Review for AP Exam and Final Exam Topic I.

Exploratory Analysis of Data

Name ______________________________

1. The data in the chart below shows the survival times in days for uinea !i s after they were in"ected with tubercle bacilli in a medical ex!eriment. #$ ($ 11 $ +1 1 #% (# 11 # +1 # %$ (( 11 ( +# $ %& () 1+ 1 +# ) %& )1 1+ $ $+ ) %' )1 1+ & $( * %( )+ 1+ ( #* $ && )' 1$ ' %1 1 %' )) 1$ ( %+ + '$ )) 1$ ) %* ( '# 1* * 1# # %1 * ') 1* 1 1# ' %1 # (* 1* + 1% & %+ * (* 1* + 1& + %+ * (1 1* + 1' # %+ 1 (1 1* $ 1' ( %$ * (1 1* # 1' ) %$ * (+ 1* ' 1( # %$ $ (+ 1* ( 1) 1 %# * ($ 1*) 1)( %#1

a. ,reate the followin charts and ra!hs for the data in the chart aboveFre.uency Table /isto ram 0tem and 1eaf Plot

b. 2iscuss the main features of the histo ram. ,enter3 s!read3 clusters3 a!s3 outliers3 sha!e.

c. Find the followin values for the data. 4easures of Center- 4edian ______________ 4easures of Spread- Ran e _______________ 4ean _______________ 56R _________________ 7ariance ______________________

0tandard 2eviation _______________

4easures of Position- 61 ______________ 6+ ___________________ 6$__________________ 4in _________________ 4ax ___________________

The '* Percentile __________________________ c. Find the standardi8ed scores 98:scores; for (* days and %+* days.

d. 1ist the %:number summary and create the modified box !lot for the data.

e. 5dentify any outliers by usin the 56R method.

f. 5f the data were chan ed in the followin ways3 which one of the summary measures would chan e and how would they chan e< ,han e the max days to 1*** ______________________________________________________ Trim the data by 1*= _____________________________________________________________ ,han e the unit of measures by dividin every !iece of data by 1** _________________________

+. The followin .ui8 scores are from + different classes for an AP 0tats test in cha!ter 1. #th #( /our '( )+ %th )* /our (# (& '& )+ )& (* (+ '( '( (& )& (# )# '+ )+ %+ )# )& (# '* (( )* 1* * (# (& )( (( )& )& )+ (& '& (# (+ )* (' (( '& )+ )# (* (+ (( )+ '+ (( (+ && %( '( (1 '(

a. ,reate bac>:to:bac> box:!lots 9on the same scale; and com!are them on the followin -

0!read-

,enter-

,lusters-

?a!s-

@utliers-

0ha!e-

$. 5s there a correlation between test anxiety and exam score !erformance< 2ata on x A score on a measure of test anxiety and y A exam score are iven in the table below. B A test anxiety CA score on exam +$ #$ 1# %) 1# #( * '' ' %* +* %+ +* #& 1% %1 +1 %1

a. Dhich one of the variables is the ex!lanatory and which is the res!onse variable<

b. ,onstruct a scatter !lot and comment on the features of the !lot. 9@verall !attern3 deviations3 direction3 form3 stren th;

c. Find the correlation coefficient3 the coefficient of determination and the 10R1.

d. ,onstruct a residual table and the residual !lot.

e. ,omment on the relationshi! between test anxiety and test scores based u!on the analysis you !erformed.

f. 5f we were to add the data !oint 9%31**; how would it affect the 10R1< Dhat is this !oint called<

#. The sam!le correlation coefficient between annual raises and teachin evaluations for a sam!le of $%$ colle e faculty was found to be r A .11. a. 5nter!ret this value.

b. 5f a strai ht line were fit to the data usin least s.uares re ression3 what !ro!ortion of variation in raises could be attributed to the a!!roximate linear relationshi! between raises and evaluation<

