PELTON TURBINE Theory: Hydraulic machines are defined as those machines which convert either hydraulic energy (energy

possessed by water) into mechanical energy or mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Turbines are defined as hydraulic machines which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. Hydraulic turbines are of different types according to specification and Pelton wheel or turbine is one of the types of hydraulic turbines. Pelton Wheel or Turbine: The Pelton wheel or Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine. The water strikes the bucket along the tangent of the runner. The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy. The pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmospheric. The turbine is used for high heads and is named after L.A Pelton, an American Engineer. Constructional Details: The main parts of the pelton turbine are: 1. Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement. 2. Runner and buckets. 3. Casing. 4. Breaking Jet. 1. Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement: The amount of water striking the buckets of the runner is controlled by providing a spear in the nozzle. The spear is a conical needle which is operated either by a hand wheel or automatically in an axial direction depending upon the size of the unit. When the spear is pushed forward into the nozzle the amount of water striking the runner is reduced. On the other hand if the spear is pushed back, the amount of water striking the runner increases. 2. Runner with buckets: It consists of a circular disc on the periphery of which a number of buckets evenly spaced are fixed. The shape of the buckets is of a double hemispherical cup or bowl. Each bucket is divided into two hemispherical parts by a dividing wall which is known as splitter. 3. Casing: The function of the casing is to prevent the splashing of the water and to discharge water to tail race. It also acts as a safeguard against accidents. It is made of cast iron or fabricated steel plates. As pelton wheel is an impulse turbine, the casing of the pelton wheel does not perform any hydraulic function. 4. Breaking Jet: When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward direction the amount of water striking the runner reduces to zero. But the runner due to inertia goes on revolving for a long time. To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is provided which directs the Jet of water on the back of the buckets. This Jet of water is called breaking Jet. Working of Pelton wheel Turbine: 1

The water from the reservoir flows through the penstocks at the outlet of which a nozzle is fitted. The nozzle increases the kinetic energy of the water flowing through the penstock by converting pressure energy into kinetic energy. At the outlet of the nozzle, the water comes out in the form of a Jet and strikes on the splitter, which splits up the jet into two parts. These parts of the Jet, glides over the inner surfaces and comes out at the outer edge. The buckets are shaped in such a way that buckets rotates, runner of the turbine rotates and thus hydraulic energy of water gets converted into mechanical energy on the runner of turbine which is further converted into electrical energy in a generator/alternator. Specifications: 1. Type Impulse (free jet) turbine. 2. Type of flow Tangential. 3. Head more than 250m (high) 4. Mainly Runner shaft is horizontal in pelton turbine. 5. Specific Speed 6. Discharge Governing mechanism: Speed of the turbine runner is required to be maintained constant so that the electric generator coupled directly to the turbine shaft runs at constant speed under varying load conditions. With increase in load, the runner speed falls and consequently balls of the centrifugal governor move inwards. Through suitable linkages, the resulting downward movement of the governor sleeve is transmitted to a relay or control valve which admits oil under pressure to a servomotor. The oil exerts a force on the piston of the servomotor, and that pushes the spear to a position which increases the annular area of the nozzle flow passage. Quantum of water striking the buckets is then increased and the normal turbine speed is restored. FRANCIS TURBINE Theory: - Reaction Turbine: - In this type of turbine there is a gradual pressure drop and takes place continuously over the fixed and moving blades or over guide vanes and moving vanes. The function of the guides vanes is that they alter the direction of water as well as increases its velocity. As the water passes over the moving vanes its kinetic energy is absorbed by them. Francis Turbine: - The inward flow reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet is known as Francis turbine, after the name of J.B Francis an American engineer who in beginning designed inward radial flow reaction turbine. In the modern Francis turbine, the water enters the runner of the turbine in the radial direction and leaves in the axial direction at the outlet of the runner. Thus the modern Francis turbine is a mixed flow type turbine. Constructional details:The main parts of the Francis turbine are: 1. Penstock 2. Casing 3. Guide mechanism 4. Runner 5. Draft tube 8 to 30 for one nozzle (low) Up to 50 for more than one nozzle. low.

1. Penstock: - It is a long pipe at the outlet of which a nozzle is fitted. The water from reservoir flows through the penstock. The nozzle increases the kinetic energy of water flowing through the penstock. 2. Casing: - In case of reaction turbine, casing and runner are always full of water. The water from the penstocks enters the casing which is of spiral shape in which area of cross-section of the casing goes on decreasing gradually. The casing completely surrounds the runner of the turbine. The casing is made of spiral shape, so that the water may enter the runner at constant velocity through out the circumference of the runner. The casing is made of concrete or cast steel. 3. Guide Mechanism: - It consists of a stationary circular wheel all round the runner of the turbine. The stationary guide vanes are fixed on the guide mechanism. The guide vanes allow the water to strike the vanes fixed on the runner without shake at inlet. Also by a suitable arrangement, the width between two adjacent vanes of a guides mechanism can be altered so that the amount of water striking the runner can vary. 4. Runner: - It is a circular wheel on which a series of radial curved vanes are fixed. The surface of the vanes is made very smooth. The radial curved vanes are so shaped that the water enters and leaves the runner without shock. The runners are made of cast steel, cast iron or stainless steel. They are keyed to the shaft.

