PT-2013

ACD2506

M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bengaluru

Postgraduate Engineering and Management Programme [PEMP] Department AAE Course M.Sc.[Engg.] in Aircraft Design Batch PT-2013 Module Start Date 01-Mar-14 Module Code ACD2506 Module Title Aircraft Structures I Module Leader(s) Vinod K. Banthia Module Assessment
Reg.No. Component - 1: Assignment Marking Scheme
Max Marks

Name of the Student Marks

ML Marks Part Total Reviewer Marks

Sections

(The Module Leader is required to appropriately modify the contents of this table to suit the FT and PT assessment schemes appropriately)

Part - A

1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3

Functional and operational requirements Influence of F/O requirements on structural design Structural design details for different F/O requirements Part-A Max Marks Lipped flange cross-section under torsion (analytical) FE model with justification and validation Analysis of lipped flange cross-section (FE) and discussion Analysis of closed cross-section component

8 10 12 30 6+6 3+5 6+6 4+4

Part - B

2.4

Part-B Max Marks 3.1 3.2 3.3 Part - C 3.4 3.5 3.6 Part-C Max Marks Total Marks Remarks: Manoeuvring problem Fatigue life calculation References and citation of references Benefits you have derived by solving this assignment. Whether the assignment was able to assess module learning outcomes or not?

40 10 4+5+ 6 03 02

30 100

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PT-2013

ACD2506

Component - 2: Examination Marking Scheme

(The Module Leader is required to appropriately modify the contents of this table to suit the FT and PT assessment schemes)

Marks
Max Marks 100 -ML Marks Reviewer Marks

1. 2.

Written examination [For FT and Pune courses only] [Q. No. 1 5] ICA [For PT courses only] ICA-1 ICA-2 ICA-3

10 10 10
--

3.

Presentation [QNo. ] N/A Technical Content Grasp and Explanation Quality of Slides and Delivery Q&A 05 05 05 05

4.

Laboratory Exam / Tool Test / Report submission, etc. [Q.No.4 ] Lab Test Viva

--

10 10

5.

Clay modeling / Video / any other assessment [Q.No. ] Total Marks

-50

[Examination Maximum Marks for FT: 100 and for PT: 50]

1. 2.

Components Assignment (Out of 50 Marks) Examination (Out of 50 Marks ) Total Marks (Max 100 )
A+ A AB+

Module Result Assessor Reviewer Pass Pass Grade

B BC+ C

Result Fail Fail

100-75

74-70

69-65

64-60

59-55

54-50

49-45

44-40

Less than 40 34-25

FAIL F2

IMPORTANT

1.
2.

The assignment and examination total marks have to be rounded off to the nearest integer and entered in the respective fields A minimum of 40% required for a pass in both components, i.e. assignment and written test individually

Signature of Module Leader

Signature of Reviewer

Please note: 1. Documental evidence for all the components/parts of the assessment such as the reports, presentation slides, posters, laboratory exam / tool tests are required to be attached to the assignment report in a proper order. 2. The marks for all the 3 parts of the assignment have to be written only in the Component -1: Assignment table given above. 3. The individual question marks have to be entered on the table of the Answer book for written exam and only the total marks are entered in Component-2: Examination table above. 4. The marks with break-ups for the other parts under Component-2: Examination have to be entered only in the table above. 5. The module leader has to submit the following to ARO after the review process: Assignment documents, Grade-sheet data file and PMARs. 6. The module leader is required to mark the comments in RED ink and the reviewers comments should be in Green ink.

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ACD2506

Assignment
Instructions to students: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The assignment consists of THREE parts. Part A: 30 marks, Part B: 30 marks, and Part C:40 marks The assignment has to be neatly word processed as per the prescribed format. The maximum number of pages should be restricted to 35. Use only SI units. Submission Date: 26-Apr-2014 Submission after the due date is not permitted. Method of evaluation as per the submission and marking scheme At the end, you are required to comment on a. Benefits you have derived by solving this assignment b. Whether assignment was able to assess module learning outcomes or not? 10. IMPORTANT: It is essential that all the sources used in preparation of the assignment must be suitably referenced in the text.

Introduction:
Considering the amount of energy required to just keep a body afloat, weight becomes a major consideration in the design of aircraft structures. In addition to use of lightest material possible, designers need to ensure that the design calculations are as detailed and accurate, and weight is as low as possible. To achieve this, designers have to work with very low safety margins and depend on CAE tools to analyse complex geometry. But before analysis models can be created, design calculations are carried out for details to size the components. This assignment problems aim to assess students capability in dealing with these processes.

Part-A Problem statement

Starting from bulky and slow military transport planes to agile fighters, aircraft are made for varied applications. Each of these has different operational and functional requirements. Speed, agility, safety, load, travel distance, etc. are some of the considerations that are different for different applications. These requirements have direct impact on the size and details of structural design of the aircraft. For the three types of aircraft fighter, passenger transport and carrier-borne airplanes, list 4 functional and operational requirements that will directly affect the structural design of their wing and fuselage. Explain how these requirements dictate the design of aircraft structure and how these different requirements are incorporated in the design. (8+10+12) Marks Wherever required, use illustrations to elaborate your discussions. Limit the discussion to three A4 pages in your own writing.