%. Each year the FE5 issues a re!ort that !rovides information about crimes in the Fnited 0tates. The followin table ives the total number of violent crimes in the Fnited 0tates for the year 1)(# to 1))#. Cear 9x; 1)(# No. of 1+'$ violent crimes 9y; 9thousands; 1)(% 1$+) 9 ; 1)(& 1#() 9 ; 1)(' 1#(# 9 ; 1)(( 1%&& 9 ; 1)() 1&#& 9 ; 1))* 1(+* 9 ; 1))1 1)1+ 9 ; 1))+ 1)$+ 9 ; 1))$ 1)+$ 9 ; 1))# 1(&# 9 ;

a. Plot the data. @bserve that there is a !attern but that several !oints donGt fit the !attern. Dhich !oints donGt fit<

b. Are violent crimes increasin linearly or ex!onentially< ,alculate the ratios and !ut into the table3 where you see the 9 ;. Are the ratios a!!roximately constant and reater than 1< Dhat is the avera e ratio for the first ei ht data !oints<

b. Cou decide to discard the last three !oints and develo! and ex!onential model for the years 1)(# to 1))1. 2elete these !oints and transform the remainin data to achieve a linear scatter!lot. Put the years 9x; and the transformed values for y in the table below. Cear

c. Plot the transformed data and the residual !lot for the transformed !lot. Perform a least s.uares re ression on the transformed !oints and record the correlation coefficient3 coefficient of determination and 10R1.

d. Perform the inverse transformation and record the e.uation that model the data for the years 1))# to 1))1.

e. Fse the ex!onential model from !art d to !redict the number of violent crimes in 1)(&.

f. 1)(& !roduces the lar est residual. Dhat is the residual for this year<

&. 5n !hysics class3 the intensity of a 1**:watt li ht bulb was measured by a sensin device at various distances from the li ht source3 and the followin data was collected. Note that a candela 9cd; is an international unit of luminous intensity. 2istance 5ntensity 9candelas; 1 .+)&% 1.1 .+%++ 1.+ 1.$ 1.# .1%$# 1.% .1$%+ 1.& .11#% 1.' .1*+# 1.( .*)+$ 1.) .*($+ +.* .*'$#

.+*%% .1'#&

a. Plot the data. Eased on the !attern of the !oints3 !ro!ose a model for the data. Then use a transformation followed by a linear re ression and then an inverse transformation to construct a model.

b. 2escribe the relationshi! between the intensity and the distance from the li ht source.

'. The followin table re!orts ,ensus Eureau data on under raduate students in F.0. colle es and universities in the fall of 1))1. Fnder?raduate ,olle e enrollment by a e of students H Fall 1))1 9thousands of students; A e 1%:1' 1(:+1 ++:+) $*:## KA#% Totals +:yr Full: time ## 1$#% #() +(' #) +:yr !art: time # #%& &)* '*# +*) #:yr full time ') $(&) 1$%( +() &+ #:yr !art: time * 1%) #)# &+' 1&* Totals

?T 9

a. Fill in the ItotalsJ in the table above. Dhat is the rand total 9?T; of students who were enrolled in colle es and universities in the fall of 1))1<

b. Dhat !ercent of all under raduate students were 1(:+1 years old in the fall of the 1))1<

c. Find the !ercent of the under raduates enrolled in each of the four ty!es of !ro rams who were 1(:+1 years old. 4a>e a bar chart to com!are these !ercents.

d. The 1(:+1 rou! is the ItraditionalJ a e rou! for colle e students. Eriefly summari8e what you have learned from the data about the extent to which this rou! !redominates in different >inds of colle e !ro rams.

Topic II. Sampling and Experimentation: Planning and Conducting a Study (. 2efine these termsa. ,ensus b. Po!ulation c. 0am!le d. 0urvey e. 0im!le Random 0am!le 90R0; f. Eias in a sam!le . ,onfoundin

h. 0tratified random sam!le i. ,luster 0am!le ". Eloc> desi n >. Ex!eriment l. @bservational study ). The 4inistry of /ealth in the ,anadian Province of @ntario wants to >now whether the national health care system is achievin its oals in the !rovince. 4uch information about health care comes from !atient records but that source doesnGt allow us to com!are !eo!le who use health services with those who donGt. 0o the 4inistry of /ealth conducted the @ntario /ealth 0urvey3 which interviewed a random sam!le of &13+$) !eo!le who in the Province of @ntario. a. Dhat is the !o!ulation for this sam!le survey< Dhat is the sam!le<