5. Draft tube: - The pressure at the exit of the runner of a reaction turbine is generally less than atmosphere pressure. The water at exit cannot be directly discharged to the tail race. A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is used for discharging water from the exit of the turbine to the tail race. This tube of increasing area is called draft tube. The draft tube, in addition to serve a passage for water discharge, has the following two purposes also. 1. The turbine may be placed above the tail race and hence turbine may be inspected properly. 2. The kinetic energy rejected at the outlet of the turbine is converted into useful pressure energy. Specifications:1. Type Reaction Turbine 2. Type of flow Mixed (Redial & Axial) 3. Head Medium 45 to 250m 4. Specific speed Medium 50 to 250 5. Shaft position Mainly vertical ( it may be horizontal also ) 6. Discharge Medium Governing Mechanism:The governing mechanism changes the position of guide blades to affect a variation in the water flow rate in the wake of changing load condition of the turbine. When the load changes, the governing mechanism rotates all guide blades about their axis through the same angle so that the water flow rate to the runner and its direction essentially remain the same at the all passages between any two consecutive guide vans. The penstock pipe feeding the turbine is often fitted with a relief valve, also known as the pressure regulator. When guide vanes are suddenly closed, the relief valve opens and diverts the water direct to tail race. The simultaneous operation of guide vanes and relief valve is termed as double regulation.

KAPLAN TURBINE Kaplan Turbine: - Kaplan Reaction turbines are axial flow turbines in which the flow is parallel to the axis of the shaft. They are low head, high discharge turbine. In this water turn at right angles between the guide vanes, runner & then flow parallel to the shaft. It is inward flow reaction turbine. The flow was along the radius from periphery to the centre of the runner. (From outer dia to the inner dia of runner). It is capable of giving high efficiency at overloads (up to 15-20%), at normal loads (up to 94%). The runner of this turbine is in the form of boss or hub which extends in a bigger dia. Casing with proper adjustment of blades during running. The blade angles should be properly adjusted so that water enters & flow through the runner blades with out shock. Constructional details:1. Penstock 2. Spiral or scroll casing 3. Guide mechanism 4. Runner 5. Draft tube 1. Penstock: - It is the water way used to carry the water from the reservoir to the turbine. At the inlet of the penstock trash cracks are used to prevent the debris from going into the turbine. 2. Spiral or Scroll casing: - In case of reaction turbine casing and runner are always full of water. The water from the penstock enters the casing which is of spiral shape in which area of crosssection of the casing goes on decreasing gradually. The casing completely surrounds the runner of the turbine. The casing is made of spiral shape, so that the water may enter the runner at constant velocity through out the circumference of the runner. 3. Guide Mechanism: - It consists of a stationary circular wheel all round the runner of the turbine. The stationary guide vanes are fixed on the guide mechanism. The guide vanes allow the water to strike the vanes fixed on the runner without shock at inlet. Also by a suitable arrangement, the width between two adjacent vanes of a guide mechanism can be altered so that the amount of water striking the runner can be varied. A space, called whirl Chamber, is provided between the guide vanes and the runner. In this chamber, the flow turns by 90 & move as a free vortex i.e without the aid of any external torque. The radial component changes into axial component due to the guidance from the fixed housing. 4. Runner: - It is a circular wheel, also called hub or bass on which a series of radial curved vanes are fixed. The surface of the vanes is made very smooth. The radial curved vanes are so shaped that water enters and leaves the runner without shock. The runners are made of cast steel, cast iron or stainless steel. In Kaplan turbine, the shaft is the extended part of runner with smaller diameter. 5. Draft tube: - The pressure at the exit of an axial turbine is generally less than atmospheric pressure. The water at exit cannot be directly discharged to the tail race. A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is used for discharging water from the exit of the turbine to the tail race. This tube of increasing area is called draft tube. 4

Specifications:1. Type Reaction turbine 2. Type of flow Axial 3. Head Low (below 40 m) 4. Number of blades on runner 3 or 4 (max. 6) 5. Specific speed High - 250 to 850 6. Discharge - High CENTRIFUGAL PUMP Theory: - The hydraulic machine which converts the mechanical energy in to pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid is called centrifugal pump. The centrifugal pump acts as a reverse of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This means that the flow in centrifugal pump is in the radial outward directions. The centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vertex flow which means that when a certain mass of liquid is related by an external torque, the rise in pressure head of the rotating liquid takes place. The rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating liquid is proportional to the square of the tangential velocity of the liquid at that point. Thus at the outlet of the impeller radius is more, the rise in pressure head will be more and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with a high pressure head. Due to this pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a high level. Constructional details:Main part of a centrifugal pump:1. Impeller:-The rotating part of a centrifugal pump is called Impeller. It consists of a series of backward curved vanes. The impeller is mounted on a shaft which is connected to the shaft of an electric motor. 2. Casing: - The casing of a centrifugal pump is similar to the casing of a reaction turbine. It is an air-tight passage surrounding the impeller and is designed in such a way that the kinetic energy of the water discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted in to pressure energy before the water leaves the casing and enters the delivery pipe. The following three types of casing are commonly adopted:(i) Volute casing (ii) Vortex casing (iii) Casing with guide blade 3. Suction pipe with a foot-valve and a strainer: - A pipe whose one end is connected to the inlet of the pump and other end dips in to water in a sump is known as suction pipe. A foot valve which is a non-return valve or one way valve is fitted at the lower end of the suction pipe. The foot valve opens only in the upward direction. A strainer is also fitted at the lower end of the suction pipe. 4. Delivery pipe: - A pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and other end delivers the water at a required height is known as delivery pipe.