Helical Spring
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Salam AlbaradieHelical Spring
Uploaded by
Salam AlbaradieTafila technical university Faculty of engineering
Exp #5 Spring Testing
Name: Salam Fayez Albaradie
Lecturer name: Dr.Tamer Alshaqarin
Date of submission: 13/4/2014
1. Objective
1. To find the rigidity modulus of the material. 2. To determine K spring constant.
2. Introduction
Definition: A spring may be defined as an elastic member whose primary function is to deflect or distort under the action of applied load; it recovers its original shape when load is released. There are various types of springs such as (i) Helical spring: They are made of wire coiled into a helical form, the load being applied along the axis of the helix. In these type of springs the major stresses is torsional shear stress due to twisting. They are both used in tension and compression.
Figure 1: helical spring.
(ii) Spiral springs: They are made of flat strip of metal wound in the form of spiral and loaded in torsion. In this the major stresses are tensile and compression due to bending.
Figure 2: spiral springs.
(iii) Leaf springs: They are composed of flat bars of varying lengths clamped together so as to obtain greater efficiency . Leaf springs may be full elliptic, semi elliptic or cantilever types, In these type of springs the major stresses which come into picture are tensile & compressive.
Figure 3: leaf spring
These types of springs are used in the automobile suspension system. Uses of springs: (a) To apply forces and to control motions as in brakes and clutches. (b) To measure forces as in spring balance. (c) To store energy as in clock springs. (d) To reduce the effect of shock or impact loading as in carriage springs. (e) To change the vibrating characteristics of a member as inflexible mounting of motors.
3. Theory
When close-coiled helical spring, composed of a wire of round rod of diameter d wound into a helix of mean radius R with n number of turns, is subjected to an axial load P produces the following stresses and elongation:
The maximum shearing stress is the sum of the direct shearing stress 1 = P/A and the torsional shearing stress 2 = Tr/J, with T = PR.
For heavy springs and considering the curvature of the spring, a more precise formula is given by: (A.M.Wahl Formula)
where m is called the spring index and (4m 1) / (4m 4) is the Wahl Factor. The elongation of the bar is
Notice that the deformation is directly proportional to the applied load P. The ratio of P to is called the spring constant k and is equal to
4. Procedure
1) Measure the diameter of the wire of the spring by using the micrometer. 2) Measure the diameter of spring coils by using the veneer caliper 3) Count the number of turns. 4) Insert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the spring by a suitable weight and note the corresponding axial deflection in tension or compression. 5) Increase the load and take the corresponding axial deflection Readings. 6) Plot a curve between load and deflection. The shape of the curve gives the stiffness of the spring
5. Results
Table 1: Initial measurement
d D Di D n
3.23 mm 34.8 mm 28. 0mm 31.4 mm 64
Table 2: Measurements of weight induced torsion
Load (Kg) 1 2 3 4 5 6
P (N) 9.8 19.6 29.4 39.2 49 58.8
(mm) 2 4 8 25 40 57
(Mpa) 26.7 53.4 80.21 106.9 133.6 160.4
70 60 50 force (N) 40 30
20
10 0 0 10 20 30 elongation mm 40 50 60
Figure 4 force vs. elongation
The slope of the liner part of the curve which is the first three points is (K) spring constant. Can be calculated by taken the slope to the liner part which is equal to ((4025 N/m)) From the equation (1)
Where
K = Spring Rate d = Wire Diameter N = Number Of Active Coils G = Modulus of Rigidity taken from table 3 the first value 713.58 Gpa M = Spring Index
K = 4899.43 N/m The models of rigidity can be calculated from the equation (2) (2) Where
d = Spring Axial Deflection P = Axial Force d = Wire Diameter
N = Number Of Active Coils G = Modulus of Rigidity
Table 3: models of rigidity for each force
Force (N) 9.8 19.6 29.4 39.2 49 58.8
models of rigidity (Gpa) 713.58 713.58 535.18 228.38 178.39 150.22
The true value for models of rigidity will be at the liner part of the figure 4 which force between (9.8-19.6) N which can be assumed to be 713.58 Gpa.
6. Conclusions
The aim of this experiment was to successfully apply Hookes Law to determine the spring constant. And models of rigidity The aim was partially successful, but not entirely. Human error was a great issue that prevented this experiment from becoming a successful one. The spring constant is supposed to be the same under any circumstance, but in this case, most of the results were different. Still, the results were quite close enough to proclaim that the experiment was not a total failure.
7. References
Books:
1. Strength of Materials 4th Ed. by Ferdinand L. Singer. 2. Mechanics of materials 8th edition, r.c. hibbeler.
