BRITISH MUSEUM.

DKPARTMRNT OF

COINS AND MEDALS.

A
I'd

GUIDE
GOLD
ANT) SliVER,'

THB; Pi:iNCIl'AL

COINS OF THE ANCIENTS,

FROM
CIRC. B.C. ?C0

TO A.D.

1.

FOURTH EDITION.

BT

'

BAECLAY

V.

HEAD,
COINS.

D.C.L.,

Ph.D.,

KEEPER OF

KXHIBITED IN THE ETRUSCAN SALOON.

LONDON: FEINTED BY ORDEE OF THE TRUSTEES.

Price

One

Shilling.

3 1924 029 768 573

olin

BEITISH MUSEUM.
DEPAETMBNT OF

COINS

AND MEDALS.
A

GUIDE

TO THE PBINCIPAL GOLD AND SILVER

COINS OF THE ANCIENTS,

FROM
CIEC. B.C. 100

TO

A.D.

1.

BY

BAECLAY

V.

HEAD,

D.C.L.,

Ph.D.,

KEEPER OF

COINS.

FOUBTH EDITION.

LONDON:
FEINTED BY OEDER OP THE TEUSTEES.
B. QUAKITCH,
1

5,

Piccadilly

Henry Frowde, Oxford University PressWarehouse, Amen Corner, Londoo E.G. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. A. ASHER & Co. Longmans, Green & Co. C. ROLLIN & Feuardent, 6, Bloomsbury Street, & 4, Place LouTois, Paris.
,

1895.

PREFACE.

\
The want
of a general chronological

view

of the coinage

of the ancients has long been felt

by

all

who have

devoted

any study to this branch of archaaology. It is this want which I have here made a first attempt to supply. In the choice and classification of the coins described in the following pages, I have throughout endeavoured to keep simultaneously in view the historic, artistic, ami strictly numismatic interest of the coins selected. Thus, and thus alone, have I found it possible to present to the
spectator a tolerably complete representative series of the

money current throughout the ancient world in approximate chronological order. This series gives at the same time a view of the finest and most interesting Greek coins in the National Collection. Putting aside all theoretical ajsthetic methods of
gold and silver

and schools of art, my endeavour has been to arrive at one which is mainly historical. With this object in view I began by erecting as many definitely fixed points of comparison as possible,
classification according to styles

that

is to say, I

chose a certain

number

of dated coins, or

coins about the precise dates of

generally agreed.
to

which numismatists are Working by analogy, I next proceeded

group around these fixed points all such other coins as seemed to me, on various grounds numismatic, historical, to belong, as nearly as possible, to the same or artistic

IV
periods.

PREFACE.

The

divisions into

periods do not,

it

will

be

seen, exactly correspond with those of the history of art, but are rather those of the political history of the

times.

then, the result of thus grouping together from a historical standpoint specimens of the chief monetary
If,

world prove to be also a commentary on the history of the growth, development, and decline of Greek art, it will be none the less valuable
issues of all parts of the ancient
for being a

thoroughly independent commentary. who may not be intimately acquainted with the well-known handbooks of Greek art, a few slight indications have been given, at the head of each period,

As an

aid to those

of the chief characteristics of the art of that period, as exemplified by the most notable extant sculptures.

The
which

artistic
it is

side

is,

however, but one of

many from

possible to approach the

science of numis-

matics, and I hope that it will be found that undue importance has not been attached to any one aspect of
interest to the neglect of the others.

In the very compressed form in which alone the dimensions of this little Guide permit of explanations of the coins described, prominence has been given to the time and circumstance of the striking, and to such information as is not generally accessible to the public in the
dictionaries of classical archseology.

The wall-cases 32-42 on the left of the entrance to the Department of Coins and Medals contain electrotj'pes of
the finest ancient coins in the National Collection, arranged in such a manner as to afford a synoptical view at once
historical

and geographical of the gold and

silver coinage

of the ancient world, from the invention of the art of coining, about B.C. 700, down to the Christian era.

The
seven

oases of
historical
I.

Greek coins are divided vertically into compartments. These compartments,

;

numbered

to VII., contain the principal coins current

during the following periods

PREFACE.
I.

II.

Circa Circa

B.C.

700-480.

Period of Archaic Art, ending with the Persian

wars.

B.C.

480-400. 400-336.

Period of Transitional and Early Fine Art, to the end of the Athenian supremacy.

Circa IV. Circa

III.

B.C.

Period of Finest Art.

Age of the Spartan and

Theban supremacies.
B.C.

336-280.
280-190.
190-100.
100-1.

Period of Later Fine Art. and tlie Diadochi.

Epigoni, &c.

Age

of Alexander

v. Circa

B.C.

Period of the Decline of Art.

Period of continued Decline of Art.
Attalids.

Age
Age

of the
of the

Circa VII. Circa

VJ.

B.C.

B.C.

Period of late Decline of Art. Age of Mithridates the Great and of Roman dominion.
is

Eacli of the above seven compartments

divided hori-

upper one (A) containing the coins of Asia Minor, Phoenicia, Syria, &o., and Egypt the middle one (B) those of Northern and Central G-reece, the Pelojjonnesus, and the islands of the jEgean and the lowest (0) those of Italy, Sicily, the southern shores of the Mediterranean, and Western
zontally into three geographical sections, the
; ;

Europe.

Each

of the seven historical compartments thus offers

in its three geographical sections a complete vievr of the

coins current throughout the civilised world during that

particular century or period, the whole forming a series of

historically successive tableaux.

The individual specimens are separately labelled and numbered in each of the twenty-one sections, the numbers referring to the following Guide, where sufficient descriptions and explanations are given.
Barclay V. Head,
Keeper of Coins.

LIST or ABBEEVIATIONS AND EXPLANATION OF TEEMS.

A/, cmrum (gold); EL, electrum. an alloy of gold and silver; argentum (silver).
Obv. obverse, the face of a coin.

,S

JP^,

Rev. reverse, the back.

Type, the principal device upon the obverse nr r(!verse.

Field, the area betwetn the type and the circumfcremc.
i?x.

exergue, the lower portion of the area of a coin separated from the rest by a straight line.

Sijmhol,

an accessory

rlevice in the field or exergue.

N.B. On

the plates the inetals

Kf and

EL

arc alone indicated; all

the rest are 2S,.

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.

Since the publication of the second edition of this Guide
(1881), I have had occasion, during the preparation of my larger wort Historia Numorum (Oxford, Clarendon Press,
1887), to re-examine tray

by tray the

entire collection of

Greek coins in the British Museum. This revisiion has enabled me to make some material improvements in the Numerous and important articles text of the Guide. have also appeared in various Numismatic publications both at home and abroad, some of which involve reThe arrangement attributions of whole series of coins. adopted in this Guide is fortunately very slightly affected by these new discoveries, as they for the most part merely call for an occasional change of local attribution witliin the periods to which the coins were previously assigned. The most important re-attributions are the following I. A. 10
:

from Lesbos (?) to old Smyrna I. A. 21 from Clazomenee to Cyrene; I. A. 22 from Colophon to Delos; II. A. 21, 22, Ancore to ApoUonia ad Ehyndaoum V. B. 28, Allaria YI. 0. 30-32, and VII. C. 39, Numidia, to Lacedaemon Mauretania, to Carthago-Nova(?), the capital of the Barcide dynasty in Spain. In the few instances in which a change
;

of period as well as of locality

is
;

necessitated, the fact

has been noted in the revised text but, as complete sets of electrotypes have already been widely distributed among British and Foreign Museums, I have not thought it advisable to make changes in the arrangement of the Plates, which are consequently identical with those of the
previous editions, for any alteration in the numbering of the specimens might lead to much confusion in cases where
this

Guide has been quoted as a work of reference. On the seven representative Plates of the half-crown edition, references are given to the fully illustrated edition containing seventy Plates.

Bakclat v. Head.
June, 1895.

SELECT GREEK AND ROMAN COINS.

PEEIOD I.CIRCA

B.C.

700-480.

About seven hundred years before the Christian era the Lydians in Asia Minor, at that time ruled by the illustrious dynasty of the Mermnadas, first began to stamp small ingots of their native gold ore, obtained from the washings of the river Pactolus, vrith an ofEcial mark as a guarantee of just weight, thus rendering an appeal to the scales on every fresh transaction no longer a matter of necessity. These stamped ingots were the
first coins.

official marks on these earliest of all coins conmerely of the impress of the rude unengraved punches, between which the ingot was placed to receive the blow of the hammer. Very soon, however, the art of the engraver was called in to adorn the lower of the two dies, that of the obverse, with the badge of the state or the symbol of the local divinity under whose auspices the currency was issued, the earliest mints having been, it is generally supposed, within the sacred precincts of a temple. The Greek cities which studded the coasts and islands of Asia Minor soon adopted and improved upon this simple but none the less remarkable Lydian invention, and to the Greeks the credit is probably due of substituting engraved dies for the primitive punches, and certainly of inscribing them with the name of the people or ruler by

The

sisted

whom

the coin was issued.

In European Greece, Phidon, king of Argos, is said to have been the first to introduce standard weights and measures, on which occasion he dedicated bars of metal,
B

PERIOD

I.

ofieXia-Koi, in the temple of Hera at Argos, as official The earliest European coins were standards of weight. struck, according to the Phidonian standard, in the island of Aegina and the Euboean cities Chalcis and Eretria, as well as Corinth with her colonies, and Athens, were not slow to follow the example of Aegina. From these centres, Asiatic and European, the new invention spread far and wide, to the coasts of Thrace on the north, to those of the Cyrenaica on the south, and to Italy and Sicily in the west. In each district the weight of the standard coin or stater was carefully adjusted in relation to the talent there in use for weighing the precious metals, these talents being different in different localities, but all or nearly aU traceable to a Babylonian origin. The form of the ingot (^flan) of most of the early coins was bean-shaped or oval, except in Southern Italy, where the earliest coins of the Achaean cities were flat and cirCTilar. The device (type) consisted usually of the figure of an animal or of the fore-part of an animal, heads and figures of gods and men being rare in the early period. The reverse side of the coin does not at first bear a type, but only the impress in the form of an intaglio or incuse square of the upper of the two dies between which the The early coins of certain cities flan or ingot was fixed.
;

of Magna Grsecia above mentioned are characterised, however, by having devices on both sides (generally the same), on the obverse in relief and on the reverse
incuse.

The coins of the two centuries previous to the Persian wars exhibit considerable varieties of style and execution. In common with the other remains of archaic art which have come down to us, and with which it is instructive to compare them, they may be divided into two classes, of which the earlier is characterised by extreme rudeness in the forms and expressiveness in the actions represented the later, by a gradual development into more clearly defined forms with angularity and stiffness. The eye of the human face is always drawn, even when in profile, as if seen from the front, the hair is generally represented by lines of minute dots, the mouth wears a fixed and formal
;

smile but, withal, there is in the best archaic work a strength and a delicacy of touch which are often wantiog in the fully developed art of a later age.
;

PEEIOD

I.

To facilitate a comparison of the coins witli the other contemporary productions of the plastic art, a list of some of the chief artists and best known works of art is appended
:

Principal Artists
Sicyon

Founders 600-550. Chios Micciades and Archermus, jEgina Sparta Gitiadas. Magnesia Bathycles, whose- chief work was the throne of Apollo at Amyclse, Argos Ageladas. TEgina Gallon and Onatas, Sicyon Canachus and and Nesiotes, Athens Endoeus, Antenor, and Hegias
Dipceaus and Scyllis of Crete, circ. B.C. 600 of the earliest school of sculpture in. marble.
circ. B.C.
(?).

Smilis.

Aristocles.

also Critias

the sculptors of the group of Harmodius and Aristogitou.

Principal extant Works

The three oldest metopes of Selinus. The marble statues known as " Apollo " from Orchomenus, Thera (at Athens), and Tenea (at Munich). Two archaic statues of Apollo. British Museum. The statues from the Sacred Way to the Temple of Apollo at British Museum. Branchidse. Seated Athena attributed to Endceus. Athens. Athens. Stele of Aristion by Aristocles. Harpy Tomb. British Museum. Victory by Micciades and Archermus. Athens. Pedimental Groups from the Early Temples on the Acropolis,

Man

Athens. carrying a

calf.

Athens,
Acropolis.

Series of female

Berlin. Relief from Chrysapha in Laconia. statues dedicated to Athena ou the

Athens. Copy of Apollo of Canachus.

British Museum. Copy of group of Harmodius and Aristogitou. Naples. The Thasos Reliefs. Paris.

B 2

PERIOD

I.

A.

I.

A.

Plates 1-3.
Flatb
1.

X/ydia. BL. Obv. Striated surface. