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Lab Objective: 1. Process Concept 1.1 What Is A Process?: Process Creation, Execution & Termination in LINUX

This document discusses processes in Linux. It defines a process as a program in execution that exists in main memory. It describes process states like new, ready, running, and waiting. It explains process creation using fork(), execution using exec(), and termination using exit() or abort(). The fork() system call creates a new process by duplicating the calling process. exec() loads a new program into the current process, overwriting the previous program. A process can create child processes to perform separate tasks.

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55 views13 pages

Lab Objective: 1. Process Concept 1.1 What Is A Process?: Process Creation, Execution & Termination in LINUX

This document discusses processes in Linux. It defines a process as a program in execution that exists in main memory. It describes process states like new, ready, running, and waiting. It explains process creation using fork(), execution using exec(), and termination using exit() or abort(). The fork() system call creates a new process by duplicating the calling process. exec() loads a new program into the current process, overwriting the previous program. A process can create child processes to perform separate tasks.

Uploaded by

Anum Abdul Salam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab 5

Lab Objective: Process creation, execution & termination in LINUX 1. Process Concept 1.1 What is a Process?
A process is a program in execution. Processes exist in main memory.

Figure 4.1: Process in Linux

Code Section: Sequence of Instructions


Static Data Section: e.g., global ariables an! arrays D na!ic Data Section: e.g., malloc"# or calloc"# calls Stac" Section: e.g., local ariables, function$proce!ure parameters, an! return a!!ress

PC #Progra! Counter$: next instruction

%. Process Schedu&ing 1
'u&tiprogra!!ing% S&itc' t'e (PU among processes so efficiently t'at t'e (PU is al&ays running

1 (i!e)sharing: S&itc' t'e (PU among processes so frequently t'at users can interact &it' t'eir programs &'ile t'ey are running

%.1 Process State

Figure %: Process State )iagram

* Ne& process 'as +rea!y, state * -ea!y state% .'e process is &aiting to be assigne! to t'e (PU * -unning state% An instruction of t'e process is being execute! by t'e (PU
* /aiting "bloc0e!# state% .'e process is &aiting for an e ent "e.g., an I$1 completion, termination of a c'il! process, a signal$message from anot'er process#.

*. Process Creation and Process (er!ination


Linux$UNIX System (alls +for0,, +exec ,, +&ait,, +abort$exit"2#$exit"3#$exit"4#$0ill,, +getpi!,, an! +getppi!,

*.1 Process Creation i. For" #$

Figure *: Linux 5for0"#6 operation

7 If you use +&ait, system call, t'e parent &aits until some or all of its c'il!ren terminate

7 If you !on6t use +&ait, system call, t'e parent continues to execute concurrently &it' its c'il!ren

7 If you use only +for0, call, t'e c'il! process is a !uplicate of t'e parent process 7 If you use +for0, in t'e parent an! +exec , in t'e c'il!, t'e c'il! process &ill 'a e a program loa!e! into it.

Figure 4: After t'e c'il! calls +exec , to loa! P3, t'e stac0, !ata, an! co!e of t'e c'il! are o er&ritten

Note t'at a parent can call +for0, se eral times to create more c'il!ren. ('il! process can also call +for0, a 'ierarc'y of processes

So!e di++erences bet,een the chi&d and parent process are:


* * * *
*

!ifferent pi!s in t'e parent, for0" # returns t'e pi! of t'e c'il! process if a c'il! process is create! in t'e c'il!, for0" # al&ays returns 8 separate copies of all !ata, inclu!ing ariables &it' t'eir current alues an! t'e stac0
separate program counter "P(# in!icating &'ere to execute next9 originally bot' 'a e t'e same

alue but t'ey are t'ereafter separate

after for0, t'e t&o processes !o not s'are ariables

+or" returns:
*

t'e pi! of t'e ne& c'il! process% to t'e parent process9 t'is is equi alent to telling t'e parent

t'e name of its c'il!.


* *

8% to t'e c'il! process :2% 2 if t'ere is an error9 i.e., for0" # faile! because a ne& process coul! not be create!

2.

,ait #$
a system call t'at causes t'e process to &ait for a signal "&aits until any type of signal is recei e! from any process#. * most commonly use! in a parent process to &ait for t'e signal t'at t'e 1S sen!s to a parent &'en its c'il! is terminate! * returns t'e pi! of t'e process sen!ing t'e signal * see
*

man 3 &ait for !ocumentation

iii. e-ec& #$
Suppose &e &ant t'e ne& process to !o somet'ing quite !ifferent from t'e parent process, namely run a !ifferent program. .'e execl system call loa!s a ne& executable into memory an! associates it &it' t'e current process. In ot'er &or!s, it c'anges t'ings so t'at t'is process starts executing executable co!e from a !ifferent file. In t'e follo&ing program, execl is calle! to loa! t'e file $bin$ls into memory. .'e argument ector is set to t'e &or!s ;ls; an! ;:l;. * arg <8= is set to ;ls; * arg <2= is set to ;:l; * .'e number of arguments to execl can ary so &e en! &it' NULL to s'o& t'at t'ere are no more arguments.
*

3.2 Process (er!ination In UNIX, a process terminates &'en it calls +exit, "Normal termination# or +abort, "abnormal termination#.
7 +exit, terminates t'e calling process imme!iately. o > ery open file &ill be close!.

o All t'e resources &ill be free!.

15

.'e c'il!ren of t'e process are in'erite! by process 2 "i.e., +init, process#.

2 Parent can terminate any of its c'il!ren &it' +0ill"c'il! PI), SI?@ILL#, operation for a ariety of reasons. 3 Note t'at a c'il! can terminate its parent &it' +0ill"getppi!"#, SI?@ILL#, operation.

Figure .: 1 er ie& of t'e use of for0"#, exit"#, &ait"#, an! exec e"#

Lab (as":
1. /rite a program t'at creates a c'il! process. Parent process s'oul! print + / a! a parent process. ' id is #Parent id$, an! c'il! process s'oul! print +/ a! chi&d Process. ' id is #chi&d id$,. 2. /rite a co!e t'at performs t'e a!!ition an! multiplication of elements in array. Aour co!e s'oul! use !i i!e an! conquer t'at is addition shou&d be acco!p&ished b chi&d process an! !u&tip&ication shou&d be acco!p&ished b parent process 3. /rite a co!e t'at fin!s t'e user name #,hois$ in c'il! co!e an! t'e list of all files an!
!irectories #&s 0&$ in parent co!e. Parent mo!ule s'oul! &ait for c'il! mo!ule to en!.

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