The Pre-Flavian Garrisons of Valkenburg

THE PRE-FLAVIAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z.H.
VERHANDELINGEN DER KONINKLIJKE NEDERLANDSE

AKADEMIE VAN WETENSCHAPPEN, AFD. LETTERKUNDE
NIEUWE REEKS, DEEL 85
THE PRE-FLAVIAN GARRISONS
OF VALKENBURG Z.H.
fabriculae and bipartite barracks
W. GLASBERGEN
W. GROEN MAN-VAN WAATERINGE
NORTH- HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY-AMSTERDAM, LONDON-1974
ISBN 72048253 4
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
CATALOGUE CARD NUMBER 73-75800
AANGEBODEN IN DE VERGADERING
VAN 13 NOVEMBER 1972
This publication is partly the result of the activities of the project
Valkenburg Z.H. (at present consisting of W. Glasbergen, Mrs. W.
Groenman-van Waateringe, M. D. de Woord, Miss S. M. E. van Lith
and B. L. van Beek), which was begun in 1967 in department 3 (Provincial
Roman archaeology of the Netherlands) of the Instituut voor Prae- en
Protohistorie (I.P.P.), University of Amsterdam. It is the intention that
castellum 1 will be fully worked out by the end of 1975.
CONTENTS
page
~ u m 5
Introduction 6
Castellum 1 8
Castellum 2/3. 13
Adaptation phase la 17
Conclusion 20
Appendices 1-7:
1. Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2. Castellum 1, building 4, centurion's quarters, mobilia (B. L. van Beek) 26
3. Castellum 1, building 9, fabricula, mobilia . . . . . 28
4. Castellum 1, building 11, commandant's quarters, mobilia
(M. D. de Weerd) . . . . . . . 32
5. Castellum 1, significant mobilia . . . . 37
6. Castellum 2/3, significant mobilia . . . 42
7. Adaptation phase la, significant mobilia 44
Bibliography . . . 46
List of illustrations 49
Acknowledgements 50
'"
-
4 THE PREFLAVIAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z.H.
= -- . ~
RSUM
(fig. 1)
The investigations of the village mound of Valkenburg Z.H. begun
in 1941 have brought to light five castellum plans, even though the
left praetentura still exhibits lacunae: 1, 2/3, 4, 5 and 6, the area enclosed
by the intervalIum increasing from 0.99 to 1.17 hectares. The ground
plan of 1 was published in 1966, and those of 2/3, 4, 5 and 6 in 1972;
that of the adaptation phase la is given here for the fust time.
The lay-out of the barracks-especially in the differing numbers of
contu bernia - suggests at least two changes of garrison. The type and
number of barracks, especially the number of officers' rooms per castellum,
the inscriptions and significant finds suggest that the following garrisons
may now be allocated to castelIa 1, 2/3, 4, 5 and 6:
In castellum 1 a vexillatio consisting of four centuries and a maximum
of two turmae (in part 1) subtracted from a cohors III Gallorum equitata.
The castellum was abandoned shortly afterwards, the ground level was
raised, and the barracks were modified to provide temporary accommodation
for eight turmae (half an ala quingenaria) (adaptation phase la). This
garrison was soon afterwards quartered in the castellum 213, which was
especially designed for cavalry, with an extra wide intervalIum at the
rear end. A recently discovered tile stamp identifies the cohors IIII Tracum
as the garrison of castellum 4, a cohors quingenaria equitata, which presumably
also formed the garrison of castella 5 and 6 (see J. E. Bogaers, 1974,
pp. 452-454, 461-462).
Abbreviations .
left/right retentura = area left/right of the prinClpla enclosed by the
intervalIum and via principalis
left/right praetentura = left or right half of the praetentura
INTRODUCTION
(fig. 2)
For the sake of brevity we refer to the recent publication (1972) 1
of the results of the 12th campaign (1962) 2 at Valkenburg Z.H. which
have been inserted into the overall plans of castella 1, 2/3, 4, 5 and 6. 3
Although it was there assumed-wrongly, as it appears-that an entire
cohors quingenaria equitata was stationed in 1, speculations regarding
the size and composition (infantry to cavalry numbers) of garrison 2/3
were deliberately avoided, since as the complete plan, as weIl as the
nature of the adaptation phase la 4 were not established with certainty,
and inscriptions and significant finds from la and 2/3 were not yet known.
It has been evident since 1962 that, apart from the central section
of the retentura (principia) of the successive castella, the following were
nat intended as living quarters for the soldiers:
in 1 the entire right praetentura,
in 2/3 part of the right retentura and part of the right praetentura,
in 4-6 a section of the right praetentura, while
m 2/3-6 the function of the fragmentary buildings in the left praetentura
must, for the time being, remain problematical.
The general chronology of the castella of Valkenburg is as follows:
1 40 AD 5
la 42
2/3 47-69
4 af ter 70-about 100
5 about 100-between 170 and 174
6 about 178-about 240.
1 W. Glasbergen, 1967 (published in 1972, manusoript olosed in 19671).
I Previous oampa.igns: 1941-42-43-46-47-48-49-50-51-52-53.
3 Unpublished until then, exoept for oastellum 1 in W. Glasbergen, 1966, p. 103.
" A dra.ft for a. sohema.tio a.bstra.ot plan wa.s prepa.red in 1953 by R. Woudstra.,
then of the Biologisoh-Archaaologisch Instituut (B.A.!.), University of Groningen,
and sinoe 1.09.54 in employment of the Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig
Bodemonderzoek (R.O.B.), Amersfoort. W. Glasbergen, 1967, p. 133.
I J. K. Haalebos, 1973, Cha.pter XIV, pp. 302-303; see &so S. J. De Laat,
1969, pp. 31-32. W. A. van Es believes in 47 (1972, pp. 8(}-81).
o
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Fig.::l. Valk"rdHll"g Z.H. I, gl""lllldl'lali.
7
CASTELLUM 1
(fig. 3, pI. 1-2, 6-7)
Traces of military activities in Middle and Western Europe during the
principates of Caligula and Claudius have, up to now, been distinguished
on the Upper Danube, 6 the Middle Rhine, 7 the Rhine mouth area and
Southern England. In only four castella has enough of the retentura and
praetentura been excavated to allow speculations as to the size of the
garrison : Valkenburg Z.H. 1, Valkenburg Z.H. 2/3, Hod Hill
8
and
Oberstimm. 9
In Valkenburg Z.H. 1, the eight barracks in the retentura and the
two 10 in the left praetentura are generally - and, in our opinion correctly-
considered as having accommodated infantry and cavalry respectively.
At Hod Hill, which shares the feature of a broad front with Valkenburg
(typical for forts of Claudian date 1) 11 the lay-out is essentially different:
thirteen buildings were interpreted as barracks. On the basis of the finds
and the occurrence of two commandants' houses, Richmond visualized
a composite garrison of legionaries (six centuries) and cavalry (seven
turmae) more or less half an ala quingenaria). Schnberger wanted to
place four centuries and two, possibly four, turmae, in Oberstimm, but
this has now been increased to six centuries and four turmae, thus a
complete cohors quingenaria equitata. 12
Study of the literature concerning the possible garrisoning of castella
in general, makes clear that it is impossible to accommodate a cohors
quingenaria peditata or equitata in castellum 1. 13 Six identical barracks,
each for eighty men, are necessary for a cohors quingenaria peditata.
The retentura, however, contains eight barracks, identical as far as the
number and subdivision of the contubernia are concerned. For a cohors
quingenaria equitata, ten barracks would be required, six for the centuries
and four for the turmae. 14 In the otherwise incompletely excavated left
I G. Ulbert, 1959, pp. 83-87.
7 E . Ritterling, 1913; H. Schnberger, 1969, p. 152.
8 I. A. Richmond, 1968.
H. Schnberger, 1971; 1972.
10 However, soo below p. 12!
11 I. A. Richmond, 1968, p. 67.
18 H. Schnberger, 1971, p. 39, resp. 1972, pp. 207-209, Abb. 1.
13 Other regular units need not be considered since, on the one hand, castellum 1
is too small for an ala quingenaria (cf. V. E. NashWilliams, 1968, pp. 150, 152)
and, on the other hand, milliaria units were not formed before the Flavian period
(cf. E. Birley, 1966).
14 The 888umption that two turmae should have to share a single barrack block
(D. Baatz, 1965, p. 142; D. Brooze, in a paper read 29.08.69 at the VlIth Congress
of Roman Frontier Studies) must be cast aside for Valkenburg Z.H., castellum 1,
considering the scanty dimensions of the contubernia and their relatively smaIl
number.
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THE PRE-FLAVIAN GAHHISONS OF Z_H.
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Fig.:3_ ValkenbuI'g Z. H. I. gl'Olllldpl ltll: tilllhoI' 1l)JI'ight.s (I), \\'uttle alHl dUllb
\\'all" (2) , thI'osholds (3). la(rinc.-; (4) , tn,atllllill" (5), " p/trt.hs (0) mul tiI'o-pits (7).
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praetentura, there is room for two turmae at the most: building 13,
the southern part for the officers and the northern part divided by a
gangway level with building 3/4 (building 14 is a stabIe and the area
eastwards was undeveloped!).
The two remaining turmae would then have to be placed in the
retentura. Which pair of the eight barrack blocks there could be considered 1
At fust sight all eight blocks appear to be identical, each with Beven
contubernia of similar shape. Quite apart from the difficulty of dividing
thirty men amongst Beven contubernia - aBsuming that the decurio and
duplicarius would have occupied the western and eastern end-buildings
respectively - it is just the officers' quarters at the western end which
display noticeable differences. In th is respect the barracks are far from
being identical. In place of the 6-2 division, it is 4--4 and alternating
at that. While buildings 2, 4, 6 and 8 exhibit extensively divided officers'
quarters, those of 3, 5, 7 and 9 are simple in the extreme. 15 Thinking
along the lines ofhierarchy, one considers a difference of rank between those
officers occupying the first or the second type of quarters: the difference
between centuriones and decuriones ? This would, in fact, imply that the
quarters for the four turmae of a cohors quingenaria equitata alternated
with those of four centuries in the retentura, and that the remaining two
centuries would have to find place in the left praetentura next to the
stables! This sort of mixing of cavalry and infantry would be unthinkable
in xnilitary planning. Moreover the alternating 4--4 division suggests rather
the unity of an extensively subdivided end-building and a simple end-
building, thus creating the four units 2-3, 4--5, 6--7 and 8-9. Each unit
would comprise a centurion's house (subdivided western end), quarters
for underofficers (eastern end-building), 14 rooms of 5.8/6.5 x 3/3.8 m
and a sort of storage space (simple western end-building), which in three
of the four cases are detached and are provided with an extra wide entry.
Four centuries could be accommodated in these four units without
difficulty: 16 13 contubernia (13 x 6 = 78) being available for the purpOBe,
since the 14th room cannot have had this function (not subdivided into
arma and papilio, hearth placed differently). 17
Renewed study of the field drawings of the 'simple end-buildings' 3, 5, 7
and 9 finally resulted in the surprising but unavoidable conclusion that
15 Why D. Ba.a.tz chose to represent Valkenburg 1 by a barrack with simple
endbuilding for his plate of barrack types is puzzling, the more since he thereby
suppressed a contubernium (1965, p. 143, Abb. 2 : 19).
16 This also appears to be the solution for Hod Hili, where I. A. Richmond
(1968, p. 79) wanted to house six centuries in barracks of al most equal size to
those in Valkenburg I, with the observation thst these centuries would hsve to
be 'in vsrying degrees below etrength'. See sIso note 22.
17 Noticed by B. L. van Beek. It has been observed only once, in building 8,
but appesrs several times in Germany (cf. D. Ba.a.tz, 1965, p. 142, Abb. 2 : 8;
also Abb. 2 : 2 & 4) and England (Hod Hili, I. A. Richmond, 1968, p. 80).
THE PRE-FLAVIAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z_H_ 11
they were never intended as accommodation for anyone, let alone officers,
