A FACTS Device: Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC)

ABSTRACT This paper presents a new component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC). TheDPFC can be considered as a UPFC with an eliminated common dc link. The active power exchange between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the transmission lines at the thirdharmonic frequency. The DPFC employs the distributed FACTS (D-FACTS) concept, which is to use multiple small-size single-phase converters instead of the one large-size three-phase series converter in the UPFC. The large number of series converters provides redundancy, thereby increasing the system reliability. As the D-FACTS converters are single-phase and floating with respect to the ground, there is no high-voltage isolation required between the phases. Accordingly, the cost of the DPFC system is lower than the UPFC. The DPFC has the same control capability as the UPFC, which comprises the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding experimental results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown. Index TermsACDC power conversion, load flow control, power electronics, power semiconductor devices, power system control, power-transmission control.

INTRODUCTION
The Growing demand and the aging of networks make it desirable to control the power flow in power-transmission systems fast and reliably [1]. The flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) that is defined by IEEE as a power-electronic based system and other static equipment that provide control of one or more ac-transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and increase power-transfer capability [2], and can be utilized for power-flow control. Currently, the unified power-flow controller (UPFC) shown in Fig. 1, is the most powerful FACTS device,

which can simultaneously control all the parameters of the system: the line impedance, the transmission angle, and bus voltage [3].

Fig. 1. Simplified representation of a UPFC. The UPFC is the combination of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), which are coupled via a common dc link, to allow bidirectional flow of active power between the series output terminals of the SSSC and the shunt output terminals of the STATCOM[4]. The converter in series with the line provides the main function of the UPFC by injecting a four-quadrant voltage with controllable magnitude and phase. The injected voltage essentially acts as a synchronous ac-voltage source, which is used to vary the transmission angle and line impedance, thereby independently controlling the active and reactive power flow through the line. The series voltage results in active and reactive power injection or absorption between the series converter and the transmission line. This reactive power is generated internally by the series converter (see e.g., SSSC [5]), and the active power is supplied by the shunt converter that is back-to-back connected. The shunt converter controls the voltage of the dc capacitor by absorbing or generating active power from the bus; therefore, it acts as a synchronous source in parallel with the system. Similar to the STATCOM, the shunt converter can also provide reactive compensation for the bus. The components of the UPFC handle the voltages and currents with high rating; therefore, the total cost of the system is high. Due to the common dc-link interconnection, a failure that happens at one converter will influence the whole system. To achieve the required reliability for power systems, bypass circuits and redundant backups (backup transformer, etc.) are needed, which on other hand, increase the cost. Accordingly, the UPFC has not been commercially used, even though, it has the most advanced control capabilities. This paper introduces a new concept, called distributed power-flow controller (DPFC) that is derived from the PFC. The same as the UPFC, the DPFC is able to control all system parameters. The DPFC eliminates the common dc link between the shunt and series converters. The active power exchange between the shunt and the series

converter is through the transmission line at the third-harmonic frequency. The series converter of the DPFC employs the distributed FACTS .

Fig. 2. Flowchart from UPFC to DPFC.

Fig. 3. DPFC configuration. (D-FACTS) concept [6]. Comparing with the UPFC, the DPFC have two major advantages: 1) low cost because of the low-voltage isolation and the low component rating of the series converter and 2) high reliability because of the redundancy of the series converters. This paper begins with presenting the principle of the DPFC, followed by its steady-state analysis. After a short introduction of the DPFC control, the paper ends with the experimental results of the DPFC.

DPFC PRINCIPLE
Two approaches are applied to the UPFC to increase the reliability and to reduce the cost; they are as follows. First, eliminating the common dc link of the UPFC and second distributing the series converter, as shown in Fig. 2. By combining these two approaches, the new FACTS deviceDPFC is achieved. The DPFC consists of one shunt and several series-connected converters. The shunt converter is similar as a STATCOM, while the series converter employs

the D-FACTS concept, which is to use multiple single-phase converters instead of one large rated converter. Each converter within the DPFC is independent and as its own dc capacitor to provide the required dc voltage. Theconfiguration of the DPFC is shown in Fig. 3. As shown, besides the key components, namely the shunt and series converters, the DPFC also requires a high-pass filter that is shunt connected at the other side of the transmission line, and two Y transformers at each side of the line. The reason for these extra components will be explained later. The unique control capability of the UPFC is given by the back-to-back connection between the shunt and series converters, which allows the active power to exchange freely. To ensure that the DPFC have the same control capability as the UPFC, a method that allows the exchange of active power between converters with eliminated dc link is the prerequisite.