b. The survey found the '&= of males and (&= of females in the sam!le had visited a eneral !ractitioner at least once in the !ast year. 2o you thin> these estimates are close to the truth about the entire !o!ulation< Dhy or why not<

c. 5s this an ex!eriment or an observation study< /ow can you tell<

1*. Dhat are the characteristics of a well:desi ned and well:conducted study<

11. Elaine is enrolled in a self:!aced course that allows three attem!ts to !ass an examination on the material. 0he does not study and has + out of 1* chances of !assin on any one attem!t by !ure luc>. Dhat is ElaineGs li>elihood of !assin on at least one of the three attem!ts< 9Assume the attem!ts are inde!endent because she ta>es a different exam at each attem!t.; a. Ex!lain how you would use random di its to simulate one attem!t at the exam. Elaine will of course sto! ta>in the exam as soon as she !asses.

b. 0imulate %* re!etitions. Dhat is your estimate of ElaineGs li>elihood of !assin the course<

c. A more realistic model for ElaineGs attem!ts to !ass an exam would be as follows- @n the first try she has a !robability *.+ of !assin . 5f she fails on the first try3 her !robability on the second try increases to *.$ because she learned somethin from the first try. 5f she fails on the first + attem!ts3 the !robability of !assin on the third attem!t is *.#. 0he will sto! as soon as she !asses. The course rules force her to sto! after three attem!ts. Ex!lain how to simulate one re!etition of ElaineGs tries on the exam with this new a!!roach.

d. 0imulate %* re!etitions and estimate the !robability that Elaine eventually !asses the exam with the a!!roach in !art c.

1+. ,an as!irin hel! !revent heart attac>s< The PhysiciansG /ealth 0tudy3 a lar e medical ex!eriment involvin ++3*** male !hysicians3 attem!ted to answer this .uestion. @ne rou! of about 113*** !hysicians too> an as!irin every second day3 while the rest too> a !lacebo. After several years the study found that sub"ects in the as!irin rou! had si nificantly fewer heart attac>s than the sub"ects in the !lacebo rou!. a. 5dentify the ex!erimental sub"ects3 the factor and its levels3 and the res!onse variable in the health study.

b. study.

Fse a dia ram to outline a com!letely randomi8ed desi n for the health

1$. A mort a e lender routinely !laces advertisements in a local news!a!er. The advertisements are of three different ty!es- one focusin on low interest rates3 one featurin low fees for first:time buyers3 and one a!!ealin to !eo!le who may want to refinance their homes. The lender would li>e to determine which advertisement format is most successful in attractin customers to call for more information. 2escribe be an ex!eriment that would !rovide the information needed to ma>e this determination. Ee sure to consider extraneous factors such as the day of the wee> that the advertisement a!!ears in the !a!er3 the section of the !a!er in which the advertisement a!!ear3 daily fluctuations of the interest rate and so forth. Dhat role does randomi8ation !lay in your desi n< 2ia ram the desi n.

Topic III Anticipating Patterns: Exploring Random Phenomena using Pro a ility and Simulation 1#. Probability is a measure of how li>ely an event is to occur. 4atch one of the !robabilities that follow with each statement about an event. * *.*1 *.$ *.& *.)) 1.**

a. The sun will rise in the west in the mornin . b. Than>s ivin will be on Thursday3 November ++nd next year. c. An event is very unli>ely3 but it will occur vary rarely. d. The event will occur most of the time. 7ery rarely will it not occur.

e. ?ive an exam!le of where the other + !robabilities may occur. 1%. Dhat is the formula used for each of the followin !robabilitiesa. Addition Rule b. 4ulti!lication Rule c. ,onditional Probability

1&. The ty!e of medical care a !atient receives may vary with the a e of the !atient. A lar e study of women who had a breast lum! investi ated whether or not each woman received a mammo ram and a bio!sy when the lum! was discovered. /ere are some !robabilities estimated by the study. The entries in the table are the !robabilities that both of two events occurL for exam!le- *.$+1 is the !robability that a !atient is under &% years of a e and the tests were done. a. Dhat is the !robability that a !atient in this study is under &%<

b.