but were constructed for another, specific, purpose. Although the only
subdivision, the room of 4 x 4.20 m in the south-east corner, displays
no distinctive characteristics, this is not the case with the remaining
large area. Mention has already been made of the abnormally wide doors
(established for 5, 7 and 9) and the fa ct that 5, 7 and 9 are detached
from the associated row of contubernia. Contrary to the situation in the
centurion's quarters, latrines are absent, and only fire-pits are present
(in 3,5 and 9) instead of built hearths as in 2 (?), 4, 6 and 8 (and frequently
in the papiliones) . Noteworthy is a setting of posts, three rows by three,
in the north-east corner of 3, which suggests a raised platform; plankings
lay against the north walls of 5 and 7.
Still more striking is the circular track in the south-west corner of
3 and 5, which at once calls to mind the well-preserved substructure
of a treadmill, unearthed from the intervalIum of castellum 2/3 west of
the porta principalis dextra in 1948. 18 The rectangle of planks against
the south wall of 9 may weIl also represent a treadmill substructure.
That the 'simple end-buildings' were erected some time later than the
detached series of contubernia (with the exception of 3) seems to be
proved in 7. 19 Here, the walls appear to cut through traces of earlier
constructions : drainage ditches around rectangular areas (originally some
3.50 x 3.80 m) within which were indications of posts or pegs which had
been pulled out (tent pegs? thus a camping site?) 20 and, to cap it all,
the track of a treadmill cut by the eastern wall. Evidently a treadmill
had functioned there for same time in the open.
An eloquent confirmation is provided by the finds. We will take those
from 9 as our examples. Compared with the commandant's quarters
(approximately 2/3 of 870 m
2
excavated) and the centurion's quarters
(approximately 70 m2) in building 4, the end-building of building 9
(78 m2) was kept far from tidy: minimum 24, 21 and 50 objects (or
fragments) respectively were found on the fioors of the three buildings.
The fioor in the north-east corner of the end-building (0.20 --:- =old surface
level) in particular, was strewn with pottery sherds, an iron axe, a pick-axe,
a mattock and a large wooden mallet.
Remarkable too is the total absence of animal bones in contrast to
the living quarters as barracks, centurions' and commandants' quarters.
Furthermore, the presence of a runnel and the discoveI'Y of a pointed
rectangular pole (length 2 m, perhaps a stake from the palisade?) are
mentioned in the excavation note book (29.06.1948).
It seems natural to assume that the subsequently constructed simple
end-buildings 3, 5, 7 and 9 were work- and storage-places, where grain
was stored (on platforms whether raised or not), dried (fire-pits) and
18 A. E. van Giffen, 1955, pp. 76 & 117, pI. 15 & 15a, afb. 23 & 26.
19 And also 3?
20 W. Groenman-van Waateringe, 1967, p. 104.
12 THE PRE-FLAVIAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z.H.
ground (treadmills), where waggons could be kept (very wide thresholds),
where, fairly certainly, metal was worked, and, for all we know, where
tents could be stowed. 21
The pairs of buildings 2-3, 4-5, 6-7 and 8-9, so long held to be strigae,
appear in fact to be intended to accommodate a single century, as has
been argued above. In other words, they are simply bipartite barracks
for one century. Why this division 1 Undoubtedly because it was impossible
to place four barracks at least 60 m long in the area of 38 x 40 m avaiIable
on either side of the principia. This practice is probably restricted to
small castelIa with a broad front of the period of Caligula and Claudius
which saw the initiation of so many strategie commissions. 22 As a bonus,
there remained the four open spaces on which the simp Ie end-buildings
were later raised: four 'fabriculae' instead of one single fabrica. 22a
Cavalrymen and their mounts will indeed have been accommodated
in the two buildings in the left praetentura - as had been assumed right
from the very start. They have, as yet, not been sufficiently excavated
to allow a firm estimation of numbers. The central section of the building
along the via principalis appears to be divided into contubernia, and
thus would have been intended to quarter the men. The building on
massive wooden foundations, which lies parallel, contains areas of
5.60 x 7.80 m which must have served as stables flanked by passages.
This interpretation is, furthermore, supported by the sewer 8 cm deep
along the eastern end, a large sunken trough - in which lay a little pottery
horse's head: a fragment of a lamp originally decorated with two of
them! 23_ by the row of deeply hammered-in round posts parallel to the
east wall, and-last but not least-the 14 m wide undeveloped strip of
land upto the intervalIum, 24 in which was buried a horse's skull. 25
21 Of. H. von Petrikovits, 1970, pp. 230 and 244--245.
22 The only analogies which present themselves are a number of buildings
at Hod Hill: I-X, especially VII-VIII (with 13 contubernia?) and IX-X. See
1. A. Richmond, 1968, fig. 47, 62, resp. 45A-45B. See also note 16.
22& A number of 30-32 per barrack as mentioned by Baatz for Kastell Hesselbach
(Baatz, 1973, p. 59) seems correct. The reasons for calling such a unit a century
are somewhat obscure. Furthermore, the arrangement of a barrack with simple
end-building (1) alongside a barrack with extensively divided end-building (2) is
strongly reminiscent of the bipartite barracks with fabriculae and officers' quarters
in Valkenburg 1.
23 1941: 586. J. L. Cleveringa, in: A. E. van Giffen, 1948, pp. 238-239, afb. 64 : 2.
24 Of. A. Fox & W. L. D. Ravenhill (n.d.), p. 3: 'We suggest that these open
spa.ces on the margin of the fort were used to picket the hOr8eS of a mixed unit,
instead of building permanent stables as at Valkenburg, Holland.' In fact both are
necessa.ry, permanent stables and open spa.ces, for grooming etc. of the horses.
25 The situation appearB to be comparable with what 1. A. Richmond deBcribes
in Hod Hili (1968, p. 88, fig. 62), as 'a compound in the NE corner Borne 80 by
100 feet in area divided from the reBt of the fort by a palisade-trench' which he
regards as a Btorage-dump. Within the palisade-trench was a 'tank' as at Valkenburg.
THE PRE-FLAVIAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z.H. 13
An inscription on the exterior of a tabu la cerata fragment points to
the presence of infantry and cavalry: Tigernilo mil(iti)/c(o)hor(tis) III
Gallor(um). The graffito ]imi > Classici and 35 bronze belt-plates indicate
the presence of infantry, 26 and the graffito eq(ues) Iunius and items of
bronze harness (barnac1es, hangers) are evidence for cavalry. See
Appendix 5.
CASTELLUM 2/3
(fig. 4-5)
The lay-out of castellum 2/3 27 differs considerably from that of l.
Four barracks, built in pairs back to back fill the left retentura. The
constructions in the right retentura consist of a similar double barrack,
with in addition a rectangular building, the southern half of which is
divided into six equal rooms by five internal walls. The as yet unexcavated
northern half would probably have been pretty weIl identical. At the
most, one of the buildings in the praetentura- in the right half - can
also be regarded as a double barrack. Between the extensively subdivided
officers' quarters at each end are located six contubernia. In four barracks
the papilio and arma are of equal size. This type of barrack could on
no account have housed a century. In itself the proportionately very
large arma is of great importance.
Comparable double barracks are known from the more or less
contemporary castra at Neuss, where they occur with hemistrigia with
ten contubernia for infantry (legionaries as weIl as auxiliaries). 28 On the
basis of the finds occurring there C. Koenen suggested that these double
barracks should be assigned to cavalry.29 The exceptionally large arm a
would be eXplained by the extensive equipment carried by the cavalrymen.
If a barrack block was intended to accommodate a single turma (32
horsemen, including the decurio and the duplicarius), it would result in
five cavalrymen per contubernium. 30 The eight barracks of Valkenburg 2/3,
in that case, could house eight turmae or 8 x 32 = 256 men, i.e. exactly
half an ala quingenaria. If the large building with the double (1) range
of six 8 x 6 m rooms, each with a deep (muck 1) channel on the south
2e L. Lindenschmit, 1882, p. 9.
27 Until 1962 considered as separate castelIa 2 and 3. The ground plans were,
in fact, pretty well identical. In our opinion this is a single castellum, certain
buildings of which were altered in the course of time. Since 1967 it has been
referred to as 2/3.
28 C. Koenen, 1904, Taf. VII: 48-51.
29 C. Koenen, 1904, pp. 143-145. H. Lehner, 1904, pp. 367, 372-373, Taf. XXXA.
30 Barracks with six contubemia have also been identified in Nanstallon fort
in Cornwall, though they were considered 'rather ample' for a turma (D. R. Wilson,
1970, p. 298).
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THE PREFLAVIAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z.H. 15
side, were meant for stabling (each room for 16 horses?) a maximum
of 12 x 16= 192 horses could have been stalled-exaetly sufficient for the
six turmae in the retentura! The stables for the mounts belonging to
the two turmae in the right praetentura must be sought in that area.
The following points strongly support an oecupation exclusively of
cavalry:
(a) the exceptional width of the intervalIum behind the retentura,
which may be explained by the presence of some 200 horses,
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Fig. 5. Neuss/Novaesium, cavalry barracks 48, 49, 50 and 51.
(b) the uncommonly large officers' quarters -larger than the centurions'
houses of 1 - which would suggest decurions of an ala,
(c) the absence of belt-plates as described under castellum L 26
Furthermore a graffito Turma Iu1i[ and a number of items of equipment
are evidence for the presence of cavalry: leather horse trappings, bronze
hangers and perhaps a bone component of a bow. See Appendix 6.
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ADAPTATION PHASE la
(fig. 6-8)
The importance of the adaptation phase la only became clear af ter
an idea of the garrisoning of castellum 2/3 had been obtained. The plan
of la does not represent a separate castellurn, but is a combination of
elements distinguished at levels 0.00 and 0.20 +N.A.P., belonging chiefly
to I, plus a few walls of 2/3, and, in the left and right retentura, a number
of elements exclusively of the adaptation phase. Noteworthy in th is
context is the enlargement of the western and eastern end-buildings over
the intervalIum and via principalis as weIl as in the direction of the mens'
quarters. This is most obvious in the right retentura. It results in a
diminution of the area available for contubernia, the latter being cut
down from seven to six. At the same time there is a change in the division
of the contubernia, most obvious in the left retentura, though also
apparent in the right; the arma is almost doubled in size and becomes
virtually as large as the papilio. The type of the barrack block created
-
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Fig. 7. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, la and 2/3, contubernia ofbarracks in the left retentura.
by these alterations shows a great similarity with that of castellum 2/3:
i.e. large end-buiIdings, six contubernia per barrack and a large arma.
In the left praetentura the space between the left barrack and the stabIe
was filled up with - as far as can be established from the scanty remains-
quarters for men, with a large arma. In the valetudinarium there appear
to be few changes and the principia, commandant's dwelling and stables
do not seem to have been altered.
r----..--...----_
o 0 I
o I
I .
I
la
2/3