A. Eliminate DC Link Within the DPFC, there is a common connection between the ac terminals of the shunt and the series converters, which is the transmission line. Therefore, it is possible to exchange the active

Fig. 4. Active power exchange between DPFC converters. power through the ac terminals of the converters. The method is based on the power theory of nonsinusoidal components. According to the Fourier analysis, a nonsinusoidal voltage and current can be expressed by the sum of sinusoidal functions in different frequencies with different amplitudes. The active power resulting from this nonsinusoidal voltage and current is defined as the mean value of the product of voltage and current. Since the integrals of all the cross product of termswith different frequencies are zero, the active power can be expressed by

where Vi and Ii are the voltage and current at the ith harmonic frequency, respectively, and i is the corresponding angle between the voltage and current. Equation (1) describes that the active power at different frequencies is isolated from each other and the voltage or current in one frequency has no influence on the active power at other frequencies. The independency of the active power at different frequencies gives the possibility that a converter without power source can generate active power at one frequency and absorb this power from other requencies. By applying this method to the DPFC, the shunt converter can absorb active power from the grid at the fundamental frequency and inject the current back into the grid at a harmonic frequency. This harmonic current will flow through the transmission line. According to the amount of required active power at the fundamental frequency, the DPFC series converters generate a voltage at the harmonic frequency, thereby absorbing the active power from harmonic components. Assuming a lossless converter, the active power generated at fundamental frequency is equal to the power absorbed from the harmonic frequency. For a better understanding, Fig. 4 indicates how the active power exchanges between the shunt and the series converters in the DPFC system. The high-pass filter within the DPFC blocks the fundament frequency components and allows the harmonic components to pass, thereby providing a return path for the harmonic components. The shunt and series converters, the high-pass filter, and the ground form the closed loop for the harmonic current. Due to the unique characters of third-harmonic frequency components, the third harmonic is selected to exchange the active power in the DPFC. In a three-phase system, the third harmonic in each phase is identical, which is referred to as zero-sequence. The zerosequence harmonic can be naturally

Fig. 6. Route the harmonic current by using the grounding status of the Y transformer. blocked by Y transformers, which are widely used in power system to change voltage level. Therefore, there is no extra filter required to prevent the harmonic leakage to the rest of the network. In addition, by using the third harmonic, the costly high-pass filter, as shownin Fig. 4, can be replaced by a cable that is connected between the neutral point of the Y transformer on the right side in Fig. 3 and the ground. Because thewinding appears open circuit to the third-harmonic current, all harmonic current will flow through the Y-winding and concentrate to the grounding cable, as shown in Fig. 5. Therefore, the large-size high-pass filter is eliminated. Another advantage of using third harmonic to exchange active power is that the way of grounding of Y transformers can be used to route the harmonic current in a meshed network. If the branch requires the harmonic current to flow through, the neutral point of the Y transformer at the other side in that branch will be grounded and vice versa. Fig. 6 demonstrates a simple example of routing the harmonic current by using a grounding Y transformer. Because the transformer of the line without the series converter is floating, it is open circuit for third-harmonic components. Therefore, no third-harmonic current will flow through this line. Theoretically, the third-, sixth-, and ninth-harmonic frequencies are all zero-sequence, and all can be used to exchange active power in the DPFC. As it is well known, the capacity of a transmission line to deliver power depends on its impedance. Since the transmission-line impedance is inductive and proportional to the frequency, high-transmission frequencies will cause high impedance. Consequently, the zero-sequence harmonic with the lowest frequency third harmonic is selected. B. Distributed Series Converter The D-FACTS is a solution for the series-connected FACTS, which can dramatically reduce the total cost and increase the reliability of the series FACTS device. The idea of the D-FACTS.