Part-B Problem statement

Stringent structural performance requirements and focus on weight reduction forces structural designers to use every gram of material to contribute to carrying load. Hence, in aircraft structures a lot of rolled sections, both with closed and open cross-sections, are used. These help structure carry torsion loads. Under this loading, open cross-sections are particularly flexible and need to be assessed for their adequacy. In the problem below, an open cross-section member subjected to torque is to be analysed using analytical as well as numerical approach. Its performance is to be compared with that of a closed cross-section part. B.1 The cross-section of a thin-walled beam in the form of a channel with lipped flanges is shown in Figure 1. The lips are of constant thickness 1.27 mm while the flanges increase linearly in thickness from 1.27 mm, where they meet the lips to 2.54 mm at their junctions with the web. The web has a constant thickness of 2.54 mm. The shear modulus G is 26700 N/mm2 throughout. The beam has an enforced axis of twist RR and is supported in such a way that warping occurs freely but is zero at the midpoint of the web. If the beam carries a 3

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PT-2013 ACD2506 torque of 100 Nm, calculate the maximum shear stress according to the St. Venant theory of torsion for thin-walled sections. Ignore any effects of stress concentration at the corners. Find also the distribution of warping along the middle line of the section, illustrating your results by means of a sketch.1 (6+6) marks

Figure 1

Channel with lipped flanges for problem B1

B.2 Suggest, with justification, the type of element to be used for finite element analysis of the problem in B1. Using a simple problem for which analytical results are known, determine the element size to be used for the analysis of the problem in B1 such that the displacement results are close to 95% of the analytical solution 3+5 marks B.3 Analyse the problem in B1, present results of key design variables and discuss. 12 marks B.4 A closed rectangular section of the same outside dimensions as the part in B1, with uniform wall thickness of 1.27 mm is subjected to the same loading. Analyse this part and comment on the key differences in the results of lipped flange and closed cross-section. (4+4) marks 40 Marks

Part-C Problem statement

Every manoeuvre of an aircraft gives rise to inertia forces because of change in its velocity. In addition, change in orientation of the aircraft during the manoeuvre or flying condition subjects the structure to changing loading pattern. These magnify the loads many times. Extent of this magnification, load factor, needs to be taken into consideration during design. Solution of problem C1 involves calculation of load factor and associated loadings for the prescribed operational condition. C.1 Figure 2 shows the flight envelope at sea-level for an aircraft of wing span 27.5 m, average wing chord 3.05 m, and total weight 196 000 N. The aerodynamic center is 0.915 m forward of the CG and the center of lift for the tail unit is 16.7 m aft of the CG. The pitching moment coefficient is CM,0 = 0.0638 (nose-up positive). Both CM,0 and the position of the aerodynamic center are specified for the complete aircraft less tail unit. For steady cruising flight at sea-level the fuselage bending moment at the CG is 600 kNm. Calculate the maximum value of this bending moment for the given flight envelope. For this purpose, it may be assumed that the aerodynamic loadings on the fuselage itself can be neglectedthat is, the only loads on the fuselage structure aft of the CG are those due to the tail lift and the inertia of the fuselage. 10 marks

Figure 2
1

Flight envelope for problem C1

T.H.G. Megson, Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, 3rd Edition, Elsevier, 2006

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PT-2013 ACD2506 Material failure caused by low amplitude cyclic loading, fatigue, is one of the major contributors to the failure of components in a structure. Problem C2, involves assessing the life, in terms of a block of loading cycle for a simple stepped shaft, with and without consideration of stress concentration at the fillet. A similar approach for fatigue life calculation can be applied to any other structural component. C.2 A stepped transmission shaft (Figure 3) of steel with prescribed Ultimate Tensile Strength is supported on two bearings and is subjected to a transverse load from a mounted gear as shown in Figure 3. The load varies with time and pattern of its variation is as shown in Figure 4. This block of pattern is repeated over time.

Figure 3 Configuration of the loaded shaft for fatigue life calculation (a) Stress calculations for the following two cases 4 marks (b) If the shaft is of uniform diameter D, with a polished surface finish, how many blocks of this stress history can be applied before the shaft fails? 5 marks (c) If the stepped shaft is a machined shaft (Figure 3), with fillet radii r at both steps, determine how detrimental this configuration will be when compared to the configuration analysed in part (a). 6 marks

Figure 4

Load factor for the cyclic loading block

Different set of geometric dimensions and load magnitude required for problem C2 will be provided to each student. C.3 References and citation of references 3 marks C.4 Benefits you have derived by solving this assignment. Whether the assignment was able to assess module learning outcomes or not? 2 marks 40 Marks

Guidelines for Submission Citation of the references in the text is necessary in all the parts. Part A:
Restrict your report for Part-A to 3 pages only Use of figures could be avoided in Part-A Divide your discussions clearly as per the sections mentioned above. Restrict your report for Part-B and C to a maximum of 12 and 20 pages respectively Divide your discussions clearly as per the sections mentioned above and draw the conclusion at the end of each section. Please note: Marks will be awarded only to the sections and sub-sections clearly indicated as per the problem statement.

Part B & C:

Form 43

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Date: 20-04-2013