.J
n
I
I

Fig. 8. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, la and 2/3, barracks in the right retentura.
Why this adaptation? Undoubtedly because castellum 1, built for a
composite garrison of infantry and cavalry had suddenly to accommodate
part of an ala - as has already been established for castellum 2/3. The
available accommodation naturally did not correspond to the new
requirements. An adaptation was therefore necessary, but could not,
of course, be completed in a day. Thus the alterations are not contemporary
over the entire castellum, were not carried out in the principia,
commandant's dwelling or stables, but only in the quarters for officers
and men. A cavalryman simply required more room for his equipment,
the officers were accustomed to more commodious rooms and for a turma
of 30 men, six contubernia were quite adequate. The somewhat cluttered
adaptation phase la heraIds the entry of the unit which would later
build 2/3. Sections of horizontal wattIe work, clea.rly of native tradition
- unknown in land 2/3 - and a noticeable quantity of native pottery
suggest that the occupiers came from nearby: from the ala Cananefatium
which was fairly certainly stationed in these parts till 69 AD? 31
A number of items of equipment point to the presence of cavalry in la:
a bronze headstall, bronze hangers, bronze barnacles, a bronze belI and
a leather saddle. See Appendix 7.
31 In Velsen N.H. till 28 AD?
CONCLUSION
(fig. 9)
Finally we recapitulate: Valkenburg Z.H. 1 was built for a vexillatio,
composed of four centuries and, at the most, two turmae, subtracted
from a cohors III Gallorum equitata. The infantry were accommodated
in the retentura in four bipartite barracks, and the cavalry in the left
praetentura. Af ter a short period of time the vexillatio was withdrawn.
Thereupon followed the adaptation of the infantry barrack blocks for
cavalry accommodation; the seven contubernia of the half-barracks were
reduced to six, the papilio and arma made equal in size and the officers'
quarters were enlarged. The adapted temporary accommodation-la-
was replaced by the new castellum 2/3 which was built for 8 (1) turmae,
a large stabIe being situated next to the principia and two barrack blocks
in the right praetentura. The garrison of castellum 4, erected in or shortIy
af ter 70 AD, and its two successors 5 and 6-will have been a cohors
quingenaria equitata-the cohors IIII Tracum-which has been recently
identified.
In castelIa 1, 2/3 and adaptation phase la certain principles, perhaps
evidenced elsewhere as weIl, appear:
(1) the bipartite barracks for a single century (for optimal efficiency
regarding encampment/defence),
(2) the division of the fabrica into small detached buildings (resuIting
in self-supporting centuries 1) ,
(3) leaving a strip along a building (a stabIe!) undeveloped, which
reflects the presence of turmae,
(4) the widened rear intervallum - characteristic for a cavalry garrison 1
(5) an equally large papiIio and arma-indicating cavalry.
TH"; PRE-FLAVIAN f:ARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z.H. 21
/
/' r-;r
" h;
/' 1 ,-I,. L
) It
, j . "... I""
" . 1.,. "r' :- "'-F-,Lj!-l
eH 1.ITlL ',r: = 'L '-11 .!1
APPENDIX 1
Measurements 32 of castella I and 2j3 and adaptation phase la.
Tota.l length of barra.cks
Idem of 7 j6 contubernia
Measurements of centurions' or
decurions' qua.rtersjfabricula.e in
E-W direction
Idem in N -S direction
Area of centurions' or decurions'
qua.rtersjfabricula.e 88 in m
2
Measurements underofficers' quarters
in E-W direction
Idem in N -S direction
Area. of underofficers' quarters in m
2
Length of individual contubernia
Idem width
Length of papiliones
Idem of arma.e
Tota.l length of stables
Individua.l compartments in stables
included the N-S corridor
Idem without N -S corridor
Width of spatium conversantibus
between centurions' or decurions'
quartersjfabricula.e
Idem between contubernia
Idem between underofficers' quarters
Width of via principalis
Idem of intervaJlum
N of building 2
W of 2-9 resp. 8
W of 14
S of 9 resp. 8
E of 10 resp. 9
1
39 -39.9
23.4 -23.8
8.8 -11
5.8 - 7.4
51.04-79.2
4.8 - 5.6
7.2 - 8.2
39.36-40.32
5.8 - 6.5
3 - 3.8
3.6 - 4.5
1.9 - 2.2
56 (evt. 50)
5.6X7.8
5.6x 6.6
3.8 - 5.2
5.6 - 6.4
3.4 - 3.9
8.8 - 9.2
6.5
5.8 - 6.4
14
6.4
6.6
2j3
40.3 - 40.7
22 - 23
9 - 12
7.4 - 11
78.4 -105.84
7.6 - 9.6
6.6 - 9.5
71.44- 72.20
6.4 - 11
3.5 - 4
3.8 - 5
2.2 -4.6j6.8
48
6.5j7X8.6
6.5j7 X 5
8.4
6
14 - 14.8
5.8 - 6.6
5.8
82 All measurements in m, unless otherwise stated.
la
39.9 - 43.2
20.2 - 23.6( 1)
11 - 14.8
6.6 - 10.4
74.8 -153.92
5.8 - 9.4
7.5 - 8.4
69.92- 77.28
6 - 8
3.1 - 3.6
3.6 - 4.5
1.8 - 4
as 1
as 1
as 1
3 - 5.7
2.6 - 4.8
3.8
6.3 - 8
83 Fabricula.e 3, 5, 7 and 9 resp. 51.04, 58.28, 58.00 and 77.76 m
2
, except for
the latter of considerably sma.11er dimensions than the officers' qua.rters.
Comparable measurements in Hod Hill, 34 Nanstallon, 35 Neuss 38 and Oberstimm.
37
1. Had Hill.
Totallength of barracks
Idem of contubernia
Length of centurions' /decurions' quarters
Idem width
Area of centurions'/decurions' quarters in m
2
Idem width
Width of spatium conversantibus between centurions'
quarters
Width of spatium conversantibus between officers' quarters
Width of via principalis
Totallength of stables
Individual compartments in stables
34 1. A. Richmond, 1968, fig. 62.
35 A. Fox & W. Ravenhill, 1972, fig. 5.
38 C. Koenen, 1904, Taf. VII.
37 H . Schnberger, 1971, Abb. 2; 1972, Abb. l.
legionary cavalry
barracks barracks
35.4 36-42
24.6 25
11.1-12 12-16
7.5 6-9
83.25 72-144
3-3.6 ca. 5
2.4-3 ca. 4
ca. 6
ca. 12
ca. 7 ca. 7
ca. 11 ca. 14
ca. 12
56.1-58.8
3.3 X 5.4; 3.3 X 3.6
2. Nanatallon
Totallength of barracks
Idem of 7/6 88 contubernia
Mea.surementa of centurions' Idecurions' quarters in
N -S direction
Idem in E-W direction
Area of centurions'/decurions' qua.rters in ma
Mea.surementa underofficers' quarters in N-S direction
Idem in E-W direction
Area of underofficers' qua.rters in ma
Idem width
Mea.surementa of papilionea in N -S direction
Idem of arma.e
Width of spatium conversantibus
Idem of via principa.lis
Idem of interva.llum E of barracks 5 and 6
Origina.l width of interva.llum N of barrack IV and S
of barrack I
3. Ne'U88
Tota.l length of cava.lry barracks
Idem of 6 contubemia
Length of decurions' qua.rters
Idem width
Area of decurions' qua.rters in ma
Length of individua.l contubernia
Idem width
Length of papilionea
Idem of arma.e
infantry
barrack III
cava.lry
barrack IV
31.5
24. 1
7.4
3.8
28.12
7.4
3.6
26.64
7.4
3.3
4.8
2.6
32.4
21.6
8.4
7.2
60.48
8.4
3.6
30.24
8.4
3.6
4.9
3.5
3-3.6
ca. 6.5
ca. 5.5
17
33
20-22
11-13
ca. 10
110-130
9-9.5
ca. 4
ca. 5-5.5
ca. 4-4.5
88 In contrast to the publication in Britannia 3, 1972, pp. 56-111, eapecia.lly
80-81, ef. letter from A. Fox to W. Groenman-van Wa.a.teringe: 'I have not any
"double barracks" like those at Valkenburg 2/3, but the barracks were of two
sizes: first those with 7 double cubiclea, and a small officers' quarters which I have
a.ssigned to infantry and second those with 6 double cubicles and a larger officers'
qua.rters which I have a.ssigned to cavalry. Both ba.rracks had a larger extra room
at the gable-end on the via praetoria: one of these produced evidence of metal
working and a quern [our ita.lics], such as you record at Valkenburg. (I had thought
they were for the underofficers).' If the evidence for metal working and the quem
indicate that this cubicle was used as a fabricula, perhaps we have here the same
arrangement as at Valkenburg 1 with bipa.rtite barracks of 13 contubemia and
large officers' qua.rters. In that case the difference in size of the contubemia,
eapecially the arma.e, is not explained.
THE PREFLAVIAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z.H.
4. OberBtimm
Totallength of barracks 5 and 6
Idem of contubernia
Length of centurions' quarters
Idem width
Area. of centurions' quarters in m
2
Idem width
Length of papiliones
Length of armae
Width of spatium conversantibus between officers' quarters
Width of via principalis between buildings 8 and 12
Original width of intervalIum W of buildings 5 and 6
Idem W of 3
Idem N of 3
25
47
ca.. 25
ll-lU
8.5
93.5--97.75
ca.. 7
3- 3.5
4.2
2.8
ca.. 5
ca.. 12
ca. 12
28
ca.. 12
ca. 6.5
It is remarkable that, although the total length of the barracks in
Valkenburg 2/3 is somewhat greater than in Valkenburg 1, the total
length of the contubernia in 2/3 is less than in l. This is caused by the
larger sizes of the officers' quarters in 2/3 and the reduction from seven
to six contubernia. Adaptation phase la is - for all measurements-
intermediary between 1 and 2/3. The greater length of the individu al
contubernia in 2/3 as compared to 1 is not caused by the si ze of the
papiliones (this remains pretty weIl constant), but more particularly by
the enlargement ofthe armae. The same phenomenon occurs in Nanstallon.
The contubernia of Valkenburg 1 are somewhat smaller than those of
barrack III in Nanstallon and barracks 5 and 6 in Oberstimm. Those
of Hod HilI are the smallest, because it seems that the arma is completely
absent. The cavalry barracks in Valkenburg 2/3 differ considerably in
size. The smallest dimensions here are smaller than those for barrack IV
in Nanstallon and the cavalry barracks of Neuss; the other ones are
within the limits for these two castelIa. The officers' quarters in N anstallon
are extremely smalI , those of the other castella are similar in size.
The total length of the barracks is the smallest in Nanstallon, closely
followed by Neuss and the infantry barracks of Hod HilI. Oberstimm
has the greatest length and Valkenburg 1, 2/3 and la and the cavalry
barracks of Hod HilI are intermediate.
The lellgths of the stables in Valkenburg 1 and Hod Hili are pretty
weIl comparable; the lengths of the stables in Valkenburg 2/3 are somewhat
smaller. The individual compartments in the stables of Valkenburg seem
to be twice the size of those at Hod HilI. This is caused by the smaller
width of the Hod HilI sta bles.
The width of the spatia conversantibus in Valkenburg and Nanstallon
is somewhat small in comparison to Hod HilI and Oberstimm; the same
holds for the via principalis. The minimum widths of the intervalla are
practically the same in Valkenburg, Nanstallon and Oberstimm (in
Hod Hill this is not easy to determine, but is certainly larger), but the
extra open spaces in Hod Hill and Oberstimm are again larger than
those in Valkenburg and Nanstallon, where the greatest width is about
14-17 m.
From these measurements one gets the idea that the available space
for the necessary buildings had to be used with greater economy in
Nanstallon and Valkenburg than in Hod Hill and Oberstimm. This had
no effect on the size of the buildings, but had on the open spaces such as
spatia conversantibus, roads and intervalla.
APPENDIX 2
Castellum 1, building 4, centurion's quarters, mobilia (fig. 10, pI. 3-4)
(B. L. van Beek).
2562
\
2781
2770
2556 x
2306
0
il C
2604
2302
2206

