpriority lowpriority */
Creating your own Mailbox type An example is worth a thousand quacks:

case class MyUnboundedMailbox() extends akka.dispatch.MailboxType { import akka.actor.ActorContext import com.typesafe.config.Config import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue import akka.dispatch.{ Envelope, MessageQueue, QueueBasedMessageQueue, UnboundedMessageQueueSemantics } // This constructor signature must exist, it will be called by Akka def this(settings: ActorSystem.Settings, config: Config) = this() // The create method is called to create the MessageQueue final override def create(owner: Option[ActorContext]): MessageQueue = new QueueBasedMessageQueue with UnboundedMessageQueueSemantics { final val queue = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue[Envelope]() }
And then you just specify the FQCN of your MailboxType as the value of the mailbox-type in the dispatcher conguration. Note: Make sure to include a constructor which takes akka.actor.ActorSystem.Settings and com.typesafe.config.Config arguments, as this constructor is invoked reectively to construct your mailbox type. The cong passed in as second argument is that section from the conguration which describes the dispatcher using this mailbox type; the mailbox type will be instantiated once for each dispatcher using it.
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5.10 Routing (Scala)

A Router is an actor that routes incoming messages to outbound actors. The router routes the messages sent to it to its underlying actors called routees. Akka comes with some dened routers out of the box, but as you will see in this chapter it is really easy to create your own. The routers shipped with Akka are: akka.routing.RoundRobinRouter akka.routing.RandomRouter akka.routing.SmallestMailboxRouter akka.routing.BroadcastRouter akka.routing.ScatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter
5.10.1 Routers In Action

This is an example of how to create a router that is dened in conguration:
akka.actor.deployment { /router { router = round-robin nr-of-instances = 5 } } val router = system.actorOf(Props[ExampleActor].withRouter(FromConfig()), "router")
This is an example of how to programmatically create a router and set the number of routees it should create:
val router1 = system.actorOf(Props[ExampleActor1].withRouter( RoundRobinRouter(nrOfInstances = 5)))
You can also give the router already created routees as in:
val actor1 = system.actorOf(Props[ExampleActor1]) val actor2 = system.actorOf(Props[ExampleActor1]) val actor3 = system.actorOf(Props[ExampleActor1]) val routees = Vector[ActorRef](actor1, actor2, actor3) val router2 = system.actorOf(Props[ExampleActor1].withRouter( RoundRobinRouter(routees = routees)))
When you create a router programmatically you dene the number of routees or you pass already created routees to it. If you send both parameters to the router only the latter will be used, i.e. nrOfInstances is disregarded. It is also worth pointing out that if you dene the router in the conguration le then this value will be used instead of any programmatically sent parameters. The decision whether to create a router at all, on the other hand, must be taken within the code, i.e. you cannot make something a router by external conguration alone (see below for details). Once you have the router actor it is just to send messages to it as you would to any actor:
router ! MyMsg
The router will apply its behavior to the message it receives and forward it to the routees. Remotely Deploying Routees In addition to being able to supply looked-up remote actors as routees, you can make the router deploy its created children on a set of remote hosts; this will be done in round-robin fashion. In order to do that, wrap the router 5.10. Routing (Scala) 194
conguration in a RemoteRouterConfig, attaching the remote addresses of the nodes to deploy to. Naturally, this requires your to include the akka-remote module on your classpath:
import akka.actor.{ Address, AddressFromURIString } val addresses = Seq( Address("akka", "remotesys", "otherhost", 1234), AddressFromURIString("akka://othersys@anotherhost:1234")) val routerRemote = system.actorOf(Props[ExampleActor1].withRouter( RemoteRouterConfig(RoundRobinRouter(5), addresses)))
5.10.2 How Routing is Designed within Akka

Routers behave like single actors, but they should also not hinder scalability. This apparent contradiction is solved by making routers be represented by a special RoutedActorRef, which dispatches incoming messages destined for the routees without actually invoking the router actors behavior (and thus avoiding its mailbox; the single router actors task is to manage all aspects related to the lifecycle of the routees). This means that the code which decides which route to take is invoked concurrently from all possible senders and hence must be thread-safe, it cannot live the simple and happy life of code within an actor. There is one part in the above paragraph which warrants some more background explanation: Why does a router need a head which is actual parent to all the routees? The initial design tried to side-step this issue, but location transparency as well as mandatory parental supervision required a redesign. Each of the actors which the router spawns must have its unique identity, which translates into a unique actor path. Since the router has only one given name in its parents context, another level in the name space is needed, which according to the addressing semantics implies the existence of an actor with the routers name. This is not only necessary for the internal messaging involved in creating, restarting and terminating actors, it is also needed when the pooled actors need to converse with other actors and receive replies in a deterministic fashion. Since each actor knows its own external representation as well as that of its parent, the routees decide where replies should be sent when reacting to a message:
sender.tell("reply", context.parent) // replies will go back to parent sender.!("reply")(context.parent) // alternative syntax (beware of the parens!) sender ! x // replies will go to this actor
It is apparent now why routing needs to be enabled in code rather than being possible to bolt on later: whether or not an actor is routed means a change to the actor hierarchy, changing the actor paths of all children of the router. The routees especially do need to know that they are routed to in order to choose the sender reference for any messages they dispatch as shown above.
5.10.3 Routers vs. Supervision

As explained in the previous section, routers create new actor instances as children of the head router, who therefor also is their supervisor. The supervisor strategy of this actor can be congured by means of the RouterConfig.supervisorStrategy property, which is supported for all built-in router types. It defaults to always escalate, which leads to the application of the routers parents supervision directive to all children of the router uniformly (i.e. not only the one which failed). It should be mentioned that the router overrides the default behavior of terminating all children upon restart, which means that a restartwhile re-creating themdoes not have an effect on the number of actors in the pool. Setting the strategy is easily done:
val escalator = OneForOneStrategy() { // custom strategy ... } val router = system.actorOf(Props.empty.withRouter( RoundRobinRouter(1, supervisorStrategy = escalator)))
Another potentially useful approach is to give the router the same strategy as its parent, which effectively treats all actors in the pool as if they were direct children of their grand-parent instead. 5.10. Routing (Scala) 195
Note: If the child of a router terminates, the router will not automatically spawn a new child. In the event that all children of a router have terminated the router will terminate itself.
5.10.4 Router usage

In this section we will describe how to use the different router types. First we need to create some actors that will be used in the examples:
class PrintlnActor extends Actor { def receive = { case msg println("Received message %s in actor %s".format(msg, self.path.name)) } }
and
class FibonacciActor extends Actor { def receive = { case FibonacciNumber(nbr) sender tell fibonacci(nbr) } private def fibonacci(n: Int): Int = { @tailrec def fib(n: Int, b: Int, a: Int): Int = n match { case 0 a case _ fib(n - 1, a + b, b) } fib(n, 1, 0) } }
RoundRobinRouter Routes in a round-robin fashion to its routees. Code example:

val roundRobinRouter = context.actorOf(Props[PrintlnActor].withRouter(RoundRobinRouter(5)), "router") 1 to 10 foreach { i roundRobinRouter ! i }

Received Received Received Received Received Received Received Received Received Received message message message message message message message message message message 1 in actor $b 2 in actor $c 3 in actor $d 6 in actor $b 4 in actor $e 8 in actor $d 5 in actor $f 9 in actor $e 10 in actor $f 7 in actor $c
If you look closely to the output you can see that each of the routees received two messages which is exactly what you would expect from a round-robin router to happen. (The name of an actor is automatically created in the format $letter unless you specify it - hence the names printed above.)
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RandomRouter As the name implies this router type selects one of its routees randomly and forwards the message it receives to this routee. This procedure will happen each time it receives a message. Code example:
val randomRouter = context.actorOf(Props[PrintlnActor].withRouter(RandomRouter(5)), "router") 1 to 10 foreach { i randomRouter ! i }

Received Received Received Received Received Received Received Received Received Received message message message message message message message message message message 1 in actor $e 2 in actor $c 4 in actor $b 5 in actor $d 3 in actor $e 6 in actor $c 7 in actor $d 8 in actor $e 9 in actor $d 10 in actor $d
The result from running the random router should be different, or at least random, every time you run it. Try to run it a couple of times to verify its behavior if you dont trust us. SmallestMailboxRouter A Router that tries to send to the non-suspended routee with fewest messages in mailbox. The selection is done in this order: pick any idle routee (not processing message) with empty mailbox pick any routee with empty mailbox pick routee with fewest pending messages in mailbox pick any remote routee, remote actors are consider lowest priority, since their mailbox size is unknown Code example:
val smallestMailboxRouter = context.actorOf(Props[PrintlnActor].withRouter(SmallestMailboxRouter(5)), "router") 1 to 10 foreach { i smallestMailboxRouter ! i }
BroadcastRouter A broadcast router forwards the message it receives to all its routees. Code example:
val broadcastRouter = context.actorOf(Props[PrintlnActor].withRouter(BroadcastRouter(5)), "router") broadcastRouter ! "this is a broadcast message"

Received Received Received Received Received message message message message message this this this this this is is is is is a a a a a broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast message message message message message in in in in in actor actor actor actor actor $f $d $e $c $b
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As you can see here above each of the routees, ve in total, received the broadcast message. ScatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter The ScatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter will send the message on to all its routees as a future. It then waits for rst result it gets back. This result will be sent back to original sender. Code example:
val scatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter = context.actorOf( Props[FibonacciActor].withRouter(ScatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter( nrOfInstances = 5, within = 2 seconds)), "router") implicit val timeout = Timeout(5 seconds) val futureResult = scatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter ? FibonacciNumber(10) val result = Await.result(futureResult, timeout.duration)
When run you should see this:

The result of calculating Fibonacci for 10 is 55
From the output above you cant really see that all the routees performed the calculation, but they did! The result you see is from the rst routee that returned its calculation to the router.
5.10.5 Broadcast Messages

There is a special type of message that will be sent to all routees regardless of the router. This message is called Broadcast and is used in the following manner:
router ! Broadcast("Watch out for Davy Jones locker")
Only the actual message is forwarded to the routees, i.e. Watch out for Davy Jones locker in the example above. It is up to the routee implementation whether to handle the broadcast message or not.
5.10.6 Dynamically Resizable Routers

All routers can be used with a xed number of routees or with a resize strategy to adjust the number of routees dynamically. This is an example of how to create a resizable router that is dened in conguration:
akka.actor.deployment { /router2 { router = round-robin resizer { lower-bound = 2 upper-bound = 15 } } } val router2 = system.actorOf(Props[ExampleActor].withRouter(FromConfig()), "router2")
Several more conguration options are available and described in akka.actor.deployment.default.resizer section of the reference Conguration. This is an example of how to programmatically create a resizable router:
val resizer = DefaultResizer(lowerBound = 2, upperBound = 15) val router3 = system.actorOf(Props[ExampleActor1].withRouter( RoundRobinRouter(resizer = Some(resizer))))
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It is also worth pointing out that if you dene the router in the conguration le then this value will be used instead of any programmatically sent parameters. Note: Resizing is triggered by sending messages to the actor pool, but it is not completed synchronously; instead a message is sent to the head Router to perform the size change. Thus you cannot rely on resizing to instantaneously create new workers when all others are busy, because the message just sent will be queued to the mailbox of a busy actor. To remedy this, congure the pool to use a balancing dispatcher, see Conguring Dispatchers for more information.
5.10.7 Custom Router

You can also create your own router should you not nd any of the ones provided by Akka sufcient for your needs. In order to roll your own router you have to fulll certain criteria which are explained in this section. The router created in this example is a simple vote counter. It will route the votes to specic vote counter actors. In this case we only have two parties the Republicans and the Democrats. We would like a router that forwards all democrat related messages to the Democrat actor and all republican related messages to the Republican actor. We begin with dening the class:
case class VoteCountRouter() extends RouterConfig { def routerDispatcher: String = Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId def supervisorStrategy: SupervisorStrategy = SupervisorStrategy.defaultStrategy // crRoute ... }
The next step is to implement the createRoute method in the class just dened:
def createRoute(routeeProps: Props, routeeProvider: RouteeProvider): Route = { val democratActor = routeeProvider.context.actorOf(Props(new DemocratActor()), "d") val republicanActor = routeeProvider.context.actorOf(Props(new RepublicanActor()), "r") val routees = Vector[ActorRef](democratActor, republicanActor) routeeProvider.registerRoutees(routees) { case (sender, message) message match { case DemocratVote | DemocratCountResult List(Destination(sender, democratActor)) case RepublicanVote | RepublicanCountResult List(Destination(sender, republicanActor)) } } }
As you can see above we start off by creating the routees and put them in a collection. Make sure that you dont miss to implement the line below as it is really important. It registers the routees internally and failing to call this method will cause a ActorInitializationException to be thrown when the router is used. Therefore always make sure to do the following in your custom router:
routeeProvider.registerRoutees(routees)
The routing logic is where your magic sauce is applied. In our example it inspects the message types and forwards to the correct routee based on this:
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{ case (sender, message) message match { case DemocratVote | DemocratCountResult List(Destination(sender, democratActor)) case RepublicanVote | RepublicanCountResult List(Destination(sender, republicanActor)) } }
As you can see above whats returned in the partial function is a List of Destination(sender, routee). The sender is what parent the routee should see - changing this could be useful if you for example want another actor than the original sender to intermediate the result of the routee (if there is a result). For more information about how to alter the original sender we refer to the source code of ScatterGatherFirstCompletedRouter All in all the custom router looks like this:
case case case case object object object object DemocratVote DemocratCountResult RepublicanVote RepublicanCountResult
class DemocratActor extends Actor { var counter = 0 def receive = { case DemocratVote counter += 1 case DemocratCountResult sender ! counter } } class RepublicanActor extends Actor { var counter = 0 def receive = { case RepublicanVote counter += 1 case RepublicanCountResult sender ! counter } } case class VoteCountRouter() extends RouterConfig { def routerDispatcher: String = Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId def supervisorStrategy: SupervisorStrategy = SupervisorStrategy.defaultStrategy def createRoute(routeeProps: Props, routeeProvider: RouteeProvider): Route = { val democratActor = routeeProvider.context.actorOf(Props(new DemocratActor()), "d") val republicanActor = routeeProvider.context.actorOf(Props(new RepublicanActor()), "r") val routees = Vector[ActorRef](democratActor, republicanActor) routeeProvider.registerRoutees(routees) { case (sender, message) message match { case DemocratVote | DemocratCountResult List(Destination(sender, democratActor)) case RepublicanVote | RepublicanCountResult List(Destination(sender, republicanActor)) } } }
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If you are interested in how to use the VoteCountRouter you can have a look at the test class RoutingSpec Caution: When creating a cutom router the resulting RoutedActorRef optimizes the sending of the message so that it does NOT go through the routers mailbox unless the route returns an empty recipient set. This means that the route function dened in the RouterConfig or the function returned from CreateCustomRoute in CustomRouterConfig is evaluated concurrently without protection by the RoutedActorRef: either provide a reentrant (i.e. pure) implementation or do the locking yourself!
Congured Custom Router It is possible to dene conguration properties for custom routers. In the router property of the deployment conguration you dene the fully qualied class name of the router class. The router class must extend akka.routing.RouterConfig and and have constructor with com.typesafe.config.Config parameter. The deployment section of the conguration is passed to the constructor. Custom Resizer A router with dynamically resizable number of routees is implemented by ing a akka.routing.Resizer in resizer method of the RouterConfig. akka.routing.DefaultResizer for inspiration of how to write your own resize strategy. providSee
5.10.8 Conguring Dispatchers

The dispatcher for created children of the router will be taken from Props as described in Dispatchers (Scala). For a dynamic pool it makes sense to congure the BalancingDispatcher if the precise routing is not so important (i.e. no consistent hashing or round-robin is required); this enables newly created routees to pick up work immediately by stealing it from their siblings. Note: If you provide a collection of actors to route to, then they will still use the same dispatcher that was congured for them in their Props, it is not possible to change an actors dispatcher after it has been created. The head router, of course, cannot run on the same balancing dispatcher, because it does not process the same messages, hence this special actor does not use the dispatcher congured in Props, but takes the routerDispatcher from the RouterConfig instead, which defaults to the actor systems default dispatcher. All standard routers allow setting this property in their constructor or factory method, custom routers have to implement the method in a suitable way.
val router = system.actorOf(Props[MyActor] .withRouter(RoundRobinRouter(5, routerDispatcher = "router")) // head will run on "router" dis .withDispatcher("workers")) // MyActor workers will run on "workers" dispatcher
5.11 Remoting (Scala)

For an introduction of remoting capabilities of Akka please see Location Transparency.
5.11.1 Preparing your ActorSystem for Remoting

The Akka remoting is a separate jar le. Make sure that you have the following dependency in your project:
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"com.typesafe.akka" % "akka-remote" % "2.1-SNAPSHOT"
To enable remote capabilities in your Akka project you should, at a minimum, add the following changes to your application.conf le:
akka { actor { provider = "akka.remote.RemoteActorRefProvider" } remote { transport = "akka.remote.netty.NettyRemoteTransport" netty { hostname = "127.0.0.1" port = 2552 } } }
As you can see in the example above there are four things you need to add to get started: Change provider from akka.actor.LocalActorRefProvider akka.remote.RemoteActorRefProvider to
Add host name - the machine you want to run the actor system on; this host name is exactly what is passed to remote systems in order to identify this system and consequently used for connecting back to this system if need be, hence set it to a reachable IP address or resolvable name in case you want to communicate across the network. Add port number - the port the actor system should listen on, set to 0 to have it chosen automatically The example above only illustrates the bare minimum of properties you have to add to enable remoting. There are lots of more properties that are related to remoting in Akka. We refer to the following reference le for more information:
serialization-bindings { # Since com.google.protobuf.Message does not extend Serializable but GeneratedMessage # does, need to use the more specific one here in order to avoid ambiguity "com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessage" = proto } deployment { default { # if this is set to a valid remote address, the named actor will be deployed
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# at that node e.g. "akka://sys@host:port" remote = "" target { # A list of hostnames and ports for instantiating the children of a # non-direct router # The format should be on "akka://sys@host:port", where: # - sys is the remote actor system name # - hostname can be either hostname or IP address the remote actor # should connect to # - port should be the port for the remote server on the other node # The number of actor instances to be spawned is still taken from the # nr-of-instances setting as for local routers; the instances will be # distributed round-robin among the given nodes. nodes = [] } } } } remote { # Which implementation of akka.remote.RemoteTransport to use # default is a TCP-based remote transport based on Netty transport = "akka.remote.netty.NettyRemoteTransport" # Enable untrusted mode for full security of server managed actors, allows # untrusted clients to connect. untrusted-mode = off # Timeout for ACK of cluster operations, like checking actor out etc. remote-daemon-ack-timeout = 30s
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# (I) EXPERIMENTAL If "<id.of.dispatcher>" then the specified dispatcher will be used to acc # and perform IO. If "" then dedicated threads will be used. use-dispatcher-for-io = "" # (I) The hostname or ip to bind the remoting to, # InetAddress.getLocalHost.getHostAddress is used if empty hostname = "" # (I) The default remote server port clients should connect to. # Default is 2552 (AKKA), use 0 if you want a random available port port = 2552 # (O) The address of a local network interface (IP Address) to bind to when creating # outbound connections. Set to "" or "auto" for automatic selection of local address. outbound-local-address = "auto" # (I&O) Increase this if you want to be able to send messages with large payloads message-frame-size = 1 MiB # (O) Timeout duration connection-timeout = 120s # (I) Sets the size of the connection backlog backlog = 4096 # (I) Length in akka.time-unit how long core threads will be kept alive if idling execution-pool-keepalive = 60s # (I) Size of the core pool of the remote execution unit execution-pool-size = 4 # (I) Maximum channel size, 0 for off max-channel-memory-size = 0b # (I) Maximum total size of all channels, 0 for off max-total-memory-size = 0b # (O) Time between reconnect attempts for active clients reconnect-delay = 5s # (O) Read inactivity period (lowest resolution is seconds) # after which active client connection is shutdown; # will be re-established in case of new communication requests. # A value of 0 will turn this feature off read-timeout = 0s # (O) Write inactivity period (lowest resolution is seconds) # after which a heartbeat is sent across the wire. # A value of 0 will turn this feature off write-timeout = 10s # (O) Inactivity period of both reads and writes (lowest resolution is seconds) # after which active client connection is shutdown; # will be re-established in case of new communication requests # A value of 0 will turn this feature off all-timeout = 0s # (O) Maximum time window that a client should try to reconnect for reconnection-time-window = 600s } } }
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5.11.2 Types of Remote Interaction

Akka has two ways of using remoting: Lookup : used to look up an actor on a remote node with actorFor(path) Creation : used to create an actor on a remote node with actorOf(Props(...), actorName) In the next sections the two alternatives are described in detail.
5.11.3 Looking up Remote Actors

actorFor(path) will obtain an ActorRef to an Actor on a remote node, e.g.:
val actor = context.actorFor("akka://actorSystemName@10.0.0.1:2552/user/actorName")
akka://<actor system>@<hostname>:<port>/<actor path>
Once you obtained a reference to the actor you can interact with it they same way you would with a local actor, e.g.:
actor ! "Pretty awesome feature"
For more details on how actor addresses and paths are formed and used, please refer to Actor References, Paths and Addresses.
5.11.4 Creating Actors Remotely

If you want to use the creation functionality in Akka remoting you have to further amend the application.conf le in the following way (only showing deployment section):
akka { actor { deployment { /sampleActor { remote = "akka://sampleActorSystem@127.0.0.1:2553" } } } }
The conguration above instructs Akka to react when an actor with path /sampleActor is created, i.e. using system.actorOf(Props(...), sampleActor). This specic actor will not be directly instantiated, but instead the remote daemon of the remote system will be asked to create the actor, which in this sample corresponds to sampleActorSystem@127.0.0.1:2553. Once you have congured the properties above you would do the following in code:
class SampleActor extends Actor { def receive = { case _ => println("Got something") } } val actor = context.actorOf(Props[SampleActor], "sampleActor") actor ! "Pretty slick"
SampleActor has to be available to the runtimes using it, i.e. the classloader of the actor systems has to have a JAR containing the class.
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Programmatic Remote Deployment To allow dynamically deployed systems, it is also possible to include deployment conguration in the Props which are used to create an actor: this information is the equivalent of a deployment section from the conguration le, and if both are given, the external conguration takes precedence. With these imports:
import akka.actor.{ Props, Deploy, Address, AddressFromURIString } import akka.remote.RemoteScope
and a remote address like this:

val one = AddressFromURIString("akka://sys@host:1234") val two = Address("akka", "sys", "host", 1234) // this gives the same
you can advise the system to create a child on that remote node like so:
val ref = system.actorOf(Props[Echo].withDeploy(Deploy(scope = RemoteScope(address))))
5.11.5 Serialization
When using remoting for actors you must ensure that the props and messages used for those actors are serializable. Failing to do so will cause the system to behave in an unintended way. For more information please see Serialization (Scala)
5.11.6 Routers with Remote Destinations

It is absolutely feasible to combine remoting with Routing (Scala). This is also done via conguration:
akka { actor { deployment { /serviceA/aggregation { router = "round-robin" nr-of-instances = 10 target { nodes = ["akka://app@10.0.0.2:2552", "akka://app@10.0.0.3:2552"] } } } } }
This conguration setting will clone the actor aggregation 10 times and deploy it evenly distributed across the two given target nodes.
5.11.7 Description of the Remoting Sample