5s &% or over<

c. Dhat is the !robability that the tests were done for a !atient< That they were not done< d. Are the events A A 9!atient was &% or older; and EA 9the tests were done; inde!endent< Dere the tests omitted on older !atients more or less fre.uently that would be the case if testin were Tests Ces .$+1 .$&% 2one No .1+# .1)*

A e Fnder &% A e &% and @ver inde!endent of a e<

1'. /ere are the counts 9in thousands; of earned de rees in the Fnited 0tates in a recent year3 classified by level and by the sex of the de ree reci!ientEachelorGs Female 4ale Total &1& %+) 4asterGs 1)# 1'1 Professional $* ## 2octorate 1& +& Total

a. 5f you choose a de ree reci!ient at random3 what is the !robability that the !erson you choose is a woman<

b. Dhat is the conditional !robability that you choose a woman3 iven that that !erson chosen received a !rofessional de ree<

c. Are the events Ichoose a womanJ and Ichoose a !rofessional de ree reci!ientJ inde!endent< /ow do you >now<

1(. ,onsolidated Euilders has bid on two lar e construction !ro"ects. The com!any !resident believes that the !robability of winnin the first contract 9event A; is *.&3 that the !robability of winnin the second 9event E; is *.# and the "oint !robability of winnin both "obs 9event A and E; is *.+ . a. 2raw the 7enn dia ram that illustrates the relationshi! between events A and E.

b. Find the followin !robabilitiesP9A or E; P9A and E; P9A3 and Not E;

P9Not A3 and E;

P9not A and not E;

1). Dhat is the difference between discrete and continuous random variables<

+*. 1et x be the number of courses for which a randomly selected student at a certain university is re istered. The !robability distribution of x a!!ears in the accom!anyin table. B P9x; 1 *.*+ + *.*$ $ *.*) # *.+% % *.#* & *.1& ' *.*%

a. Dhat is P9x A #;<

b. Dhat is P9x MA#;<

c.

Dhat is the !robability that the selected student is ta>in at most five courses<

d. Dhat is the !robability that the selected students is ta>in at least five courses< e. ,alculate P9$MAxMA&; and P9$MxM&;. Ex!lain why the two !robabilities are different. f. Find the mean3 standard deviation and variance of the random variable x.

+1. Cou have two scales for measurin wei hts in a chemistry lab. Eoth scales ive answers that vary a bit in re!eated wei htin s of the same item. 5f the true wei ht of a com!ound is +.** rams3 the first scale !roduces readin s B that have mean +.*** rams and standard deviations *.**+ rams. The second scaleGs readin s C have mean +.**1 rams and standard deviation of *.**1 rams. a. Dhat are the mean and standard deviation of the difference y H x between the readin s< 9The readin s B and C and inde!endent.;

b. Cou measure once with each scale and avera e the readin s. Cour result is N A 9B O C;P+. Dhat are the mean and standard deviation of N<

++. Amon em!loyed women3 +%= have never been married. Cou select 1* em!loyed women at random. a. The number in your sam!le who have never been married has a binomial distribution. Dhat are n and !<

b. ,reate a binomial distribution table3 a !robability distribution table and a cumulative distribution table for this data.

c. Dhat is the !robability that exactly + of the 1* women in your sam!le has never been married<

d. Dhat is the !robability that + or fewer have never been married<

e. Dhat is the mean and standard deviation for this binomial distribution<

+$. A bas>etball !layers ma>es (*= of his free throws. De !ut him on the free throw line and as> him to shoot free throws until he misses one. 1et B A number of free throws the !layer ta>es until he misses. a. Dhat assum!tions do you need to ma>e in order for the eometric model to a!!ly< Dith these assum!tions3 verify that B has a eometric distribution. Dhat actions constitutes IsuccessJ in this context<

b. ,reate a eometric distribution table for x values from 1 to 1*. ,reate a !df and a cdf.

c. Dhat is the !robability that the !layer will ma>e % shots before he misses<

d. Dhat is the !robability that he will ma>e at most % shots before he misses<

e. Dhat is the mean of this eometric distribution<

+#. The area under the curve for a normal distribution is re!resented by a bell:sha!ed curve. a. Dhat are the !ro!erties of a normal distribution< 0>etch a normal curve.