Fig. 7. D-FACTS unit configuration [7]. is to use a large number of controllers with low rating instead ofone large rated controller. The small controller is a single-phase converter attached to transmission lines by a single-turn transformer. The converters are hanging on the line so that no costly high-voltage isolation is required. The single-turn transformer uses the transmission line as the secondary winding, inserting controllable impedance into the line directly. Each D-FACTS module is selfpowered from the line and controlled remotely by wireless or power-line communication (see Fig. 7). The structure of the D-FACTS results in low cost and high reliability. As D-FACTS units are single-phase devices floating on lines, high-voltage isolations between phases are avoided. The unit can easily be applied at any transmission-voltage level, because it does not require supporting phase-ground isolation. The power and voltage rating of each unit is relatively small. Further, the units are clamped on transmission lines, and therefore, no land is required.

The redundancy of the D-FACTS provides an uninterrupted operation during a single module failure, thereby giving a much higher reliability than other FACTS devices. C. DPFC Advantages The DPFC can be considered as a UPFC that employs the DFACTS concept and the concept of exchanging power through harmonic. Therefore, the DPFC inherits all the advantages of the UPFC and the D-FACTS, which are as follows. 1) High control capability. The DPFC can simultaneously control all the parameters of the power system: the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The elimination of the common dc link enables separated installation of the DPFC converters. The shunt and series converters can be placed at the most effectively location. Due to the high control capability, the DPFC can also be used to improve the power quality and system stability, such as low-frequency power oscillation damping [8], voltage sag restoration, or balancing asymmetry. 2) High reliability. The redundancy of the series converter gives an improved reliability. In addition, the shunt and series converters are independent, and the failure at one place will not influence the other converters. When a failure occurs in the series converter, the converter will be short-circuited by bypass protection, thereby having little influence to the network. In the case of the shunt converter

Fig. 8. DPFC simplified representation. failure, the shunt converter will trip and the series converter will stop providing active compensation and will act as the D-FACTS controller [9].
3) Low cost.

There is no phase-to-phase voltage isolation required by the series converter. Also, the power rating of each converter is small and can be easily produced in series production lines. However, as the DPFC injects extra current at the thirdharmonic frequency into the transmission line, additional losses in the transmission line and transformer should be aware of.
III. ANALYSIS OF THE DPFC

In this section, the steady-state behavior of the DPFC is analyzed, and the control capability of the DPFC is expressed in the parameters of the network and the DPFC. To simplify the DPFC, the converters are replaced by controllable voltage sources in series with impedance. Since each converter generates the voltage at two different frequencies, it is represented by two seriesconnected controllable voltage sources, one at the fundamental frequency and the other at the third-harmonic frequency. Assuming that the converters and the transmission line are lossless, the total active power generated by the two frequency voltage sources will be zero. The multiple series converters are simplified as one large converter with the voltage, which is equal to the sum of the voltages for all series converter, as shown in Fig. 8. In Fig. 8, the DPFC is placed in a twobus system with the sending-end and the receiving-end voltages Vs and Vr , respectively. The

transmission line is represented by an inductance L with the line current I. The voltage injected by all the DPFC series converters is Vse,1 and Vse,3 at the fundamental and the third-harmonic frequency, respectively. The shunt converter is connected to the sending bus through the inductor Lsh and generates the voltage Vsh,1 and Vsh,3 ; the current injected by the shunt converter is Ish . The active and reactive power flow at the receiving end is Pr and Qr , respectively. This representation consists of both the fundamental and third-harmonic frequency components. Based on the superposition theorem, the circuit in Fig. 8 can be further simplified by being split into two circuits at different frequencies. The two circuits are isolated from each other, and the link between these

Fig. 9. DPFC equivalent circuit. (a) Fundamental frequency. (b) Thirdharmonic frequency.