There is a more extensive remote example that comes with the Akka distribution. Please have a look here for more information: Remote Sample This sample demonstrates both, remote deployment and look-up of remote actors. First, let us have a look at the common setup for both scenarios (this is common.conf):
akka { actor { provider = "akka.remote.RemoteActorRefProvider" }
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remote { netty { hostname = "127.0.0.1" } } }
This enables the remoting by installing the RemoteActorRefProvider and chooses the default remote transport. All other options will be set specically for each show case. Note: Be sure to replace the default IP 127.0.0.1 with the real address the system is reachable by if you deploy onto multiple machines!
Remote Lookup In order to look up a remote actor, that one must be created rst. For this purpose, we congure an actor system to listen on port 2552 (this is a snippet from application.conf):
calculator { include "common" akka { remote.netty.port = 2552 } }
Then the actor must be created. For all code which follows, assume these imports:
import com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory import akka.actor.{ ActorRef, Props, Actor, ActorSystem }
The actor doing the work will be this one:

class SimpleCalculatorActor extends Actor { def receive = { case Add(n1, n2) println("Calculating %d + %d".format(n1, n2)) sender ! AddResult(n1, n2, n1 + n2) case Subtract(n1, n2) println("Calculating %d - %d".format(n1, n2)) sender ! SubtractResult(n1, n2, n1 - n2) } }
and we start it within an actor system using the above conguration

val system = ActorSystem("CalculatorApplication", ConfigFactory.load.getConfig("calculator")) val actor = system.actorOf(Props[SimpleCalculatorActor], "simpleCalculator")
With the service actor up and running, we may look it up from another actor system, which will be congured to use port 2553 (this is a snippet from application.conf).
remotelookup { include "common" akka { remote.netty.port = 2553 } }
The actor which will query the calculator is a quite simple one for demonstration purposes
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class LookupActor extends Actor { def receive = { case (actor: ActorRef, op: MathOp) actor ! op case result: MathResult result match { case AddResult(n1, n2, r) println("Add result: %d + %d = %d".format(n1, n2, r)) case SubtractResult(n1, n2, r) println("Sub result: %d - %d = %d".format(n1, n2, r)) } } }
and it is created from an actor system using the aforementioned clients cong.
val system = ActorSystem("LookupApplication", ConfigFactory.load.getConfig("remotelookup")) val actor = system.actorOf(Props[LookupActor], "lookupActor") val remoteActor = system.actorFor("akka://CalculatorApplication@127.0.0.1:2552/user/simpleCalculat def doSomething(op: MathOp) = { actor ! (remoteActor, op) }
Requests which come in via doSomething will be sent to the client actor along with the reference which was looked up earlier. Observe how the actor system name using in actorFor matches the remote systems name, as do IP and port number. Top-level actors are always created below the "/user" guardian, which supervises them. Remote Deployment Creating remote actors instead of looking them up is not visible in the source code, only in the conguration le. This section is used in this scenario (this is a snippet from application.conf):
remotecreation { include "common" akka { actor { deployment { /advancedCalculator { remote = "akka://CalculatorApplication@127.0.0.1:2552" } } } remote.netty.port = 2554 } }
For all code which follows, assume these imports:

import com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory import akka.actor.{ ActorRef, Props, Actor, ActorSystem }
The client actor looks like in the previous example
class CreationActor extends Actor { def receive = { case (actor: ActorRef, op: MathOp) actor ! op case result: MathResult result match { case MultiplicationResult(n1, n2, r) println("Mul result: %d * %d = %d".format(n1, n2, r) case DivisionResult(n1, n2, r) println("Div result: %.0f / %d = %.2f".format(n1, n2 } } }
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but the setup uses only actorOf:

val system = ActorSystem("RemoteCreation", ConfigFactory.load.getConfig("remotecreation")) val localActor = system.actorOf(Props[CreationActor], "creationActor") val remoteActor = system.actorOf(Props[AdvancedCalculatorActor], "advancedCalculator") def doSomething(op: MathOp) = { localActor ! (remoteActor, op) }
Observe how the name of the server actor matches the deployment given in the conguration le, which will transparently delegate the actor creation to the remote node. Remote Events It is possible to listen to events that occur in Akka Remote, and to subscribe/unsubscribe to there events, you simply register as listener to the below described types in on the ActorSystem.eventStream. Note: To subscribe to any outbound-related events, subscribe to RemoteClientLifeCycleEvent To subscribe to any inbound-related events, subscribe to RemoteServerLifeCycleEvent To subscribe to any remote events, subscribe to RemoteLifeCycleEvent To intercept when an outbound connection is disconnected, you listen to RemoteClientDisconnected which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and the outbound address that was disconnected (Address). To intercept when an outbound connection is connected, you listen to RemoteClientConnected which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and the outbound address that was connected to (Address). To intercept when an outbound client is started you listen to RemoteClientStarted which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and the outbound address that it is connected to (Address). To intercept when an outbound client is shut down you listen to RemoteClientShutdown which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and the outbound address that it was connected to (Address). To intercept when an outbound message cannot be sent, you listen to RemoteClientWriteFailed which holds the payload that was not written (AnyRef), the cause of the failed send (Throwable), the transport used (RemoteTransport) and the outbound address that was the destination (Address). For general outbound-related errors, that do not classify as any of the others, you can listen to RemoteClientError, which holds the cause (Throwable), the transport used (RemoteTransport) and the outbound address (Address). To intercept when an inbound server is started (typically only once) you listen to RemoteServerStarted which holds the transport that it will use (RemoteTransport). To intercept when an inbound server is shut down (typically only once) you listen to RemoteServerShutdown which holds the transport that it used (RemoteTransport). To intercept when an inbound connection has been established you listen to RemoteServerClientConnected which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and optionally the address that connected (Option[Address]). To intercept when an inbound connection has been disconnected you listen to RemoteServerClientDisconnected which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and optionally the address that disconnected (Option[Address]). To intercept when an inbound remote client has been closed you listen to RemoteServerClientClosed which holds the transport used (RemoteTransport) and optionally the address of the remote client that was closed (Option[Address]).
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5.12 Serialization (Scala)

Akka has a built-in Extension for serialization, and it is both possible to use the built-in serializers and to write your own. The serialization mechanism is both used by Akka internally to serialize messages, and available for ad-hoc serialization of whatever you might need it for.
5.12.1 Usage
Conguration For Akka to know which Serializer to use for what, you need edit your Conguration, in the akka.actor.serializers-section you bind names to implementations of the akka.serialization.Serializer you wish to use, like this:
val config = ConfigFactory.parseString(""" akka { actor { serializers { java = "akka.serialization.JavaSerializer" proto = "akka.serialization.ProtobufSerializer" myown = "akka.docs.serialization.MyOwnSerializer" } } } """)
After youve bound names to different implementations of Serializer you need to wire which classes should be serialized using which Serializer, this is done in the akka.actor.serialization-bindings-section:
val config = ConfigFactory.parseString(""" akka { actor { serializers { java = "akka.serialization.JavaSerializer" proto = "akka.serialization.ProtobufSerializer" myown = "akka.docs.serialization.MyOwnSerializer" } serialization-bindings { "java.lang.String" = java "akka.docs.serialization.Customer" = java "com.google.protobuf.Message" = proto "akka.docs.serialization.MyOwnSerializable" = myown "java.lang.Boolean" = myown } } } """)
You only need to specify the name of an interface or abstract base class of the messages. In case of ambiguity, i.e. the message implements several of the congured classes, the most specic congured class will be used, i.e. the one of which all other candidates are superclasses. If this condition cannot be met, because e.g. java.io.Serializable and MyOwnSerializable both apply and neither is a subtype of the other, a warning will be issued Akka provides serializers for java.io.Serializable and protobuf com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessage by default (the latter only if depending on the akka-remote module), so normally you dont need to add conguration for that; since com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessage implements java.io.Serializable, protobuf
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messages will always by serialized using the protobuf protocol unless specically overridden. In order to disable a default serializer, map its marker type to none:
akka.actor.serialization-bindings { "java.io.Serializable" = none }
Verication If you want to verify that your messages are serializable you can enable the following cong option:
val config = ConfigFactory.parseString(""" akka { actor { serialize-messages = on } } """)
Warning: We only recommend using the cong option turned on when youre running tests. It is completely pointless to have it turned on in other scenarios. If you want to verify that your Props are serializable you can enable the following cong option:
val config = ConfigFactory.parseString(""" akka { actor { serialize-creators = on } } """)
Warning: We only recommend using the cong option turned on when youre running tests. It is completely pointless to have it turned on in other scenarios.
Programmatic If you want to programmatically serialize/deserialize using Akka Serialization, heres some examples:
import akka.serialization._ import com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory val system = ActorSystem("example") // Get the Serialization Extension val serialization = SerializationExtension(system) // Have something to serialize val original = "woohoo" // Find the Serializer for it val serializer = serialization.findSerializerFor(original) // Turn it into bytes val bytes = serializer.toBinary(original) // Turn it back into an object val back = serializer.fromBinary(bytes, manifest = None)
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// Voil! back must equal(original)
For more information, have a look at the ScalaDoc for akka.serialization._
5.12.2 Customization
So, lets say that you want to create your own Serializer, akka.docs.serialization.MyOwnSerializer in the cong example above? Creating new Serializers First you need to create a class denition of your Serializer like so:
import akka.serialization._ import com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory class MyOwnSerializer extends Serializer { // This is whether "fromBinary" requires a "clazz" or not def includeManifest: Boolean = false // Pick a unique identifier for your Serializer, // youve got a couple of billions to choose from, // 0 - 16 is reserved by Akka itself def identifier = 1234567 // "toBinary" serializes the given object to an Array of Bytes def toBinary(obj: AnyRef): Array[Byte] = { // Put the code that serializes the object here // ... ... } // "fromBinary" deserializes the given array, // using the type hint (if any, see "includeManifest" above) // into the optionally provided classLoader. def fromBinary(bytes: Array[Byte], clazz: Option[Class[_]]): AnyRef = { // Put your code that deserializes here // ... ... } }
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Then you only need to ll in the blanks, bind it to a name in your Conguration and then list which classes that should be serialized using it. Serializing ActorRefs All ActorRefs are serializable using JavaSerializer, but in case you are writing your own serializer, you might want to know how to serialize and deserialize them properly, heres the magic incantation:
import akka.serialization._ import com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory // Serialize // (beneath toBinary) // If there is no transportAddress, // it means that either this Serializer isnt called
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// within a piece of code that sets it, // so either you need to supply your own, // or simply use the local path. val identifier: String = Serialization.currentTransportAddress.value match { case null theActorRef.path.toString case address theActorRef.path.toStringWithAddress(address) } // Then just serialize the identifier however you like // Deserialize // (beneath fromBinary) val deserializedActorRef = theActorSystem actorFor identifier // Then just use the ActorRef
Deep serialization of Actors The current recommended approach to do deep serialization of internal actor state is to use Event Sourcing, for more reading on the topic, see these examples: Martin Krasser on EventSourcing Part1 Martin Krasser on EventSourcing Part2 Note: Built-in API support for persisting Actors will come in a later release, see the roadmap for more info: Akka 2.0 roadmap
5.12.3 A Word About Java Serialization

When using Java serialization without employing the JavaSerializer for the task, you must make sure to supply a valid ExtendedActorSystem in the dynamic variable JavaSerializer.currentSystem. This is used when reading in the representation of an ActorRef for turning the string representation into a real reference. DynamicVariable is a thread-local variable, so be sure to have it set while deserializing anything which might contain actor references.
5.13 FSM
5.13.1 Overview
The FSM (Finite State Machine) is available as a mixin for the akka Actor and is best described in the Erlang design principles A FSM can be described as a set of relations of the form: State(S) x Event(E) -> Actions (A), State(S) These relations are interpreted as meaning: If we are in state S and the event E occurs, we should perform the actions A and make a transition to the state S.
5.13.2 A Simple Example

To demonstrate most of the features of the FSM trait, consider an actor which shall receive and queue messages while they arrive in a burst and send them on after the burst ended or a ush request is received. First, consider all of the below to use these import statements:
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import akka.actor.{ Actor, ActorRef, FSM } import akka.util.duration._
The contract of our Buncher actor is that is accepts or produces the following messages:
// received events case class SetTarget(ref: ActorRef) case class Queue(obj: Any) case object Flush // sent events case class Batch(obj: Seq[Any])
SetTarget is needed for starting it up, setting the destination for the Batches to be passed on; Queue will add to the internal queue while Flush will mark the end of a burst.
// states sealed trait State case object Idle extends State case object Active extends State sealed trait Data case object Uninitialized extends Data case class Todo(target: ActorRef, queue: Seq[Any]) extends Data
The actor can be in two states: no message queued (aka Idle) or some message queued (aka Active). It will stay in the active state as long as messages keep arriving and no ush is requested. The internal state data of the actor is made up of the target actor reference to send the batches to and the actual queue of messages. Now lets take a look at the skeleton for our FSM actor:
class Buncher extends Actor with FSM[State, Data] { startWith(Idle, Uninitialized) when(Idle) { case Event(SetTarget(ref), Uninitialized) stay using Todo(ref, Vector.empty) } // transition elided ... when(Active, stateTimeout = 1 second) { case Event(Flush | StateTimeout, t: Todo) goto(Idle) using t.copy(queue = Vector.empty) } // unhandled elided ... initialize }
The basic strategy is to declare the actor, mixing in the FSM trait and specifying the possible states and data values as type parameters. Within the body of the actor a DSL is used for declaring the state machine: startsWith denes the initial state and initial data then there is one when(<state>) { ... } declaration per state to be handled (could potentially be multiple ones, the passed PartialFunction will be concatenated using orElse) nally starting it up using initialize, which performs the transition into the initial state and sets up timers (if required). In this case, we start out in the Idle and Uninitialized state, where only the SetTarget() message is handled; stay prepares to end this events processing for not leaving the current state, while the using
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modier makes the FSM replace the internal state (which is Uninitialized at this point) with a fresh Todo() object containing the target actor reference. The Active state has a state timeout declared, which means that if no message is received for 1 second, a FSM.StateTimeout message will be generated. This has the same effect as receiving the Flush command in this case, namely to transition back into the Idle state and resetting the internal queue to the empty vector. But how do messages get queued? Since this shall work identically in both states, we make use of the fact that any event which is not handled by the when() block is passed to the whenUnhandled() block:
whenUnhandled { // common code for both states case Event(Queue(obj), t @ Todo(_, v)) goto(Active) using t.copy(queue = v :+ obj) case Event(e, s) log.warning("received unhandled request {} in state {}/{}", e, stateName, s) stay }
The rst case handled here is adding Queue() requests to the internal queue and going to the Active state (this does the obvious thing of staying in the Active state if already there), but only if the FSM data are not Uninitialized when the Queue() event is received. Otherwiseand in all other non-handled casesthe second case just logs a warning and does not change the internal state. The only missing piece is where the Batches are actually sent to the target, for which we use the onTransition mechanism: you can declare multiple such blocks and all of them will be tried for matching behavior in case a state transition occurs (i.e. only when the state actually changes).
onTransition { case Active -> Idle stateData match { case Todo(ref, queue) ref ! Batch(queue) } }
The transition callback is a partial function which takes as input a pair of statesthe current and the next state. The FSM trait includes a convenience extractor for these in form of an arrow operator, which conveniently reminds you of the direction of the state change which is being matched. During the state change, the old state data is available via stateData as shown, and the new state data would be available as nextStateData. To verify that this buncher actually works, it is quite easy to write a test using the Testing Actor Systems (Scala), which is conveniently bundled with ScalaTest traits into AkkaSpec:
import akka.testkit.AkkaSpec import akka.actor.Props class FSMDocSpec extends AkkaSpec { "simple finite state machine" must { // fsm code elided ... "batch correctly" in { val buncher = system.actorOf(Props(new Buncher)) buncher ! SetTarget(testActor) buncher ! Queue(42) buncher ! Queue(43) expectMsg(Batch(Seq(42, 43))) buncher ! Queue(44) buncher ! Flush buncher ! Queue(45) expectMsg(Batch(Seq(44))) expectMsg(Batch(Seq(45))) }
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"batch not if uninitialized" in { val buncher = system.actorOf(Props(new Buncher)) buncher ! Queue(42) expectNoMsg } } }
5.13.3 Reference
The FSM Trait and Object The FSM trait may only be mixed into an Actor. Instead of extending Actor, the self type approach was chosen in order to make it obvious that an actor is actually created:
class Buncher extends Actor with FSM[State, Data] { // fsm body ... initialize }
The FSM trait takes two type parameters: 1. the supertype of all state names, usually a sealed trait with case objects extending it, 2. the type of the state data which are tracked by the FSM module itself. Note: The state data together with the state name describe the internal state of the state machine; if you stick to this scheme and do not add mutable elds to the FSM class you have the advantage of making all changes of the internal state explicit in a few well-known places.
Dening States A state is dened by one or more invocations of the method when(<name>[, stateTimeout = <timeout>])(stateFunction). The given name must be an object which is type-compatible with the rst type parameter given to the FSM trait. This object is used as a hash key, so you must ensure that it properly implements equals and hashCode; in particular it must not be mutable. The easiest t for these requirements are case objects. If the stateTimeout parameter is given, then all transitions into this state, including staying, receive this timeout by default. Initiating the transition with an explicit timeout may be used to override this default, see Initiating Transitions for more information. The state timeout of any state may be changed during action processing with setStateTimeout(state, duration). This enables runtime conguration e.g. via external message. The stateFunction argument is a PartialFunction[Event, State], which is conveniently given using the partial function literal syntax as demonstrated below:
when(Idle) { case Event(SetTarget(ref), Uninitialized) stay using Todo(ref, Vector.empty) } when(Active, stateTimeout = 1 second) { case Event(Flush | StateTimeout, t: Todo) goto(Idle) using t.copy(queue = Vector.empty) }
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The Event(msg: Any, data: D) case class is parameterized with the data type held by the FSM for convenient pattern matching. Dening the Initial State Each FSM needs a starting point, which is declared using startWith(state, data[, timeout]) The optionally given timeout argument overrides any specication given for the desired initial state. If you want to cancel a default timeout, use Duration.Inf. Unhandled Events If a state doesnt handle a received event a warning is logged. If you want to do something else in this case you can specify that with whenUnhandled(stateFunction):
whenUnhandled { case Event(x: X, data) log.info("Received unhandled event: " + x) stay case Event(msg, _) log.warning("Received unknown event: " + msg) goto(Error) }
IMPORTANT: This handler is not stacked, meaning that each invocation of whenUnhandled replaces the previously installed handler. Initiating Transitions The result of any stateFunction must be a denition of the next state unless terminating the FSM, which is described in Termination from Inside. The state denition can either be the current state, as described by the stay directive, or it is a different state as given by goto(state). The resulting object allows further qualication by way of the modiers described in the following: forMax(duration) This modier sets a state timeout on the next state. This means that a timer is started which upon expiry sends a StateTimeout message to the FSM. This timer is canceled upon reception of any other message in the meantime; you can rely on the fact that the StateTimeout message will not be processed after an intervening message. This modier can also be used to override any default timeout which is specied for the target state. If you want to cancel the default timeout, use Duration.Inf. using(data) This modier replaces the old state data with the new data given. If you follow the advice above, this is the only place where internal state data are ever modied. replying(msg) This modier sends a reply to the currently processed message and otherwise does not modify the state transition. All modier can be chained to achieve a nice and concise description:
when(SomeState) { case Event(msg, _) goto(Processing) using (newData) forMax (5 seconds) replying (WillDo) }
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The parentheses are not actually needed in all cases, but they visually distinguish between modiers and their arguments and therefore make the code even more pleasant to read for foreigners. Note: Please note that the return statement may not be used in when blocks or similar; this is a Scala restriction. Either refactor your code using if () ... else ... or move it into a method denition.
Monitoring Transitions Transitions occur between states conceptually, which means after any actions you have put into the event handling block; this is obvious since the next state is only dened by the value returned by the event handling logic. You do not need to worry about the exact order with respect to setting the internal state variable, as everything within the FSM actor is running single-threaded anyway.
Internal Monitoring
Up to this point, the FSM DSL has been centered on states and events. The dual view is to describe it as a series of transitions. This is enabled by the method onTransition(handler) which associates actions with a transition instead of with a state and event. The handler is a partial function which takes a pair of states as input; no resulting state is needed as it is not possible to modify the transition in progress.
onTransition { case Idle -> Active setTimer("timeout", Tick, 1 second, true) case Active -> _ cancelTimer("timeout") case x -> Idle log.info("entering Idle from " + x) }
The convenience extractor -> enables decomposition of the pair of states with a clear visual reminder of the transitions direction. As usual in pattern matches, an underscore may be used for irrelevant parts; alternatively you could bind the unconstrained state to a variable, e.g. for logging as shown in the last case. It is also possible to pass a function object accepting two states to onTransition, in case your transition handling logic is implemented as a method:
onTransition(handler _) def handler(from: StateType, to: StateType) { // handle it here ... }
The handlers registered with this method are stacked, so you can intersperse onTransition blocks with when blocks as suits your design. It should be noted, however, that all handlers will be invoked for each transition, not only the rst matching one. This is designed specically so you can put all transition handling for a certain aspect into one place without having to worry about earlier declarations shadowing later ones; the actions are still executed in declaration order, though. Note: This kind of internal monitoring may be used to structure your FSM according to transitions, so that for example the cancellation of a timer upon leaving a certain state cannot be forgot when adding new target states.
External Monitoring
External actors may be registered to be notied of state transitions by sending a message SubscribeTransitionCallBack(actorRef). The named actor will be sent a CurrentState(self, stateName) message immediately and will receive Transition(actorRef, oldState, newState) messages whenever a new state is reached. External 5.13. FSM 218
monitors may be unregistered by sending UnsubscribeTransitionCallBack(actorRef) to the FSM actor. Registering a not-running listener generates a warning and fails gracefully. Stopping a listener without unregistering will remove the listener from the subscription list upon the next transition. Transforming State The partial functions supplied as argument to the when() blocks can be transformed using Scalas full supplement of functional programming tools. In order to retain type inference, there is a helper function which may be used in case some common handling logic shall be applied to different clauses:
when(SomeState)(transform { case Event(bytes: Array[Byte], read) stay using (read + bytes.length) case Event(bytes: List[Byte], read) stay using (read + bytes.size) } using { case s @ FSM.State(state, read, timeout, stopReason, replies) if read > 1000 goto(Processing) })
It goes without saying that the arguments to this method may also be stored, to be used several times, e.g. when applying the same transformation to several when() blocks:
val processingTrigger: PartialFunction[State, State] = { case s @ FSM.State(state, read, timeout, stopReason, replies) if read > 1000 goto(Processing) } when(SomeState)(transform { case Event(bytes: Array[Byte], read) stay using (read + bytes.length) case Event(bytes: List[Byte], read) stay using (read + bytes.size) } using processingTrigger)
Timers Besides state timeouts, FSM manages timers identied by String names. You may set a timer using setTimer(name, msg, interval, repeat) where msg is the message object which will be sent after the duration interval has elapsed. If repeat is true, then the timer is scheduled at xed rate given by the interval parameter. Timers may be canceled using cancelTimer(name) which is guaranteed to work immediately, meaning that the scheduled message will not be processed after this call even if the timer already red and queued it. The status of any timer may be inquired with timerActive_?(name) These named timers complement state timeouts because they are not affected by intervening reception of other messages. Termination from Inside The FSM is stopped by specifying the result state as stop([reason[, data]]) The reason must be one of Normal (which is the default), Shutdown or Failure(reason), and the second argument may be given to change the state data which is available during termination handling.
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Note: It should be noted that stop does not abort the actions and stop the FSM immediately. The stop action must be returned from the event handler in the same way as a state transition (but note that the return statement may not be used within a when block).
when(Error) { case Event("stop", _) // do cleanup ... stop() }
You can use onTermination(handler) to specify custom code that is executed when the FSM is stopped. The handler is a partial function which takes a StopEvent(reason, stateName, stateData) as argument:
onTermination { case StopEvent(FSM.Normal, state, data) // ... case StopEvent(FSM.Shutdown, state, data) // ... case StopEvent(FSM.Failure(cause), state, data) // ... }
As for the whenUnhandled case, this handler is not stacked, so each invocation of onTermination replaces the previously installed handler. Termination from Outside When an ActorRef associated to a FSM is stopped using the stop method, its postStop hook will be executed. The default implementation by the FSM trait is to execute the onTermination handler if that is prepared to handle a StopEvent(Shutdown, ...). Warning: In case you override postStop and want to have your onTermination handler called, do not forget to call super.postStop.
5.13.4 Testing and Debugging Finite State Machines

