LECTURE 5

GENERAL CHEMISTRY AQUEOUS IONIC REACTIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY

Coverage
5.1 Solution Stoichiometry 5.1.1 Calculating Concentration of Solutions 5.2.2 Converting Mole-Mass-Number Involving Solutions 5.3.3 Dilution of Solutions 5.2 Writing Equations for Aqueous Ionic Reactions 5.3 Determining Different Types of Aqueous Ionic Equation 5.3.1 Precipitation Reactions 5.3.2 Acid-Base Reactions 5.3.3 Redox Reactions

Fundamentals of Solution Stoichiometry

Environmental and biochemical reactions takes place in SOLUTIONS

For dissolved substances CONCENTRATION to find the VOLUME that contains a given number of moles Solutions = Solute + Solvent
The concentration of solutions is the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solution. (Intrinsic quantity)
Molarity = Moles of solute Liters of solution M= mol solute L solution

Exercise No. 1

Calculating the Molarity of a Solution

1. Glycine (H2NCH2COOH) is the simplest amino acid. What is the molarity of an aqueous solution that contains 0.715 mol of glycine in 495 mL?
SOLUTION: 0.715 mol glycine M= 1000 mL

= 1.44 M glycine

495 mL soln

1L

Exercise No. 2

Calculating the Molarity of a Solution

2. Calculate the molarity of a solution that contains 12.5 g of sulfuric acid in 1.75 L of solution.
SOLUTION:
M= mol solute L soln mol H2SO4 98.1 g H2SO4 1 1.75 L

12.5 g H2SO4 x

= 0.0728 M H2SO4

Exercise No. 3

Calculating the Molarity of a Solution

3. A solution is prepared by dissolving 25.0 mL ethanol, C2H5OH (d= 0.789 g/mL), in enough water to produce 250.0 mL solution. What is the molarity of ethanol in the solution?

Answer: 1.71 M C2H5OH

Exercise No. 4 Calculating Mass of Solute in a Given Volume of Solution

4. A buffered solution maintains acidity as a reaction occurs. In living cells, phosphate ions play a key buffering role, so biochemists often study reactions in such solutions. How many grams of solute are in 1.75 L of 0.460 M sodium monohydrogen phosphate?
SOLUTION: 1.75 L x 0.460 mol Na2HPO4 1L

141.96 g Na2HPO4 mol Na2HPO4

= 114 g Na2HPO4

Converting a concentrated solution to a dilute solution.

Dilution

Initial solution

Final solution

Molesinitial = Molesfinal MinitialVinitial = MfinalVfinal

Exercise No. 5

Preparing a Dilute Solution from a Concentrated Solution

5. If 10.0 mL of 12.0 M HCl is added to enough water to give 100. mL of solution, what is the concentration of the solution?

M1V1 M 2 V2 12.0 M 10.0 mL M 2 100.0 mL

12.0M 10.0 mL M2 1.20 M 100.0 mL

Exercise No. 6

Preparing a Dilute Solution from a Concentrated Solution

6. What volume of 18.0 M sulfuric acid is required to make 2.50 L of a 2.40 M sulfuric acid solution?

M1 V1 M 2 V2

M 2 V2 V1 M1

2.50 L 2.40 M V1 18.0 M 0.333 L or 333 mL

Exercise No. 7

Preparing Solutions

7. How much: a) glucose, C6H12O6, in grams, must be dissolved in water to produced 75.0 mL of 0.350 M C6H12O6 b) Methanol, CH3OH (d = 0.792 g/mL), in milliliters, must be dissolved in water to produced 2.25L of 0.485 M CH3OH c) Concentrated sulfuric acid (18 M), in milliliters, is needed to produced 2.30 M sulfuric acid solution.

Preparation of Standard Aqueous Solution

Preparing a Diluted Solution

Aqueous Ionic Solutions

Sodium Chloride Aqueous Solution

Aqueous Ionic Solutions

HCl solution

NaOH solution

Exercise No. 8

Determining Moles of Ions in Aqueous Ionic Solutions

8. How many moles of each ion are in the following solutions? (a) (b) (c) (d) 5.00 mol of ammonium sulfate dissolved in water 78.5 g of cesium bromide dissolved in water 7.42 x 1022 formula units of copper(II) nitrate dissolved in water 35 mL of 0.84 M zinc chloride

Exercise No. 8

Determining Moles of Ions in Aqueous Ionic Solutions

8. How many moles of each ion are in the following solutions? (a) 5.00 mol of ammonium sulfate dissolved in water (b) 78.5 g of cesium bromide dissolved in water
H2O

SOLUTION:

(a) (NH4)2SO4(s)

2NH4+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
2 mol NH4+ 1 mol (NH4)2SO4 = 10.0 mol NH4+ and 5.0 mol SO42-