2301
2606
2303
x
2304
0
h
"
Fig. 10. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, building 4, centurion's quarters, distribution of find
numbers (x=exact find spot; o=from immediate vicinity).
From room a:
1
39
2781 - 1942 - Ilc/d - 0.20 -:-. 47 From beneath wall in the NW corner.
Decorated sheet bron ze sword scabbard (I. 45.2 cm).
2 2306 - 1942 - Ilb - 0.00-0.20 -:-. Bowl of blue-green glass, Hofheim I,
complete profile (2 = 2) . 40
3 2770 -1942 - Ilc/d - 0.00-0.20-:-. Against wall between rooms a and b.
Bronze handle, bent over at one end, other end broken off.
39 The numbers 1- 16 refer to pI. 3-4; the numbers 2781 etc. to fig. 10.
40 An example of a description: Drag. 27g (27k), foot ringca.rina.tion (12=6+2
& 4)=Drag. 27 big (or smalI), preserved in 12 fra.gments from foot ring to above
carination, in groups of 6 and 2 matching sherds and 4 not ma.tching ones.
4 Idem. Drag. 24/25g,stampedSECVNDI (VNDligated) (W. Glasbergen,
in A. E. van Giffen, 1955, pp. 145-146, nr. 330), with graffito S within
foot ring, complete profile (9 = 9).
5 Idem. Drag. 24/25 g, earination.
6 2562 - 1942 - Ile/d - 0.00. Against outside N wal!. Flagon, Hofheim
50, neek-lip.
7 Idem. Flagon, Hofheim 55, shoulder-neek with two-ribbed handle.
8 Idem. Amphora, two-ribbed handle.
From room b:
2206 - 1942 - Ilb - about 0.20-;.-. Between rooms band e (in the
doorway). Bil'd bone (aeeording to find lists; not seen).
From room c:
2604 - 1942 - Ilb - 0.30-;.-. Cervieal vertebra of sheep or goat
(identifieation Mrs. L. H. van Wijngaarden-Bakker).
Idem. T.n.,42 wall fragment .
9 Idem. Amphora (1), two-ribbed handle.
2556 - 1942 - Ile/d - 0.20 +-0.00. Smooth ware, wan fragments
(8=0 & 8).
Idem. Cooking pot, wall fragment.
Idem. Amphora, wan fragment.
From room d:
2606 - 1942 - Ile/d - 0.40 -;.-. In foundation treneh between rooms
d and g. Animal bone (aeeording to find lists; not seen).
10 2303 - 1942 - Ilb - 0.00-0.20-;.-. Hofhcim 22, bottom-Iower waH,
red-brown varnish.
11 2304 - 1942 - Ilb - 0.00-0.20-;'-. Hofheim 26 (1), bottom-Iower waU,
red-brown with blaek varnish.
Idem. Native ware, wan fragment.
From room e (see also room h):
12 2302 -1942 - Ilb - 0.00-0.20-;.-. Bronze belt-plate (seeAppendix 5: 14).
From room f:
2432 - 1942 - Ilb - . . . Anima) bones from latrine (aeeording to
find lists; not seen) .
2044 - 1942 - Ilb - 0.00- 0.20-;.-. Underneath wooden fiool'. Animal
bones (aeeording to find lists; not seen).
From room g:
13 2307 - 1942 - Ilb - 0.00-0.20-;.- . Drag. 24/25 g, earination-rim.
28 TBE PREFLAVIAN GARBI80NS OF VALKENBURG Z.H.
From room h:
2301 - 1942 - IIb - 0.00-0.20-7-. From rooms e and h. Piece of flint.
14 Idem. Flagon, bottom-Iower wall (4=4).
15 Idem. Big amphora, handle (2=2).
From just S of room h,'
16 2305 - 1942 - IIb - 0.20-7-. Bronze brooch, Hofheim Ia.
In all from 70 m
2
: bronze sword scabbard 1, bronze handle 1, bronze
belt-plate 1, bronze brooch 1, find numbers with animal bones 5, piece
of flint 1, glass bowl 1, Hofheim 22 1, Hofheim 26 1, Drag. 24/25g 3, t.n. 1,
Hofheim 50 2, Hofheim 55 1, smooth ware > 3,41 cooking pot 1,
amphorae 4, native ware 1.
It is apparent from fig. 15 that the majority of finds were excavated
in the vicinity of the walls. This may weIl indicate that the floors were
swept regularly, as was the case in the commandant's quarters (cf.
W. Glasbergen, 1967, p. 60). The sword scabbard discovered in a dung
pit under the wattIe partition of the centurion's quarters is perhaps a
construction deposito
APPENDIX 3
Castellum 1, building 9, fabricula, mobilia (fig. 11, pI. 5-7).
"5"7
"537
x
x

"5311
Qo
x
"7011
.,aa3 --+--"""""""'
"713-:'/ Je {( ) j
"7"11 _-+_-",0

Fig. 11. Valkenburg Z.H. I, building 9, fabricula, distribution of find numbers
(x=exa.ct find spot; o=from immediate vicinity).
From small room:
4893 - 1948 - VIc/d - 0.20-7--0.40-7-. Coin with countel'mark
(according to find lists; not seen).
41 ;;;. 3=minimum number of pots is three.
3
42
Idem. Drag. 15/17, stampe.d TERTIVS FE, 9/10 preserved (8 = 8).
From large room:
2 4537 - 1948 - VIc/d - 0.20-;.-. Hofheim 22, lower wan-rim, with
barbotine decoration of upside-down drops (2 = 0 & 2).
3 Idem. Drag. 15/17, carination-rim, matching 4539: carination-rim.
3 Idem. Ritt. 8, upper wan-rim (2 = 2).
3 Idem. Drag. 24/25 g, upper wall-rim, matching 4706.
5 Idem. Hofheim 50, foot ring-mouth, not coherent, about % preserved
(33= 18 +3 +3 +2 +2 & 5); shoulder-lip with fragment ofthree-ribbed
handle, matching 4539: part of three-ribbed handle; four-ribbed
handle, matching 4539: shoulder-mouth with joint of four-ribbed
handle; 2 three-ribbed handles.
5 Idem. Very probably Hofheim 50, neck with handle joint and about
1/7 of lower wall (46 = 46); foot ring-shoulder, about 1/4 preserved
(9=9); neck.
5 Idem. Hofheim 50? upper wall-shoulder with handle joint (10=
5 +3 +2); lower wan (2 = 2); wan fragment (2 = 0 & 2, one matching
4539).
6 Idem. Cooking pot, thin-walled vessel with profiled wall and rim and
metallic shine, upper wall-rim (4= 3 & 1).
4539 - 1948 - VIc/d - 0.20-;.-. Copper coin (according to find lists;
not seen).
o Idem. Iron axe (1. 21.2 cm); pick-axe (1. 26.7 cm), with remains of
wood in shaft hole; lump of iron oxide (1. 20.2 cm); socketed
arrow-head (1. 9 cm); bent naH.
o Idem. Disk of sheet bronze with traces of solder on one si de along
the rim (bottom of bron ze cask?) (dm. 5.7 cm); rectangular piece
of sheet bronze with five perforations (1. 14.4 cm); fragmentary bronze
pendant, decorated on one side (1. 5 cm).
o Idem. Wooden mallet (originally fragment of a spoked wheel?)
(preserved as modern copy only) (to tap the dowened joints of the
wooden framework of the buildings into place during their
construction ?) (h. 36.2 cm).
42 The numbers 0-9 refer to the following find categories (see also pI. 6-7):
O=finds providing specific information (epigraphica, coins, military equipment,
tooIs, building materiaIs. naturalia, varia)
l=gIsss
2=varnished ware
3=terra sigilIata (t.s.)
4=terra nigra (t.n.) and Gallo-Belgic ware
5=smooth ware (German: glattwandig)
6=cooking pots (German: rauhwandig)
7=mortaria
8=Iarge amphorae
9 = native ware.
The numbers 4893 etc. refer to fig. 11.
1 Idem. Unguentarium, body fragment, transparent pale blue-green.
2 Idem. Hofheim 22, bottom-Iower wall, sand-faced.
3 Idem. Drag. 15/17, carination-rim (4= 3 & 1); carination-rim, matching
4537: carination-rim.
3 Idem. Drag. 18, foot ring-upper wall (3=2 & 1); carination-rim
(2=0 & 2).
3 Idem. Plate, lower wall (3= 0 & 3).
3 Idem. Ritt. 8, lower wall-rim (5 = 2 & 3, one matching 4537: upper
wall-rim).
3 Idem. Drag. 24/25k, foot ring-lower wall, with undeciphered fragment
of stamp (2=2) .
3 Idem. Drag. 27, upper wall-rim (2 = 0 & 2).
3 Idem. Drag. 271 foot ring-Iower wall, stamped VAPVSO (VA ligated).
3 Idem. Cup, lower wall (5= 0 & 5).
3 Idem. Ritt. 13, part adjoining pen hole.
4 Idem. Vase, foot ring-lower wall, with horizontally polished rilling;
wall fragment (of same specimen 1).
5 Idem. Hofheim 50, part of threeribbed handle, matching 4537:
shoulder-mouth; shoulder-mouth, with joint of four-ribbed handle,
matching 4537: four-ribbed handle; neck-mouth, with handle joint
(2 = 0 & 2); neck-mouth, with handle joint; four-ribbed handle.
5 Idem. Hofheim 501 wall fragments (8=0 & 8, one matching 4537).
5 Idem. Flagon1 foot ring-Iower wall, orange-brown (5=4 & 1).
5 Idem. Honey-jad vessel with horizontally everted rim, upper wall-rim,
secondarily burnt 1
6 Idem. Cooking pots, thin-walled vessel with profiled wall and rim
and metallic shine, bottom-Iower wall (of same specimen as 45371);
vessel with beaded rim, rim; bottom-Iower wall (of preceding one1);
idem, shoulder-rim; shoulder & lower wall of preceding one 1 (in that
case 3 = 0 & 3); sm all vessel with carinated shoulder and cylindrical
rim, shoulder-rim (2 = 2); very probably cooking pot, bottom-Iower
wall; vessel with shallow neck and rounded rim, tar coating on the
neck, shoulder-rim; as preceding one, but not of same specimen,
shoulder-rim.
7 Idem. Mortarium, bottom-rim (horizontal) (2=2); bottom-Iower wall,
of preceding one 1
8 Idem. Amphora, shoulder-mouth with handle joint (4= 4), furthermore
3 x3+4 x2 & 19 (among which 1 x shoulder-handle and 1 x
shoulder-neck), 40 in all (2-3 of another specimen 1).
9 Idem. Native ware, shoulder-rim with oblique nail impressions at
outside of rim, at shoulder brushed pattern.
4547 - 1948 - VIc/d - 0.20-:--. Number on field drawing, finds missing
or non-existent.
4553 - 1948 - VIc/d - 0.20-;-. Bronze object (according to find lists;
not seen).
3 Idem. Plate, foot ring.
3 Idem. Drag. 24/25 g, upper wall-rim (2 = 2).
3 Idem. Ritt. 12, foot ring-bottom-lower wall, upper wall-rim (flange
broken off) (4=2 & 2).
o 4749 - 1948 - VIc/d - 0.20-7-. Two coins (see J. Gerritsen, in
A. E. van Giffen, 1955, p. 172: 44, p. 177: 72), Claudius-Nero, resp.
Commodus, i.e. evidently incorrectly numbered.
3 4706 - 1948 - VIc/d - 0.00. Drag. 15/17, rim.
3 Idem. Drag. 18, foot ring-carination, stamped lVI, % preserved.
3 Idem. Plate, bottom.
3 Idem. Ritt. 8, rim.
3 Idem. Drag. 24/25 g, Y2 preserved, with graffito lRJ[1 (13= 8 +3 & 2).
3 Idem. Drag. 24/25 k, lower wall-cordon, matching 4539.
3 Idem, Drag. 271 foot ring-Iower wall (2 = 2).
4713 - 1948 - VIc/d - 0.00. Roman sherds and t.S. (according to
find lists; not seen).
o Idem. Iron hinge (1) with hole (h. 7.9 cm).
In all from about 78 m
2
: (coin 1), iron axe 1, iron pick-axe I, lump
of iron oxide I, socketed arrowhead I, nail 1, iron hinge (1) 1, bottom
of bronze cask (1) I, bronze pendant I, rectangular piece of sheet bronze I,
wooden mallet I, bottie of glass 1, Hofheim 22 2, Drag. 15/17 :> 4,
Drag. 18;;;. 2, Ritt. 8;;;. I, Drag. 24/25 g ;> 2, Drag. 24:/25 k ;;;. I,
Drag. 27 ;;;. 1, Ritt. 12 1, Ritt. 13 1, t.n. vase ;;;. I, Hofbeim 50 ;> lI,
flagon 1, honey-jar (1) 1, cooking pots 7, mortaria ;;;. 1, large amphorae ;;;. 1
native ware 1.
The terra sigilIata shows the essential characteristics of the late
experimental stage of South GauIish production to be dated between
35-45 AD: finger impressions on the orangy-brown mat surface slip
disc10sing the ochreou8 paste beneath, spiral striations on both outer and
inner surfaces, local scraping (with knife 1), foot ring rough (where stuck
onto drying surface af ter being dipped into slip, and not wiped before
baking), irregularities of ten untidely concealed, clay fragments not worked
away before baking (800 W. Glasbergen, in A. E. van Giffen, 1948, p. 206,
Technieken Ia-b; G. Simpson, in I. A. Richmond, 1968, p. 103).
APPENDIX 4
Castellum 1, building 11, commandant's quarters, mobilia (fig. 12,
pI. 8-9) (M. D. de Weerd).
r;D .... r 1--
r U: h :
:
D.D._ . .. . . . . . .. :
:
7369 El . o. ..
6142
0 k) Df """"f
7386 o! 0 i- .. ; i
7388-----'l/-----J' D. m-n: 0 :
j ..D.D ...... "T
.0
P
: q s
7546 ./0
. .:.:._.::...-;:' . .........
7345 . r _ t I
7357 0 r'
D
'
D
...........
7331 0
7341 = v Q w

x )' z
5274 .._-..... .... ...... 1-. ......