+%. A certain !o!ulation of whoo!in cranes that mi rate between Disconsin and Florida every year has a 0R0 ta>en. The sam!le of 1% male cranes were wei hed before they left Disconsin to be in their tri!. The mean wei ht of the 1% males was found to be ++.' !ounds with a standard deviation of +.$ !ounds. Dhy is this !o!ulation considered a normal distribution< a. Dhat is the !robability that a random selected male crane wei hts less than +* !ounds< 0>etch the curve and !ut in all the a!!ro!riate values. Drite the !robability statement.

b. Dhat is the !robability that a random selected male crane wei hts more than +% !ounds<

c. Dhat is the !robability that a random selected male crane wei hts between +1 and +& !ounds<

d. Dhen these cranes reach Florida3 another random sam!le of +% male cranes is wei hted and measured. The mean wei ht is recorded at 1).% !ounds with a standard deviation of 1.' !ounds. Fsin this sam!le statistics3 ma>e a !rediction about another sam!le of +% from the same

!o!ulation3 what is the !robability that the mean of the sam!les will be between 1% and ++ !ounds<

e. Dhat is the !robability that the sam!lin distribution of +% cranes would have a mean reater than +$ !ounds<

f. Dhat is the !robability that the sam!lin distribution would be less than 1( !ounds<

+&. The /elsin>i /eart 0tudy as>s whether the anti:cholesterol dru emfibro8il will reduce heart attac>s. 5n !lannin such an ex!eriment3 the researchers must be confident that the sam!le si8es are lar e enou h to enable them to observe enou h heart attac>s. The /elsin>i study !lans to ive emfibro8il to +*** men and a !lacebo to another +*** men. The !robability of a heart attac> durin the %:year !eriod of the study for men this a e is about *.*#. De can thin> of the study !artici!ants as an 0R0 from a lar e !o!ulation3 of which the !ro!ortion ! A *.*# will have heart attac>s. a. Dhat is the mean number of heart attac>s that the study will find in one rou! of +*** men if the treatment doesnGt chan e the !robability of *.*#<

b. Dhat is the !robability that the rou! will suffer at least '% heart attac>s< 0>etch the curve3 show all the wor> and write the !robability statement.

+'. ,hildren in >inder arten are sometimes iven the Ravin Pro ressive 4atrices Test 9RP4T; to assess their readiness for learnin . Ex!erience at 0outhward Elementary 0chool su ests that the RP4T scores for its >inder arten !u!ils have a mean of 1$.& with a standard deviation of $.1. The distribution is close to normal. 4r. Erown has ++ children in his >inder arten class this year. a. Dhat is the !robability that classGs mean score will be less than 1+.*<

b. 4r. Erown sus!ects that the class RP4T scores will be unusually low because the test was interru!ted by a fire drill. /e wants to find the level 1 such that there is only a !robability of *.*% that the mean score of his class fall below 1. Dhat is this value of 1. 9/int- this re.uires you to find the 8:score and then convert to the x:score.;

+(. Ex!lain what is meant by the 1aw of 1ar e Numbers. /ow does this law a!!ly to sam!lin distributions<

+). Dhat is the ,entral 1imit Theorem< /ow is the ,1T used in sam!lin distributions<

Topic I!: Statistical Inference: Estimating Population Parameters and "ypotheses Testing $*. Estimatin Po!ulation Parameters. a. Dhy is an unbiased statistic enerally !referred over a biased statistic for estimatin a !o!ulation characteristic<

b. 2oes unbiasedness alone uarantee that the estimate will be close to the true value< Ex!lain.

c. A random sam!le of 1+ four:year old red !ine trees was selected and the diameter 9in; of each treeGs main stem was measured. The resultin observations are as follows11.$ 1*.' 1+.# 1%.+ 1*.1 1+.1 1&.+ 1*.% 11.# 11.* 1*.' 1+.*

Find the !oint estimate that can be used to estimate the true !o!ulation mean.