5.00 mol (NH4)2SO4 x

H2O

(b) CsBr(s) 78.5 g CsBr x

Cs+(aq) + Br-(aq) = 0.369 mol CsBr

mol CsBr 212.8 g CsBr

= 0.369 mol Cs+ and 0.369 mol Br-

Exercise No. 8

Determining Moles of Ions in Aqueous Ionic Solutions

8. How many moles of each ion are in the following solutions? (c) 7.42 x 1022 formula units of copper(II) nitrate dissolved in water (d) 35 mL of 0.84 M zinc chloride
SOLUTION: (c) Cu(NO3)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) = 0.123 mol Cu(NO3)2 = 0.246 mol NO3and 0.123 mol Cu2+

mol Cu(NO3)2 7.42 x 1022 formula units x 6.022 x 1023 formula units Cu(NO3)2 Zn2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
x 0.84 mol ZnCl2 L

(d) ZnCl2(aq)
35 mL ZnCl2 x 1L 103 mL

= 2.9 x 10-2 mol ZnCl2

= 2.9 x 10-2 mol Zn2+

and 5.8 x 10-2 mol Cl-

Types of Aqueous Ionic Reactions

1. Precipitation Reaction

2. Acid-Base Reaction
3. Oxidation-reduction reaction

Writing Equations for Aqueous Ionic Reactions

The molecular equation

shows all of the reactants and products as intact, undissociated compounds.

The total ionic equation

shows all of the soluble ionic substances dissociated into ions.

The net ionic equation

omits the spectator ions and shows the actual chemical change taking place.

An Aqueous Ionic Reaction and Its Equation.

Precipitation Reaction
The reaction of Pb(NO3)2 and NaI.
NaI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2NaI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) PbI2(s) + NaNO3(aq) PbI2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

2Na+(aq) + 2I-(aq) + Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) PbI2(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2(s)

Double-displacement reaction (metathesis)

Simple Rules for Solubility

1. Most nitrate (NO3-) salts are soluble. 2. Most alkali metal (group 1A) salts and NH4+ are soluble. 3. Most Cl-, Br-, and I- salts are soluble (except Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+). 4. Most sulfate salts are soluble (except BaSO4, PbSO4, Hg2SO4, CaSO4). 5. Most OH- are only slightly soluble (NaOH, KOH are soluble, Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 are marginally soluble). 6. Most S2-, CO32-, CrO42-, PO43- salts are only slightly soluble, except for those containing the cations in Rule 2.

Exercise No. 9

Predicting Whether a Precipitation Reaction Occurs; Writing Ionic Equations

9. Predict whether a reaction occurs when each of the following pairs of solutions are mixed. If a reaction does occur, write balanced molecular, total ionic, and net ionic equations, and identify the spectator ions. (a) Potassium fluoride(aq) + strontium nitrate(aq) (b) Ammonium perchlorate(aq) + sodium bromide(aq)
SOLUTION: (a) KF(aq) + Sr(NO3)2 (aq) 2KNO3(aq) + SrF2 (s) 2K+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + SrF2 (s) 2K+(aq) + 2F-(aq) + Sr2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

2F-(aq) + Sr2+(aq)
(b) NH4ClO4(aq) + NaBr (aq)

SrF2 (s)
NH4Br (aq) + NaClO4(aq)

All reactants and products are soluble so no reaction occurs.

Exercise No. 10

Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products for a Reaction in Solution

10. A 25.00-mL pipetful of 0.250 M K2CrO4 (aq) is added to an excess of AgNO3 (aq). What mass of Ag2CrO4 will precipitate from the solution? Answer: 2.07 g Ag2CrO4

Exercise No. 11

Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products for a Reaction in Solution

11. Solve for the following: A. How many grams of sodium sulfide are required to react completely with 27.8 mL of 0.163 M silver nitrate? B. How many grams of the solid product are obtained from the reaction in part A.

Exercise No. 12

Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems for Reactions in Solution

12. A 10.0 mL of a 0.30 M sodium phosphate solution reacts with 20.0 mL of a 0.20 M lead(II) nitrate solution (assume no volume change). a) What precipitate will form? b) What mass of precipitate will form?