Fig. 10. DPFC active and reactive power control range with the transmission angle . circuits is the active power balance of each converter, as shown in Fig. 9. The powerflow control capability of the DPFC can be illustrated by the active power Pr and reactive power Qr received at the receiving end. Because the DPFC circuit at the fundamental frequency behaves the same as the UPFC, the active and reactive power flow can be expressed as follows [1]:

where Pr0 ,Qr0 , and are the active, reactive power flow, and the transmission angle of the uncompensated system,Xse,1 = Lse is the line impedance at fundamental frequency, and |V | is the voltage magnitude at both ends. In the PQ-plane, the locus of the power flow without the DPFC compensation f(Pr0,Qr0 ) is a circle with the radius of |V |2/|X1 | around the center defined by coordinates P = 0 and Q = |V |2/|X1 |. Each point of this circle gives the Pr0 and Qr0 values of the uncompensated system at the corresponding transmission angle . The boundary of the attainable control range for Pr and Qr is obtained from a complete rotation of the voltage Vse,1 with its maximum magnitude. Fig. 10 shows the control range of the DPFC with the transmission angle . To ensure the series converters to inject a 360 rotatable voltage, an active and reactive power at the fundamental frequency is required. The reactive power is provided by the series converter locally and the active power is supplied by the shunt onverter. This active power requirement is given by

where r0 is the power angle at the receiving end of the uncompensated system, which equals tan1 (Pr0/Qr0 ) and r is

Fig. 11. Relationship between Pse,1 and the power flow at the receiving end.

Fig. 12. Maximum active power requirement of the series converters. the power angle at receiving end with the DPFC compensation. The line impedance X1 and the voltage magnitude |Vr | are constant; therefore, the required active power is proportional to |Sr _Sr0 | sin(r0r ), which is two times the area of the triangle that is formed by the two vectors Sr0 and Sr . Fig. 11 illustrates the relationship between Pse,1 and the power flow at the receiving end at a certain power angle . Consequently, the required active power by the series converter can be written as follows:

where the coefficient C = 2X1/|Vr |2 andA(0,r0,r ) is the area of the triangle (0, Sr0, Sr ). The angle difference r0

r can be positive or negative, and the sign gives the direction of the active power through the DPFC series
converters. The positive sign means that the DPFC series converters generate active power at the fundamental

frequency and vise versa. The active power requirement varies with the controlled power flow, and the active power requirement has its maximum when the vector Sr Sr0 is perpendicular to the vector Sr0 , as shown in Fig. 12. According to Fig. 12, the relationship between the powerflow control range and the maximum active power requirement can be represented by

where |Sr,c | is the control range of the DPFC. Each converter in the DPFC generates two frequency voltages at the same time. Accordingly, the voltage rating of the each converter should be the sum of the maximum voltage of the two

Fig. 13. DPFC power-flow control range.

frequencies component During the operation, the active power requirement of the series converter varies with the voltage injected at the fundamental frequency. When the requirement is low, the series voltage at the third-harmonic frequency will be smaller than |Vse,3,max|. This potential voltage that is between Vse,3 and |Vse,3,max| can be used to control the power flow at the fundamental frequency, thereby increasing the power-flow control region of the DPFC. When Sr,c is perpendicular to the uncompensated power Sr0 , the series converters require maximum active power, and the radius of the DPFC control region is given by

If Sr,c is in the same line as Sr0 , the series converters only provide the reactive compensation and the boundary of the DPFC control region will extend to

It shows that the control region of the DPFC can be extended to a shape that is similar as an ellipse, as shown in Fig. 13. To obtain the same control capability as the UPFC, the rating of the DPFC converter at the fundamental frequency should be the same as the one for the UPFC. Because the voltages and currents at the third-harmonic frequency have to be added, the rating of the DPFC converter is slightly larger than the UPFC. The increased rating is related with the active power exchanged at the third-harmonic frequency. For a transmission line, the line impedance |X1 | is normally around 0.05 p.u. (per unit). Assuming the bus voltages |V | and uncompensated power flow |Sr 0| is 1 p.u., and then, from (7), we can see that to control 1-p.u. power flow, the exchanged active power is around 0.05 p.u. Even with this extra voltage and current at the third-harmonic frequency, the cost of the DPFC is still much lower than the UPFC, for the following reasons: 1) the UPFC converter handles the line-to-line voltage isolation that is much larger than voltage injected by the series converter; 2) no land requirement for the series converter; and 3) the active and passive components for the DPFC converter are low-voltage components (less than

Fig. 14. DPFC control block diagram.

