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Protection and Relays Used in Main Circuit Board at A Power Grid Substation

1. The document discusses various types of protection and relay devices used in main circuit boards at power grid substations, including differential relays, directional overcurrent relays, instantaneous voltage relays, and auxiliary relays. 2. It also describes high speed tripping relays, definite time delay relays, trip circuit supervision relays, instantaneous overcurrent relays, and inverse time overcurrent relays. 3. The document further discusses fuse failure relays, circulating current relays, local breaker back up relays, poly-phase directional relays, auto reclose relays, and reactance distance schemes used for transmission line protection.

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84 views5 pages

Protection and Relays Used in Main Circuit Board at A Power Grid Substation

1. The document discusses various types of protection and relay devices used in main circuit boards at power grid substations, including differential relays, directional overcurrent relays, instantaneous voltage relays, and auxiliary relays. 2. It also describes high speed tripping relays, definite time delay relays, trip circuit supervision relays, instantaneous overcurrent relays, and inverse time overcurrent relays. 3. The document further discusses fuse failure relays, circulating current relays, local breaker back up relays, poly-phase directional relays, auto reclose relays, and reactance distance schemes used for transmission line protection.

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محمد فصیح آفتاب
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Protection and Relays Used In Main Circuit Board at a Power Grid Substation
Bipul Raman

Diffe re ntial re lay fo r trans fo rme r ap p lic atio ns . Pro te c tio n fe ature s inc lud e o ve r-e xc itatio n (V/Hz ), und e r/o ve r-vo ltag e , p has e o ve rc urre nt, ne g ative -s e q ue nc e o ve rc urre nt, and b re ake r fail-to -trip /fail-to -c lo s e ind ic ato rs . (p ic b y tho mas ne t.c o m)

1. High speed biased dif f erential relay


T he DMH type relay provides high speed biased dif f erential protection f or two or three winding transformers. T he relay is immune to high inrush current and has a high degree of stability against through f aults. It requires a max of two cycles operating time f or current above twice relay rated current. Instantaneous overcurrent protection clears heavy internal f aults immediately. T his relay is available in two f orms. Firstly f or use with time Cts, the ratios of line which are matched to the load current to give zero dif f erential current under normal working conditions. Secondly with tapped interposing transf ormers f or use with standard line current transf ormers of any ratio.

2. Directional inverse time overcurrent and earth f ault relays


T he CDD type relays are applied f or directional or earth fault protection of ring mains, parallel transf ormers or parallel f eeders with the time graded principle. It is induction disc type relay with induction cup used to add directional f eature.

3. Instantaneous voltage relay


T he type VAG relay is an instantaneous protection against abnormal voltage conditions such as over voltage, under voltage or no voltage in AC and DC circuits and f or def inite time operation when used with a timer. It is an attracted armature type relay.

4. Auxiliary relays
T he VAA/CAA type auxiliary relays are applied f or control alarm, indication and other auxiliary duties in AC or DC systems. CAA is a current operated and VAA is a voltage operated relay.. it is attracted armature type.

5. High speed tripping relays


T his VAJH type relay is employed with a high speed tripping duties where a number of simultaneous switching operations are required. T his is a f ast operating multi contact attracted armature relay.

6. Def inite time delay relay


T his VAT type relay is used in auto reclosing and control schemes and to provide a def inite time f eature f or instantaneous protective relay. It is an Electro mechanical def inite time relay. It has two pair of contacts. T he shorter time setting is provided by a passing contact and longer time setting by the f inal contact.

7. Trip circuit supervision relay


T his VAX relay is applied f or af ter closing or continuous supervision of the trip circuit of circuit breakers. They detect the following conditions: 1. Failure of trip relay 2. Open circuit of trip coil 3. Failure of mechanism to complete the tripping operation

8. Instantaneous over current and earth f ault relay


An instantaneous phase or earth f ault protection and f or def inite time operation when used with a timer. It is a CAG 12/12G standard attracted armature relay with adjustable settings. It may be a single pole or triple pole relay.

9. Inverse time over current and earth f ault relay


T his CDG 11-type relay is applied f or selective phase and earth f ault protection in time graded systems f or AC machines. Transf ormers, f eeders etc. this is a non-directional relay with a def inite minimum time which has an adjustable inverse time/current characteristics. It may be a single pole or triple pole relay.

10. Fuse f ailure relay


T his VAP type relay is used to detect the f ailure or inadvertent removal of voltage transf ormer sec. f uses and to prevent incorrect tripping of circuit breaker. It is three units, instantaneous attracted armature type relay the coil of each unit connected across one of the VTs. T he secondary f uses under healthy conditions, the coil is SC by f uses and cant be energized. But one or more f uses blow the coil is energized and relay operates.