11152 ---------------f
Fig. 12. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, building 11, commandant's quarters, distribution
of find numbers (x=exact find spot; o=from immediate vicinity).
From room a:
7369 - 1962 - VIk - 0.10-;..--0.20-;..-. Animal bones (2).43
Idem. Smooth ware, wall fragment .
From room b:
7386 -1962 - VIk - 0.10-;"--0.20-;..-.44 From rectangular concentration
of charcoal. Animal bones (12). 43
Idem. Pebbles (2).
Idem. Native ware, wall fragment, smoothly polished.
From central court j :
1
45
7517 - 1962 - VIk - 0.40 -;"--. .. In foundation pit for column of
colonnade. Hofheim 50 (1), foot ring; fragment of four-ribbed handle.
43 Sent to the B.A.I. in 1962; to be published by Dr. A. T. Clason.
44 According to H. Pra.a.mstra, B.A.I., who worked out the stratigraphioaJ
allocation of the finds.
The numbers 1-13 refer to pI. 8-9; the numbers 7369 etc. to fig. 12.
Idem. Smooth ware, wall fragments (4 = 0 & 4); neck with handle
joint; shoulder-neck (3 = 3).
7388 - 1962 - VIk - 0.10-:--0.20-:-. Animal bone.
43
Idem. Two pieces of half-burnt wood.
Idem. Oxidized iron nail?
2 7390 - 1962 - VIk - 0. 10-:--0.20-:-. Probably Hofheim 50 (1),
foot ring-Iower wal!.
Idem. Smooth ware, wall fragments (20= 4 +2 +2 & 12) .
Idem. Shel!. 43
7300 - 1962 - VIk - 0.00-:--0.20-:-. Animal bones (2).43
Idem. Smooth ware, wall fragments (7 = 0 & 7) .
3 Idem. Cooking pot, bottom-wall, with fingertip impressions around
base (crucible 1); bottom -lower wal!.
From room k:
6142 - 1951 - VIi - 0.20-:-. Varnished ware, wall fragment .
4 Idem. Drag. 15/17, lower wall-rim (6= 6).
5 Idem. Drag. 18, carination-rim.
6 Idem. T.s., plate, foot ring-Iower wall ; bottom, stamped OFMACCAR
(MA ligated).
7 Idem. Drag. 24/25 g, wall-rim.
8 Idem. T.n., plate, Brunsting 3.3, bottom-rim.
9 Idem. Big amphora, two-ribbed handle.
From room p:
6197 - 1951 - VIi - 0.20-:- . Animal bones (according to find lists;
not seen).
Without number - 1951 - VIi - 0.20-:-. Hearth made of sherds
(according to note on field drawing; not seen) .
From room q :
7546 - 1962 - VIk - 0.40-:-. From dung pit. Animal bones (2).43
Idem. Big amphora, wall fragments (2=0 & 2) .
7358 - 1962 - VIk - 0.20-:- . Animal bones (2).43
From room r:
7351 - 1962 - VIk - 0.20-:- . Animal bone and shells (6) . 43
Idem. Drag. 27 k, lower wal!.
7357 - 1962 - VIk - 0.20-:-. Animal bones (8).43
Idem. Baked clay, daub from wattIe and daub wall? (according to
inventory; not seen).
5274 - 1950 - VIh - 0.20-:- . Skull in wattIe and daub wall (according
to find lists; not seen).
From room 8:
7345 - 1962 - VIk - 0.20-;.-. Between rooms 8 and t. Iron, severely
oxidized, with piece of wood (soeket).
Idem. Cooking pot, bottom-Iower wal!.
From room t:
7331 - 1962 - VIk - 0.20-;.-. Against the wall between rooms tand u.
Skull of a lynx (P. J. H. van Bree & A. T. Clason, 1971).
From room u:
7362 - 1962 - VIk - 0.20-;.--0.40-;.- . 44 Iron slag.
Idem. Smooth ware, wall fragment.
7341- 1962 - VIk - 0.20-;.-. Against the wall between rooms u and 8.
Animal bones (5). 43
From room w:
10 6155 - 1951 - VIh - 0.20-;.-. From hearth; find number on field
drawing 0.20 +, but not in serial accordance with other find numbers
on the same field drawing; found 0.20 -;.- according to find !ists;
field drawing 0.20-;.- partly not drawn. Lamp, bottom-rim with
two-ribbed handle and part of central disk.
Idem. Iron slag.
Idem. Drag. 18, carination-upper wal!.
Idem. T.s., plate, bottom.
Idem. Drag. 27, lower wal!.
Idem. Smooth ware, wall fragment.
11 Idem. Amphora, handle with circular cross-section (Stuart 1881)
(2=0 & 2); wall fragments (3=0 & 3).
12 Idem. Native ware, sherds of at least five pots: bottom-Iower wall
(4=4); upper wall (2=2) and shoulder-rim (2=0 & 2); bottom-wall
and wall-rim with handle, decorated with co mb stabbing and fingernail
impressions on rim (15 = 4 +4 +2 +2 & 3); bottom-wall and wall-
rim with handle, decorated with vertical impressions on upper wall
and circular impressions, grooves and pits on shoulder (49 = 12 + 11 +
7 +6 +5 x 2 & 3).
From between rooms wand x:
6140 - 1951 - VIi - 0.20-;.-. Animal bones (according to find lists;
not seen).
From room x:
13 6152 - 1951 - VIh - 0.20-;.-. Bronze coin, as:
Obv. C. CAESA [R DIVIAUG. PRON. AUG. P.M.TR.P.III(H)] P.P. ;
head of Caligula to the left.
Rev. [Vesta] - S.C.; Vesta veiled, sitting to the left with patera
and seeptre. RIC Caligula 31 or 32.
Date: 40-41 AD (J. Gerritsen, in A. E. van Giffen, 1955, p. 171, nr. 36).
In all from almost 600 m
2
: iron soeket (1) 1, bronze eoin 1, numbers
with bones 13, with shells 2, with iron slag 3, with half-burnt wood 1,
with pebbles 1, with baked clay 1, lamp 1, varnished ware 1, Drag. 15/171,
Drag. 18 :> 1, t.s. plate 1, Drag. 24/25g 1, Drag. 27k 1, Drag. 27 1, t.n. 1,
Hofheim 50 (1) :> 2, cooking pots 3, amphorae 4, native ware 1.
46
Building 11 (29 x 40 m according to Glasbergen, 1967, p. 135) proves
to be two buildings:
a. the heavily constructed rectangular court yard-house discovered in
cuttings Vlh, i, j (southern part) and k; the uprights of this building
are founded on horizontal sleeper beams; this building was almost certainly
the commandant's quarters (Glasbergen, 1967, p. 46; construction details
pp. 29-40);
b. the wall in cutting XI (Glasbergen, 1967, p. 46 and fig. 46: corner
of commandant's quarters along intervalIum opposite building 10) is,
according to the field drawings, not founded on horizontal sleeper beams
(cf. fig. 3); the foundation trench must therefore represent a separate
building; in any event, the court yard-house does not extend as far as
the intervalIum.
A remarkable fact is that this division of building 11 reminds one of
the division of the principia, building 1, of whieh (cf. fig. 3) that part
lying along the intervalIum has likewise proved to be part of a separate
building. The measurements of the commandant's quarters thus beeome
29 x approx. 30 m=approx. 870 m
2
(of which approx. 2/3 has been
excavated); while the measurements of the true principia become
29 x 31 m =900 m
2
Glasbergen (1967, pp. 147 and 150) gives 29 m for
the fronts of both buildings.
The majority of the finds in the commandant's quarters consists of
animal bones and broken 'ordinary' pottery. Most of the t.s. fragments
and the only t.n. sherd were found in room k, next to a fire-plaee. Room w
has a hearth mainly of native ware. Of a total of four amphorae, sherds
were found in rooms k, q and w (two sherds), all of which have fire-places
or hearths. The only coin was lost in room x. Though the number of
finds, even in rooms wand k was smalI, the total distribution of the
finds in the commandant's quarters suggests that rooms wand k - which
both contain mobilia from several find categories (bones only in the wall
between rooms wand x) - have a special function. Room w might be a
special compartment for the commandant: it is exaetly opposite the
48 For the hearth in room w at least five pots were used.
entrance (f) to his quarters, on the opposite side of the court yard with
the impluvium, behind corridor t. The function of room k appears to be
connected with the layout of rooms k-l-m-n-o-p, accessible at the side
of the court yard through room 1 (threshold): walking straight through
room none reaches the large space p, which contains a hearth made
of sherds. Rooms k-l-m-n are interconnected (4 x interrupted dividing
wall with 1 x threshoid observed or drawn).
The finds in that half of the commandant's quarters which adjoins
the via principalis show a different composition: they are mainly animal
bones and 'ordinary' pottery (only one t.s.). Of the 15 finds, four are
from pits in the floor . A striking fact is that nothing was found in room i ,
which is taller, more solidly constructed and openly connected with the
central court j.
The scarcity of finds in the eastern half of building 11 anel in the area
next to the corridor between buildings 11 and 12 (with entrance f) is
remarkable. The distribution of the finds is ample confirmation for
Glasbergen's supposition (1967, p. 46) that the Boors of the commandant's
quarters were swept regularly; here th ere are no large quantities of broken
pottery trodden into the floor as in the men's quarters.
It is noticeable that more finds were registered in adaptation phase la
than in castellum l. In the commandant's quarters level 0.00 is the oid
surface of adaptation phase la (Glasbergen, 1967, pp. 24-26). Now, af ter
renewed study of the stratigraphical allocations based on field drawings,
14 find numbers originally thought to belong to castellum 1, have been
allocated to adaptation phase la. These finds, together with 40 others
already allocated to adaptation phase la by H. Praamstra, are distributed
evenly over the whole of the commandant's quarters. The building
remained standing during adaptation phase la from castellum 1 to
castellum 2/3; almost certainly the floors of the building (still the
commandant's quarters 1) were not regularly swept during this period.
The t.S. from the commandant's quarters of castellum 1 is-apart from
the Drag. 27 from room w - of the same manufacture which Glasbergen
(ct. p. 31) regards as being characteristic of a short period in the production
of the South Gaulish potteries.
APPENDIX 5
Castellum 1, significant mobilia (fig. 13, pI. 10-14).
I nscriptions
1 From building 11:
7269a - 1962 - Vlk - 0.00.
47
TabuIa cerata fragment with address
on the exterior:
TIGURNI ~ MIL/CHOR IU GALLORU = Tigernilo mil(iti)/
c(o)hor(tis) UI Gallor(um) e(quitata) (J. E. Bogaers, in W. Glasbergen,
1967, pp. 70-74, fig. 31a-b). Found at 0.00 in foundation trench
of 2/3, therefore dug out of 1 or la.
2 From intervalIum 2/3:
2565 - 1942 - Ue/d - 0.00. TabuIa eerata fragment with remains
of an address on the exterior:
C UI G ALLORVM = e(ohors) III Gallorum (Glasbergen, 1967, p. 74) .
Diseovered in the zone outside the wall of 1, heightened with the
extension of 2/3 in mind.
3 TabuIa cerata fragment with an address on the outside, the seeond
line of which reads:
ALBANO MUDICO (Glasbergen, 1967, p. 67, fig. 29). Inventory slip
missing, but almost eertainly from l.
4 3121 - 1942 - Ub' - 0.40-0.20 +.
Graffito ]IMI > CLASSICI, on the shoulder of a jug. Diseovered in
the zone outside the wall of 1, heightened with the extension of
2/3 in mind.
4a From papilio eontubernium 2
48
building 9:
3686 - 1943 - VI - 0.20-:--.
Graffito T CASI, on the bottom of a Drag. 18, eertainly not belonging
to the typical terra sigillata of the eastellum 1 period (ooe p. 31).
5 Bottom plank of a wooden eask (A bies alba Mill., silver fir;
identifieation A. Voorrips) with inscription branded with two types
of 10000 metal letters:
C CAE . A VG . GER
IVLIOR BALON
Complete? Inventory slip missing, but almost eertainly from l.
6 Fragment of a leather shield or shield cover with graffito:
IIQIVNIVS= Eq(ues) Iunius (Groenman-van Waateringe, 1967,
pp. 24, 54, fig. 4 above, fig. 9: 5). Inventory slip missing, but almost
eertainly from l.
47 In order of: find number - year of excavation - cutting - depth below N.A.P.
(=Normaal Amsterdams Peil: Dutch Ordnance Datum).
48 Numbered from west to east.
38 THE PRE-l!'LAVIAN GARRISON8 OF VALKENBURG Z.H.
Bow
7 From road between contubernium 1 of building 5 and the principia:
1543 - 1942 - Ha - 0.00-0.20-:--. Fragment with a pointed end of
a bone bow component. Identifiellotion I. A. Richmond during visit
to B.A.I. See Appendix 6: 2. (Werner, 1932, Abb. 1,2,10; Macdonald,
1934, especially pp. 282-285, fig. 39.)
Belt-plates and buckles
8 From building 1:
701- 1941 - I - 0_15-:-- (Van Giffen, 1948, p_ 186, pI. 13)_ Bronze 49
inlaid belt-plate, type 2,50 with decorations 51 la, 280, 3 and 4;
4.5 x2.2 cm.
1a 1b 2a 2b 3 4 5 6 7
8a 8b 9 10a 10b 11 12 13
Fig. 13. Valkenburg Z.H., decorative motifs of belt-plates (2 : 1).
9 From fabricula building 5 (1):
1227 - 1942 - IIb - 0.18 +-0.00. Migrated upwards from 1 in l ~
Bronze apron-mouth (end-plate), partly decorated; 4 x 1.3 cm; with
three studs on the back.
10 From papilio contubernium 3 building 4:
1292 - 1942 - Id - 0.20 +-0.00_ Migrated upwards from 1 in la'
G The indications bronze and iron are based on observations and not on
metal analysB.
60 Types of bronze belt-plates:
la. flat, undecorated belt-pIstes