During development and for trouble shooting FSMs need care just as any other actor. There are specialized tools available as described in Testing Finite State Machines and in the following. Event Tracing The setting akka.actor.debug.fsm in Conguration enables logging of an event trace by LoggingFSM instances:
import akka.actor.LoggingFSM class MyFSM extends Actor with LoggingFSM[StateType, Data] { // body elided ... }
This FSM will log at DEBUG level: all processed events, including StateTimeout and scheduled timer messages every setting and cancellation of named timers all state transitions Life cycle changes and special messages can be logged as described for Actors.
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Rolling Event Log The LoggingFSM trait adds one more feature to the FSM: a rolling event log which may be used during debugging (for tracing how the FSM entered a certain failure state) or for other creative uses:
import akka.actor.LoggingFSM class MyFSM extends Actor with LoggingFSM[StateType, Data] { override def logDepth = 12 onTermination { case StopEvent(FSM.Failure(_), state, data) val lastEvents = getLog.mkString("\n\t") log.warning("Failure in state " + state + " with data " + data + "\n" + "Events leading up to this point:\n\t" + lastEvents) } // ... }
The logDepth defaults to zero, which turns off the event log. Warning: The log buffer is allocated during actor creation, which is why the conguration is done using a virtual method call. If you want to override with a val, make sure that its initialization happens before the initializer of LoggingFSM runs, and do not change the value returned by logDepth after the buffer has been allocated. The contents of the event log are available using method getLog, which returns an IndexedSeq[LogEntry] where the oldest entry is at index zero.
5.13.5 Examples
A bigger FSM example contrasted with Actors become/unbecome can be found in the sources: Dining Hakkers using FSM Dining Hakkers using become
5.14 Software Transactional Memory (Scala)

5.14.1 Overview of STM
An STM turns the Java heap into a transactional data set with begin/commit/rollback semantics. Very much like a regular database. It implements the rst three letters in ACID; ACI: Atomic Consistent Isolated Generally, the STM is not needed very often when working with Akka. Some use-cases (that we can think of) are: When you really need composable message ows across many actors updating their internal local state but need them to do that atomically in one big transaction. Might not be often, but when you do need this then you are screwed without it. When you want to share a datastructure across actors. The use of STM in Akka is inspired by the concepts and views in Clojures STM. Please take the time to read this excellent document about state in clojure and view this presentation by Rich Hickey (the genius behind Clojure).
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5.14.2 Scala STM

The STM supported in Akka is ScalaSTM which will be soon included in the Scala standard library. The STM is based on Transactional References (referred to as Refs). Refs are memory cells, holding an (arbitrary) immutable value, that implement CAS (Compare-And-Swap) semantics and are managed and enforced by the STM for coordinated changes across many Refs.
5.14.3 Persistent Datastructures

Working with immutable collections can sometimes give bad performance due to extensive copying. Scala provides so-called persistent datastructures which makes working with immutable collections fast. They are immutable but with constant time access and modication. They use structural sharing and an insert or update does not ruin the old structure, hence persistent. Makes working with immutable composite types fast. The persistent datastructures currently consist of a Map and Vector.
5.14.4 Integration with Actors

In Akka weve also integrated Actors and STM in Agents (Scala) and Transactors (Scala).
5.15 Agents (Scala)

Agents in Akka are inspired by agents in Clojure. Agents provide asynchronous change of individual locations. Agents are bound to a single storage location for their lifetime, and only allow mutation of that location (to a new state) to occur as a result of an action. Update actions are functions that are asynchronously applied to the Agents state and whose return value becomes the Agents new state. The state of an Agent should be immutable. While updates to Agents are asynchronous, the state of an Agent is always immediately available for reading by any thread (using get or apply) without any messages. Agents are reactive. The update actions of all Agents get interleaved amongst threads in a thread pool. At any point in time, at most one send action for each Agent is being executed. Actions dispatched to an agent from another thread will occur in the order they were sent, potentially interleaved with actions dispatched to the same agent from other sources. If an Agent is used within an enclosing transaction, then it will participate in that transaction. Agents are integrated with Scala STM - any dispatches made in a transaction are held until that transaction commits, and are discarded if it is retried or aborted.
5.15.1 Creating and stopping Agents

Agents are created by invoking Agent(value) passing in the Agents initial value:
import akka.agent.Agent val agent = Agent(5)
Note that creating an Agent requires an implicit ActorSystem (for creating the underlying actors). See Actor Systems for more information about actor systems. An ActorSystem can be in implicit scope when creating an Agent:
import akka.actor.ActorSystem import akka.agent.Agent implicit val system = ActorSystem("app")
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val agent = Agent(5)
Or the ActorSystem can be passed explicitly when creating an Agent:

import akka.actor.ActorSystem import akka.agent.Agent val system = ActorSystem("app") val agent = Agent(5)(system)
An Agent will be running until you invoke close on it. Then it will be eligible for garbage collection (unless you hold on to it in some way).
agent.close()
5.15.2 Updating Agents

You update an Agent by sending a function that transforms the current value or by sending just a new value. The Agent will apply the new value or function atomically and asynchronously. The update is done in a re-forget manner and you are only guaranteed that it will be applied. There is no guarantee of when the update will be applied but dispatches to an Agent from a single thread will occur in order. You apply a value or a function by invoking the send function.
// send a value agent send 7 // send a function agent send (_ + 1) agent send (_ * 2)
You can also dispatch a function to update the internal state but on its own thread. This does not use the reactive thread pool and can be used for long-running or blocking operations. You do this with the sendOff method. Dispatches using either sendOff or send will still be executed in order.
// sendOff a function agent sendOff (longRunningOrBlockingFunction)
5.15.3 Reading an Agents value

Agents can be dereferenced (you can get an Agents value) by invoking the Agent with parentheses like this:
val result = agent()
Or by using the get method:

val result = agent.get
Reading an Agents current value does not involve any message passing and happens immediately. So while updates to an Agent are asynchronous, reading the state of an Agent is synchronous.
5.15.4 Awaiting an Agents value

It is also possible to read the value after all currently queued sends have completed. You can do this with await:
import akka.util.duration._ import akka.util.Timeout
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implicit val timeout = Timeout(5 seconds) val result = agent.await
You can also get a Future to this value, that will be completed after the currently queued updates have completed:
import akka.dispatch.Await implicit val timeout = Timeout(5 seconds) val future = agent.future val result = Await.result(future, timeout.duration)
5.15.5 Transactional Agents

If an Agent is used within an enclosing transaction, then it will participate in that transaction. If you send to an Agent within a transaction then the dispatch to the Agent will be held until that transaction commits, and discarded if the transaction is aborted. Heres an example:
import import import import akka.agent.Agent akka.util.duration._ akka.util.Timeout scala.concurrent.stm._ Agent[Int], to: Agent[Int], amount: Int): Boolean = { amount) false - amount) amount)
def transfer(from: atomic { txn if (from.get < else { from send (_ to send (_ + true } } }
val from = Agent(100) val to = Agent(20) val ok = transfer(from, to, 50) implicit val timeout = Timeout(5 seconds) val fromValue = from.await // -> 50 val toValue = to.await // -> 70
5.15.6 Monadic usage

Agents are also monadic, allowing you to compose operations using for-comprehensions. In monadic usage, new Agents are created leaving the original Agents untouched. So the old values (Agents) are still available as-is. They are so-called persistent. Example of monadic usage:
val agent1 = Agent(3) val agent2 = Agent(5) // uses foreach var result = 0 for (value agent1) { result = value + 1 }
// uses map val agent3 = for (value
agent1) yield value + 1

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// or using map directly val agent4 = agent1 map (_ + 1) // uses flatMap val agent5 = for { value1 agent1 value2 agent2 } yield value1 + value2

5.16 Transactors (Scala)

5.16.1 Why Transactors?
Actors are excellent for solving problems where you have many independent processes that can work in isolation and only interact with other Actors through message passing. This model ts many problems. But the actor model is unfortunately a terrible model for implementing truly shared state. E.g. when you need to have consensus and a stable view of state across many components. The classic example is the bank account where clients can deposit and withdraw, in which each operation needs to be atomic. For detailed discussion on the topic see this JavaOne presentation. STM on the other hand is excellent for problems where you need consensus and a stable view of the state by providing compositional transactional shared state. Some of the really nice traits of STM are that transactions compose, and it raises the abstraction level from lock-based concurrency. Akkas Transactors combine Actors and STM to provide the best of the Actor model (concurrency and asynchronous event-based programming) and STM (compositional transactional shared state) by providing transactional, compositional, asynchronous, event-based message ows. Generally, the STM is not needed very often when working with Akka. Some use-cases (that we can think of) are: When you really need composable message ows across many actors updating their internal local state but need them to do that atomically in one big transaction. Might not be often but when you do need this then you are screwed without it. When you want to share a datastructure across actors.
5.16.2 Actors and STM

You can combine Actors and STM in several ways. An Actor may use STM internally so that particular changes are guaranteed to be atomic. Actors may also share transactional datastructures as the STM provides safe shared state across threads. Its also possible to coordinate transactions across Actors or threads so that either the transactions in a set all commit successfully or they all fail. This is the focus of Transactors and the explicit support for coordinated transactions in this section.
5.16.3 Coordinated transactions

Akka provides an explicit mechanism for coordinating transactions across Actors. Under the hood it uses a CommitBarrier, similar to a CountDownLatch. Here is an example of coordinating two simple counter Actors so that they both increment together in coordinated transactions. If one of them was to fail to increment, the other would also fail.
import akka.actor._ import akka.transactor._ import scala.concurrent.stm._
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case class Increment(friend: Option[ActorRef] = None) case object GetCount class Counter extends Actor { val count = Ref(0) def receive = { case coordinated @ Coordinated(Increment(friend)) { friend foreach (_ ! coordinated(Increment())) coordinated atomic { implicit t count transform (_ + 1) } } case GetCount sender ! count.single.get } } import import import import akka.dispatch.Await akka.util.duration._ akka.util.Timeout akka.pattern.ask
val system = ActorSystem("app") val counter1 = system.actorOf(Props[Counter], name = "counter1") val counter2 = system.actorOf(Props[Counter], name = "counter2") implicit val timeout = Timeout(5 seconds) counter1 ! Coordinated(Increment(Some(counter2))) val count = Await.result(counter1 ? GetCount, timeout.duration) // count == 1
Note that creating a Coordinated object requires a Timeout to be specied for the coordinated transaction. This can be done implicitly, by having an implicit Timeout in scope, or explicitly, by passing the timeout when creating a a Coordinated object. Heres an example of specifying an implicit timeout:
import akka.util.duration._ import akka.util.Timeout implicit val timeout = Timeout(5 seconds)
To start a new coordinated transaction that you will also participate in, just create a Coordinated object (this assumes an implicit timeout):
val coordinated = Coordinated()
To start a coordinated transaction that you wont participate in yourself you can create a Coordinated object with a message and send it directly to an actor. The recipient of the message will be the rst member of the coordination set:
actor ! Coordinated(Message)
To receive a coordinated message in an actor simply match it in a case statement:

def receive = { case coordinated @ Coordinated(Message) { // coordinated atomic ... } }
To include another actor in the same coordinated transaction that youve created or received, use the apply method 5.16. Transactors (Scala) 226
on that object. This will increment the number of parties involved by one and create a new Coordinated object to be sent.
actor ! coordinated(Message)
To enter the coordinated transaction use the atomic method of the coordinated object:
coordinated atomic { implicit t // do something in the coordinated transaction ... }
The coordinated transaction will wait for the other transactions before committing. If any of the coordinated transactions fail then they all fail. Note: The same actor should not be added to a coordinated transaction more than once. The transaction will not be able to complete as an actor only processes a single message at a time. When processing the rst message the coordinated transaction will wait for the commit barrier, which in turn needs the second message to be received to proceed.
5.16.4 Transactor
Transactors are actors that provide a general pattern for coordinating transactions, using the explicit coordination described above. Heres an example of a simple transactor that will join a coordinated transaction:
import akka.transactor._ import scala.concurrent.stm._ case object Increment class Counter extends Transactor { val count = Ref(0) def atomically = implicit txn { case Increment count transform (_ + 1) } }
You could send this Counter transactor a Coordinated(Increment) message. If you were to send it just an Increment message it will create its own Coordinated (but in this particular case wouldnt be coordinating transactions with any other transactors). To coordinate with other transactors override the coordinate method. The coordinate method maps a message to a set of SendTo objects, pairs of ActorRef and a message. You can use the include and sendTo methods to easily coordinate with other transactors. The include method will send on the same message that was received to other transactors. The sendTo method allows you to specify both the actor to send to, and the message to send. Example of coordinating an increment:
import akka.actor._ import akka.transactor._ import scala.concurrent.stm._ case object Increment class FriendlyCounter(friend: ActorRef) extends Transactor { val count = Ref(0) override def coordinate = { case Increment include(friend)
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} def atomically = implicit txn { case Increment count transform (_ + 1) } }
Using include to include more than one transactor:

override def coordinate = { case Message include(actor1, actor2, actor3) }
Using sendTo to coordinate transactions but pass-on a different message than the one that was received:
override def coordinate = { case SomeMessage sendTo(someActor -> SomeOtherMessage) case OtherMessage sendTo(actor1 -> Message1, actor2 -> Message2) }
To execute directly before or after the coordinated transaction, override the before and after methods. These methods also expect partial functions like the receive method. They do not execute within the transaction. To completely bypass coordinated transactions override the normally method. Any message matched by normally will not be matched by the other methods, and will not be involved in coordinated transactions. In this method you can implement normal actor behavior, or use the normal STM atomic for local transactions.
5.17 IO (Scala)
5.17.1 Introduction
This documentation is in progress and some sections may be incomplete. More will be coming.
5.17.2 Components
ByteString A primary goal of Akkas IO module is to only communicate between actors with immutable objects. When dealing with network IO on the jvm Array[Byte] and ByteBuffer are commonly used to represent collections of Bytes, but they are mutable. Scalas collection library also lacks a suitably efcient immutable collection for Bytes. Being able to safely and efciently move Bytes around is very important for this IO module, so ByteString was developed. ByteString is a Rope-like data structure that is immutable and efcient. When 2 ByteStrings are concatenated together they are both stored within the resulting ByteString instead of copying both to a new Array. Operations such as drop and take return ByteStrings that still reference the original Array, but just change the offset and length that is visible. Great care has also been taken to make sure that the internal Array cannot be modied. Whenever a potentially unsafe Array is used to create a new ByteString a defensive copy is created. ByteString inherits all methods from IndexedSeq, and it also has some new ones. For more information, look up the akka.util.ByteString class and its companion object in the ScalaDoc. IO.Handle IO.Handle is an immutable reference to a Java NIO Channel. Passing mutable Channels between Actors could lead to unsafe behavior, so instead subclasses of the IO.Handle trait are used. Currently there are 2
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concrete subclasses: IO.SocketHandle (representing a SocketChannel) and IO.ServerHandle (representing a ServerSocketChannel). IOManager The IOManager takes care of the low level IO details. Each ActorSystem has its own IOManager, which can be accessed calling IOManager(system: ActorSystem). Actors communicate with the IOManager with specic messages. The messages sent from an Actor to the IOManager are handled automatically when using certain methods and the messages sent from an IOManager are handled within an Actors receive method. Connecting to a remote host:
val address = new InetSocketAddress("remotehost", 80) val socket = IOManager(actorSystem).connect(address) val socket = IOManager(actorSystem).connect("remotehost", 80)
Creating a server:
val address = new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 80) val serverSocket = IOManager(actorSystem).listen(address) val serverSocket = IOManager(actorSystem).listen("localhost", 80)
Receiving messages from the IOManager:

def receive = { case IO.Listening(server, address) => println("The server is listening on socket " + address) case IO.Connected(socket, address) => println("Successfully connected to " + address) case IO.NewClient(server) => println("New incoming connection on server") val socket = server.accept() println("Writing to new client socket") socket.write(bytes) println("Closing socket") socket.close() case IO.Read(socket, bytes) => println("Received incoming data from socket") case IO.Closed(socket: IO.SocketHandle, cause) => println("Socket has closed, cause: " + cause) case IO.Closed(server: IO.ServerHandle, cause) => println("Server socket has closed, cause: " + cause) }
IO.Iteratee Included with Akkas IO module is a basic implementation of Iteratees. Iteratees are an effective way of handling a stream of data without needing to wait for all the data to arrive. This is especially useful when dealing with non blocking IO since we will usually receive data in chunks which may not include enough information to process, or it may contain much more data then we currently need.
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This Iteratee implementation is much more basic then what is usually found. There is only support for ByteString input, and enumerators arent used. The reason for this limited implementation is to reduce the amount of explicit type signatures needed and to keep things simple. It is important to note that Akkas Iteratees are completely optional, incoming data can be handled in any way, including other Iteratee libraries. Iteratees work by processing the data that it is given and returning either the result (with any unused input) or a continuation if more input is needed. They are monadic, so methods like flatMap can be used to pass the result of an Iteratee to another. The basic Iteratees included in the IO module can all be found in the ScalaDoc under akka.actor.IO, and some of them are covered in the example below.
5.17.3 Examples
Http Server This example will create a simple high performance HTTP server. We begin with our imports:
import akka.actor._ import akka.util.{ ByteString, ByteStringBuilder } import java.net.InetSocketAddress
Some commonly used constants:

object HttpConstants { val SP = ByteString(" ") val HT = ByteString("\t") val CRLF = ByteString("\r\n") val COLON = ByteString(":") val PERCENT = ByteString("%") val PATH = ByteString("/") val QUERY = ByteString("?") }
And case classes to hold the resulting request:
case class Request(meth: String, path: List[String], query: Option[String], httpver: String, heade case class Header(name: String, value: String)
Now for our rst Iteratee. There are 3 main sections of a HTTP request: the request line, the headers, and an optional body. The main request Iteratee handles each section separately:
object HttpIteratees { import HttpConstants._ def readRequest = for { requestLine readRequestLine (meth, (path, query), httpver) = requestLine headers readHeaders body readBody(headers) } yield Request(meth, path, query, httpver, headers, body)
In the above code readRequest takes the results of 3 different Iteratees (readRequestLine, readHeaders, readBody) and combines them into a single Request object. readRequestLine actually returns a tuple, so we extract its individual components. readBody depends on values contained within the header section, so we must pass those to the method. The request line has 3 parts to it: the HTTP method, the requested URI, and the HTTP version. The parts are separated by a single space, and the entire request line ends with a CRLF.
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def ascii(bytes: ByteString): String = bytes.decodeString("US-ASCII").trim def readRequestLine = for { meth IO takeUntil SP uri readRequestURI _ IO takeUntil SP // ignore the rest httpver IO takeUntil CRLF } yield (ascii(meth), uri, ascii(httpver))

Reading the request method is simple as it is a single string ending in a space. The simple Iteratee that performs this is IO.takeUntil(delimiter: ByteString): Iteratee[ByteString]. It keeps consuming input until the specied delimiter is found. Reading the HTTP version is also a simple string that ends with a CRLF. The ascii method is a helper that takes a ByteString and parses it as a US-ASCII String. Reading the request URI is a bit more complicated because we want to parse the individual components of the URI instead of just returning a simple string:
def readRequestURI = IO peek 1 flatMap { case PATH for { path readPath query readQuery } yield (path, query) case _ sys.error("Not Implemented") }

For this example we are only interested in handling absolute paths. To detect if we the URI is an absolute path we use IO.peek(length: Int): Iteratee[ByteString], which returns a ByteString of the request length but doesnt actually consume the input. We peek at the next bit of input and see if it matches our PATH constant (dened above as ByteString("/")). If it doesnt match we throw an error, but for a more robust solution we would want to handle other valid URIs. Next we handle the path itself:
def readPath = { def step(segments: List[String]): IO.Iteratee[List[String]] = IO peek 1 flatMap { case PATH IO drop 1 flatMap (_ readUriPart(pathchar) flatMap (segment step(segment :: case _ segments match { case "" :: rest IO Done rest.reverse case _ IO Done segments.reverse } } step(Nil) }
The step method is a recursive method that takes a List of the accumulated path segments. It rst checks if the remaining input starts with the PATH constant, and if it does, it drops that input, and returns the readUriPart Iteratee which has its result added to the path segment accumulator and the step method is run again. If after reading in a path segment the next input does not start with a path, we reverse the accumulated segments and return it (dropping the last segment if it is blank). Following the path we read in the query (if it exists):
def readQuery: IO.Iteratee[Option[String]] = IO peek 1 flatMap { case QUERY IO drop 1 flatMap (_ readUriPart(querychar) map (Some(_))) case _ IO Done None }
It is much simpler then reading the path since we arent doing any parsing of the query since there is no standard format of the query string.
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Both the path and query used the readUriPart Iteratee, which is next:
val val val val val val alpha = Set.empty ++ (a to z) ++ (A to Z) map (_.toByte) digit = Set.empty ++ (0 to 9) map (_.toByte) hexdigit = digit ++ (Set.empty ++ (a to f) ++ (A to F) map (_.toByte)) subdelim = Set(!, $, &, \, (, ), *, +, ,, ;, =) map (_.toByte) pathchar = alpha ++ digit ++ subdelim ++ (Set(:, @) map (_.toByte)) querychar = pathchar ++ (Set(/, ?) map (_.toByte))
def readUriPart(allowed: Set[Byte]): IO.Iteratee[String] = for { str IO takeWhile allowed map ascii pchar IO peek 1 map (_ == PERCENT) all if (pchar) readPChar flatMap (ch readUriPart(allowed) map (str + ch + _)) else IO Done } yield all def readPChar = IO take 3 map { case Seq(%, rest @ _*) if rest forall hexdigit java.lang.Integer.parseInt(rest map (_.toChar) mkString, 16).toChar }

Here we have several Sets that contain valid characters pulled from the URI spec. The readUriPart method takes a Set of valid characters (already mapped to Bytes) and will continue to match characters until it reaches on that is not part of the Set. If it is a percent encoded character then that is handled as a valid character and processing continues, or else we are done collecting this part of the URI. Headers are next:
def readHeaders = { def step(found: List[Header]): IO.Iteratee[List[Header]] = { IO peek 2 flatMap { case CRLF IO takeUntil CRLF flatMap (_ IO Done found) case _ readHeader flatMap (header step(header :: found)) } } step(Nil) } def readHeader = for { name IO takeUntil COLON value IO takeUntil CRLF flatMap readMultiLineValue } yield Header(ascii(name), ascii(value))

def readMultiLineValue(initial: ByteString): IO.Iteratee[ByteString] = IO peek 1 flatMap { case SP IO takeUntil CRLF flatMap (bytes readMultiLineValue(initial ++ bytes)) case _ IO Done initial }
And if applicable, we read in the message body:
def readBody(headers: List[Header]) = if (headers.exists(header header.name == "Content-Length" || header.name == "Transfer-Encodin IO.takeAll map (Some(_)) else IO Done None
Finally we get to the actual Actor:

class HttpServer(port: Int) extends Actor { val state = IO.IterateeRef.Map.async[IO.Handle]()(context.dispatcher) override def preStart { IOManager(context.system) listen new InetSocketAddress(port) }
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def receive = { case IO.NewClient(server) val socket = server.accept() state(socket) flatMap (_ HttpServer.processRequest(socket)) case IO.Read(socket, bytes) state(socket)(IO Chunk bytes) case IO.Closed(socket, cause) state(socket)(IO EOF None) state -= socket } }
And its companion object:

object HttpServer { import HttpIteratees._
def processRequest(socket: IO.SocketHandle): IO.Iteratee[Unit] = IO repeat { for { request readRequest } yield { val rsp = request match { case Request("GET", "ping" :: Nil, _, _, headers, _) OKResponse(ByteString("pong"), request.headers.exists { case Header(n, v) n.toLowerCase == "connection" && v.toL case req OKResponse(ByteString("" + req.toString + ""), request.headers.exists { case Header(n, v) n.toLowerCase == "connection" && v.toL } socket write OKResponse.bytes(rsp).compact if (!rsp.keepAlive) socket.close() } }
A main method to start everything up:

object Main extends App { val port = Option(System.getenv("PORT")) map (_.toInt) getOrElse 8080 val system = ActorSystem() val server = system.actorOf(Props(new HttpServer(port))) }
5.18 Testing Actor Systems (Scala)