Fig. 15. Block diagram of the series converter control.

1 kV and 60 A), which is much cheaper than the high-voltage components in the UPFC.

DPFC CONTROL
To control the multiple converters, DPFC consists of three types of controllers; they are central controller, shunt control, and series control, as shown in Fig. 14. The shunt and series control are local controllers and are responsible for maintaining their own converters parameters. The central control takes account of the DPFC functions at the power-system level. The function of each controller is listed next. A. Central Control The central control generates the reference signals for both the shunt and series converters of the DPFC. It is focused on the DPFC tasks at the power-system level, such as power-flow control, low-frequency power oscillation damping, and balancing of asymmetrical components. According to the system requirement, the central control gives corresponding voltage-reference signals for the series converters and reactive current signal for the shunt converter. All the reference signals generated by the central control are at the fundamental frequency. B. Series Control Each series converter has its own series control. The controlleris used to maintain the capacitor dc voltage of its own converter by using the third-harmonic frequency components and to generate series voltage at the fundamental frequency that is prescribed by the central control.

Fig. 16. Block diagram of the shunt converter control. The third-harmonic frequency control is the major control loop with the DPFC series converter control. The principle of the vector control is used here for the dc-voltage control [10]. The thirdharmonic current through the line is selected as the rotation reference frame for the single-phase park transformation, because it is easy to be captured by the phase-locked loop (PLL) [11] in the series converter. As the line current contains two frequency components, a third high-pass filter is needed to reduce the fundamental current. The d-component of the hirdharmonic voltage is the parameter that is used to control the dc voltage, and its reference signal is generated by the dc-voltage control loop. To minimize the reactive power that is caused by the third harmonic, the series converter is controlled as a resistance at the third-harmonic frequency. The q-component of the third-harmonic voltage is kept zero during the operation. As the series converter is single phase, there will be voltage ripple at the dc side of each converter. The frequency of the ripple depends on the frequency of the current that flows through the converter. As the current contains the fundamental and thirdharmonic frequency component, the dc-capacitor voltage will contain 100-, 200-, and 300-Hz frequency component [12], [13]. There are two possible ways to reduce this ripple. One is to increase the turn ratio of the single-phase transformer of the series converter to reduce the magnitude of the current that flows into the converter. The other way is to use the dc capacitor with a larger capacitance.

C. Shunt Control The block diagram of the shunt converter control is shown in Fig. 16. The objective of the shunt control is to inject a constant thirdharmonic current into the line to provide active power for the series converters. The third-harmonic current is locked with the bus voltage at the fundamental

frequency. A PLL is used to capture the bus-voltage frequency, and the output phase signal of the PLL is multiplied by three to create a virtual rotation reference frame for the third-harmonic component. The shunt converters fundamental frequency control aims to inject a controllable reactive current to grid and to keep the capacitor dc voltage at a constant level. The control for the fundamental frequency components consists of two cascaded controllers. The current control is the inner control loop, which is to modulate the shunt current

Fig. 17. DPFC experimental setup circuit.

Fig. 18. DPFC experimental setup. at the fundamental frequency. The q-component of the reference signal of the shunt converter is obtained from the central controller, and d-component is generated by the dc control.

1.

Create an m-file and use MATLAB to find the open-loop transfer of the system in Figure 1 if K=5 Gc(s) = 0.02s+1

Gp(s) = Use the tf and series commands. Plot the bode plot of the open-loop system. Use the margin or bode command. Calculate the closed-loop transfer function, Y(s)/R(s), of the system if the transfer function of the sensor: Sensor(s) = 1. Use the tf and feedback commands. Plot the step-response of the closed-loop system. Use step command. Calculate the bandwidth of the closed-loop system. Use bandwidth command. Y(s)

2. 3. 4. 5. R(s)

+ _ K

Amplifier K

Controller Gc(s)

Plant Gp(s)

K K K
Sensor

Figure 1 Block Diagram of Closed-Loop System with Reference Input

6. 7. 8. N(s)

Repeat the step 1-4 using the block diagram in Figure 2. K Compare the Results. Using Simulink and the values from steps 1-3, construct the system in Figure 1, and plot the step response. Y(s) Plant Gp(s)

+ _ K K K
9. Controller Gc(s)

Amplifier K K

K
Sensor

Compare the results from steps 4 and 8.