lb. idem, with one OOge turned over
2. flat, inlaid belt-plates
3. belt-plates with boss and decoration (for inlsy!)
4. repouss belt-plates with turned-over OOges
5. belt-plates with turned-over OOges and high boss
6. idem with extremely small boss or without boss
7. inlaid belt-pIstes with turnOO-over edges.
11 For the decorative motifs on flat, inlaid belt-pIstes see fig. 13_
THE PRE-FLAVIAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z_H_ 39
Fragmentary bronze belt-plate, type 2, with decorations 2 (1) and 5;
5.6 x 2.7 cm; with part of hinge and buckle.
II 1295 - 1942 - Id - 0.20 +-0.00. Migrated upwards from 1 in la1
Cf. Appendix 7: 6. Bronze belt-plate, type 6, with decoration (possibly
keying for inlay1) ; 4.8 (3.9) x [4.7] 52 cm.
12 From building 1:
1547 - 1942 - I' - 0.20 --:-. Bronze belt-plate, type 5; 5 x 4.5 (3.4) cm.
2222 - 1942 - IIe - 0.00. Bronze belt-plate, type 6; 4.5 x 4.3 (3.5) cm.
14 From centurion's quarters building 4:
2302 -1942 - IIb - 0.00-0.20--:-. Bronze belt-plate, type 4; [4.3] x [4.6]
(4) cm (see Appendix 2 : 12).
15 From intervallum W of building 4:
2815 - 1942 - IIb - 0.30--:-. Bronze belt-plate, type 4; 3.8 x 3.3 cm;
for decoration cf. Lehner, 1904, Taf. XXXB: 57 ; Brailsford, 1962,
fig. 4: A116. 53
16 From centurion's quarters building 2:
3180 - 1942 - He - until 0.80--:-. Bronze belt-plate, type 6; 4.8 x 4 cm.
17 From papilio contubernium 3 building 9 :
3642 - 1943 - VI - 0.00. Bronze belt-plate, type 3; 6.9 x 4.0 cm;
identical with 34.
18 Idem. Bronze belt-plate, type lb; 4.9 x 2.6 cm.
19 From arma contu bernium 3 building 9 :
3659 - 1943 - VI - 0.00-0.20 --:-. Bronze belt-plate, type 2, with
decorations 8a and lOa; 4.9 x 2.9 cm; cf. Ritterling, 1913, p. 149,
Abb. 27.
20 3666 - 1943 - VI - 0.00-0.20--:- . Fragmentary bronze belt-plate,
type 5; 4.7 x 3.4 cm.
21 From papilio contubernium 4 building 9 :
3689 - 1943 - VI - 0.20--:- . Bronze belt-plate, type 2, with decorations
8a, 9 and lOb; 5.2 x 3.1 cm.
22 From arma (1) contubernium 2 building 8 :
3899 - 1943 - VI - 0.00. Bronze belt-plate, type 2, with decorations
lb, 11 and 12; 4.2 x 2.3 cm.
23 From wooden foundation of wall S of building 9:
4080 - 1943 - VI - 0.40--:-. Bronze apron-plate, inlaid with niello;
2.7 x 1.2 cm; cf. Webster, 1958, fig. 5: 119.
4129 - 1943 - VI - 0.20 --:-. Bronze belt-plate (1) with hinge and buckle ;
for buckle cf. Ritterling, 1913, Taf. XI: 14; Brailsford, 1962, fig. 4: A9l.
25 From foundation trench castellum 5; originally from building 9 (1):
4137 -1943- VI- 0.20 +. Bronze belt-plate, type 2, with decorations
8a, lOb and 13; 5.3 x 3.1 cm.
53 [] = exact measurements not determinabie due to wear.
53 Only exact paraJlels will he mentioned.
26 From arma ~ ) contubernium 5 building 8:
4173 - 1943 - VI - 0.40-;.-. Bronze belt-plate, type 5, with decoration
around boss; 5.2 x 3.1 cm; for decoration cf. Ulbert, 1969, Taf. 27: 10;
Ulbert, 1970, Taf. 1: 4, Taf. 37: 4.
27 From arma contu bernium 5 building 9:
4184 - 1943 - VI - 0.40-;.-. Iron belt-plate, type 7; 5.4 x 4.4 cm;
with hinge and buckle.
28 From spatium conversantibus between contubernia 2 of buildings
8 and 9:
4225 - 1946 - VIb - 0.00. Bronze belt-plate, type 1; 4.9 x 3.2 cm;
with hinge.
29 From arma contubernium 3 building 8:
4250 - 1946 - VIb - 0.20-;'-. Bronze belt-plate, type 2, with
decorations la and 4; 5.2 x 3.0 cm; with extra hole in centre.
30 From spatium conversantibus 8/9:
4367 - 1948 - VIc/d - 0.00. Bronze belt-plate, type 6; 5.4 x 4.2 (3.4) cm.
31 From intervalIum S of building 9:
4727 - 1948 - VIc/d - 0.20 -;.-. Bronze buckle and part of hinge; cf. 24.
5071 - 1950 - VIg - 0.00. Bronze belt-plate, type 5; 5.3 x 4.1 cm.
33 Idem. Bronze belt-plate, type 5, with applied boss and decoration
(possibly keying for inlay ) ; 5.4 x 4.4 cm.
5073 - 1950 - VIg - 0.00. Brnze belt-plate, type 3; 6.6 x 4.0 cm;
identical with 17.
5080 - 1950 - VIg - 0.00. Bronze belt-plate, type 1; 6.0 x 2.4 cm;
with hinge.
5085 - 1950 - VIg - 0.00. Bronze belt-plate, type 5; 4.6 x 3.9 cm.
37 From between buildings 7 and 8:
5087 - 1950 - VIg - 0.20-;'-. Bronze belt-plate, type 6; 5.0 x 3.5 cm;
with hinge and buckle; for buckle cf. Brailsford, 1962, fig. 4: A78.
5088 - 1950 - VIg - 0.20-;'-. Part of bronze belt-plate, type 1 (1);
5089-1950- VIg-0.20-;'-. Bronze belt-plate, type 6; 5.6 x 5.0 (4.2) cm;
5092 - 1950 - VIg - 0.20-;.--0.40-;'-. Bronze belt-plate, type 1;
4.2 x 2.1 cm.
41 From between buildings 7 and 8:
6041 - 1950 - VIg - 0.20-;.-. Bronze belt-plate, type 6; 4.9 x 3.4 cm;
with hinge.
Belt-plates from unknown stratigraphical context.
42 1015
54
- 1942 - Ib - 1.20 +. Bronze belt-plate, type 2, with
decorations 2a and 8b; 4.7 x 1. 9 cm.
43 From outside castellum:
1635 - 1942 - Xla - 1.10...;.-. Bronze belt-plate, type 1; 5.5 x 3.3 cm;
with hinge and bllCkle; disk, with decoration 7, riveted to the apex.
44 1782 - 1942 - IIc/d' - 0.80...;.--1.00...;.-. Bronze belt-plate, type 2,
with decorations 1b, 5 and 6, 4.3 x 2.5 cm.
45 From outside the wall of castellum 1:
2320 - 1942 - IIb - 0.00-0.20...;.-. Bronze buckle; cf. Brailsford,
1962, fig. 4: A93.
46 5068 - 1950 - Vlg - 0.40 +. Bronze belt-plate, type 6; 4.6 x 4.1 cm.
47 Stray (ind. Bronze belt-plate, type 1; 4.6 x 2.9 cm; with hinge.
H OTse (?) armour
1576 - 1942 - IIa - 0.20...;.-. Bronze harness fitting, ring with four
links for attaching straps.
49 From intervalIum W of building 5:
1593 - 1942 - IIb - 0.25"';'-. Bronze harness trapping, severely buckled
disk pendant; cf. Ritterling, 1913, Taf. XIV: 4; Brailsford, 1962,
fig. 3: A40; knob on bottom missing.
50 From fabricula building 5:
1659 - 1942 - IIa - 0.00-0.20...;.-. Bronze harness trapping, phallic
pendant; ring on top missing.
51 From southernmost foundation trench contubernium 7 building 8:
4257 - 1946 - Vlb - 0.40...;.-. Bronze ring.
5090 - 1950 - Vlg - 0.20"';'-. Bronze harness trapping, double disk
pendant; cf. 49.
53 Idem. Bronze phalera.
54 Idem. Bronze barnacles; parallels found at Weissenburg (Fabriciu8,
1906, Taf. X: 47), at Zugmantel (Jacobi, 1909, Taf. XII: 91a, b,
lO6 and Taf. XXV) and at Hofheim (Ritterling, 1913, pp. 168-169,
Taf. XIX: 26, 31, 36, 37, 39).
Comparable pieces to the inlaid belt-plates are to be found - as far as they
are databIe - only in Claudian-Neronian context. It is remarkable that
virtually no wholly identical plates have been found. The decorative
motifs may be the same, but are in every case arranged differently.
54 Probably 1014, a.ccording to find lists:
(1014 - 1942 - Ib - ... ) piece of bronze just above the bearns of the road. Probably
at about 0.00, because 1013 is found at 0.05-;- and indicated as terra sigillata
'tusschen weg' ('between road') [i.e. between the bearns of the road].
42 THE PRE-FLAVIAN GARRIBONB OF VALKENBURG Z.H.
Numbers 17 and 34 are so far the only two plates to be identical in
shape and decoration. Their width is also the same (4.0 cm). However,
they were found in buildings 7 and 9 at a depth of 0.00. If we assume
that this represents the levelling for la, in which material from 1 has
become dispersed, these belt-plates may very well have come from one
cingulum. The two type 4 belt-plates, it is true, were found close together
(in the centurion's quarters of building 4 and in the intervallum west
of building 4), but their widths differ considerably (4 cm as opposed
to 3.3 cm), so that they presumably come from two different beIts.
Types 5 and 6 appear to have more paralleis, also in Flavian context,
but examination reveals small differences, either in shape or in decoration
or size. The same applies to the horse armour, though such types as
the double disk or the roughly heart-shaped pendants and phallic amulets
occur quite of ten in fust century contexts, but nearly always slightly
different in shape, size and decoration. Might this argue for local production
on the basis of generally familiar types 1
The making of a firm statement regarding the significance of the
distribution of belt-plates and horse armour would, in view of the small
number of finds, be a somewhat risky undertaking.
ComparabIe pieces are to be found in Hod Hill (Brailsford, 1962),
Camulodunum (Hawkes & Hull, 1947), Richborough (Henderson, 1949;
Wilson, 1968), finds from various English sites are described by Webster
(1958), Vindonissa (Fellmann, 1954; Wiedemer, 1963), Baden-Aquae
Helveticae (Unz, 1972), Aislingen and Burghfe (Ulbert, 1959),
Rheingnheim (Ulbert, 1969), Risstissen (Ulbert, 1970), Mainz (Behrens,
1912; 1917-1918), Novaesium (Lehner, 1904), Haltern (Ritterling, 1901)
and elsewhere.
APPENDIX 6
Castellum 2/3, significant mobilia (fig. 14, pI. 15).
I nBcription
1 From westernmost (except one 1) contubernium building 4:
Bow
1056 - 1942 - Ib - 0.83 +. Graffito TVRMA IVLI[ on the outer
face of a large fragment of a mortarium with a horizontal rim. From
burnt layer covering 2/3.
2 From NE room of officer's quarters building 4:
1746 - 1942 - Ub - 0.40 + (still la, perhaps1). Bone bow component
with a semicircular notch for the attachment of the bow string.
For identification sec Appendix 5 : 7.
. '
.o"
THE PRE-FLAVIAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z. H
' .
...... ...
... ....
.. . :::.;.;.; .. ..
.
,
{.
J.
I
'1 -
:: ..
,,-
"0
,
','
'I'
,I .
,I .
,
'I '
".
" ,
"
, 1
. :.
: r'
: j .
, I.
,
' I'
':.
"
I ,
0:-. ~ . - : - ; - : ; : ; : : . ~ : - : - . . : ~ - ; - - ; - ~ : . . ; - ; - ~ ~
Fig. 14. Valkenburg Z.H. 2/3, fragment of leather horse trapping (1 : 4).
Horse (?) armour
3 From road between buildings 1 and 5:
43
673 - 1941 - I - 0.35 +. Bronze harness trapping, phallie pendant.
4 From arma (1) eontu bernium 3 building 3:
1141 - 1942 - Id - 0.40 +. Bronze ring with indieatiolls of wear at
opposite points; cf. Ritterlillg, 1913, Taf. XIII: 41.
5 From building 1:
1612 - 1942 - I' - 0.40 +. Bronze harness trapping, phallie pendant.
6 From eenturion's quarters building 3 :
2453 - 1942 - He/d - 0.60 +. Bronze harness trapping, disk pendant,
partly damaged.
7 From building 13:
2796 - 1942 - If - 0.40 +. Leather horse trapping (Groenmal1-
van Waateringe, 1967, p. 108, fig. 36) (fig. 14).
8 From building 13:
3752 - 1943 - Ig - 0. 10 -;.--0.40 +. Bronze bello
9 From intervallum 2/3 outside the wall of 1:
4875 - 1948 - Vld - 0.20 +. Bronze harness trapping, phallie pendant.
10 Find number not on field drawings but probably from 0.80 +:
4438 - 1943 - Vle/d - .. , Fragmel1tary bron ze side-plate from
bridle-bit.
APPENDIX 7
Adaptation phase la, significant mobilia (fig. 15, pI. 16).
Horse (?) armour
1166 - 1942 - Id - 0.20 + . Bronze headstall.
2 From arma contubernium 2 (1) building 4:
1170 - 1942 - Id - 0.20 +. Bronze ring; cf. Ritterling, 1913, Taf.
XIII: 8.
3 From intervalIum W of building 5:
1240 - 1942 - Ila - 0.18+-0.00; Leather saddle (Groenman-
van Waateringe, 1967, p. 106, fig. 35; 39) (fig. 15).
1276 - 1942 - Id - 0.20 +-0.00. Bronze harness trapping, pendant,
with keying for inlay?
1293 - 1942 - Id - 0.20 +-0.00. Bronze barnacles; cf. Appendix 5 : 54.
1295 - 1942 - Id - 0.20 +-0.00. Bronze harness trapping, double
disk pendant; cf. Ritterling, 1913, Taf. XIV: 9, 10; Brailsford,
1962, fig. 3: A40.
7 From building 1:
1602 - 1942 - I' - 0.10. Bronze bell, severely damaged.
8 From intervalIum S of building 9:
4035 - 1943 - VI - 0.20+. Bronze pendant with punched ornamen-
tation.
Horse (?) armour
Stray finds but certainly belonging to castelIa 1 or 2/3 or adaptation
phase la:
1 2296 - 1942 - Ilc/d. Fragmentary bronze harness trapping, disk
pendant.
2 2717 - 1942. Bronze side-plate from bridle-bit; cf. Brailsford, 1962,
fig. 2: A25-27; Ritterling, 1913, Abb. 34; Taf. XIX: l.
3 Bronze harness trapping, double disk pendant.
4 Fragmentary bronze side-plate from bridle-bit; cf. stray finds 2,
nr. 2717.
..
THE PRE-FLAVIAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z.H.
: .. ........... . .. .
.. ........ .... ... ....... .... .. ... .. . , .. ......... ' " ....................... :
: ................. .
...............................................
_ ptt, :
, . . . ~ ' :
: t"I
: f': "" .' o'
: '0,: ........ .
. '.:.'
...
...
r ..
. : ... .. ... . :
..
..
..: ....... .
....
... ; ....
'0': '"
: f:#:",
: : \ot'
...
o,.:.
' ..
~ "'I :
;' ., ';
. ..
:". ", .:'
. .....
..
.......... :
.. . ~ .......... .