5.18.1 TestKit Example (Scala)
Ray Roestenburgs example code from his blog adapted to work with Akka 2.x.
package unit.akka import org.scalatest.matchers.ShouldMatchers import org.scalatest.{WordSpec, BeforeAndAfterAll}
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import import import import import import
akka.actor.Actor._ akka.util.duration._ akka.testkit.TestKit java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit akka.actor.{ActorRef, Actor} util.Random
/** * a Test to show some TestKit examples */ class TestKitUsageSpec extends WordSpec with BeforeAndAfterAll with ShouldMatchers with TestKit { val system = ActorSystem() import system._ val echoRef = actorOf(Props(new EchoActor)) val forwardRef = actorOf(Props(new ForwardingActor(testActor))) val filterRef = actorOf(Props(new FilteringActor(testActor))) val randomHead = Random.nextInt(6) val randomTail = Random.nextInt(10) val headList = List().padTo(randomHead, "0") val tailList = List().padTo(randomTail, "1") val seqRef = actorOf(Props(new SequencingActor(testActor, headList, tailList))) override protected def afterAll(): scala.Unit = { stopTestActor echoRef.stop() forwardRef.stop() filterRef.stop() seqRef.stop() } "An EchoActor" should { "Respond with the same message it receives" in { within(100 millis) { echoRef ! "test" expectMsg("test") } } } "A ForwardingActor" should { "Forward a message it receives" in { within(100 millis) { forwardRef ! "test" expectMsg("test") } } } "A FilteringActor" should { "Filter all messages, except expected messagetypes it receives" in { var messages = List[String]() within(100 millis) { filterRef ! "test" expectMsg("test") filterRef ! 1 expectNoMsg filterRef ! "some" filterRef ! "more" filterRef ! 1 filterRef ! "text" filterRef ! 1 receiveWhile(500 millis) { case msg: String => messages = msg :: messages
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} } messages.length should be(3) messages.reverse should be(List("some", "more", "text")) } } "A SequencingActor" should { "receive an interesting message at some point " in { within(100 millis) { seqRef ! "something" ignoreMsg { case msg: String => msg != "something" } expectMsg("something") ignoreMsg { case msg: String => msg == "1" } expectNoMsg } } } } /** * An Actor that echoes everything you send to it */ class EchoActor extends Actor { def receive = { case msg => { self.reply(msg) } } } /** * An Actor that forwards every message to a next Actor */ class ForwardingActor(next: ActorRef) extends Actor { def receive = { case msg => { next ! msg } } } /** * An Actor that only forwards certain messages to a next Actor */ class FilteringActor(next: ActorRef) extends Actor { def receive = { case msg: String => { next ! msg } case _ => None } }
/** * An actor that sends a sequence of messages with a random head list, an interesting value and a * The idea is that you would like to test that the interesting value is received and that you can */ class SequencingActor(next: ActorRef, head: List[String], tail: List[String]) extends Actor { def receive = {
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case msg => { head map (next ! _) next ! msg tail map (next ! _) } } }
As with any piece of software, automated tests are a very important part of the development cycle. The actor model presents a different view on how units of code are delimited and how they interact, which has an inuence on how to perform tests. Akka comes with a dedicated module akka-testkit for supporting tests at different levels, which fall into two clearly distinct categories: Testing isolated pieces of code without involving the actor model, meaning without multiple threads; this implies completely deterministic behavior concerning the ordering of events and no concurrency concerns and will be called Unit Testing in the following. Testing (multiple) encapsulated actors including multi-threaded scheduling; this implies non-deterministic order of events but shielding from concurrency concerns by the actor model and will be called Integration Testing in the following. There are of course variations on the granularity of tests in both categories, where unit testing reaches down to white-box tests and integration testing can encompass functional tests of complete actor networks. The important distinction lies in whether concurrency concerns are part of the test or not. The tools offered are described in detail in the following sections. Note: Be sure to add the module akka-testkit to your dependencies.
5.18.2 Unit Testing with TestActorRef

Testing the business logic inside Actor classes can be divided into two parts: rst, each atomic operation must work in isolation, then sequences of incoming events must be processed correctly, even in the presence of some possible variability in the ordering of events. The former is the primary use case for single-threaded unit testing, while the latter can only be veried in integration tests. Normally, the ActorRef shields the underlying Actor instance from the outside, the only communications channel is the actors mailbox. This restriction is an impediment to unit testing, which led to the inception of the TestActorRef. This special type of reference is designed specically for test purposes and allows access to the actor in two ways: either by obtaining a reference to the underlying actor instance, or by invoking or querying the actors behaviour (receive). Each one warrants its own section below. Obtaining a Reference to an Actor Having access to the actual Actor object allows application of all traditional unit testing techniques on the contained methods. Obtaining a reference is done like this:
import akka.testkit.TestActorRef val actorRef = TestActorRef[MyActor] val actor = actorRef.underlyingActor
Since TestActorRef is generic in the actor type it returns the underlying actor with its proper static type. From this point on you may bring any unit testing tool to bear on your actor as usual.
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Expecting Exceptions Testing that an expected exception is thrown while processing a message sent to the actor under test can be done by using a TestActorRef receive based invocation:
import akka.testkit.TestActorRef val actorRef = TestActorRef(new Actor { def receive = { case boom throw new IllegalArgumentException("boom") } }) intercept[IllegalArgumentException] { actorRef.receive("hello") }
Testing Finite State Machines If your actor under test is a FSM, you may use the special TestFSMRef which offers all features of a normal TestActorRef and in addition allows access to the internal state:
import akka.testkit.TestFSMRef import akka.actor.FSM import akka.util.duration._ val fsm = TestFSMRef(new Actor with FSM[Int, String] { startWith(1, "") when(1) { case Event("go", _) goto(2) using "go" } when(2) { case Event("back", _) goto(1) using "back" } }) assert(fsm.stateName == 1) assert(fsm.stateData == "") fsm ! "go" // being a TestActorRef, this runs also on the CallingThreadDispatcher assert(fsm.stateName == 2) assert(fsm.stateData == "go") fsm.setState(stateName = 1) assert(fsm.stateName == 1) assert(fsm.timerActive_?("test") == fsm.setTimer("test", 12, 10 millis, assert(fsm.timerActive_?("test") == fsm.cancelTimer("test") assert(fsm.timerActive_?("test") == false) true) true) false)
Due to a limitation in Scalas type inference, there is only the factory method shown above, so you will probably write code like TestFSMRef(new MyFSM) instead of the hypothetical ActorRef-inspired TestFSMRef[MyFSM]. All methods shown above directly access the FSM state without any synchronization; this is perfectly alright if the CallingThreadDispatcher is used (which is the default for TestFSMRef) and no other threads are involved, but it may lead to surprises if you were to actually exercise timer events, because those are executed on the Scheduler thread. Testing the Actors Behavior When the dispatcher invokes the processing behavior of an actor on a message, it actually calls apply on the current behavior registered for the actor. This starts out with the return value of the declared receive method,
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but it may also be changed using become and unbecome in response to external messages. All of this contributes to the overall actor behavior and it does not lend itself to easy testing on the Actor itself. Therefore the TestActorRef offers a different mode of operation to complement the Actor testing: it supports all operations also valid on normal ActorRef. Messages sent to the actor are processed synchronously on the current thread and answers may be sent back as usual. This trick is made possible by the CallingThreadDispatcher described below; this dispatcher is set implicitly for any actor instantiated into a TestActorRef.
import import import import akka.testkit.TestActorRef akka.util.duration._ akka.dispatch.Await akka.pattern.ask
val actorRef = TestActorRef(new MyActor) // hypothetical message stimulating a 42 answer val result = Await.result((actorRef ? Say42), 5 seconds).asInstanceOf[Int] result must be(42)
As the TestActorRef is a subclass of LocalActorRef with a few special extras, also aspects like supervision and restarting work properly, but beware that execution is only strictly synchronous as long as all actors involved use the CallingThreadDispatcher. As soon as you add elements which include more sophisticated scheduling you leave the realm of unit testing as you then need to think about asynchronicity again (in most cases the problem will be to wait until the desired effect had a chance to happen). One more special aspect which is overridden for single-threaded tests is the receiveTimeout, as including that would entail asynchronous queuing of ReceiveTimeout messages, violating the synchronous contract. Warning: To summarize: TestActorRef overwrites two elds: it sets the dispatcher to CallingThreadDispatcher.global and it sets the receiveTimeout to None.
The Way In-Between If you want to test the actor behavior, including hotswapping, but without involving a dispatcher and without having the TestActorRef swallow any thrown exceptions, then there is another mode available for you: just use the receive method TestActorRef, which will be forwarded to the underlying actor:
import akka.testkit.TestActorRef system.eventStream.subscribe(testActor, classOf[UnhandledMessage]) val ref = TestActorRef[MyActor] ref.receive(Unknown) expectMsg(1 second, UnhandledMessage(Unknown, system.deadLetters, ref))
The above sample assumes the default behavior for unhandled messages, i.e. that the actor doesnt swallow all messages and doesnt override unhandled. Use Cases You may of course mix and match both modi operandi of TestActorRef as suits your test needs: one common use case is setting up the actor into a specic internal state before sending the test message another is to verify correct internal state transitions after having sent the test message Feel free to experiment with the possibilities, and if you nd useful patterns, dont hesitate to let the Akka forums know about them! Who knows, common operations might even be worked into nice DSLs.
5.18.3 Integration Testing with TestKit

When you are reasonably sure that your actors business logic is correct, the next step is verifying that it works correctly within its intended environment (if the individual actors are simple enough, possibly because they use the
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FSM module, this might also be the rst step). The denition of the environment depends of course very much on the problem at hand and the level at which you intend to test, ranging for functional/integration tests to full system tests. The minimal setup consists of the test procedure, which provides the desired stimuli, the actor under test, and an actor receiving replies. Bigger systems replace the actor under test with a network of actors, apply stimuli at varying injection points and arrange results to be sent from different emission points, but the basic principle stays the same in that a single procedure drives the test. The TestKit class contains a collection of tools which makes this common task easy.
import import import import import import import import akka.actor.ActorSystem akka.actor.Actor akka.actor.Props akka.testkit.TestKit org.scalatest.WordSpec org.scalatest.matchers.MustMatchers org.scalatest.BeforeAndAfterAll akka.testkit.ImplicitSender
object MySpec { class EchoActor extends Actor { def receive = { case x sender ! x } } } class MySpec(_system: ActorSystem) extends TestKit(_system) with ImplicitSender with WordSpec with MustMatchers with BeforeAndAfterAll { def this() = this(ActorSystem("MySpec")) import MySpec._ override def afterAll { system.shutdown() } "An Echo actor" must { "send back messages unchanged" in { val echo = system.actorOf(Props[EchoActor]) echo ! "hello world" expectMsg("hello world") } } }
The TestKit contains an actor named testActor which is the entry point for messages to be examined with the various expectMsg... assertions detailed below. When mixing in the trait ImplicitSender this test actor is implicitly used as sender reference when dispatching messages from the test procedure. The testActor may also be passed to other actors as usual, usually subscribing it as notication listener. There is a whole set of examination methods, e.g. receiving all consecutive messages matching certain criteria, receiving a whole sequence of xed messages or classes, receiving nothing for some time, etc. Remember to shut down the actor system after the test is nished (also in case of failure) so that all actorsincluding the test actorare stopped. Built-In Assertions The above mentioned expectMsg is not the only method for formulating assertions concerning received messages. Here is the full list:
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expectMsg[T](d:
Duration, msg:
T): T
The given message object must be received within the specied time; the object will be returned. expectMsgPF[T](d: Duration)(pf: PartialFunction[Any, T]): T
Within the given time period, a message must be received and the given partial function must be dened for that message; the result from applying the partial function to the received message is returned. The duration may be left unspecied (empty parentheses are required in this case) to use the deadline from the innermost enclosing within block instead. expectMsgClass[T](d: Duration, c: Class[T]): T
An object which is an instance of the given Class must be received within the allotted time frame; the object will be returned. Note that this does a conformance check; if you need the class to be equal, have a look at expectMsgAllClassOf with a single given class argument. expectMsgType[T: Manifest](d: Duration)
An object which is an instance of the given type (after erasure) must be received within the allotted time frame; the object will be returned. This method is approximately equivalent to expectMsgClass(manifest[T].erasure). expectMsgAnyOf[T](d: Duration, obj: T*): T
An object must be received within the given time, and it must be equal ( compared with ==) to at least one of the passed reference objects; the received object will be returned. expectMsgAnyClassOf[T](d: Duration, obj: Class[_ <: T]*): T
An object must be received within the given time, and it must be an instance of at least one of the supplied Class objects; the received object will be returned. expectMsgAllOf[T](d: Duration, obj: T*): Seq[T]
A number of objects matching the size of the supplied object array must be received within the given time, and for each of the given objects there must exist at least one among the received ones which equals (compared with ==) it. The full sequence of received objects is returned. expectMsgAllClassOf[T](d: Duration, c: Class[_ <: T]*): Seq[T]
A number of objects matching the size of the supplied Class array must be received within the given time, and for each of the given classes there must exist at least one among the received objects whose class equals (compared with ==) it (this is not a conformance check). The full sequence of received objects is returned. expectMsgAllConformingOf[T](d: Duration, c: Class[_ <: T]*): Seq[T]
A number of objects matching the size of the supplied Class array must be received within the given time, and for each of the given classes there must exist at least one among the received objects which is an instance of this class. The full sequence of received objects is returned. expectNoMsg(d: Duration)
No message must be received within the given time. This also fails if a message has been received before calling this method which has not been removed from the queue using one of the other methods. receiveN(n: Int, d: Duration): Seq[AnyRef]
n messages must be received within the given time; the received messages are returned. fishForMessage(max: Boolean]): Any Duration, hint: String)(pf: PartialFunction[Any,
Keep receiving messages as long as the time is not used up and the partial function matches and returns false. Returns the message received for which it returned true or throws an exception, which will include the provided hint for easier debugging. In addition to message reception assertions there are also methods which help with message ows:
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receiveOne(d:
Duration):
AnyRef
Tries to receive one message for at most the given time interval and returns null in case of failure. If the given Duration is zero, the call is non-blocking (polling mode). receiveWhile[T](max: Duration, idle: PartialFunction[Any, T]): Seq[T] Collect messages as long as they are matching the given partial function the given time interval is not used up the next message is received within the idle timeout the number of messages has not yet reached the maximum All collected messages are returned. The maximum duration defaults to the time remaining in the innermost enclosing within block and the idle duration defaults to innity (thereby disabling the idle timeout feature). The number of expected messages defaults to Int.MaxValue, which effectively disables this limit. awaitCond(p: => Boolean, max: Duration, interval: Duration) Duration, messages: Int)(pf:
Poll the given condition every interval until it returns true or the max duration is used up. The interval defaults to 100 ms and the maximum defaults to the time remaining in the innermost enclosing within block. ignoreMsg(pf: ignoreNoMsg The internal testActor contains a partial function for ignoring messages: it will only enqueue messages which do not match the function or for which the function returns false. This function can be set and reset using the methods given above; each invocation replaces the previous function, they are not composed. This feature is useful e.g. when testing a logging system, where you want to ignore regular messages and are only interested in your specic ones. Expecting Exceptions Since an integration test does not allow to the internal processing of the participating actors, verifying expected exceptions cannot be done directly. Instead, use the logging system for this purpose: replacing the normal event handler with the TestEventListener and using an EventFilter allows assertions on log messages, including those which are generated by exceptions:
import akka.testkit.EventFilter import com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory implicit val system = ActorSystem("testsystem", ConfigFactory.parseString(""" akka.event-handlers = ["akka.testkit.TestEventListener"] """)) try { val actor = system.actorOf(Props.empty) EventFilter[ActorKilledException](occurrences = 1) intercept { actor ! Kill } } finally { system.shutdown() }
PartialFunction[AnyRef, Boolean])
Timing Assertions Another important part of functional testing concerns timing: certain events must not happen immediately (like a timer), others need to happen before a deadline. Therefore, all examination methods accept an upper time limit
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within the positive or negative result must be obtained. Lower time limits need to be checked external to the examination, which is facilitated by a new construct for managing time constraints:
within([min, ]max) { ... }
The block given to within must complete after a Duration which is between min and max, where the former defaults to zero. The deadline calculated by adding the max parameter to the blocks start time is implicitly available within the block to all examination methods, if you do not specify it, is is inherited from the innermost enclosing within block. It should be noted that if the last message-receiving assertion of the block is expectNoMsg or receiveWhile, the nal check of the within is skipped in order to avoid false positives due to wake-up latencies. This means that while individual contained assertions still use the maximum time bound, the overall block may take arbitrarily longer in this case.
import akka.actor.Props import akka.util.duration._ val worker = system.actorOf(Props[Worker]) within(200 millis) { worker ! "some work" expectMsg("some result") expectNoMsg // will block for the rest of the 200ms Thread.sleep(300) // will NOT make this block fail }
Note: All times are measured using System.nanoTime, meaning that they describe wall time, not CPU time. Ray Roestenburg has written a great article on using the TestKit: http://roestenburg.agilesquad.com/2011/02/unittesting-akka-actors-with-testkit_12.html. His full example is also available here.
Accounting for Slow Test Systems
The tight timeouts you use during testing on your lightning-fast notebook will invariably lead to spurious test failures on the heavily loaded Jenkins server (or similar). To account for this situation, all maximum durations are internally scaled by a factor taken from the Conguration, akka.test.timefactor, which defaults to 1. You can scale other durations with the same factor by using the implicit conversion in akka.testkit package object to add dilated function to Duration.
import akka.util.duration._ import akka.testkit._ 10.milliseconds.dilated
Resolving Conicts with Implicit ActorRef If you want the sender of messages inside your TestKit-based tests to be the testActor simply mix in mplicitSender into your test.
class MySpec(_system: ActorSystem) extends TestKit(_system) with ImplicitSender with WordSpec with MustMatchers with BeforeAndAfterAll {
Using Multiple Probe Actors When the actors under test are supposed to send various messages to different destinations, it may be difcult distinguishing the message streams arriving at the testActor when using the TestKit as a mixin. Another
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approach is to use it for creation of simple probe actors to be inserted in the message ows. To make this more powerful and convenient, there is a concrete implementation called TestProbe. The functionality is best explained using a small example:
import import import import akka.testkit.TestProbe akka.util.duration._ akka.actor._ akka.dispatch.Futures
class MyDoubleEcho extends Actor { var dest1: ActorRef = _ var dest2: ActorRef = _ def receive = { case (d1: ActorRef, d2: ActorRef) dest1 = d1 dest2 = d2 case x dest1 ! x dest2 ! x } } val probe1 = TestProbe() val probe2 = TestProbe() val actor = system.actorOf(Props[MyDoubleEcho]) actor ! (probe1.ref, probe2.ref) actor ! "hello" probe1.expectMsg(500 millis, "hello") probe2.expectMsg(500 millis, "hello")
Here a the system under test is simulated by MyDoubleEcho, which is supposed to mirror its input to two outputs. Attaching two test probes enables verication of the (simplistic) behavior. Another example would be two actors A and B which collaborate by A sending messages to B. In order to verify this message ow, a TestProbe could be inserted as target of A, using the forwarding capabilities or auto-pilot described below to include a real B in the test setup. Probes may also be equipped with custom assertions to make your test code even more concise and clear:
case class Update(id: Int, value: String) val probe = new TestProbe(system) { def expectUpdate(x: Int) = { expectMsgPF() { case Update(id, _) if id == x true } sender ! "ACK" } }
You have complete exibility here in mixing and matching the TestKit facilities with your own checks and choosing an intuitive name for it. In real life your code will probably be a bit more complicated than the example given above; just use the power!
Replying to Messages Received by Probes
The probes keep track of the communications channel for replies, if possible, so they can also reply:
val probe = TestProbe() val future = probe.ref ? "hello" probe.expectMsg(0 millis, "hello") // TestActor runs on CallingThreadDispatcher probe.sender ! "world" assert(future.isCompleted && future.value == Some(Right("world")))
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Forwarding Messages Received by Probes
Given a destination actor dest which in the nominal actor network would receive a message from actor source. If you arrange for the message to be sent to a TestProbe probe instead, you can make assertions concerning volume and timing of the message ow while still keeping the network functioning:
class Source(target: ActorRef) extends Actor { def receive = { case "start" target ! "work" } } class Destination extends Actor { def receive = { case x // Do something.. } } val probe = TestProbe() val source = system.actorOf(Props(new Source(probe.ref))) val dest = system.actorOf(Props[Destination]) source ! "start" probe.expectMsg("work") probe.forward(dest)
The dest actor will receive the same message invocation as if no test probe had intervened.
Auto-Pilot
Receiving messages in a queue for later inspection is nice, but in order to keep a test running and verify traces later you can also install an AutoPilot in the participating test probes (actually in any TestKit) which is invoked before enqueueing to the inspection queue. This code can be used to forward messages, e.g. in a chain A --> Probe --> B, as long as a certain protocol is obeyed.
val probe = TestProbe() probe.setAutoPilot(new TestActor.AutoPilot { def run(sender: ActorRef, msg: Any): Option[TestActor.AutoPilot] = msg match { case "stop" None case x testActor.tell(x, sender); Some(this) } })
The run method must return the auto-pilot for the next message, wrapped in an Option; setting it to None terminates the auto-pilot.
Caution about Timing Assertions
The behavior of within blocks when using test probes might be perceived as counter-intuitive: you need to remember that the nicely scoped deadline as described above is local to each probe. Hence, probes do not react to each others deadlines or to the deadline set in an enclosing TestKit instance:
class SomeTest extends TestKit(_system: ActorSystem) with ImplicitSender { val probe = TestProbe() within(100 millis) { probe.expectMsg("hallo") } }
// Will hang forever!
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This test will hang indenitely, because the expectMsg call does not see any deadline. Currently, the only option is to use probe.within in the above code to make it work; later versions may include lexically scoped deadlines using implicit arguments.
5.18.4 CallingThreadDispatcher
The CallingThreadDispatcher serves good purposes in unit testing, as described above, but originally it was conceived in order to allow contiguous stack traces to be generated in case of an error. As this special dispatcher runs everything which would normally be queued directly on the current thread, the full history of a messages processing chain is recorded on the call stack, so long as all intervening actors run on this dispatcher. How to use it Just set the dispatcher as you normally would:
import akka.testkit.CallingThreadDispatcher val ref = system.actorOf(Props[MyActor].withDispatcher(CallingThreadDispatcher.Id))
How it works When receiving an invocation, the CallingThreadDispatcher checks whether the receiving actor is already active on the current thread. The simplest example for this situation is an actor which sends a message to itself. In this case, processing cannot continue immediately as that would violate the actor model, so the invocation is queued and will be processed when the active invocation on that actor nishes its processing; thus, it will be processed on the calling thread, but simply after the actor nishes its previous work. In the other case, the invocation is simply processed immediately on the current thread. Futures scheduled via this dispatcher are also executed immediately. This scheme makes the CallingThreadDispatcher work like a general purpose dispatcher for any actors which never block on external events. In the presence of multiple threads it may happen that two invocations of an actor running on this dispatcher happen on two different threads at the same time. In this case, both will be processed directly on their respective threads, where both compete for the actors lock and the loser has to wait. Thus, the actor model is left intact, but the price is loss of concurrency due to limited scheduling. In a sense this is equivalent to traditional mutex style concurrency. The other remaining difculty is correct handling of suspend and resume: when an actor is suspended, subsequent invocations will be queued in thread-local queues (the same ones used for queuing in the normal case). The call to resume, however, is done by one specic thread, and all other threads in the system will probably not be executing this specic actor, which leads to the problem that the thread-local queues cannot be emptied by their native threads. Hence, the thread calling resume will collect all currently queued invocations from all threads into its own queue and process them. Limitations If an actors behavior blocks on a something which would normally be affected by the calling actor after having sent the message, this will obviously dead-lock when using this dispatcher. This is a common scenario in actor tests based on CountDownLatch for synchronization:
val latch = new CountDownLatch(1) actor ! startWorkAfter(latch) // actor will call latch.await() before proceeding doSomeSetupStuff() latch.countDown()
The example would hang indenitely within the message processing initiated on the second line and never reach the fourth line, which would unblock it on a normal dispatcher.
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Thus, keep in mind that the CallingThreadDispatcher is not a general-purpose replacement for the normal dispatchers. On the other hand it may be quite useful to run your actor network on it for testing, because if it runs without dead-locking chances are very high that it will not dead-lock in production. Warning: The above sentence is unfortunately not a strong guarantee, because your code might directly or indirectly change its behavior when running on a different dispatcher. If you are looking for a tool to help you debug dead-locks, the CallingThreadDispatcher may help with certain error scenarios, but keep in mind that it has may give false negatives as well as false positives.
Benets To summarize, these are the features with the CallingThreadDispatcher has to offer: Deterministic execution of single-threaded tests while retaining nearly full actor semantics Full message processing history leading up to the point of failure in exception stack traces Exclusion of certain classes of dead-lock scenarios
5.18.5 Tracing Actor Invocations