Acid-Base/Neutralization Reaction

Exercise No. 13

Writing Ionic Equations for Acid-Base Reactions

13. Write balanced molecular, total ionic, and net ionic equations for each of the following acid-base reactions and identify the spectator ions. (a) Strontium hydroxide(aq) + perchloric acid(aq) (b) Barium hydroxide(aq) + sulfuric acid(aq)
SOLUTION:

(a) Sr(OH)2(aq) + 2HClO4(aq)

Sr2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2ClO4-(aq) 2OH-(aq)+ 2H+(aq) 2H2O(l)

Sr(ClO4)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Sr2+(aq) + 2ClO4-(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(b) Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq)

BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

Exercise No. 14

Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products for a Reaction in Solution

14. Specialized cells in the stomach release HCl to aid digestion. If they release too much, the excess can be neutralized with antacids. A common antacid contains magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, which reacts with the acid to form water and magnesium chloride solution. As a government chemist testing commercial antacids, you use 0.10 M HCl to simulate the acid concentration in the stomach. How many liters of stomach acid react with a tablet containing 0.10 g of magnesium hydroxide?
SOLUTION: Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) 2 mol HCl x 1 mol Mg(OH)2 x 1L 0.10 mol HCl = 3.4 x 10-2 L

0.10 g Mg(OH)2 x

mol Mg(OH)2 58.33 g Mg(OH)2

An acid-base titration.

Start of titration Excess of acid

Point of neutralization

Slight excess of base

Exercise No. 15

Finding the Concentration of Acid from an Acid-Base Titration

15. You perform an acid-base titration to standardize an HCl solution by placing 50.00 mL of HCl in a flask with a few drops of indicator solution. You put 0.1524 M NaOH into the buret, and the initial reading is 0.55 mL. At the end point, the buret reading is 33.87 mL. What is the concentration of the HCl solution?
SOLUTION: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) (33.87 mL - 0.55 mL) x 0.03332 L x 0.1524 M NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

1L
103 mL

= 0.03332 L NaOH

= 5.078 x 10-3 mol NaOH

From the stoichiometric ratio in the balanced equation, 5.078 x 10-3 mol NaOH = 5.078 x 10-3 mol HCl 5.078 x 10-3 mol HCl 0.05000 L = 0.1016 M HCl

Exercise No. 15

Finding the Concentration of Acid from an Acid-Base Titration

15. You perform an acid-base titration to standardize an HCl solution by placing 50.00 mL of HCl in a flask with a few drops of indicator solution. You put 0.1524 M NaOH into the buret, and the initial reading is 0.55 mL. At the end point, the buret reading is 33.87 mL. What is the concentration of the HCl solution?
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Alternative Solution:

Ate equivalence point:

mole NaOH = mole HCl MVNaOH = MVHCl

MHCl = MVNaOH/ VHCl

MHCl = (0.1524 M) (33.87-0.55 mL) / 50.00 mL MHCl=101.6 M HCl

Exercise No. 16

Finding the Concentration of Acid from an Acid-Base Titration

16. What is the molarity of a barium hydroxide solution if 44.1 mL of 0.103 M HCl is required to react with 38.3 mL of the Ba(OH)2 solution?

Ba(OH) 2 + 2 HCl BaCl 2 + 2 H2O

(44.1 mL HCl)(0.103 M HCl) = 4.54 mmol HCl
1 mmol Ba(OH) 2 4.54 mmol HCl 2.27 mmol Ba(OH) 2 2 mmol HCl

2.27 mmol Ba(OH) 2 0.0593M Ba(OH) 2 38.3 mL Ba(OH) 2

Exercise No. 16

Finding the Concentration of Acid from an Acid-Base Titration

16. What is the molarity of a barium hydroxide solution if 44.1 mL of 0.103 M HCl is required to react with 38.3 mL of the Ba(OH)2 solution?

Ba(OH) 2 + 2 HCl BaCl 2 + 2 H2O

Alternative Solution:

Ate equivalence point:

2 mole Ba(OH)2 = mole HCl

2MVBa(OH)2 = MVHCl
MBa(OH)2 = MVHCl/ 2VBa(OH)2 MBa(OH)2 = (0.103 M) (44.1 mL) / (38.3 mL x 2) MBa(OH)2 =0.0593 M Ba(OH)2

Additional Exercises

Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems for Reactions in Solution

Mercury and its compounds have many uses, from fillings for teeth (as an alloy with silver, copper, and tin) to the industrial production of chlorine. Because of their toxicity, however, soluble mercury compounds, such as mercury(II) nitrate, must be removed from industrial wastewater. One removal method reacts the wastewater with sodium sulfide solution to produce solid mercury(II) sulfide and sodium nitrate solution. In a laboratory simulation, 0.050 L of 0.010 M mercury(II) nitrate reacts with 0.020 L of 0.10 M sodium sulfide. How many grams of mercury(II) sulfide form?
Hg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) 0.050 L Hg(NO3)2 x 0.10 mol L x HgS(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)

1 mol HgS
1 mol Hg(NO3)2

232.7 g HgS
1 mol HgS x 232.7 g HgS 1 mol HgS

= 0.12 g HgS

0.020 L Na2S

0.10 mol L

1 mol HgS 1 mol Na2S

= 0.47 g HgS