Figure 2. Block Diagram of Closed-Loop System with Noise Input

K 3 MATLAB Commands for Controls I K Lab

The following contain a few of the MATLAB commands used within control systems. The name of each command is given and the syntax explained. For more information on any of these commands, search within the MATLAB help directory. tf is used to create real- or complex-valued transfer function models (TF objects) syntax: sys = tf(num,den) where num and den are the arrays containing the coefficients (in descending powers of s) of the numerator and denominator respectfully. series connects two LTI models in series. This function accepts any type of LTI model. syntax: sys = series(sys1,sys2) where sys1 and sys2 are transfer functions. This command is equivalent to the direct multiplication. bode plots the bode plot of the system

syntax: bode(sys) where sys is the transfer function of a system. margin calculates the minimum gain margin, Gm, phase margin, Pm, and associated crossover frequencies of SISO open-loop models, Wg and Wp. The gain and phase margins indicate the relative stability of the control system when the loop is closed. When invoked without left-hand arguments, margin produces a Bode plot and displays the margins on this plot. syntax: [Gm,Pm,Wcg,Wpg] = margin(sys) or margin(sys) where sys is the transfer function of a system. feedback applies the feedback connection of two LTI models. syntax: sys = feedback(sys1,sys2) returns an LTI model sys for the negative feedback interconnection. sys1 is the transfer function of the system in the forward path while sys2 is the transfer function of the feedback path. step plots the unit step response of a transfer function. syntax : step(sys) where sys is the transfer function. In addition, a second argument can be added to limit the time of the step response. syntax: step(sys,tlimit) bandwidth computes the bandwidth fb of the SISO model sys, defined as the first frequency where the gain drops below 70.79 percent (-3 dB) of its DC value. The frequency fb is expressed in radians per second. syntax: fb = bandwidth(sys) where sys is the transfer function of the system

4 Simulink 4.1 Opening Simulink

Open MATLAB Type Simulink in the MATLAB command window (figure 3) or click on the Simulink button located on the MATLAB toolbar. A new window should open. This window is the Simulink Model Library (figure 4). This Library contains the standard block used within Simulink as well as blocks to define custom functions. Before using the blocks within the Library, a model must be open. To open a new model, press the new model button, , locate the new model command in the Library Browser Toolbar under File>New>Model, or press Ctrl+N. A new model can be seen in figure 5. To open an existing model, go to File>Open on the Library Browser Standard Toolbar or press Ctrl+O. A window will open in the current directory and a model, designated by .mdl file, may be selected.

Figure 3 Opening Simulink Through MATLAB Command Window

Figure 4 Simulink Model Library

Figure 5 New Simulink Model

4.2 Locating Blocks in the Simulink Model Library

In the Simulink Library Browser, there are two main methods for locating blocks: 1. Look through the library until desired block is located. For example, the Gain block can be found in the libraries under Simulink/Commonly Used Blocks 2. Type the name of the block in the search bar. Please note that entries in the search bar are not case sensitive. For example the transfer function block (Transfer Fcn) can be located in Simulink>Continuous or can be found by typing Transfer Fcn in the search bar.

4.3 Creating a Model

After locating the desired block, simply click and drag the block onto the model-space. Once the cursor is released, the block will be attached. After inserting a block, double-click on the block to access the options for that block. Some of these options are outlined in Section 4.6. If the location of the block needs to be changed, click and drag the block to the new location. Repeat this process until all the desired blocks are on the model-space in the proper location. In order to connect the blocks within the model, click on the output port of one block, hold and drag the cursor to the input port of another block. Release the cursor. If done correctly a line will form between the two blocks (figure 6).