11. Instantaneous high stability circulating current relay


It is used to serve the f ollowing three purposes 1. Dif f erential protection of Ac machines , reactors auto transf ormers and bus bars 2. Balanced and restricted earth f ault protection of generator of generator and transf ormer windings 3. Transverse dif f erential protection of generators and parallel f eeders.

T his CAG type relay is a standard attracted armature relay. In circulating current protection schemes, the sudden and of ten asymmetrical growth of the system current during external f ault conditions can cause the protection current transf ormers to go into saturation, resulting in high unbalance current to insure stability under these conditions. T he modern practice is to use a voltage operated high impedance relay, set to operate at a voltage slightly higher than that developed by CT under max f ault conditions. Hence this type of relay is used with a stabilizing resistor.

12. Local breaker back up relay


this is a CT IG type three phase or two phase earth f ault instantaneous over current unit intended f or use with a time delay unit to give back up protection in the event of a circuit breaker f ailure.

13. Poly-phase directional relay


T he PGD relay is a high speed induction cup unit used to give directional properties to three phase IDMT over-current relays, f or the protection of parallel f eeders, inter connected networks and parallel transf ormers against phase to phase and three phase f aults. Owing to low sensitivity on phase to earth f aults the relay is used with discretion on solidly earthed systems.

14. Auto reclose relay


Five types of auto reclose relays are available: a) VAR21 giving one reclosure. T he dead time and reclaim time are adjustable f orm 5 to 25 secs. If the circuit breaker reopens during reclaim time, it remains open and locked out. b) VAR41B is a single shot scheme f or air blast circuit breakers. Reclaim time is f ixed at between 15 to 20 secs. Dead time adjustment is f rom 0.1 to 1.0 sec of which f irst 300 millisec will be circuit breaker opening time. c) VAR 42 giving f our reclosure. It is precision timed f rom 0 to 60 sec. it can be set f or max f our enclosures at min intervals of 10 sec and instantaneous protection can be suppressed af ter the f irst reclosure so that persistent f aults are ref erred to time graded protection. d) VAR 71 giving single shot medium speed reclosure with alarm and lockout f or circuit breaker. T his allows up to 10 f aults clearance bef ore initiating an alarm. T he alarm is f ollowed by lockout if selected no. of f aults clearances exceed. If the circuit breaker reopens during reclaim time, it remains open and locked out. It of f ers delay in reclosing sequence. Instantaneous lockout on low current earth f ault and suppressing instantaneous protection during reclamation time. e) Var81 is a single shot high-speed reclosure with alarm and lockout f or circuit breaker T his allows up to 10 f aults clearance bef ore initiating an alarm. Top

React ance dist ance scheme


this scheme consists of the f ollowing relays, XCG22-3 f or phase to phase and 3 f or phase to ground, YCG17, mho starting unit one in each place, VAT 51 along with timing unit f or zone 2 and 3, 86-X aux. tripping relay and 30G, H, and J f or 1st, 2nd and 3rd. Z one indication VAA51, CAG12 and VAA31. T hese schemes provide three zone phase and earth f ault protection using reactance relays type XCG22 and also starting relays YCG17.

T hey are applicable to important line sections where high values of arc resistance would otherwise af f ect the accuracy of measurement and where high speed tripping is essential. High-speed protection is provided f or phase and earth f aults on 80-90% of the line section and f aults on the remaining section are cleared in second zone, time. T he third zone provides backup protection af ter f urther time interval. Each mho starting unit Y3 and its auxiliary Y3 X is associated with one phase and operates f or all f aults involving this phase. Each reactance unit X is connected to measure phase or earth f ault distance, but is prevented f rom operating by short circuit across the polarizing coils. Under the phase f ault conditions, the Y3 X units unblock the appropriate X1 reactance units, which initiate tripping immediately f or f aults within their setting. Operation of the earth auxiliary relay 64 in conjunction with the Y3 X units selects the appropriate reactance units f or measurement of earth f aults. T he reach of reactance units is extended by the timer, 2 af ter successive intervals to cover f aults in zone 2 and 3.

The p rinc ip le o f d is tanc e s c he me - Blo c k d iag ram

Discrimination is not af f ected by changing f aults, f or example a zone 2 earth f ault which develops into a double phase to earth f ault will be cleared correctly by the X1 (phase f ault) units in zone 2 time. In the rare event of two f aults occurring simultaneously at dif f erent points on the line; the scheme will measure to a distance approximately half way. Source: Internet and several books of Electrical Engineering

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