: ...... .
. ..... :.
:",
..
" ,,'
. ...
; .. ,
. ...
\I ~ ' ~ :
: .
..... . .. .1
.... .. ...... ... .......... .... .... ... . ...... ........ ..
:Fig. 15. Valkenburg Z.H. la, reconstruction of a leather saddle (1 : 4).
45
" ,
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1964. Saalburg.Jahrbuch 22, 1965, pp. 139-157.
BAATZ, D. (1973) KastelI Hesselbach und andere Forschungen am Odenwaldlimes.
(Limesforschungen, Studien zur Organisation der rmischen Reichsgrenze
an Rhein und Donau, 12.) Berlin, 1973.
BEHRENS, G. (1912) Neue Funde aus dem KastelI Mainz. Mainzer Zeitschrift VII,
1912, pp. 82-109.
BEHRENS, G. (1917-1918) Neue und ltere Funde aus dem Legionskastell Mainz.
Mainzer Zeitschrift XIIXIII, 1917 u. 1918, pp. 21-46.
BIRLEY, E. (1966) Alae and cohortes milIiariae. Corolla memoriae Erich Swoboda
dedicata. (Rmische Forschungen in Niedersterreich V, pp. 54-67.)
Graz, Kln, 1966.
BOGAERS, J. E. (1974) Troupes auxiliaires thraces dans la partie nerlandaise
de la Germania Illferior. Actes du IXe Congrs international d'tudes
sur les frontires romaines, Mamaa 1972, 1974, pp. 445-463.
BRAILSFORD, J. W. (1962) Hod HilI, Volume one, Antiquities from Hod HilI in
the Durden Collection. London, 1962.
BREE, P. J. H. VAN & A. T. CLASON (1971) On the skull of a lynx, Lynx lynx
(Linnaeus, 1758), found in the Roman castellum at Valkenburg, province
of Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands. Bijdragen tot de dierkunde 41, 1971,
pp. 130-135.
BRUNSTING, H. (1937) Het grafveld onder Hees bij Nijmegen. (Archaeologisch.
Historische Bijdragen IV.) Amsterdam, 1937.
CORLE, J. (1911) A Roman frontier post and its people. The fort of Newstead
in the parish of Melrose. Glasgow, 1911.
DRAGENDORFF, H. (1895) Terra sigillata. Bonner Jahrbcher 96-97, pp. 18-155.
Es, W. A. VAN (1972) De Romeinen in Nederland. Bussum, 1972.
FABRICIUS, E. (1906) Das KastelI We8senburg. (Der Obergermanisch.Raetische
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FELLMANN, R. (1954) Die Grabungen im Legionslager Vindonissa im Jahre 1953.
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Fox, A. & W. L. D. RAVENHILL (n.d.) Nanstallon excavations, 1967: 3rd Interim
Report. Mim. (4 pp.).
Fox, A. & W. RAVENHILL (1972) The Roman Fort at Nanstallon, Cornwall.
Britannia 3, 1972, pp. 56-111.
GIFFEN, A. E. VAN (1948) De Romeinsche castelIa in den dorpsheuvel te Valkenburg
aan den Rijn (Z.H.) (Praetorium Agrippinae). I. De opgravingen in
1941. Jaarverslag van de Vereeniging voor Terpenonderzoek 25-28,
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and Bijlagen I-XIII (pp. 190-287) and Summary (pp. 296-316).
GIFFEN, A. E. VAN (1955) De Romeinse castelIa in de dorpsheuvel te Valkenburg
aan de Rijn (Z.H.) (Praetorium Agrippinae). 11. De opgravingen in
1942-'43 en 1946-1950. Jaarverslag van de Vereniging voor Terpen.
onderzoek 33-37,1948-1953,1955, pp. 1-121, 192-209, with Bijlagen IX
(pp. 122-191).
GLASBERGEN, W. (1966) 42 n.C. - Het eerste jaartal in de geschiedenis van
WestNederland. Jaarboek der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van
Wetenschappen 1965-1966, pp. 102-121.
GLASBERGEN, W. (1967) (met medewerking van W. Groenmanvan Waateringe,
H. Praametra en M. D. de Weerd) De Romeinse castelIa te Valkenburg
Z.H., De opgravingen in de dorpeheuvel in 1962. (Cingula 1.) Groningen,
1972.
THE PREFLAVJAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z.H. 47
GROENMANVAN WAATERINGE, W. (1967) Romeins lederwerk uit Valkenburg Z.H.
Groningen, 1967.
HAALEBOS, J. K. (1972) De Romeinse castella te Zwammerdam Z.H. (typescript).
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Excavations at Colchester 1930-39. (Reports of the Research Committee
of the Society of Antiquaries of London XIV.) Oxford, 1947.
HENDERSON, A. M. (1949) Small objects in metal, bone, glass, etc. In: Fourth
report on the excavations of the Roman fort at Richborough, Kent.
(Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of
London XVI, pp. 106-160.) Oxford, 1949.
JACOBI, L. (1909) Das Kastell Zugmantel. (Der Obergermanisch.Raetische Lime!!
des Roemerreiches 32.) Heidelberg, 1909.
KOENEN, C. (1904) Beschreibung von Novaesium. In: Novaesium, Das im Auftrag
des Rheinischen Provinzialverbandes vom Bonner Provinzialmuseum
1887-1900 ausgegrabene Legionslager. Bonner Jahrbcher Ill, 112,
1904, pp. 97-242.
LAET, S. J. DE (1969) Het belang van de opgravingen in de dorpsheuvel te
Valkenburg aan de Rijn (Z.H.) voor de Provinciaal-Romeinse
archeologie. In: Vijftig jaren terpenonderzoek. Jaarverslag van de
Vereniging voor Terpenonderzoek 51, 1966-1967, 1969, pp. 28-35.
LEHNER, H. (1904) Die Einzelfunde von Novaesium. In: Nova.esium, Das im
Auftrag des Rheinischen Provinzialverbandes vom Bonner Provinzial
museum 1887-1900 ausgegrabene Legionslager. Bonner Jahrbcher Ill,
112, 1904, pp. 243-418.
LINDENSCHMIT, L. (1882) Tracht und Bewaffnung des rmischen Heeres w.hrend
der Kaiserzeit. Braunschweig, 1882.
MACDONALD, G. (1934) The Roman wall in Scotland. 2nd edition, Glasgow, 1934.
NASHWILLIAMS, V. E. (1969) The Roman Frontier in Wales. Second edition,
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PETRIKOVITS, H. VON (1970) Die Spezialgeb.ude rmischer Legionslager. In:
Legio VIIGemina, pp. 229-252. Len, 1970.
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1951 and 1958 for the Trustees of the British Museum. London, 1968.
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Mitteilungen der AltertumsKommission fr Westfalen 2, 1901.
RITTERLING, E. (1913) Das frhrmische Lager bei Hofbeim im Taunus. Annalen
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40, 1912, 1913.
SCHNBERGER, H. (1969) The Roman frontier in Germany: An archaeologicaJ
survey. The Journalof Roman studies 1969, pp. 144--197.
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1968 bis 1971. Arch.ologisches Korrespondenzblatt 2, 1972, pp. 207-209.
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48 THE PRE-FLAVIAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z_H_
Studien zur Organisation der rmischen Reichsgrenze an Rhein und
Donau, 9_) Berlin, 1969.
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aus Sdwrttemberg-Hohenzollem 4.) Stuttgart, 1970.
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Archa.eologica.1 Joumal 115, 1958, 1960, pp. 49-98.
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Eura.sia septentrionalis antiqua VII, 1932, pp. 33-58.
WIEDEMER, H. R. (1963) Ausgewhlte Kleinfunde aus den Grabungen in Knigsfelden
1961/62. Ja.hresbericht 1962 Gesellschaft Pro VindoniBBa 1963, pp. 55-64.
WILBON, D. R. (1970) Roman Britain in 1969. 1. Sites explored. Britannia 1,
1970, pp. 269-305.
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In: Fifth report on the excavations of the Roman fort at Richborough,
Kent. (Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries
of London XXIII, pp. 93-110_) Oxford, 1968.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
1. Valkenburg Z.H., castella 1, 2/3, 4, 5 and 6, groundplans. Af ter W. Glasbergen,
1967, fig. 46, 48, 49, 50 & 51. Drawings I.P.P. (B. Donker).
2. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, groundplan. Af t er W. Glasbergen, 1967, fig. 46. Drawing
LP.P. (B. Donker).
3. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, groundplan : timber uprights (I) , wattie and daub walls
(2), thresholds (3), latrines (4), treadmills (5), hearths (6) and fire.pits (7) .
Drawing LP.P. (B. Donker).
4. Valkenburg Z.H. 2/ 3, groundplan. Af ter W. Glasbergen , 1967, fig. 47- 48.
5. Neuss/Novaesium, cavalry barracks 48, 49, 50 and 51. Af ter C. Koenen,
1904, Taf. VII (detail).
6. Valkenburg Z.H. , adaptation ph ase la, groundplan. Drawing LP.P. (B. Donker).
7. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, la and 2/3, contubernia of barl'acks in the left retentura.
Drawing LP.P. (B. Donker) .
8. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, la and 2/3, barracks in the right ret entura. Drawing LP.P .
(B. Donker).
9. Valkenburg Z.H. , adaptation pha.'le la inserted in fig. 1. Drawing LP.P.
(B. Donker).
10. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, building 4, centurion's quarters, distribution of find
numbers (x=exact find spot ; o=from immediate vicinity). Drawing LP.P.
(B. Donker).
11. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, building 9, fabricllla, distribution of find numbers.
12. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, building 11, commandant's quarters, distribution of find
numbers. Drawing LP.P. (B. Donker).
13. Valkenburg Z.H., decorative motifs of belt-plates. Drawing LP.P. (Miss
E. H. Thones): 2 : 1.
14. Valkenburg Z.H. 2/3, fragment of leather horse trapping. Drawing LP.P.
(A. J. de Jong): 1 : 4.
15. Valkenburg Z.H. la, reconstruction of a leo.ther saddle. Drawing LP.P.
(A. J. de Jong): 1 : 4.
Plates
1. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, building 3, fabricula, with fire-pit in the centre, a setting
of posts three rows by three in the north-east corner, a treadmill in the
south-west corner (detail field drawing 1942-lIc/d-0.30 -;.-) . Drawing B.A.L
(R. Woudstra) : centimeter grid, 2! cm = 1 m.
Valkenburg Z.H. 1, building 5, fabriculo., with fire-pit in the centre, planking
against the north wall, a treadmill in the south-west corner (detail field
drawing 1942-110.-0.20-;.-). Drawing B.A.L (R. Woudstra) : 2! cm= 1 m.
2. Valkenburg Z.H. 2/3, treadmill in the intervallum west of the porto. principalis
dextra. Photograph B.A.L 1948.
Valkenburg Z.H. 1, building 7, fabricula, with planking against the north wall,
a treadmill cut by the eastern wall (detail field drawing 1948-VIe-0.20-;.-).
Drawing B.A.L (R. Woudstra): 2! cm=1 m.
3- 4. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, building 4, centurion's quarters, mobilia. Photographs
LP.P. (F. Gijbels) : 1 : 2, t.S. stamp 1 : 1; sword scabbard approx. 1: 3
(1. 45.2 cm).
50 TUE PREFLAVIAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z. H.
5. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, specimen of terra sigillata (Drag. 15/17: see p. 29, 4893)
produced in Southem Gaul between 35 and 45 AD. Photograph I.P.P.
(F. Gijbels) : diameter 17.2 cm.
6-7. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, building 9, fabricula, mobilia (For categories 0-9 see
p. 29, note (2). Photographs I.P.P. (F. Gijbels): 1 : 8.
8-9. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, building 11, commandant's quarters, mobilia. Photographs
I.P.P. (F. Gijbels) : 1 : 2, t.s. stamp and coin 1 : 1, native ware 1 : 3.
10. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, tabula.e cerata.e and graffiti. Photographs I.P.P. (F. Gijbels) :
length oftabula.e cerata.e resp. 13.35, 14.0 and 12.1 cm, graffito 41 : 2, 4a 1 : 1.
11. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, significant mobilia. Photographs I.P.P. (F. Gijbels): 1 : 2.
12. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, belt/apron plates and buckles. Photographs LP.P.
(F. Gijbels) : 2 : 3.
13. Valkenburg Z.H. 1, belt plates and buckles. Photographs I.P.P. (F. Gijbels):
2: 3.
14. Valkenburg Z.H. I, belt plates and buckles. Photographs I.P.P. (F. Gijbels) :
2: 3.
Valkenburg Z.H. 1, horse (1) armOllr. Photographs I.P.P. (F. Gijbels): 1 : 2.
16. Valkenburg Z.H. 2/3, significant mobilia. Photographs I.P.P. (F. Gijbels) : 1 : 2.
16. Va.lkenburg Z.H. la, horse (1) armour; bottom 1-4: stray finds. Photographs
I.P.P. (F. Gijbels): 1 : 2.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to express their gratitude to all who have contributed
to the completion of this study.
Both through enthusiastic discussions and technical assistance we
received valuable help from Mr. M. D. de Weerd, Miss S. M. E. van Lith
and Mr. B. L. van Beek.
Forthephotographswe are indebted to Mr. F. GijbelsandMr. G. Verkuil,
forthedrawingsespeciallytoMr. B. Donker, forfig.13to Miss E. H. Thones
and for fig. 14 and 15 for Mr. A. J. de Jong.
For the EngIish translation we have to thank Miss C. Murray,
Mr. H. S. Lake, M.A., and Dr. J. J. Butler.
We are indebted to Lady Aileen Fox, Exeter, and Professor Dr.
H. Schnberger, director of the Rmisch-Germanische Kommission,
Frankfurt a. M., for putting unpublished-in the meantime, published-
data at our disposal.
..