The testing facilities described up to this point were aiming at formulating assertions about a systems behavior. If a test fails, it is usually your job to nd the cause, x it and verify the test again. This process is supported by debuggers as well as logging, where the Akka toolkit offers the following options: Logging of exceptions thrown within Actor instances This is always on; in contrast to the other logging mechanisms, this logs at ERROR level. Logging of message invocations on certain actors This is enabled by a setting in the Conguration namely akka.actor.debug.receive which enables the loggable statement to be applied to an actors receive function:
import akka.event.LoggingReceive def receive = LoggingReceive { case msg // Do something... }
. If the abovementioned setting is not given in the Conguration, this method will pass through the given Receive function unmodied, meaning that there is no runtime cost unless actually enabled. The logging feature is coupled to this specic local mark-up because enabling it uniformly on all actors is not usually what you need, and it would lead to endless loops if it were applied to EventHandler listeners. Logging of special messages Actors handle certain special messages automatically, e.g. Kill, PoisonPill, etc. Tracing of these message invocations is enabled by the setting akka.actor.debug.autoreceive, which enables this on all actors. Logging of the actor lifecycle Actor creation, start, restart, monitor start, monitor stop and stop may be traced by enabling the setting akka.actor.debug.lifecycle; this, too, is enabled uniformly on all actors. All these messages are logged at DEBUG level. To summarize, you can enable full logging of actor activities using this conguration fragment:
akka { loglevel = DEBUG actor { debug {
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receive = on autoreceive = on lifecycle = on } } }
5.19 Akka Extensions (Scala)

If you want to add features to Akka, there is a very elegant, but powerful mechanism for doing so. Its called Akka Extensions and is comprised of 2 basic components: an Extension and an ExtensionId. Extensions will only be loaded once per ActorSystem, which will be managed by Akka. You can choose to have your Extension loaded on-demand or at ActorSystem creation time through the Akka conguration. Details on how to make that happens are below, in the Loading from Conguration section. Warning: Since an extension is a way to hook into Akka itself, the implementor of the extension needs to ensure the thread safety of his/her extension.
5.19.1 Building an Extension

So lets create a sample extension that just lets us count the number of times something has happened. First, we dene what our Extension should do:
import akka.actor.Extension class CountExtensionImpl extends Extension { //Since this Extension is a shared instance // per ActorSystem we need to be threadsafe private val counter = new AtomicLong(0) //This is the operation this Extension provides def increment() = counter.incrementAndGet() }
Then we need to create an ExtensionId for our extension so we can grab ahold of it.
import akka.actor.ExtensionId import akka.actor.ExtensionIdProvider import akka.actor.ExtendedActorSystem object CountExtension extends ExtensionId[CountExtensionImpl] with ExtensionIdProvider { //The lookup method is required by ExtensionIdProvider, // so we return ourselves here, this allows us // to configure our extension to be loaded when // the ActorSystem starts up override def lookup = CountExtension //This method will be called by Akka // to instantiate our Extension override def createExtension(system: ExtendedActorSystem) = new CountExtensionImpl }
Wicked! Now all we need to do is to actually use it:
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CountExtension(system).increment
Or from inside of an Akka Actor:

class MyActor extends Actor { def receive = { case someMessage CountExtension(context.system).increment() } }
You can also hide extension behind traits:

trait Counting { self: Actor def increment() = CountExtension(context.system).increment() } class MyCounterActor extends Actor with Counting { def receive = { case someMessage increment() } }
Thats all there is to it!
5.19.2 Loading from Conguration

To be able to load extensions from your Akka conguration you must add FQCNs of implementations of either ExtensionId or ExtensionIdProvider in the akka.extensions section of the cong you provide to your ActorSystem.
akka { extensions = ["akka.docs.extension.CountExtension$"] }
Note that in this case CountExtension is an object and therefore the class name ends with $.
5.19.3 Applicability
The sky is the limit! By the way, did you know that Akkas Typed Actors, Serialization and other features are implemented as Akka Extensions? Application specic settings The Conguration can be used for application specic settings. A good practice is to place those settings in an Extension. Sample conguration:
myapp { db { uri = "mongodb://example1.com:27017,example2.com:27017" } circuit-breaker { timeout = 30 seconds } }
The Extension:
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import import import import import import import
akka.actor.Extension akka.actor.ExtensionId akka.actor.ExtensionIdProvider akka.actor.ExtendedActorSystem akka.util.Duration com.typesafe.config.Config java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
class SettingsImpl(config: Config) extends Extension { val DbUri: String = config.getString("myapp.db.uri") val CircuitBreakerTimeout: Duration = Duration(config.getMilliseconds("myapp.circuit-breaker.tim } object Settings extends ExtensionId[SettingsImpl] with ExtensionIdProvider { override def lookup = Settings
override def createExtension(system: ExtendedActorSystem) = new SettingsImpl(system.settings.con }
Use it:
class MyActor extends Actor { val settings = Settings(context.system) val connection = connect(settings.DbUri, settings.CircuitBreakerTimeout)
5.20 ZeroMQ (Scala)

Akka provides a ZeroMQ module which abstracts a ZeroMQ connection and therefore allows interaction between Akka actors to take place over ZeroMQ connections. The messages can be of a proprietary format or they can be dened using Protobuf. The socket actor is fault-tolerant by default and when you use the newSocket method to create new sockets it will properly reinitialize the socket. ZeroMQ is very opinionated when it comes to multi-threading so conguration option akka.zeromq.socketdispatcher always needs to be congured to a PinnedDispatcher, because the actual ZeroMQ socket can only be accessed by the thread that created it. The ZeroMQ module for Akka is written against an API introduced in JZMQ, which uses JNI to interact with the native ZeroMQ library. Instead of using JZMQ, the module uses ZeroMQ binding for Scala that uses the native ZeroMQ library through JNA. In other words, the only native library that this module requires is the native ZeroMQ library. The benet of the scala library is that you dont need to compile and manage native dependencies at the cost of some runtime performance. The scala-bindings are compatible with the JNI bindings so they are a drop-in replacement, in case you really need to get that extra bit of performance out.
5.20.1 Connection
ZeroMQ supports multiple connectivity patterns, each aimed to meet a different set of requirements. Currently, this module supports publisher-subscriber connections and connections based on dealers and routers. For connecting or accepting connections, a socket must be created. Sockets are always created using the akka.zeromq.ZeroMQExtension, for example:
import akka.zeromq.ZeroMQExtension val pubSocket = ZeroMQExtension(system).newSocket(SocketType.Pub, Bind("tcp://127.0.0.1:21231"))
or by importing the akka.zeromq._ package to make newSocket method available on system, via an implicit conversion.
import akka.zeromq._ val pubSocket2 = system.newSocket(SocketType.Pub, Bind("tcp://127.0.0.1:21232"))
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Above examples will create a ZeroMQ Publisher socket that is Bound to the port 1234 on localhost. Similarly you can create a subscription socket, with a listener, that subscribes to all messages from the publisher using:
import akka.zeromq._ val listener = system.actorOf(Props(new Actor { def receive: Receive = { case Connecting //... case m: ZMQMessage //... case _ //... } })) val subSocket = system.newSocket(SocketType.Sub, Listener(listener), Connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:2123
The following sub-sections describe the supported connection patterns and how they can be used in an Akka environment. However, for a comprehensive discussion of connection patterns, please refer to ZeroMQ The Guide. Publisher-Subscriber Connection In a publisher-subscriber (pub-sub) connection, the publisher accepts one or more subscribers. Each subscriber shall subscribe to one or more topics, whereas the publisher publishes messages to a set of topics. Also, a subscriber can subscribe to all available topics. In an Akka environment, pub-sub connections shall be used when an actor sends messages to one or more actors that do not interact with the actor that sent the message. When youre using zeromq pub/sub you should be aware that it needs multicast - check your cloud - to work properly and that the ltering of events for topics happens client side, so all events are always broadcasted to every subscriber. An actor is subscribed to a topic as follows:
val subTopicSocket = system.newSocket(SocketType.Sub, Listener(listener), Connect("tcp://127.0.0.1
It is a prex match so it is subscribed to all topics starting with foo.bar. Note that if the given string is empty or SubscribeAll is used, the actor is subscribed to all topics. To unsubscribe from a topic you do the following:
subTopicSocket ! Unsubscribe("foo.bar")
To publish messages to a topic you must use two Frames with the topic in the rst frame.
pubSocket ! ZMQMessage(Seq(Frame("foo.bar"), Frame(payload)))
Pub-Sub in Action
The following example illustrates one publisher with two subscribers. The publisher monitors current heap usage and system load and periodically publishes Heap events on the "health.heap" topic and Load events on the "health.load" topic.
import import import import import import akka.zeromq._ akka.actor.Actor akka.actor.Props akka.actor.ActorLogging akka.serialization.SerializationExtension java.lang.management.ManagementFactory
case object Tick case class Heap(timestamp: Long, used: Long, max: Long) case class Load(timestamp: Long, loadAverage: Double)
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class HealthProbe extends Actor { val val val val pubSocket = context.system.newSocket(SocketType.Pub, Bind("tcp://127.0.0.1:1235")) memory = ManagementFactory.getMemoryMXBean os = ManagementFactory.getOperatingSystemMXBean ser = SerializationExtension(context.system)
override def preStart() { context.system.scheduler.schedule(1 second, 1 second, self, Tick) } override def postRestart(reason: Throwable) { // dont call preStart, only schedule once } def receive: Receive = { case Tick val currentHeap = memory.getHeapMemoryUsage val timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis
// use akka SerializationExtension to convert to bytes val heapPayload = ser.serialize(Heap(timestamp, currentHeap.getUsed, currentHeap.getMax)).fo // the first frame is the topic, second is the message pubSocket ! ZMQMessage(Seq(Frame("health.heap"), Frame(heapPayload)))
// use akka SerializationExtension to convert to bytes val loadPayload = ser.serialize(Load(timestamp, os.getSystemLoadAverage)).fold(throw _, iden // the first frame is the topic, second is the message pubSocket ! ZMQMessage(Seq(Frame("health.load"), Frame(loadPayload))) } } system.actorOf(Props[HealthProbe], name = "health")
Lets add one subscriber that logs the information. It subscribes to all topics starting with "health", i.e. both Heap and Load events.
class Logger extends Actor with ActorLogging {
context.system.newSocket(SocketType.Sub, Listener(self), Connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:1235"), Subscr val ser = SerializationExtension(context.system) val timestampFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss.SSS")
def receive = { // the first frame is the topic, second is the message case m: ZMQMessage if m.firstFrameAsString == "health.heap" ser.deserialize(m.payload(1), classOf[Heap]) match { case Right(Heap(timestamp, used, max)) log.info("Used heap {} bytes, at {}", used, timestampFormat.format(new Date(timestamp))) case Left(e) throw e }
case m: ZMQMessage if m.firstFrameAsString == "health.load" ser.deserialize(m.payload(1), classOf[Load]) match { case Right(Load(timestamp, loadAverage)) log.info("Load average {}, at {}", loadAverage, timestampFormat.format(new Date(timestam case Left(e) throw e } } } system.actorOf(Props[Logger], name = "logger")
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Another subscriber keep track of used heap and warns if too much heap is used. It only subscribes to Heap events.
class HeapAlerter extends Actor with ActorLogging {
context.system.newSocket(SocketType.Sub, Listener(self), Connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:1235"), Subscr val ser = SerializationExtension(context.system) var count = 0 def receive = { // the first frame is the topic, second is the message case m: ZMQMessage if m.firstFrameAsString == "health.heap" ser.deserialize(m.payload(1), classOf[Heap]) match { case Right(Heap(timestamp, used, max)) if ((used.toDouble / max) > 0.9) count += 1 else count = 0 if (count > 10) log.warning("Need more memory, using {} %", (100.0 * used / max)) case Left(e) throw e } } } system.actorOf(Props[HeapAlerter], name = "alerter")
Router-Dealer Connection While Pub/Sub is nice the real advantage of zeromq is that it is a lego-box for reliable messaging. And because there are so many integrations the multi-language support is fantastic. When youre using ZeroMQ to integrate many systems youll probably need to build your own ZeroMQ devices. This is where the router and dealer socket types come in handy. With those socket types you can build your own reliable pub sub broker that uses TCP/IP and does publisher side ltering of events. To create a Router socket that has a high watermark congured, you would do:
val highWatermarkSocket = system.newSocket( SocketType.Router, Listener(listener), Bind("tcp://127.0.0.1:21233"), HighWatermark(50000))
The akka-zeromq module accepts most if not all the available conguration options for a zeromq socket. Push-Pull Connection Akka ZeroMQ module supports Push-Pull connections. You can create a Push connection through the:
def newPushSocket(socketParameters: Array[SocketOption]): ActorRef
You can create a Pull connection through the:

def newPullSocket(socketParameters: Array[SocketOption]): ActorRef
More documentation and examples will follow soon. Rep-Req Connection Akka ZeroMQ module supports Rep-Req connections. You can create a Rep connection through the:
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def newRepSocket(socketParameters: Array[SocketOption]): ActorRef
You can create a Req connection through the:

def newReqSocket(socketParameters: Array[SocketOption]): ActorRef
More documentation and examples will follow soon.
5.21 Microkernel (Scala)

The Akka Microkernel is included in the Akka download found at downloads. To run an application with the microkernel you need to create a Bootable class that handles the startup and shutdown the application. An example is included below. Put your application jar in the deploy directory to have it automatically loaded. To start the kernel use the scripts in the bin directory, passing the boot classes for your application. There is a simple example of an application setup for running with the microkernel included in the akka download. This can be run with the following command (on a unix-based system):
bin/akka sample.kernel.hello.HelloKernel
Use Ctrl-C to interrupt and exit the microkernel. On a Windows machine you can also use the bin/akka.bat script. The code for the Hello Kernel example (see the HelloKernel class for an example of creating a Bootable):
/** * Copyright (C) 2009-2012 Typesafe Inc. <http://www.typesafe.com> */ package sample.kernel.hello import akka.actor.{ Actor, ActorSystem, Props } import akka.kernel.Bootable case object Start class HelloActor extends Actor { val worldActor = context.actorOf(Props[WorldActor]) def receive = { case Start worldActor ! "Hello" case message: String println("Received message %s" format message) } } class WorldActor extends Actor { def receive = { case message: String sender ! (message.toUpperCase + " world!") } } class HelloKernel extends Bootable { val system = ActorSystem("hellokernel") def startup = { system.actorOf(Props[HelloActor]) ! Start }
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def shutdown = { system.shutdown() } }
5.21.1 Distribution of microkernel application

To make a distribution package of the microkernel and your application the akka-sbt-plugin provides AkkaKernelPlugin. It creates the directory structure, with jar les, conguration les and start scripts. To use the sbt plugin you dene it in your project/plugins.sbt:
resolvers += "Typesafe Repo" at "http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/releases/" addSbtPlugin("com.typesafe.akka" % "akka-sbt-plugin" % "2.1-SNAPSHOT")
Then you add it to the settings of your project/Build.scala. It is also important that you add the akka-kernel dependency. This is an example of a complete sbt build le:
import import import import sbt._ Keys._ akka.sbt.AkkaKernelPlugin akka.sbt.AkkaKernelPlugin.{ Dist, outputDirectory, distJvmOptions}
object HelloKernelBuild extends Build { val Organization = "akka.sample" val Version = "2.1-SNAPSHOT" val ScalaVersion = "2.9.1" lazy val HelloKernel = Project( id = "hello-kernel", base = file("."), settings = defaultSettings ++ AkkaKernelPlugin.distSettings ++ Seq( libraryDependencies ++= Dependencies.helloKernel, distJvmOptions in Dist := "-Xms256M -Xmx1024M", outputDirectory in Dist := file("target/hello-dist") ) ) lazy val buildSettings = Defaults.defaultSettings ++ Seq( organization := Organization, version := Version, scalaVersion := ScalaVersion, crossPaths := false, organizationName := "Typesafe Inc.", organizationHomepage := Some(url("http://www.typesafe.com")) ) lazy val defaultSettings = buildSettings ++ Seq( resolvers += "Typesafe Repo" at "http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/releases/", // compile options scalacOptions ++= Seq("-encoding", "UTF-8", "-deprecation", "-unchecked"), javacOptions ++= Seq("-Xlint:unchecked", "-Xlint:deprecation") ) } object Dependencies { import Dependency._ val helloKernel = Seq(
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akkaKernel, akkaSlf4j, logback ) } object Dependency { // Versions object V { val Akka = "2.1-SNAPSHOT" } val akkaKernel val akkaSlf4j val logback } = "com.typesafe.akka" % "akka-kernel" = "com.typesafe.akka" % "akka-slf4j" = "ch.qos.logback" % "logback-classic" % V.Akka % V.Akka % "1.0.0"
Run the plugin with sbt:

> dist > dist:clean
There are several settings that can be dened: outputDirectory - destination directory of the package, default target/dist distJvmOptions - JVM parameters to be used in the start script configSourceDirs - Conguration les are copied from these directories, default src/config, src/main/config, src/main/resources distMainClass - Kernel main class to use in start script libFilter - Filter of dependency jar les additionalLibs - Additional dependency jar les
5.22 Camel
5.22.1 Additional Resources
For an introduction to akka-camel 2, see also the Peter Gabryanczyks talk Migrating akka-camel module to Akka 2.x. For an introduction to akka-camel 1, see also the Appendix E - Akka and Camel (pdf) of the book Camel in Action. Other, more advanced external articles (for version 1) are: Akka Consumer Actors: New Features and Best Practices Akka Producer Actors: New Features and Best Practices
5.22.2 Introduction
The akka-camel module allows actors to receive and send messages over a great variety of protocols and APIs. This section gives a brief overview of the general ideas behind the akka-camel module, the remaining sections go into the details. In addition to the native Scala and Java actor API, actors can now exchange messages with other systems over large number of protocols and APIs such as HTTP, SOAP, TCP, FTP, SMTP or JMS, to mention a few. At the moment, approximately 80 protocols and APIs are supported.
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Apache Camel The akka-camel module is based on Apache Camel, a powerful and light-weight integration framework for the JVM. For an introduction to Apache Camel you may want to read this Apache Camel article. Camel comes with a large number of components that provide bindings to different protocols and APIs. The camel-extra project provides further components. Consumer Usage of Camels integration components in Akka is essentially a one-liner. Heres an example.
import akka.camel.{ CamelMessage, Consumer } class MinaClient extends Consumer { def endpointUri = "mina:tcp://localhost:6200?textline=true" def receive = { case msg: CamelMessage { /* ... */ } case _ { /* ... */ } } } // start and expose actor via tcp import akka.actor.{ ActorSystem, Props } val sys = ActorSystem("camel") val mina = sys.actorOf(Props[MinaClient])
The above example exposes an actor over a tcp endpoint on port 6200 via Apache Camels Mina component. The actor implements the endpointUri method to dene an endpoint from which it can receive messages. After starting the actor, tcp clients can immediately send messages to and receive responses from that actor. If the message exchange should go over HTTP (via Camels Jetty component), only the actors endpointUri method must be changed.
import akka.camel.{ CamelMessage, Consumer } class JettyAdapter extends Consumer { def endpointUri = "jetty:http://localhost:8877/example" def receive = { case msg: CamelMessage { /* ... */ } case _ { /* ... */ } } }
Producer Actors can also trigger message exchanges with external systems i.e. produce to Camel endpoints.
import akka.actor.Actor import akka.camel.{ Producer, Oneway } import akka.actor.{ ActorSystem, Props } class Orders extends Actor with Producer with Oneway { def endpointUri = "jms:queue:Orders" } val sys = ActorSystem("camel") val orders = sys.actorOf(Props[Orders]) orders ! <order amount="100" currency="PLN" itemId="12345"/>
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In the above example, any message sent to this actor will be sent to the JMS queue orders. Producer actors may choose from the same set of Camel components as Consumer actors do. CamelMessage The number of Camel components is constantly increasing. The akka-camel module can support these in a plugand-play manner. Just add them to your applications classpath, dene a component-specic endpoint URI and use it to exchange messages over the component-specic protocols or APIs. This is possible because Camel components bind protocol-specic message formats to a Camel-specic normalized message format. The normalized message format hides protocol-specic details from Akka and makes it therefore very easy to support a large number of protocols through a uniform Camel component interface. The akka-camel module further converts mutable Camel messages into immutable representations which are used by Consumer and Producer actors for pattern matching, transformation, serialization or storage.
5.22.3 Dependencies
SBT
"com.typesafe.akka" % "akka-camel" % "2.1-SNAPSHOT"
Maven
<dependency> <groupId>com.typesafe.akka</groupId> <artifactId>akka-camel</artifactId> <version>2.1-SNAPSHOT</version> </dependency>
5.22.4 Consumer Actors