Output Port

Input Port

Successful Connection

Figure 6 Connecting Blocks in Simulink

4.4 Running a Simulation

Once the complete model is built (figure 7) the simulation may proceed. Before running the simulation, however, a simulation stop time, in seconds, must be defined. (Default = 10.0) Referring to the Simulink Model Toolbar (figure 8), locate the simulation stop time, and change it to the desired or specified value. After selecting the stop time, press the play button to start the simulation. The simulation will proceed until the stop time is reached.

Figure 7. Complete System in Simulink

Play Button

Simulation Stop Time

Figure 8 Simulink Model Toolbar

4.5 Plotting Data

After the simulation is complete, the data may be plotted in two ways: 1. Double-click on the scope to bring up the new window containing the scope data. (See Scope in Commonly Used Blocks Section for more Information on resizing scope axes or refer to MATLAB help file) 2. Return to the MATLAB command window to plot the structure with time. The command for plotting the structure with time is plot(name.time,name.signals.values), where name is the variable name given to the To Workspace block. For example, plotting the results from the simulation in figure 5, the command would be plot(simout.time,simout.signals.values). Both the scope and the MATLAB plots can be seen in figure 9.

Figure 9 Plot of Response from Simulation Scope (left) and MATLAB (right)

4.6 Commonly Used Simulink Blocks

The following contain a few of the blocks used within control systems. The name of each block is given and the options used within this lab explained. To access the options for each, simply double-click each block with left mouse button. For more information on any of these block, search within the MATLAB help directory. Transfer Fcn This block represents a LTI transfer function in the Laplace domain. Numerator coefficient: The row vector of numerator coefficients. A matrix with multiple rows can be specified to generate multiple output. The default is [1]. Denominator coefficient: The row vector of denominator coefficients. The default is [1 1]. Gain This block represents a gain by which to multiply the signal. Gain: The input may be a scalar, vector, or matrix. Sample time (-1 for inherited): Specify the time interval between samples. To inherit the sample time, set this parameter to -1. Sum This block allows signals to added or subtracted. Icon shape: Designate the icon shape of the block. List of signs: Enter as many plus (+) and minus (-) characters as there are inputs. Addition is the default operation, so if you only want to add the inputs, enter the number of input ports. For a single vector input, "+" or "-" will collapse the vector using the specified operation. You can manipulate the positions of the input ports on the block by inserting spacers (|) between the signs in the List of signs parameter. For example, "++|--" creates an extra space between the second and third input ports. Sample time (-1 for inherited): Specify the time interval between samples. To inherit the sample time, set this parameter to -1. Integrator This block computes the integral of the input signal at the current time step. There are various options including initial condition, saturation limits, tolerances, and state names. However, default values are used within this lab.

Derivative This block approximates the derivate of the input signal. Linearization Time Constant: N, to more accurately approximate the linearization for your system. Its default value is Inf, corresponding to a linearization of 0.

Step This block provides a step input between two defined values. Step time: The time, in seconds, when the output jumps from the Initial value parameter to the Final value parameter. The default is 1 second. Initial value: The block output until the simulation time reaches the Step time parameter. The default is 0. Final value: The block output when the simulation time reaches and exceeds the Step time parameter. The default is 1. Sample time: Sample rate of step. Scope This block displays the input in reference to the simulation time. The Scope block can have multiple axes (one per port) and all axes have a common time range with independent y-axes. The Scope block allows you to adjust the amount of time and the range

of input values displayed. You can move and resize the Scope window and you can modify the Scope's parameter values during the simulation. When you start a simulation the Scope windows are not opened, but data is written to connected Scopes. As a result, if you open a Scope after a simulation, the Scope's input signal or signals will be displayed. If the signal is continuous, the Scope produces a point-to-point plot. If the signal is discrete, the Scope produces a stair-step plot. To Workspace This blocks stores the input signal to the workspace either as an array, a structure, or a structure with time. Variable name: The name of the array that holds the data. Limit data points to last: The maximum number of input samples to be saved. The default is inf samples. Decimation: A decimation factor. The default is 1. Sample time: The sample time at which to collect points. See Specifying Sample Time in the online documentation for more information. Save format: Format in which to save simulation output to the workspace. The default is structure.