Find the !oint estimate that can be used to estimate the true !o!ulation standard deviation.

Find the !oint estimate that be used to estimate the true !o!ulation !ro!ortion of three whose diameter is reater than the avera e.

$1. Dhat is meant by the standard error of a !o!ulation !arameter< Dhat are the standard errors for the followin Po!ulation 4ean Po!ulation Pro!ortion Po!ulation 7ariability

2ifference between Two Po!ulation 4eans

2ifference between Two Po!ulation Pro!ortions

$+. Dhat is the eneral form of all confidence intervals<

$$. 0u!!ose that a random sam!le of %* bottles of a !articular brand of cou h medicine is selected and the alcohol content of each bottle is determined. 1et mu denote the avera e alcohol contend for the !o!ulation of all bottles of the brand under the study. 0u!!ose that the sam!le mean is (.+ rams with a standard deviation of 1.% rams. a. Find the )%= confidence interval for the mean alcohol content of the cou h medicine. Re!ort the mar in of error and show all the wor>.

b. Ex!lain in words any layman can understand what the )%= confidence interval means.

c. Dould the )*= confidence interval be narrower or wider< Ex!lain why.

d. The manufacturer claims that the alcohol content is (.* rams !er bottle. Perform a hy!othesis test to test the manufacturerGs claim.

$#. Retailers re!ort that the use of cents:off cou!ons in increasin . The 0cri!!s /oward News 0ervice re!orted that !ro!ortion of all households that use cou!ons as *.''. 0u!!ose that this estimate was based on a random sam!le of (** households. a. ,onstruct the ))= confidence interval for the true !o!ulation !ro!ortion. 0how all wor>.

b. The mana er of the retail store in re!ortin to his su!eriors claims that the true !ro!ortion of customers that use cou!ons is (*=. Test the mana erGs claim.

$%. Ex!lain the relationshi! between the t:test and the 8:test in hy!othesis testin .

$&. Dhat is meant by mar in of error in a confidence interval<

$'. Are irls less inclined to enroll in science courses than boys< @ne recent study as>ed randomly selected #th3 %th and &th raders how many science courses they intend to ta>e in hi h school. The followin data was obtainedn 4ales Females +*$ ++# 4ean $.#+ +.#+ 0tandard 2eviation 1.#) 1.$%

a. ,alculate a ))= confidence interval for the difference between males and females in mean number of science courses !lanned. 5nter!ret your interval.

b. The science teacher at the hi h school these students !lan on attendin claims that there is no difference in the number of courses boys and irls ta>e. Test the science teacherGs claim.

$(. Techni.ues for !rocessin !oultry were examined by a manufacturer of canned chic>en. Dhole chic>ens were chilled *3 +3 ( and +# hours before bein coo>ed and canned. To determine whether the chillin time affected the texture of the canned chic>en3 sam!les were evaluated by trained testers. @ne characteristic of interest was hardness. Each mean is based on $& ratin s. ,hillin Time 4ean /ardness 0tandard 2eviation * hour '.%+ .)& + hour &.%% 1.'# ( hour %.'* 1.$+ +# hour %.&% 1.%*

a. 2oes the data su est that there is a difference in mean hardness for chic>en chilled * hours before coo>in and chic>en chilled + hours before coo>in < Fse a si nificance level of *.*%.

b. 2oes the data su est that there is a difference in mean hardness for chic>en chilled ( hours before coo>in and chic>en chilled +# hours before coo>in <

c. Fse a )*= confidence interval to estimate the difference in mean hardness for chic>en chilled + hours before coo>in and chic>en chilled ( hours before coo>in .

d. 5f a Ty!e 5 error were made in !art a3 what would this mean< Dhat are the conse.uences<

e.