PLATE I
,
..

Valkenblll'g Z.H, I , building :3 , fabl'i cula, with tin'pit in tht' cpntr'l' , a s('tting of
posts thl'ee I'OWS by thl'ee in tht> nOl'theast COI'llPI' , ft tl'C'admill in the suuthwest
corner (centimet er grid, 2! cm = I m).
Valkenburg Z.H, I , building 5, fabl'icula, with fire.pit in the centl'e, planking
against the north wall. a treadmill in the southwest corner (2! cm = I m),
PLATI<: 2
Valkpnburg Z.H. 2/ 3. t.rpadmill in thp intpl"\"alhlm \\'pst "ftlw pOIta principalif! dpxtm .
........
'.
.. l !:: :: ::V,. .. , ...

I .
i
..
I '
"
;:
.'
:.
Valkenbl\l'g Z.H. I, building 7, fabricula, \\'ith plnnking against the north \\'all,
a treadmill cut by the eastern \\'all (2! cm= I m).
I ::
I::
"
'.

}!
'.
'.
' .
...
" .
"
' .
'.
PLATE 3
,
2
Valk('nhlll'l! Z.H. I. bllilding 4. cpntul'ion's qmutpl's, !l1obilia (I : 2.1.,. . stamp I I.
H\\"()J'(i >lcabban! appl'ox. I : :1).
PLATE 4
11
9
12
13
16
Valkenburg Z.H. 1, building 4. centurion's qual'tels. mobilia (I : 2).
PLATE 5
Valkenburg Z.H. I, specimen ofterrasigillata (Drag. 15/ 17: see p. 29, 4893) prodllced
in SOllthern Galll between 35 a nd 45 AD (diameter 17.2 cm).
PLATE (j
o
1

..
. .
Valkenburg Z.H. I, building 9, fab,iculn. rnobilia (I : 8). Fu,' elttogoJ"ies 0- 4 Sl'l)
p. 29, nute 4=!.
PLATE 7
5
8
Valkenburg Z.H. I, building 9, fabrieula, mobilia (I : 8). FOl categories ~ 9 see
p. 29, notc 42.
PLATE 8
3
2 5 7
6
4
8
10
13
Valkenburg Z.H. I , building 11 , commandant's qwutl'ls. lIlobilia (I : 2, t .S. stamp
and coin I : I) .
12
PLATE !)
10 cm
'-----"'--------',
Valkenburg Z.H. I, building 11 , cOlfill1andant's qURItl'rs. nativc warc (I ; 3) .
PLATE 10
2
3
4
4a
Valkenburg Z.H. I . tahuhw Cf'J"n,t,w and gl"ll,ffiti (I pngth of t abulac Cf'J"atac ,esp.
13.:35, I LU and I :?I cm, gmffi to -t I : :? -ta I : I).
PL.WE 11
5
CAE'AVG'GER
IVUO
BALO
6
Va lkC' nbllrg Z.H . I , s ignifi cant, ll1obili u. (I : :!) .
PLATE 12
10
16
14
18
19
17
... . .........
1.-
. '.
ei ...
. t ,..
... . >f
I ,
1-: ,
. .
22
23
20
21
25
26
Valkenburg Z.H. I . bdt/nproJ1 plnt('s ann bli ek les (2 : 3) .
PLATE 13
~ , - '
' . 0'
... i 0
-,
.. . -
,
.
29
31
36
38
34 35
Valkenburg Z.H. 1, belt plates and buckles (2 : 3) .
PLATE I.J.
42
40
41
43
44
47
45
46
Valkenbllrg Z.H. I. bl'lt. pllttps nllli blIekies (2 : :3) .
48
53
Vnlkenbul'/; Z.H. I, hlll";P ( ?) nl'lllour (1 : 2).
PLATE 15
3
6
8
10
Valkl'nhlll'g Z.H. "2 / :1. signifit"n.nt IJlllhilin (I : "!.).
PLATE 10
2
7
4
Valkenburg ZoHo 111, horose ( ?) l\IomOIlI
O
; boUoJl) 1-4: s t ~ o fhuls (I : Z) o

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THE PRE-FLAVIAN GARRISONS OF VALKENBURG Z.H.

VERHANDELINGEN DER KONINKLIJKE NEDERLANDSE

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