Simulation RESULTS

SIMULATION DIAGRAM WAVE FROMS

An experimental setup has been built to verify the principle and control of the DPFC. One shunt converter and six singlephase series converters are built and tested in a scaled network, as shown in Fig. 17. Two isolated buses with phase difference are connected by the line. Within the experimental setup, the shunt converter is a single-phase inverter that is connected between the neutral point of the Y transformer and the ground. The inverter is powered by a constant dc voltage source. The specifications of the DPFC experimental setup are listed in the Appendix (see Table I). Within the setup, multiple series converters are controlled by a central controller. The central controller gives the reference voltage signals for all series converters. The voltages and currents within the setup are measured by an oscilloscope and processed in computer by using the MATLAB. The photograph of the DPFC experimental setup is illustrated in Fig. 18. To verify the DPFC principle, two situations are demonstrated: the DPFC behavior in steady state and the step response. In steady state, the series converter is controlled to insert a voltage vector with both d- and q-component, which is Vse,d,ref = 0.3 V and Vse,q,ref = 0.1 V. Figs. 1921 show one operation point of the DPFC setup. For clarity, only the waveforms in one phase are

shown. The voltage injected by the series converter, the current through the line, and the voltage and current at the side of the transformer are illustrated. The constant third-harmonic current injected by the shunt converter evenly disperses to the three phases and is superimposed on the fundamental current, as shown in Fig. 19. The voltage injected by the series converter also contains two frequency components in Fig. 20. The amplitude of the pulsewidthmodulated (PWM) waveform represents the dc-capacitor voltage, which is well maintained by the third-harmonic component in steady state. As shown, the dc voltage has a small oscillation; however, it does not influence the DPFC control. Fig. 21 demonstrates the third-harmonic filtering by the Y transformers. There is no third-harmonic current or voltage leaking to the side of the transformer. TheDPFC controls the power flowthrough transmission lines by varying the voltage injected by the series converter at the fundamental frequency. Figs. 2226 illustrate the step response of the experimental setup. A step change of the fundamental reference voltage of the series converter is made, which consists of both active and reactive variations, as shown in Fig. 22. As shown, the dc voltage of the series converter is stabilized before and after the step change. To verify if the series converter can inject or absorb active and reactive power from the grid at the fundamental frequency, the power is calculated from the measured voltage and current in Figs. 23 and 24. The measured data in one phase are processed in the computer byusing MATLAB. To analyze the voltage and current at the fundamental frequency, the measured data that contains harmonic distortion are filtered by a low-pass digital filter with the 50-Hz cutoff frequency. Because of this filter, the calculated voltage and current at the fundamental frequency have a 1.5 cycle delay to the actual values, thereby causing a delay of the measured active and reactive power. Fig. 25 illustrated the active and reactive power injected by the series converter. A comparison is made between the measured power and the calculated power. We can see that the series converters are able to absorb and inject both active and reactive power to the grid at the fundamental frequency.

CONCLUSION
This paper has presented a new concept called DPFC. The DPFC emerges from the UPFC and inherits the control capability of the UPFC, which is the simultaneous adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus-voltage magnitude. The common dc link between the shunt and series converters, which is used for exchanging active power in the UPFC, is eliminated. This power is now transmitted through the transmission line at the third-harmonic

frequency. The series converter of the DPFC employs the D-FACTS concept, which uses multiple small single-phase converters instead of one large-size converter. The reliability of the DPFC is greatly increased because of the redundancy of the series converters. The total cost of the DPFC is also much lower than the UPFC, because no high-voltage isolation is required at the series-converter part and the rating of the components of is low. The DPFC concept has been verified by an experimental setup. It is proved that the shunt and series converters in the PFC an exchange active power at the third-harmonic frequency, and the series converters are able to inject controllable active and reactive power at the fundamental frequency. REFERENCES [1] Y.-H. Song and A. Johns, Flexible ac Transmission Systems (FACTS) (IEE Power and Energy Series), vol. 30. London, U.K.: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1999. [2] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS : Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems. New York: IEEE Press, 2000.