5f a Ty!e 55 error were made in !art b3 what would this mean< Dhat are the conse.uences<

$). The dischar e of industrial wastewater into rivers affects water .uality. To assess the effect of a !articular !ower !lant on water .uality3 +# water s!ecimens were ta>en 1& >m u!stream and # >m downstream of the !lant. Al>alinity 9m P1; was determined for each s!ecimen3 resultin in the summary .uantities in the table below. 1ocation F!stream 2ownstream n +# +# 4ean '%.) 1($.& 0tandard 2eviation 1.($ 1.'*

a. 2oes the data su est that the true mean al>alinity is hi her downstream than u!stream by more than %* m P1< Perform a hy!othesis test. 0how all ste!s.

b. Find the )*= confidence interval for the mean difference. 2oes this confirm your conclusion in the hy!othesis test<

#*. The article I0oftball 0lidin 5n"uriesJ !rovided a com!arison of brea>away bases 9desi ned to reduce in"uries; and stationary bases. ,onsider the accom!anyin data. 2oes the use of brea>away bases reduce the !ro!ortion of ames in which a !layer suffers a slidin in"ury< Perform the test at a 1= si nificance test. Number of ?ames Played 0tationary Eases Erea>away Eases 1+%* 1+%* Number of ?ames Dhere a Player 0uffered a 0lidin 5n"ury )* +*

#1. The color vision of birds !lays a role in their fora in behavior. Eirds use color to select and avoid certain ty!es of food. The authors of the article I,olor Avoidance in Northern EobwhitesJ studied the !ec>in behavior of 1:day:old bobwhites. 5n an area !ainted white3 they inserted four !ins with different colored heads. The color of the !in chosen on the birds first !ec> for each of $$ bobwhites3 resultin in the accom!anyin table. 2oes this data !rovide evidence of color !reference< Test at the 1% si nificance level. ,olor First Pec> Fre.uency Elue 1& ?reen ( Cellow & Red $

#+. 2o women have different !atterns of wor> behavior than men< The article IDor>aholism in @r ani8ations- ?ender 2ifferencesJ attem!ts to answer this .uestion. Each !erson in a random sam!le of #+$ raduates of a business school in ,anada were !olled and classified by ender and wor>aholism ty!e3 resultin in the accom!anyin tableDor>aholism Dor> Enthusiasts Dor>aholics Enthusiastic Dor>aholics Fnen a ed Dor>ers Relaxed Dor>ers 2isenchanted Dor>ers Female +* $+ $# #$ +# $' 4ale #1 $' #& %+ +' $*

a. Test the hy!othesis that ender and wor>aholism ty!e are inde!endent.

b. The author writes Iwomen and men fell into each of the six wor>aholism ty!es to a similar de ree.J 2oes the outcome of the test you !erformed in !art a su!!ort this conclusion< Ex!lain.

#$. 5t is certainly !lausible that wor>ers are less li>ely to .uit their "obs when wa es are hi h than when they are low. The !a!er I5nvesti atin the ,ausal Relationshi! Eetween 6uits and Da esJ !resented the accom!anyin data on x A avera e hourly wa es and y A .uit rate 9number of em!loyees !er 1** who left "obs durin 1)(&.; Each observation is for a different industry. x (.+ * y 1.# 1*.$ % .' &.1 ( +.& %.$ ' $.# ).) # 1.' ).1 1 1.' 1*.% ) 1.* 1$.+ ) .% '.) ) +.* %.% # $.( '.% * +.$ &.# $ 1.) (.( $ 1.# 1*.) $ 1.( (.(* +.*

The followin is the 4initab out!ut-

Predictor ,onstant Da e sA *.#(&+

,oef #.(&1% :*.$#&%%

0tdev *.%+*1 *.*%(&&

t:ratio ).$% :%.)1

! *.**** *.****

R:s. A '+.)=

R:s.9ad"; A '*.(=

Analysis of 7ariance 0@FR,E Re ression Error Total 2F 1 1$ 1# 00 (.+%*' $.*'$$ 11.$+#* 40 (.+%*' *.+$&# F $#.)* ! *.****

a. 5dentify the slo!e and y:interce!t for the 10R1 for avera e hourly wa es and .uit rate. b. Dhat is the 10R1<

c. Dhat values do the values for slo!e and y:interce!t model for the !o!ulation<

d. Find the )%= confidence interval for the slo!e of the line.

e. Test the hy!othesis that there is a linear relationshi! between avera e hourly wa es and .uit rate.