For objects to receive messages, they must mixin the Consumer trait. For example, the following actor class (Consumer1) implements the endpointUri method, which is declared in the Consumer trait, in order to receive messages from the file:data/input/actor Camel endpoint.
import akka.camel.{ CamelMessage, Consumer } class Consumer1 extends Consumer { def endpointUri = "file:data/input/actor" def receive = { case msg: CamelMessage println("received %s" format msg.bodyAs[String]) } }
Whenever a le is put into the data/input/actor directory, its content is picked up by the Camel le component and sent as message to the actor. Messages consumed by actors from Camel endpoints are of type CamelMessage. These are immutable representations of Camel messages. Heres another example that sets the endpointUri to jetty:http://localhost:8877/camel/default. It causes Camels Jetty component to start an embedded Jetty server, accepting HTTP connections from localhost on port 8877.
import akka.camel.{ CamelMessage, Consumer } class Consumer2 extends Consumer { def endpointUri = "jetty:http://localhost:8877/camel/default"
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def receive = { case msg: CamelMessage sender ! ("Hello %s" format msg.bodyAs[String]) } }
After starting the actor, clients can send messages to that actor by POSTing to http://localhost:8877/camel/default. The actor sends a response by using the self.reply method (Scala). For returning a message body and headers to the HTTP client the response type should be Message. For any other response type, a new Message object is created by akka-camel with the actor response as message body.
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CHAPTER
SIX
CLUSTER
6.1 Cluster Specication
Note: This document describes the new clustering coming in Akka 2.1 (not 2.0)
6.1.1 Intro
Akka Cluster provides a fault-tolerant, elastic, decentralized peer-to-peer cluster with no single point of failure (SPOF) or single point of bottleneck (SPOB). It implements a Dynamo-style system using gossip protocols, automatic failure detection, automatic partitioning, handoff, and cluster rebalancing. But with some differences due to the fact that it is not just managing passive data, but actors - active, sometimes stateful, components that also have requirements on message ordering, the number of active instances in the cluster, etc.
6.1.2 Terms
These terms are used throughout the documentation. node A logical member of a cluster. There could be multiple nodes on a physical machine. Dened by a hostname:port tuple. cluster A set of nodes. Contains distributed Akka applications. partition An actor or subtree of actors in the Akka application that is distributed within the cluster. partition point The actor at the head of a partition. The point around which a partition is formed. partition path Also referred to as the actor address. Has the format actor1/actor2/actor3 instance count The number of instances of a partition in the cluster. Also referred to as the N-value of the partition. instance node A node that an actor instance is assigned to. partition table A mapping from partition path to a set of instance nodes (where the nodes are referred to by the ordinal position given the nodes in sorted order). leader A single node in the cluster that acts as the leader. Managing cluster convergence, partitions, fail-over, rebalancing etc. deputy nodes A set of nodes responsible for breaking logical partitions.
6.1.3 Membership
A cluster is made up of a set of member nodes. The identier for each node is a hostname:port pair. An Akka application is distributed over a cluster with each node hosting some part of the application. Cluster membership
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and partitioning of the application are decoupled. A node could be a member of a cluster without hosting any actors. Singleton Cluster If a node does not have a precongured contact point to join in the Akka conguration, then it is considered a singleton cluster (single node cluster) and will automatically transition from joining to up. Singleton clusters can later explicitly send a Join message to another node to form a N-node cluster. It is also possible to link multiple N-node clusters by joining them. Singleton Cluster If a node does not have a precongured contact point to join in the Akka conguration, then it is considered a singleton cluster (single node cluster) and will automatically transition from joining to up. Singleton clusters can later explicitly send a Join message to another node to form a N-node cluster. It is also possible to link multiple N-node clusters by joining them. Gossip The cluster membership used in Akka is based on Amazons Dynamo system and particularly the approach taken in Bashos Riak distributed database. Cluster membership is communicated using a Gossip Protocol, where the current state of the cluster is gossiped randomly through the cluster. Joining a cluster is initiated by issuing a Join command to one of the nodes in the cluster to join.
Vector Clocks
Vector clocks are an algorithm for generating a partial ordering of events in a distributed system and detecting causality violations. We use vector clocks to to reconcile and merge differences in cluster state during gossiping. A vector clock is a set of (node, counter) pairs. Each update to the cluster state has an accompanying update to the vector clock. One problem with vector clocks is that their history can over time be very long, which will both make comparisons take longer time as well as take up unnecessary memory. To solve that problem we do pruning of the vector clocks according to the pruning algorithm in Riak.
Gossip Convergence
Information about the cluster converges at certain points of time. This is when all nodes have seen the same cluster state. Convergence is recognised by passing a map from node to current state version during gossip. This information is referred to as the gossip overview. When all versions in the overview are equal there is convergence. Gossip convergence cannot occur while any nodes are unreachable, either the nodes become reachable again, or the nodes need to be moved into the down or removed states (see section on Member states below).
Failure Detector
The failure detector is responsible for trying to detect if a node is unreachable from the rest of the cluster. For this we are using an implementation of The Phi Accrual Failure Detector by Hayashibara et al. An accrual failure detector decouple monitoring and interpretation. That makes them applicable to a wider area of scenarios and more adequate to build generic failure detection services. The idea is that it is keeping a history of failure statistics, calculated from heartbeats received from the gossip protocol, and is trying to do educated guesses by taking multiple factors, and how they accumulate over time, into account in order to come up with a better guess if a specic node is up or down. Rather than just answering yes or no to the question is the node down? it returns a phi value representing the likelihood that the node is down. 6.1. Cluster Specication 260
The threshold that is the basis for the calculation is congurable by the user. A low threshold is prone to generate many wrong suspicions but ensures a quick detection in the event of a real crash. Conversely, a high threshold generates fewer mistakes but needs more time to detect actual crashes. The default threshold is 8 and is appropriate for most situations. However in cloud environments, such as Amazon EC2, the value could be increased to 12 in order to account for network issues that sometimes occur on such platforms.
Leader
After gossip convergence a leader for the cluster can be determined. There is no leader election process, the leader can always be recognised deterministically by any node whenever there is gossip convergence. The leader is simply the rst node in sorted order that is able to take the leadership role, where the only allowed member states for a leader are up or leaving (see below for more information about member states). The role of the leader is to shift members in and out of the cluster, changing joining members to the up state or exiting members to the removed state, and to schedule rebalancing across the cluster. Currently leader actions are only triggered by receiving a new cluster state with gossip convergence but it may also be possible for the user to explicitly rebalance the cluster by specifying migrations, or to rebalance the cluster automatically based on metrics from member nodes. Metrics may be spread using the gossip protocol or possibly more efciently using a random chord method, where the leader contacts several random nodes around the cluster ring and each contacted node gathers information from their immediate neighbours, giving a random sampling of load information. The leader also has the power, if congured so, to auto-down a node that according to the Failure Detector is considered unreachable. This means setting the unreachable node status to down automatically.
Deputy Nodes
After gossip convergence a set of deputy nodes for the cluster can be determined. As with the leader, there is no deputy election process, the deputies can always be recognised deterministically by any node whenever there is gossip convergence. The list of deputy nodes is simply the N - 1 number of nodes (e.g. starting with the rst node after the leader) in sorted order. The nodes dened as deputy nodes are just regular member nodes whose only special role is to help breaking logical partitions as seen in the gossip algorithm dened below.
Gossip Protocol
A variation of push-pull gossip is used to reduce the amount of gossip information sent around the cluster. In push-pull gossip a digest is sent representing current versions but not actual values; the recipient of the gossip can then send back any values for which it has newer versions and also request values for which it has outdated versions. Akka uses a single shared state with a vector clock for versioning, so the variant of push-pull gossip used in Akka makes use of the gossip overview (containing the current state versions for all nodes) to only push the actual state as needed. This also allows any node to easily determine which other nodes have newer or older information, not just the nodes involved in a gossip exchange. Periodically, the default is every 1 second, each node chooses another random node to initiate a round of gossip with. The choice of node is random but can also include extra gossiping for unreachable nodes, deputy nodes, and nodes with either newer or older state versions. The gossip overview contains the current state version for all nodes and also a list of unreachable nodes. Whenever a node receives a gossip overview it updates the Failure Detector with the liveness information. The nodes dened as deputy nodes are just regular member nodes whose only special role is to function as contact points in the cluster and to help breaking logical partitions as seen in the gossip algorithm dened below. During each round of gossip exchange the following process is used: 1. Gossip to random live node (if any)
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2. Gossip to random unreachable node with certain probability depending on the number of unreachable and live nodes 3. If the node gossiped to at (1) was not a deputy node, or the number of live nodes is less than number of deputy nodes, gossip to random deputy node with certain probability depending on number of unreachable, deputy, and live nodes. 4. Gossip to random node with newer or older state information, based on the current gossip overview, with some probability (?) The gossiper only sends the gossip overview to the chosen node. The recipient of the gossip can use the gossip overview to determine whether: 1. it has a newer version of the gossip state, in which case it sends that back to the gossiper, or 2. it has an outdated version of the state, in which case the recipient requests the current state from the gossiper If the recipient and the gossip have the same version then the gossip state is not sent or requested. The main structures used in gossiping are the gossip overview and the gossip state:
GossipOverview { versions: Map[Node, VectorClock], unreachable: Set[Node] } GossipState { version: VectorClock, members: SortedSet[Member], partitions: Tree[PartitionPath, Node], pending: Set[PartitionChange], meta: Option[Map[String, Array[Byte]]] }
Some of the other structures used are:

Node = InetSocketAddress Member { node: Node, state: MemberState } MemberState = Joining | Up | Leaving | Exiting | Down | Removed PartitionChange { from: Node, to: Node, path: PartitionPath, status: PartitionChangeStatus } PartitionChangeStatus = Awaiting | Complete
Membership Lifecycle A node begins in the joining state. Once all nodes have seen that the new node is joining (through gossip convergence) the leader will set the member state to up and can start assigning partitions to the new node. If a node is leaving the cluster in a safe, expected manner then it switches to the leaving state. The leader will reassign partitions across the cluster (it is possible for a leaving node to itself be the leader). When all partition handoff has completed then the node will change to the exiting state. Once all nodes have seen the exiting state (convergence) the leader will remove the node from the cluster, marking it as removed.
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A node can also be removed forcefully by moving it directly to the removed state using the remove action. The cluster will rebalance based on the new cluster membership. If a node is unreachable then gossip convergence is not possible and therefore any leader actions are also not possible (for instance, allowing a node to become a part of the cluster, or changing actor distribution). To be able to move forward the state of the unreachable nodes must be changed. If the unreachable node is experiencing only transient difculties then it can be explicitly marked as down using the down user action. When this node comes back up and begins gossiping it will automatically go through the joining process again. If the unreachable node will be permanently down then it can be removed from the cluster directly with the remove user action. The cluster can also auto-down a node using the accrual failure detector. This means that nodes can join and leave the cluster at any point in time, e.g. provide cluster elasticity.
State Diagram for the Member States
Member States
joining transient state when joining a cluster up normal operating state leaving / exiting states during graceful removal removed tombstone state (no longer a member) down marked as down/ofine/unreachable
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User Actions
join join a single node to a cluster - can be explicit or automatic on startup if a node to join have been specied in the conguration leave tell a node to leave the cluster gracefully down mark a node as temporarily down remove remove a node from the cluster immediately
Leader Actions
The leader has the following duties: shifting members in and out of the cluster joining -> up exiting -> removed partition distribution scheduling handoffs (pending changes) setting the partition table (partition path -> base node) Automatic rebalancing based on runtime metrics in the system (such as CPU, RAM, Garbage Collection, mailbox depth etc.)
6.1.4 Partitioning
Each partition (an actor or actor subtree) in the actor system is assigned to a set of nodes in the cluster. The actor at the head of the partition is referred to as the partition point. The mapping from partition path (actor address of the format a/b/c) to instance nodes is stored in the partition table and is maintained as part of the cluster state through the gossip protocol. The partition table is only updated by the leader node. Currently the only possible partition points are routed actors. Routed actors can have an instance count greater than one. The instance count is also referred to as the N-value. If the N-value is greater than one then a set of instance nodes will be given in the partition table. Note that in the rst implementation there may be a restriction such that only top-level partitions are possible (the highest possible partition points are used and sub-partitioning is not allowed). Still to be explored in more detail. The cluster leader determines the current instance count for a partition based on two axes: fault-tolerance and scaling. Fault-tolerance determines a minimum number of instances for a routed actor (allowing N-1 nodes to crash while still maintaining at least one running actor instance). The user can specify a function from current number of nodes to the number of acceptable node failures: n: Int => f: Int where f < n. Scaling reects the number of instances needed to maintain good throughput and is inuenced by metrics from the system, particularly a history of mailbox size, CPU load, and GC percentages. It may also be possible to accept scaling hints from the user that indicate expected load. The balancing of partitions can be determined in a very simple way in the rst implementation, where the overlap of partitions is minimized. Partitions are spread over the cluster ring in a circular fashion, with each instance node in the rst available space. For example, given a cluster with ten nodes and three partitions, A, B, and C, having N-values of 4, 3, and 5; partition A would have instances on nodes 1-4; partition B would have instances on nodes 5-7; partition C would have instances on nodes 8-10 and 1-2. The only overlap is on nodes 1 and 2. The distribution of partitions is not limited, however, to having instances on adjacent nodes in the sorted ring order. Each instance can be assigned to any node and the more advanced load balancing algorithms will make
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use of this. The partition table contains a mapping from path to instance nodes. The partitioning for the above example would be:
A -> { 1, 2, 3, 4 } B -> { 5, 6, 7 } C -> { 8, 9, 10, 1, 2 }
If 5 new nodes join the cluster and in sorted order these nodes appear after the current nodes 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8, then the partition table could be updated to the following, with all instances on the same physical nodes as before:
A -> { 1, 2, 4, 5 } B -> { 7, 9, 10 } C -> { 12, 14, 15, 1, 2 }
When rebalancing is required the leader will schedule handoffs, gossiping a set of pending changes, and when each change is complete the leader will update the partition table. Handoff Handoff for an actor-based system is different than for a data-based system. The most important point is that message ordering (from a given node to a given actor instance) may need to be maintained. If an actor is a singleton actor (only one instance possible throughout the cluster) then the cluster may also need to assure that there is only one such actor active at any one time. Both of these situations can be handled by forwarding and buffering messages during transitions. A graceful handoff (one where the previous host node is up and running during the handoff), given a previous host node N1, a new host node N2, and an actor partition A to be migrated from N1 to N2, has this general structure: 1. the leader sets a pending change for N1 to handoff A to N2 2. N1 notices the pending change and sends an initialization message to N2 3. in response N2 creates A and sends back a ready message 4. after receiving the ready message N1 marks the change as complete and shuts down A 5. the leader sees the migration is complete and updates the partition table 6. all nodes eventually see the new partitioning and use N2
Transitions
There are transition times in the handoff process where different approaches can be used to give different guarantees. Migration Transition The rst transition starts when N1 initiates the moving of A and ends when N1 receives the ready message, and is referred to as the migration transition. The rst question is; during the migration transition, should: N1 continue to process messages for A? Or is it important that no messages for A are processed on N1 once migration begins? If it is okay for the previous host node N1 to process messages during migration then there is nothing that needs to be done at this point. If no messages are to be processed on the previous host node during migration then there are two possibilities: the messages are forwarded to the new host and buffered until the actor is ready, or the messages are simply dropped by terminating the actor and allowing the normal dead letter process to be used.
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Update Transition The second transition begins when the migration is marked as complete and ends when all nodes have the updated partition table (when all nodes will use N2 as the host for A, i.e. we have convergence) and is referred to as the update transition. Once the update transition begins N1 can forward any messages it receives for A to the new host N2. The question is whether or not message ordering needs to be preserved. If messages sent to the previous host node N1 are being forwarded, then it is possible that a message sent to N1 could be forwarded after a direct message to the new host N2, breaking message ordering from a client to actor A. In this situation N2 can keep a buffer for messages per sending node. Each buffer is ushed and removed when an acknowledgement (ack) message has been received. When each node in the cluster sees the partition update it rst sends an ack message to the previous host node N1 before beginning to use N2 as the new host for A. Any messages sent from the client node directly to N2 will be buffered. N1 can count down the number of acks to determine when no more forwarding is needed. The ack message from any node will always follow any other messages sent to N1. When N1 receives the ack message it also forwards it to N2 and again this ack message will follow any other messages already forwarded for A. When N2 receives an ack message, the buffer for the sending node can be ushed and removed. Any subsequent messages from this sending node can be queued normally. Once all nodes in the cluster have acknowledged the partition change and N2 has cleared all buffers, the handoff is complete and message ordering has been preserved. In practice the buffers should remain small as it is only those messages sent directly to N2 before the acknowledgement has been forwarded that will be buffered.
Graceful Handoff
A more complete process for graceful handoff would be: 1. the leader sets a pending change for N1 to handoff A to N2 2. N1 notices the pending change and sends an initialization message to N2. Options: (a) keep A on N1 active and continuing processing messages as normal (b) N1 forwards all messages for A to N2 (c) N1 drops all messages for A (terminate A with messages becoming dead letters) 3. in response N2 creates A and sends back a ready message. Options: (a) N2 simply processes messages for A as normal (b) N2 creates a buffer per sending node for A. Each buffer is opened (ushed and removed) when an acknowledgement for the sending node has been received (via N1) 4. after receiving the ready message N1 marks the change as complete. Options: (a) N1 forwards all messages for A to N2 during the update transition (b) N1 drops all messages for A (terminate A with messages becoming dead letters) 5. the leader sees the migration is complete and updates the partition table 6. all nodes eventually see the new partitioning and use N2 (a) each node sends an acknowledgement message to N1 (b) when N1 receives the acknowledgement it can count down the pending acknowledgements and remove forwarding when complete (c) when N2 receives the acknowledgement it can open the buffer for the sending node (if buffers are used) The default approach is to take options 2a, 3a, and 4a - allowing A on N1 to continue processing messages during migration and then forwarding any messages during the update transition. This assumes stateless actors that do not have a dependency on message ordering from any given source. If an actor has a distributed durable mailbox then nothing needs to be done, other than migrating the actor. If message ordering needs to be maintained during the update transition then option 3b can be used, creating buffers per sending node. 6.1. Cluster Specication 266
If the actors are robust to message send failures then the dropping messages approach can be used (with no forwarding or buffering needed). If an actor is a singleton (only one instance possible throughout the cluster) and state is transferred during the migration initialization, then options 2b and 3b would be required.
6.1.5 Stateful Actor Replication

Support for stateful singleton actors will come in future releases of Akka, and is scheduled for Akka 2.2. Having a Dynamo base for the clustering already we should use the same infrastructure to provide stateful actor clustering and datastore as well. The stateful actor clustering should be layered on top of the distributed datastore. See the next section for a rough outline on how the distributed datastore could be implemented. Implementing a Dynamo-style Distributed Database on top of Akka Cluster The missing pieces to implement a full Dynamo-style eventually consistent data storage on top of the Akka Cluster as described in this document are: Conguration of READ and WRITE consistency levels according to the N/R/W numbers dened in the Dynamo paper. R = read replica count W = write replica count N = replication factor Q = QUORUM = N / 2 + 1 W + R > N = full consistency Dene a versioned data message wrapper:
Versioned[T](hash: Long, version: VectorClock, data: T)
Dene a single system data broker actor on each node that uses a Consistent Hashing Router and that have instances on all other nodes in the node ring. For WRITE: 1. Wrap data in a Versioned Message 2. Send a Versioned Message with the data is sent to a number of nodes matching the W-value. For READ: 1. Read in the Versioned Message with the data from as many replicas as you need for the consistency level required by the R-value. 2. Do comparison on the versions (using Vector Clocks) 3. If the versions differ then do Read Repair to update the inconsistent nodes. 4. Return the latest versioned data.
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CHAPTER
SEVEN
MODULES
7.1 Durable Mailboxes
7.1.1 Overview
Akka supports a set of durable mailboxes. A durable mailbox is a replacement for the standard actor mailbox that is durable. What this means in practice is that if there are pending messages in the actors mailbox when the node of the actor resides on crashes, then when you restart the node, the actor will be able to continue processing as if nothing had happened; with all pending messages still in its mailbox. None of these mailboxes implements transactions for current message. Its possible if the actor crashes after receiving a message, but before completing processing of it, that the message could be lost. Warning: IMPORTANT None of these mailboxes work with blocking message send, i.e. the message send operations that are relying on futures; ? or ask. If the node has crashed and then restarted, the thread that was blocked waiting for the reply is gone and there is no way we can deliver the message. The durable mailboxes supported out-of-the-box are: FileBasedMailbox backed by a journaling transaction log on the local le system You can easily implement your own mailbox. Look at the existing implementation for inspiration. General Usage The durable mailboxes and their conguration options reside in the akka.actor.mailbox package. You congure durable mailboxes through the dispatcher. The actor is oblivious to which type of mailbox it is using. In the conguration of the dispatcher you specify the fully qualied class name of the mailbox:
my-dispatcher { mailbox-type = akka.actor.mailbox.FileBasedMailboxType }
Here is an example of how to create an actor with a durable dispatcher, in Scala:

import akka.actor.Props
val myActor = system.actorOf(Props[MyActor].withDispatcher("my-dispatcher"), name = "myactor")
Corresponding example in Java:
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import akka.actor.UntypedActorFactory; import akka.actor.UntypedActor; import akka.actor.Props; ActorRef myActor = system.actorOf( new Props().withDispatcher("my-dispatcher").withCreator(new UntypedActorFactory() { public UntypedActor create() { return new MyUntypedActor(); } }), "myactor");
The actor is oblivious to which type of mailbox it is using. This gives you an excellent way of creating bulkheads in your application, where groups of actors sharing the same dispatcher also share the same backing storage. Read more about that in the Dispatchers (Scala) documentation.
7.1.2 File-based durable mailbox

This mailbox is backed by a journaling transaction log on the local le system. It is the simplest to use since it does not require an extra infrastructure piece to administer, but it is usually sufcient and just what you need. You congure durable mailboxes through the dispatcher, as described in General Usage with the following mailbox type. Cong:
my-dispatcher { mailbox-type = akka.actor.mailbox.FileBasedMailboxType }
You can also congure and tune the le-based durable mailbox. akka.actor.mailbox.file-based section in the Conguration.
############################################# # Akka File Mailboxes Reference Config File # #############################################
This
is
done
in
the
# This is the reference config file that contains all the default settings. # Make your edits/overrides in your application.conf. # # For more information see <https://github.com/robey/kestrel/> akka { actor { mailbox { file-based { # directory below which this queue resides directory-path = "./_mb" # attempting to add an item after the queue reaches this size (in items) will fail. max-items = 2147483647 # attempting to add an item after the queue reaches this size (in bytes) will fail. max-size = 2147483647 bytes # attempting to add an item larger than this size (in bytes) will fail. max-item-size = 2147483647 bytes # maximum expiration time for this queue (seconds). max-age = 0s # maximum journal size before the journal should be rotated. max-journal-size = 16 MiB
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# maximum size of a queue before it drops into read-behind mode. max-memory-size = 128 MiB # maximum overflow (multiplier) of a journal file before we re-create it. max-journal-overflow = 10 # absolute maximum size of a journal file until we rebuild it, no matter what. max-journal-size-absolute = 9223372036854775807 bytes # whether to drop older items (instead of newer) when the queue is full discard-old-when-full = on # whether to keep a journal file at all keep-journal = on # whether to sync the journal after each transaction sync-journal = off } } } }
7.2 HTTP
7.2.1 Play2-mini
The Akka team recommends the Play2-mini framework when building RESTful service applications that integrates with Akka. It provides a REST API on top of Play2.
7.2.2 Getting started

First you must make your application aware of play-mini. In SBT you just have to add the following to your _libraryDependencies_:
libraryDependencies += "com.typesafe" %% "play-mini" % "<version-number>"
7.3 Camel
Note: The Akka Camel module has not been migrated to Akka 2.1-SNAPSHOT yet. It might not make it into Akka 2.0 nal but will then hopefully be re-introduce in an upcoming release. It might also be backported to 2.0 nal.
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CHAPTER
EIGHT
INFORMATION FOR DEVELOPERS

8.1 Building Akka
This page describes how to build and run Akka from the latest source code.
8.1.1 Get the Source Code

Akka uses Git and is hosted at Github. You rst need Git installed on your machine. http://github.com/akka/akka. For example:
git clone git://github.com/akka/akka.git
You can then clone the source repository from
If you have already cloned the repository previously then you can update the code with git pull:
git pull origin master
8.1.2 sbt - Simple Build Tool

Akka is using the excellent sbt build system. So the rst thing you have to do is to download and install sbt. You can read more about how to do that in the sbt setup documentation. The sbt commands that youll need to build Akka are all included below. If you want to nd out more about sbt and using it for your own projects do read the sbt documentation. The Akka sbt build le is project/AkkaBuild.scala.
8.1.3 Building Akka

First make sure that you are in the akka code directory:
cd akka
Building To compile all the Akka core modules use the compile command:
sbt compile
You can run all tests with the test command:
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sbt test
If compiling and testing are successful then you have everything working for the latest Akka development version. Parallel Execution By default the tests are executed sequentially. They can be executed in parallel to reduce build times, if hardware can handle the increased memory and cpu usage. Add the following system property to sbt launch script to activate parallel execution:
-Dakka.parallelExecution=true
Long Running and Time Sensitive Tests By default are the long running tests (mainly cluster tests) and time sensitive tests (dependent on the performance of the machine it is running on) disabled. You can enable them by adding one of the ags:
-Dakka.test.tags.include=long-running -Dakka.test.tags.include=timing
Or if you need to enable them both:

-Dakka.test.tags.include=long-running,timing
Publish to Local Ivy Repository If you want to deploy the artifacts to your local Ivy repository (for example, to use from an sbt project) use the publish-local command:
sbt publish-local
sbt Interactive Mode Note that in the examples above we are calling sbt compile and sbt test and so on, but sbt also has an interactive mode. If you just run sbt you enter the interactive sbt prompt and can enter the commands directly. This saves starting up a new JVM instance for each command and can be much faster and more convenient. For example, building Akka as above is more commonly done like this:
% sbt [info] Set current project to default (in build file:/.../akka/project/plugins/) [info] Set current project to akka (in build file:/.../akka/) > compile ... > test ...
sbt Batch Mode Its also possible to combine commands in a single call. For example, testing, and publishing Akka to the local Ivy repository can be done with:
sbt test publish-local
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8.1.4 Dependencies
You can look at the Ivy dependency resolution information that is created on sbt update and found in ~/.ivy2/cache. For example, the ~/.ivy2/cache/com.typesafe.akka-akka-remote-compile.xml le contains the resolution information for the akka-remote module compile dependencies. If you open this le in a web browser you will get an easy to navigate view of dependencies.
8.2 Multi-JVM Testing

Support for running applications (objects with main methods) and ScalaTest tests in multiple JVMs.
8.2.1 Setup
The multi-JVM testing is an sbt plugin that you can nd here: http://github.com/typesafehub/sbt-multi-jvm You can add it as a plugin by adding the following to your project/plugins.sbt:
resolvers += Classpaths.typesafeResolver addSbtPlugin("com.typesafe.sbtmultijvm" % "sbt-multi-jvm" % "0.1.9")
You can then add multi-JVM testing to project/Build.scala by including the MultiJvm settings and cong. For example, here is how the akka-remote project adds multi-JVM testing:
import import import import sbt._ Keys._ com.typesafe.sbtmultijvm.MultiJvmPlugin com.typesafe.sbtmultijvm.MultiJvmPlugin.{ MultiJvm, extraOptions }
object AkkaBuild extends Build {
lazy val remote = Project( id = "akka-remote", base = file("akka-remote"), settings = defaultSettings ++ MultiJvmPlugin.settings ++ Seq( extraOptions in MultiJvm <<= (sourceDirectory in MultiJvm) { src => (name: String) => (src ** (name + ".conf")).get.headOption.map("-Dconfig.file=" + _.absol }, test in Test <<= (test in Test) dependsOn (test in MultiJvm) ) ) configs (MultiJvm) lazy val buildSettings = Defaults.defaultSettings ++ Seq( organization := "com.typesafe.akka", version := "2.1-SNAPSHOT", scalaVersion := "2.9.1", crossPaths := false ) lazy val defaultSettings = buildSettings ++ Seq( resolvers += "Typesafe Repo" at "http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/releases/" ) }
You can specify JVM options for the forked JVMs:
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jvmOptions in MultiJvm := Seq("-Xmx256M")
8.2.2 Running tests

The multi-jvm tasks are similar to the normal tasks: test, test-only, and run, but are under the multi-jvm conguration. So in Akka, to run all the multi-JVM tests in the akka-remote project use (at the sbt prompt):
akka-remote/multi-jvm:test
Or one can change to the akka-remote project rst, and then run the tests:
project akka-remote multi-jvm:test
To run individual tests use test-only:

multi-jvm:test-only akka.remote.RandomRoutedRemoteActor
More than one test name can be listed to run multiple specic tests. Tab-completion in sbt makes it easy to complete the test names. Its also possible to specify JVM options with test-only by including those options after the test names and --. For example:
multi-jvm:test-only akka.remote.RandomRoutedRemoteActor -- -Dsome.option=something
8.2.3 Creating application tests

The tests are discovered, and combined, through a naming convention. MultiJvm tests are located in src/multi-jvm/scala directory. A test is named with the following pattern:
{TestName}MultiJvm{NodeName}
That is, each test has MultiJvm in the middle of its name. The part before it groups together tests/applications under a single TestName that will run together. The part after, the NodeName, is a distinguishing name for each forked JVM. So to create a 3-node test called Sample, you can create three applications like the following:
package sample object SampleMultiJvmNode1 { def main(args: Array[String]) { println("Hello from node 1") } } object SampleMultiJvmNode2 { def main(args: Array[String]) { println("Hello from node 2") } } object SampleMultiJvmNode3 { def main(args: Array[String]) { println("Hello from node 3") } }
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When you call multi-jvm:run sample.Sample at the sbt prompt, three JVMs will be spawned, one for each node. It will look like this:
> multi-jvm:run sample.Sample ... [info] Starting JVM-Node1 for sample.SampleMultiJvmNode1 [info] Starting JVM-Node2 for sample.SampleMultiJvmNode2 [info] Starting JVM-Node3 for sample.SampleMultiJvmNode3 [JVM-Node1] Hello from node 1 [JVM-Node2] Hello from node 2 [JVM-Node3] Hello from node 3 [success] Total time: ...
8.2.4 Naming
You can change what the MultiJvm identier is. For example, to change it to ClusterTest use the multiJvmMarker setting:
multiJvmMarker in MultiJvm := "ClusterTest"
Your tests should now be named {TestName}ClusterTest{NodeName}.
8.2.5 Conguration of the JVM instances

You can dene specic JVM options for each of the spawned JVMs. You do that by creating a le named after the node in the test with sufx .opts and put them in the same directory as the test. For example, to feed the JVM options -Dakka.remote.port=9991 to the SampleMultiJvmNode1 lets create three *.opts les and add the options to them. SampleMultiJvmNode1.opts:
-Dakka.remote.port=9991
SampleMultiJvmNode2.opts:
SampleMultiJvmNode3.opts:
8.2.6 ScalaTest
There is also support for creating ScalaTest tests rather than applications. To do this use the same naming convention as above, but create ScalaTest suites rather than objects with main methods. You need to have ScalaTest on the classpath. Here is a similar example to the one above but using ScalaTest:
package sample import org.scalatest.WordSpec import org.scalatest.matchers.MustMatchers class SpecMultiJvmNode1 extends WordSpec with MustMatchers { "A node" should { "be able to say hello" in { val message = "Hello from node 1" message must be("Hello from node 1") } } }
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class SpecMultiJvmNode2 extends WordSpec with MustMatchers { "A node" should { "be able to say hello" in { val message = "Hello from node 2" message must be("Hello from node 2") } } }
To run just these tests you would call multi-jvm:test-only sample.Spec at the sbt prompt.
8.2.7 Barriers
When running multi-JVM tests its common to need to coordinate timing across nodes. To do this, multi-JVM test framework has the notion of a double-barrier (there is both an entry barrier and an exit barrier). To wait at the entry use the enter method. To wait at the exit use the leave method. Its also possible to pass a block of code which will be run between the barriers. There are 2 implementations of the barrier: one is used for coordinating JVMs running on a single machine and is based on local les, another used in a distributed scenario (see below) and is based on apache ZooKeeper. These two cases are differentiated with test.hosts property dened. The choice for a proper barrier implementation is made in AkkaRemoteSpec which is a base class for all multi-JVM tests in Akka. When creating a barrier you pass it a name. You can also pass a timeout. The default timeout is 60 seconds. Here is an example of coordinating the starting of two nodes and then running something in coordination:
package sample import org.scalatest.WordSpec import org.scalatest.matchers.MustMatchers import org.scalatest.BeforeAndAfterAll import akka.cluster._ object SampleMultiJvmSpec extends AbstractRemoteActorMultiJvmSpec { val NrOfNodes = 2 def commonConfig = ConfigFactory.parseString(""" // Declare your configuration here. """) } class SampleMultiJvmNode1 extends AkkaRemoteSpec(SampleMultiJvmSpec.nodeConfigs(0)) with WordSpec with MustMatchers { import SampleMultiJvmSpec._ "A cluster" must { "have jvm options" in { System.getProperty("akka.remote.port", "") must be("9991") akka.config.Config.config.getString("test.name", "") must be("node1") } "be able to start all nodes" in { barrier("start") println("All nodes are started!") barrier("end") } } } class SampleMultiJvmNode2 extends AkkaRemoteSpec(SampleMultiJvmSpec.nodeConfigs(1))
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with WordSpec with MustMatchers { import SampleMultiJvmSpec._ "A cluster" must { "have jvm options" in { System.getProperty("akka.remote.port", "") must be("9992") akka.config.Config.config.getString("test.name", "") must be("node2") } "be able to start all nodes" in { barrier("start") println("All nodes are started!") barrier("end") } } }
8.2.8 Running tests on many machines

The same tests that are run on a single machine using sbt-multi-jvm can be run on multiple machines using schoir (read the same as esquire) plugin. The plugin is included just like sbt-multi-jvm:
resolvers += Classpaths.typesafeResolver addSbtPlugin("com.typesafe.schoir" % "schoir" % "0.1.1")
The interaction with the plugin is through schoir:master input task. This input task optionally accepts the path to the le with the following properties:
git.url=git@github.com:akka/akka.git external.addresses.for.ssh=host1:port1,...,hostN:portN internal.host.names=host1,...,hostN
Alternative to specifying the property le, one can set respective settings in the build le:
gitUrl := "git@github.com:akka/akka.git", machinesExt := List(InetAddress("host1", port1)), machinesInt := List("host1")
The reason the rst property is called git.url is that the plugin sets up a temporary remote branch on git to test against the local working copy. After the tests are nished the changes are regained and the branch is deleted. Each test machine starts a node in zookeeper server ensemble that can be used for synchronization. Since the server is started on a xed port, its not currently possible to run more than one test session on the same machine at the same time. The machines that are used for testing (slaves) should have ssh access to the outside world and be able to talk to each other with the internal addresses given. On the master machine ssh client is required. Obviosly git and sbt should be installed on both master and slave machines.
8.3 Developer Guidelines

8.3.1 Code Style
The Akka code style follows this document . Akka is using Scalariform to format the source code as part of the build. So just hack away and then run sbt compile and it will reformat the code according to Akka standards.
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8.3.2 Process
Make sure you have signed the Akka CLA, if not, ask for it on the Mailing List. Pick a ticket, if there is no ticket for your work then create one rst. Start working in a feature branch. Name it something like wip-<ticket number>-<descriptive name>-<your username>. When you are done, create a GitHub Pull-Request towards the targeted branch and email the Akka Mailing List that you want it reviewed When theres consensus on the review, someone from the Akka Core Team will merge it.
8.3.3 Commit messages

Please follow these guidelines when creating public commits and writing commit messages. 1. If your work spans multiple local commits (for example; if you do safe point commits while working in a topic branch or work in a branch for long time doing merges/rebases etc.) then please do not commit it all but rewrite the history by squashing the commits into a single big commit which you write a good commit message for (like discussed below). Here is a great article for how to do that: http://sandofsky.com/blog/gitworkow.html. Every commit should be able to be used in isolation, cherry picked etc. 2. First line should be a descriptive sentence what the commit is doing. It should be possible to fully understand what the commit does by just reading this single line. It is not ok to only list the ticket number, type minor x or similar. Include reference to ticket number, prexed with #, at the end of the rst line. If the commit is a small x, then you are done. If not, go to 3. 3. Following the single line description should be a blank line followed by an enumerated list with the details of the commit. Example:
Completed replication over BookKeeper based transaction log with configurable actor snapshotting e * Details 1 * Details 2 * Details 3
8.3.4 Testing
All code that is checked in should have tests. All testing is done with ScalaTest and ScalaCheck. Name tests as Test.scala if they do not depend on any external stuff. That keeps surere happy. Name tests as Spec.scala if they have external dependencies. There is a testing standard that should be followed: Ticket001Spec Actor TestKit There is a useful test kit for testing actors: akka.util.TestKit. It enables assertions concerning replies received and their timing, there is more documentation in the Testing Actor Systems (Scala) module. Multi-JVM Testing Included in the example is an sbt trait for multi-JVM testing which will fork JVMs for multi-node testing. There is support for running applications (objects with main methods) and running ScalaTest tests.
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NetworkFailureTest You can use the NetworkFailureTest trait to test network failure.
8.4 Documentation Guidelines

The Akka documentation uses reStructuredText as its markup language and is built using Sphinx.
8.4.1 Sphinx
More to come...
8.4.2 reStructuredText
More to come... Sections Section headings are very exible in reST. We use the following convention in the Akka documentation: # (over and under) for module headings = for sections - for subsections ^ for subsubsections ~ for subsubsubsections Cross-referencing Sections that may be cross-referenced across the documentation should be marked with a reference. To mark a section use .. _ref-name: before the section heading. The section can then be linked with :ref:ref-name. These are unique references across the entire documentation. For example:
.. _akka-module: ############# Akka Module ############# This is the module documentation. .. _akka-section: Akka Section ============ Akka Subsection --------------Here is a reference to "akka section": :ref:akka-section which will have the name "Akka Section".
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8.4.3 Build the documentation

First install Sphinx. See below. Building
cd akka-docs make html open _build/html/index.html make pdf open _build/latex/Akka.pdf
Installing Sphinx on OS X Install Homebrew Install Python and pip:

brew install python /usr/local/share/python/easy_install pip
Add the Homebrew Python path to your $PATH:

/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.1/bin
More information in case of trouble: https://github.com/mxcl/homebrew/wiki/Homebrew-and-Python Install sphinx:

pip install sphinx
Add sphinx_build to your $PATH:

/usr/local/share/python
Install BasicTeX package from: http://www.tug.org/mactex/morepackages.html Add texlive bin to $PATH:

/usr/local/texlive/2010basic/bin/universal-darwin
Add missing tex packages:

sudo sudo sudo sudo sudo sudo sudo tlmgr tlmgr tlmgr tlmgr tlmgr tlmgr tlmgr update --self install titlesec install framed install threeparttable install wrapfig install helvetic install courier
Link the akka pygments style:

cd /usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.1/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pygments/styles ln -s /path/to/akka/akka-docs/themes/akka/pygments/akka.py akka.py
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8.5 Team
Name Jonas Bonr Viktor Klang Roland Kuhn Patrik Nordwall Derek Williams Henrik Engstrm Peter Vlugter Martin Krasser Raymond Roestenburg Piotr Gabryanczyk Debasish Ghosh Ross McDonald Eckhart Hertzler Mikael Hgqvist Tim Perrett Jeanfrancois Arcand Jan Van Besien Michael Kober Peter Veentjer Irmo Manie Heiko Seeberger Hiram Chirino Scott Clasen Role Founder, Despot, Committer Project Owner Committer Committer Committer Committer Committer Committer Committer Committer Alumni Alumni Alumni Alumni Alumni Alumni Alumni Alumni Alumni Alumni Alumni Alumni Alumni Email jonas AT jonasboner DOT com viktor DOT klang AT gmail DOT com patrik DOT nordwall AT gmail DOT com derek AT nebvin DOT ca
krasserm AT googlemail DOT com
dghosh AT acm DOT org rossajmcd AT gmail DOT com
jfarcand AT apache DOT org
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CHAPTER
NINE
PROJECT INFORMATION
9.1 Migration Guides
9.1.1 Migration Guide 1.3.x to 2.0.x
The 2.0 release contains several new features which require source-level changes in client code. This API cleanup is planned to be the last one for a signicant amount of time. New Concepts First you should take some time to understand the new concepts of Actor Systems, Supervision and Monitoring, and Actor References, Paths and Addresses. Migration Kit Nobody likes a big refactoring that takes several days to complete until anything is able to run again. Therefore we provide a migration kit that makes it possible to do the migration changes in smaller steps. The migration kit only covers the most common usage of Akka. It is not intended as a nal solution. The whole migration kit is marked as deprecated and will be removed in Akka 2.1. The migration kit is provided in separate jar les. Add the following dependency:
"com.typesafe.akka" % "akka-actor-migration" % "2.0"
The rst step of the migration is to do some trivial replacements. Search and replace the following (be careful with the non qualied names): Search akka.actor.Actor extends Actor akka.actor.Scheduler Scheduler akka.event.EventHandler EventHandler akka.config.Config Config Replace with akka.actor.OldActor extends OldActor akka.actor.OldScheduler OldScheduler akka.event.OldEventHandler OldEventHandler akka.config.OldConfig OldConfig
For Scala users the migration kit also contains some implicit conversions to be able to use some old methods. These conversions are useful from tests or other code used outside actors.
import akka.migration._
Thereafter you need to x compilation errors that are not handled by the migration kit, such as: Denition of supervisors
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Denition of dispatchers ActorRegistry When everything compiles you continue by replacing/removing the OldXxx classes one-by-one from the migration kit with appropriate migration. When using the migration kit there will be one global actor system, which loads the conguration akka.conf from the same locations as in Akka 1.x. This means that while you are using the migration kit you should not create your own ActorSystem, but instead use the akka.actor.GlobalActorSystem. In order to voluntarily exit the JVM you must shutdown the GlobalActorSystem Last task of the migration would be to create your own ActorSystem. Unordered Collection of Migration Items
Actors
Creating and starting actors Actors are created by passing in a Props instance into the actorOf factory method in a ActorRefProvider, which is the ActorSystem or ActorContext. Use the system to create top level actors. Use the context to create actors from other actors. The difference is how the supervisor hierarchy is arranged. When using the context the current actor will be supervisor of the created child actor. When using the system it will be a top level actor, that is supervised by the system (internal guardian actor). ActorRef.start() has been removed. Actors are now started automatically when created. Remove all invocations of ActorRef.start(). v1.3:
val myActor = Actor.actorOf[MyActor] myActor.start()
v2.0:
// top level actor val firstActor = system.actorOf(Props[FirstActor], name = "first") // child actor class FirstActor extends Actor { val myActor = context.actorOf(Props[MyActor], name = "myactor")
Documentation: Actors (Scala) Actors (Java) Stopping actors ActorRef.stop() has been moved. Use ActorSystem or ActorContext to stop actors. v1.3:
actorRef.stop() self.stop() actorRef ! PoisonPill
v2.0:
context.stop(someChild) context.stop(self) system.stop(actorRef) actorRef ! PoisonPill
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Stop all actors v1.3:

ActorRegistry.shutdownAll()
v2.0:
system.shutdown() // from outside of this system context.system.shutdown() // from inside any actor
Documentation: Actors (Scala) Actors (Java) Identifying Actors In v1.3 actors have uuid and id eld. In v2.0 each actor has a unique logical path. The ActorRegistry has been replaced by actor paths and lookup with actorFor in ActorRefProvider (ActorSystem or ActorContext). It is no longer possible to obtain references to all actors being implemented by a certain class (the reason being that this property is not known yet when an ActorRef is created because instantiation of the actor itself is asynchronous). v1.3:
val actor = Actor.registry.actorFor(uuid) val actors = Actor.registry.actorsFor(id)
v2.0:
val actor = context.actorFor("/user/serviceA/aggregator")
Documentation: Actor References, Paths and Addresses Actors (Scala) Actors (Java) Reply to messages self.channel has been replaced with unied reply mechanism using sender (Scala) or getSender() (Java). This works for both tell (!) and ask (?). Sending to an actor reference never throws an exception, hence tryTell and tryReply are removed. v1.3:
self.channel ! result self.channel tryTell result self.reply(result) self.tryReply(result)
v2.0:
sender ! result
Documentation: Actors (Scala) Actors (Java)
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ActorRef.ask() The mechanism for collecting an actors reply in a Future has been reworked for better location transparency: it uses an actor under the hood. This actor needs to be disposable by the garbage collector in case no reply is ever received, and the decision is based upon a timeout. This timeout determines when the actor will stop itself and hence closes the window for a reply to be received; it is independent of the timeout applied when awaiting completion of the Future, however, the actor will complete the Future with an AskTimeoutException when it stops itself. Since there is no good library default value for the ask-timeout, specication of a timeout is required for all usages as shown below. Also, since the ask feature is coupling futures and actors, it is no longer offered on the ActorRef itself, but instead as a use pattern to be imported. While Scalas implicit conversions enable transparent replacement, Java code will have to be changed by more than just adding an import statement. v1.3:
actorRef ? message // Scala actorRef.ask(message, timeout); // Java
v2.0 (Scala):
import akka.pattern.ask implicit val timeout: Timeout = actorRef ? message actorRef ask message actorRef.ask(message)(timeout) ask(actorRef, message) ask(actorRef, message)(timeout) ... // uses // uses // uses // uses // uses
implicit implicit explicit implicit explicit
timeout timeout timeout timeout timeout
v2.0 (Java):
import akka.pattern.Patterns; Patterns.ask(actorRef, message, timeout)
Documentation: Actors (Scala) Actors (Java) ActorRef.?(msg, timeout) This method has a dangerous overlap with ActorRef.?(msg)(implicit timeout) due to the fact that Scala allows to pass a Tuple in place of the message without requiring extra parentheses:
actor ? (1, "hallo") // will send a tuple actor ? (1, Timeout()) // will send 1 with an explicit timeout
To remove this ambiguity, the latter variant is removed in version 2.0. If you were using it before, it will now send tuples where that is not desired. In order to correct all places in the code where this happens, simply import akka.migration.ask instead of akka.pattern.ask to obtain a variant which will give deprecation warnings where the old method signature is used:
import akka.migration.ask actor ? (1, Timeout(2 seconds)) // will give deprecation warning
UntypedActor.getContext() (Java API only) getContext() in the Java API for UntypedActor is renamed to getSelf(). v1.3:
285
actorRef.tell("Hello", getContext());
v2.0:
actorRef.tell("Hello", getSelf());
Documentation: Actors (Java) Conguration A new, more powerful, conguration utility has been implemented. The format of the conguration le is very similar to the format in v1.3. In addition it also supports conguration les in json and properties format. The syntax is described in the HOCON specication. v1.3:
include "other.conf" akka { event-handler-level = "DEBUG" }
v2.0:
include "other" akka { loglevel = "DEBUG" }
In v1.3 the default name of the conguration le was akka.conf. In v2.0 the default name is application.conf. It is still loaded from classpath or can be specied with java System properties (-D command line arguments). v1.3:
-Dakka.config=<file path to configuration file> -Dakka.output.config.source=on
v2.0:
-Dconfig.file=<file path to configuration file> -Dakka.log-config-on-start=on
Several conguration properties have been changed, such as: akka.event-handler-level => akka.loglevel dispatcher type values are changed akka.actor.throughput => akka.actor.default-dispatcher.throughput akka.remote.layer => akka.remote.transport the global time-unit property is removed, all durations are specied with duration unit in the property value, timeout = 5s Verify used conguration properties against the reference Conguration. Documentation: Conguration
286
Logging EventHandler API has been replaced by LoggingAdapter, which publish log messages to the event bus. You can still plugin your own actor as event listener with the akka.event-handlers conguration property. v1.3:
EventHandler.error(exception, this, message) EventHandler.warning(this, message) EventHandler.info(this, message) EventHandler.debug(this, message) EventHandler.debug(this, "Processing took %s ms".format(duration))
v2.0:
import akka.event.Logging val log = Logging(context.system, this) // will include system name in message source val log = Logging(system.eventStream, getClass.getName) // will not include system name log.error(exception, message) log.warning(message) log.info(message) log.debug(message) log.debug("Processing took {} ms", duration)
Documentation: Logging (Scala) Logging (Java) Event Bus (Scala) Event Bus (Java) Scheduler The functionality of the scheduler is identical, but the API is slightly adjusted. v1.3:
//Schedules to send the "foo"-message to the testActor after 50ms Scheduler.scheduleOnce(testActor, "foo", 50L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) // Schedules periodic send of "foo"-message to the testActor after 1s inital delay, // and then with 200ms between successive sends Scheduler.schedule(testActor, "foo", 1000L, 200L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) // Schedules a function to be executed (send the current time) to the testActor after 50ms Scheduler.scheduleOnce({testActor ! System.currentTimeMillis}, 50L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
v2.0:
//Schedules to send the "foo"-message to the testActor after 50ms system.scheduler.scheduleOnce(50 milliseconds, testActor, "foo") // Schedules periodic send of "foo"-message to the testActor after 1s inital delay, // and then with 200ms between successive sends system.scheduler.schedule(1 second, 200 milliseconds, testActor, "foo") // Schedules a function to be executed (send the current time) to the testActor after 50ms system.scheduler.scheduleOnce(50 milliseconds) { testActor ! System.currentTimeMillis }
The internal implementation of the scheduler is changed from java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService to a variant of org.jboss.netty.util.HashedWheelTimer. Documentation:
287
Scheduler (Scala) Scheduler (Java) Supervision Akka v2.0 implements parental supervision. Actors can only be created by other actors where the top-level actor is provided by the library and each created actor is supervised by its parent. In contrast to the special supervision relationship between parent and child, each actor may monitor any other actor for termination. v1.3:
self.link(actorRef) self.unlink(actorRef)
v2.0:
class WatchActor extends Actor { val actorRef = ... // Terminated message will be delivered when the actorRef actor // is stopped context.watch(actorRef) val supervisedChild = context.actorOf(Props[ChildActor]) def receive = { case Terminated(actorRef) ... } }
Note that link in v1.3 established a supervision relation, which watch doesnt. watch is only a way to get notication, Terminated message, when the monitored actor has been stopped. Refererence to the supervisor v1.3:
self.supervisor
v2.0:
context.parent
Supervisor Strategy v1.3:

val supervisor = Supervisor( SupervisorConfig( OneForOneStrategy(List(classOf[Exception]), 3, 1000), Supervise( actorOf[MyActor1], Permanent) :: Supervise( actorOf[MyActor2], Permanent) :: Nil))
v2.0:
class MyActor extends Actor { override val supervisorStrategy = OneForOneStrategy(maxNrOfRetries = 10, withinTimeRange = 1 min case _: ArithmeticException Resume case _: NullPointerException Restart case _: IllegalArgumentException Stop case _: Exception Escalate }
288
def receive = { case x => } }
Documentation: Supervision and Monitoring Fault Tolerance (Java) Fault Tolerance (Scala) Actors (Scala) Actors (Java) Dispatchers Dispatchers are dened in conguration instead of in code. v1.3:
// in code val myDispatcher = Dispatchers.newExecutorBasedEventDrivenDispatcher(name) .withNewThreadPoolWithLinkedBlockingQueueWithCapacity(100) .setCorePoolSize(16) .setMaxPoolSize(128) .setKeepAliveTimeInMillis(60000) .build
v2.0:
// in config my-dispatcher { type = Dispatcher core-pool-size-factor = 8.0 max-pool-size-factor = 16.0 mailbox-capacity = 100 }
The dispatcher is assigned to the actor in a different way. v1.3:

actorRef.dispatcher = MyGlobals.myDispatcher self.dispatcher = MyGlobals.myDispatcher
v2.0:
val myActor = system.actorOf(Props[MyActor].withDispatcher("my-dispatcher"), "myactor")
Documentation: Dispatchers (Java) Dispatchers (Scala) Spawn spawn has been removed and should be replaced by creating a Future. Be careful to not access any shared mutable state closed over by the body. Scala:
Future { doSomething() } // will be executed asynchronously
Java:
289
Futures.future<String>(new Callable<String>() { public String call() { doSomething(); } }, executionContext);
Documentation: Futures (Scala) Futures (Java) Akka and the Java Memory Model HotSwap In v2.0 become and unbecome metods are located in ActorContext, i.e. context.become and context.unbecome. The special HotSwap and RevertHotswap messages in v1.3 has been removed. Similar can be implemented with your own message and using context.become and context.unbecome in the actor receiving the message. The rationale is that being able to replace any actors behavior generically is not a good idea because actor implementors would have no way to defend against that; hence the change to lay it into the hands of the actor itself. Actors (Scala) Actors (Java) Routing Routing has been redesign with improved performance and additional features as a result. v1.3:
class MyLoadBalancer extends Actor with LoadBalancer { val pinger = actorOf(new Actor { def receive = { case x => println("Pinger: " + x) } }).start() val ponger = actorOf(new Actor { def receive = { case x => println("Ponger: " + x) } }).start() val seq = new CyclicIterator[ActorRef](List(pinger,ponger)) } val loadbalancer = actorOf[MyLoadBalancer].start()
v2.0:
val pinger = system.actorOf(Props(new Actor { def receive = { case x println("Pinger: " + x) } val ponger = system.actorOf(Props(new Actor { def receive = { case x println("Ponger: " + x) } val loadbalancer = system.actorOf(Props().withRouter(RoundRobinRouter(Seq(pinger, ponger))))
Documentation: Routing (Scala) Routing (Java) ActorPool The ActorPool has been replaced by dynamically resizable routers. v1.3:
class TestPool extends Actor with with with with with { def receive = _route def lowerBound = 2 def upperBound = 4 DefaultActorPool BoundedCapacityStrategy ActiveFuturesPressureCapacitor SmallestMailboxSelector BasicNoBackoffFilter
290
def def def def }
rampupRate = 0.1 partialFill = true selectionCount = 1 instance = actorOf[ExampleActor]
v2.0:
// in configuration akka.actor.deployment { /router2 { router = round-robin resizer { lower-bound = 2 upper-bound = 15 } } } // in code val router2 = system.actorOf(Props[ExampleActor].withRouter(FromConfig())
Documentation: Routing (Scala) Routing (Java)

STM
In Akka v2.0 ScalaSTM is used rather than Multiverse. Agent and Transactor have been ported to ScalaSTM. The APIs for Agent and Transactor are basically the same, other than integration with ScalaSTM. See: Agents (Scala) Agents (Java) Transactors (Scala) Transactors (Java) Imports Scala To use ScalaSTM the import from Scala is:
import scala.concurrent.stm._
Java For Java there is a special helper object with Java-friendly methods:
import scala.concurrent.stm.japi.STM;
These methods can also be statically imported:

import static scala.concurrent.stm.japi.STM.*;
Other imports that are needed are in the stm package, particularly Ref:
import scala.concurrent.stm.Ref;
Transactions 9.1. Migration Guides 291
Scala Both v1.3 and v2.0 provide an atomic block, however, the ScalaSTM atomic is a function from InTxn to return type. v1.3:
atomic { // do something in transaction }
v2.0:
atomic { implicit txn => // do something in transaction }
Note that in ScalaSTM the InTxn in the atomic function is usually marked as implicit as transactional references require an implicit InTxn on all methods. That is, the transaction is statically required and it is a compile-time warning to use a reference without a transaction. There is also a Ref.View for operations without requiring an InTxn statically. See below for more information. Java In the ScalaSTM Java API helpers there are atomic methods which accept java.lang.Runnable and java.util.concurrent.Callable. v1.3:
new Atomic() { public Object atomically() { // in transaction return null; } }.execute(); SomeObject result = new Atomic<SomeObject>() { public SomeObject atomically() { // in transaction return ...; } }.execute();
v2.0:
import static scala.concurrent.stm.japi.STM.atomic; import java.util.concurrent.Callable; atomic(new Runnable() { public void run() { // in transaction } }); SomeObject result = atomic(new Callable<SomeObject>() { public SomeObject call() { // in transaction return ...; } });
Ref Scala Other than the import, creating a Ref is basically identical between Akka STM in v1.3 and ScalaSTM used in v2.0.
292
v1.3:
val ref = Ref(0)
v2.0:
val ref = Ref(0)
The API for Ref is similar. For example: v1.3:

ref.get // get current value ref() // same as get ref.set(1) // set to new value, return old value ref() = 1 // same as set ref.swap(2) // same as set ref alter { _ + 1 } // apply a function, return new value
v2.0:
ref.get // get current value ref() // same as get ref.set(1) // set to new value, return nothing ref() = 1 // same as set ref.swap(2) // set and return old value ref transform { _ + 1 } // apply function, return nothing ref transformIfDefined { case 1 => 2 } // apply partial function if defined
Ref.View In v1.3 using a Ref method outside of a transaction would automatically create a single-operation transaction. In v2.0 (in ScalaSTM) there is a Ref.View which provides methods without requiring a current transaction. Scala The Ref.View can be accessed with the single method:
ref.single() // returns current value ref.single() = 1 // set new value // with atomic this would be: atomic { implicit t => ref() } atomic { implicit t => ref() = 1 }
Java As Ref.View in ScalaSTM does not require implicit transactions, this is more easily used from Java. Ref could be used, but requires explicit threading of transactions. There are helper methods in japi.STM for creating Ref.View references. v1.3:
Ref<Integer> ref = new Ref<Integer>(0);
v2.0:
Ref.View<Integer> ref = STM.newRef(0);
The set and get methods work the same way for both versions. v1.3: 9.1. Migration Guides 293
ref.get(); // get current value ref.set(1); // set new value
v2.0:
ref.get(); // get current value ref.set(1); // set new value
There are also transform, getAndTransform, and transformAndGet methods in japi.STM which accept japi.STM.Transformer objects. There are increment helper methods for Ref.View<Integer> and Ref.View<Long> references. Transaction lifecycle callbacks Scala It is also possible to hook into the transaction lifecycle in ScalaSTM. See the ScalaSTM documentation for the full range of possibilities. v1.3:
atomic { deferred { // executes when transaction commits } compensating { // executes when transaction aborts } }
v2.0:
atomic { implicit txn => txn.afterCommit { txnStatus => // executes when transaction commits } txn.afterRollback { txnStatus => // executes when transaction rolls back } }
Java Rather than using the deferred and compensating methods in akka.stm.StmUtils, use the afterCommit and afterRollback methods in scala.concurrent.stm.japi.STM, which behave in the same way and accept Runnable. Transactional Datastructures In ScalaSTM see TMap, TSet, and TArray for transactional datastructures. There are helper methods for creating these from Java in japi.STM: newTMap, newTSet, and newTArray. These datastructures implement the scala.collection interfaces and can also be used from Java with Scalas JavaConversions. There are helper methods that apply the conversions, returning java.util Map, Set, and List: newMap, newSet, and newArrayAsList.
9.2 Release Notes

9.2.1 Release 2.1
Release notes for 2.1 will be written...
9.2. Release Notes
294
9.3 Scaladoc API

9.3.1 Release Versions
2.0 Akka - http://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.0/ 1.3.1 Akka 1.3.1 - http://doc.akka.io/api/akka/1.3.1/ Akka Modules 1.3.1 - http://doc.akka.io/api/akka-modules/1.3.1/
9.3.2 Akka Snapshot

Automatically published Scaladoc API for the latest SNAPSHOT version of Akka can be found here: http://doc.akka.io/api/akka/snapshot
9.4 Documentation for Other Versions

9.4.1 Release Versions
2.0 Akka 2.0 - http://doc.akka.io/docs/akka/2.0/ (or in PDF format) 1.3.1 Akka 1.3.1 - http://doc.akka.io/docs/akka/1.3.1/ (or in PDF format) Akka Modules 1.3.1 - http://doc.akka.io/docs/akka-modules/1.3.1/ (or in PDF format)
9.4.2 Akka Snapshot

Automatically published documentation for the latest SNAPSHOT version of Akka can be found here: Akka - http://doc.akka.io/docs/akka/snapshot/ (or in PDF format)
9.5 Issue Tracking

Akka is using Assembla as its issue tracking system.
9.5.1 Browsing
Tickets You can nd the Akka tickets here
9.3. Scaladoc API
295
Roadmaps The roadmap for each Akka milestone is here
9.5.2 Creating tickets

In order to create tickets you need to do the following: Register here then log in Then you also need to become a Watcher of the Akka space. Link to create a new ticket Thanks a lot for reporting bugs and suggesting features.
9.5.3 Failing test

Please submit a failing test on the following format:
import org.scalatest.WordSpec import org.scalatest.matchers.MustMatchers class Ticket001Spec extends WordSpec with MustMatchers { "An XXX" must { "do YYY" in { 1 must be (1) } } }
9.6 Licenses
9.6.1 Akka License
This software is licensed under the Apache 2 license, quoted below. Copyright 2009-2011 Typesafe Inc. <http://www.typesafe.com> Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
9.6.2 Akka Committer License Agreement

All committers have signed this CLA
9.6. Licenses
296
Based on: http://www.apache.org/licenses/icla.txt Typesafe Inc. Individual Contributor License Agreement ("Agreement") V2.0 http://www.scalablesolutions.se/licenses/ Thank you for your interest in Akka, a Typesafe Inc. (the "Company") Open Source project. In order to clarify the intellectual property license granted with Contributions from any person or entity, the Company must have a Contributor License Agreement ("CLA") on file that has been signed by each Contributor, indicating agreement to the license terms below. This license is for your protection as a Contributor as well as the protection of the Company and its users; it does not change your rights to use your own Contributions for any other purpose. Full name: ______________________________________________________ Mailing Address: ________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Country: ______________________________________________________
Telephone: ______________________________________________________ Facsimile: ______________________________________________________ E-Mail: ______________________________________________________
You accept and agree to the following terms and conditions for Your present and future Contributions submitted to the Company. In return, the Company shall not use Your Contributions in a way that is contrary to the public benefit or inconsistent with its nonprofit status and bylaws in effect at the time of the Contribution. Except for the license granted herein to the Company and recipients of software distributed by the Company, You reserve all right, title, and interest in and to Your Contributions. 1. Definitions. "You" (or "Your") shall mean the copyright owner or legal entity authorized by the copyright owner that is making this Agreement with the Company. For legal entities, the entity making a Contribution and all other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common control with that entity are considered to be a single Contributor. For the purposes of this definition, "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity. "Contribution" shall mean any original work of authorship, including any modifications or additions to an existing work, that is intentionally submitted by You to the Company for inclusion in, or documentation of, any of the products owned or managed by the Company (the "Work"). For the purposes of this definition, "submitted" means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent to the Company or its representatives, including but not limited to communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems, and issue tracking systems that
9.6. Licenses
297
are managed by, or on behalf of, the Company for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise designated in writing by You as "Not a Contribution." 2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, You hereby grant to the Company and to recipients of software distributed by the Company a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable copyright license to reproduce, prepare derivative works of, publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute Your Contributions and such derivative works. 3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, You hereby grant to the Company and to recipients of software distributed by the Company a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work, where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable by You that are necessarily infringed by Your Contribution(s) alone or by combination of Your Contribution(s) with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If any entity institutes patent litigation against You or any other entity (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that your Contribution, or the Work to which you have contributed, constitutes direct or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses granted to that entity under this Agreement for that Contribution or Work shall terminate as of the date such litigation is filed. 4. You agree that all Contributions are and will be given entirely voluntarily. Company will not be required to use, or to refrain from using, any Contributions that You, will not, absent a separate written agreement signed by Company, create any confidentiality obligation of Company, and Company has not undertaken any obligation to treat any Contributions or other information You have given Company or will give Company in the future as confidential or proprietary information. Furthermore, except as otherwise provided in a separate subsequence written agreement between You and Company, Company will be free to use, disclose, reproduce, license or otherwise distribute, and exploit the Contributions as it sees fit, entirely without obligation or restriction of any kind on account of any proprietary or intellectual property rights or otherwise. 5. You represent that you are legally entitled to grant the above license. If your employer(s) has rights to intellectual property that you create that includes your Contributions, you represent that you have received permission to make Contributions on behalf of that employer, that your employer has waived such rights for your Contributions to the Company, or that your employer has executed a separate Corporate CLA with the Company. 6. You represent that each of Your Contributions is Your original creation (see section 7 for submissions on behalf of others). You represent that Your Contribution submissions include complete details of any third-party license or other restriction (including, but not limited to, related patents and trademarks) of which you are personally aware and which are associated with any part of Your Contributions. 7. You are not expected to provide support for Your Contributions,
9.6. Licenses
298
except to the extent You desire to provide support. You may provide support for free, for a fee, or not at all. Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, You provide Your Contributions on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions of TITLE, NONINFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 8. Should You wish to submit work that is not Your original creation, You may submit it to the Company separately from any Contribution, identifying the complete details of its source and of any license or other restriction (including, but not limited to, related patents, trademarks, and license agreements) of which you are personally aware, and conspicuously marking the work as "Submitted on behalf of a third-party: [named here]". 9. You agree to notify the Company of any facts or circumstances of which you become aware that would make these representations inaccurate in any respect. 9. The validity of the interpretation of this Agreements shall be governed by, and constructed and enforced in accordance with, the laws of Sweden, applicable to the agreements made there (excluding the conflict of law rules). This Agreement embodies the entire agreement and understanding of the parties hereto and supersedes any and all prior agreements, arrangements and understandings relating to the matters provided for herein. No alteration, waiver, amendment changed or supplement hereto shall be binding more effective unless the same as set forth in writing signed by both parties. Please sign: __________________________________ Date: ________________
9.6.3 Licenses for Dependency Libraries

Each dependency and its license can be seen in the project build le (the comment on the side of each dependency): https://github.com/akka/akka/blob/master/project/build/AkkaProject.scala#L127
9.7 Sponsors
9.7.1 YourKit
YourKit is kindly supporting open source projects with its full-featured Java Proler. YourKit, LLC is the creator of innovative and intelligent tools for proling Java and .NET applications. Take a look at YourKits leading software products: YourKit Java Proler and YourKit .NET Proler
9.8 Commercial Support

Commercial support is provided by Typesafe. Akka is now part of the Typesafe Stack.
9.9 Mailing List

Akka User Google Group Akka Developer Google Group 9.7. Sponsors 299
9.10 Downloads
http://akka.io/downloads/
9.11 Source Code

Akka uses Git and is hosted at Github. Akka: clone the Akka repository from http://github.com/akka/akka
9.12 Releases Repository

The Akka Maven repository can be found at http://repo.akka.io/releases/. Typesafe provides http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/releases/ that proxies several other repositories, including akka.io. It is convenient to use the Typesafe repository, since it includes all external dependencies of Akka. It is a best-effort service, and if it is unavailable you may need to use the underlying repositories directly. http://repo.akka.io/releases/ http://repository.codehaus.org/ http://guiceyfruit.googlecode.com/svn/repo/releases/ http://repository.jboss.org/nexus/content/groups/public/ http://download.java.net/maven/2/ http://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/releases/ http://download.java.net/maven/glasssh/ http://databinder.net/repo/
9.13 Snapshots Repository

Nightly builds are available in http://repo.akka.io/snapshots/ and proxied http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/snapshots/ as both SNAPSHOT and timestamped versions. through
For timestamped versions, pick a timestamp from http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/snapshots/com/typesafe/akka/akkaactor/. All Akka modules that belong to the same build have the same timestamp. Make sure that you add the repository to the sbt resolvers or maven repositories:
resolvers += "Typesafe Snapshots" at "http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/snapshots/"
Dene the library dependencies with the timestamp as version. For example:
libraryDependencies += "com.typesafe.akka" % "akka-actor" % "2.0-20111215-000549" libraryDependencies += "com.typesafe.akka" % "akka-remote" % "2.0-20111215-000549"
9.10. Downloads
300
CHAPTER
TEN
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
10.1 Here is a list of recipes for all things Akka
Martin Krassers Akka Event Sourcing example
10.2 Other Language Bindings

10.2.1 JRuby
Read more here: https://github.com/iconara/mikka.
10.2.2 Groovy/Groovy++
Read more here: https://gist.github.com/620439.
10.2.3 Clojure
Read more here: http://blog.darevay.com/2011/06/clojure-and-akka-a-match-made-in/.
301
CHAPTER
ELEVEN
LINKS
Migration Guides Downloads Source Code Scaladoc API Documentation for Other Versions Issue Tracking Commercial Support
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Akka Documentation

May 18, 2012

1 1 3 3 6 6 8 8 9 11 13 19 20 22 23 38 39 39 41 41 52 57 61 64 67 74 93 97 106 116 120 121 122 126 129 131 136

1.1.1 Akka implements a unique hybrid

Akka Documentation, Release 2.1-SNAPSHOT

1.1.2 Scala and Java APIs

1.1.3 Akka can be used in two different ways

1.1.4 What happened to Cloudy Akka?

1.1.5 Typesafe Stack

1.1.6 Typesafe Console

Akka Documentation, Release 2.1-SNAPSHOT

1.2 Why Akka?

1.2.2 Whats a good use-case for Akka?

1.3 Getting Started

1.3.2 Getting Started Guides and Template Projects

1.2. Why Akka?

Akka Documentation, Release 2.1-SNAPSHOT

1.3.5 Using a release distribution

1.3.6 Using a snapshot version

1.3.8 Using a build tool

Akka Documentation, Release 2.1-SNAPSHOT

1.3.9 Using Akka with Maven

1.3.10 Using Akka with SBT

1.3.11 Using Akka with Eclipse

1.3.12 Using Akka with IntelliJ IDEA

1.3.13 Using Akka with NetBeans

1.3. Getting Started

Akka Documentation, Release 2.1-SNAPSHOT

1.3.14 Build from sources

1.3.15 Need help?

1.4 Use-case and Deployment Scenarios

1.5 Examples of use-cases for Akka

1.4. Use-case and Deployment Scenarios

Akka Documentation, Release 2.1-SNAPSHOT

1.5. Examples of use-cases for Akka

2.1.1 Hierarchical Structure

Akka Documentation, Release 2.1-SNAPSHOT

2.1.2 Conguration Container

2.1.3 Actor Best Practices

2.1.4 What you should not concern yourself with

2.2 What is an Actor?

2.2. What is an Actor?

Akka Documentation, Release 2.1-SNAPSHOT

2.2.1 Actor Reference

Akka Documentation, Release 2.1-SNAPSHOT

2.2.6 Supervisor Strategy

2.2.7 When an Actor Terminates

2.3 Supervision and Monitoring

2.3.1 What Supervision Means

2.3. Supervision and Monitoring

Akka Documentation, Release 2.1-SNAPSHOT

2.3.2 What Restarting Means

2.3. Supervision and Monitoring

Akka Documentation, Release 2.1-SNAPSHOT

2.3.3 What Lifecycle Monitoring Means

2.3.4 One-For-One Strategy vs. All-For-One Strategy

2.4 Actor References, Paths and Addresses

2.4. Actor References, Paths and Addresses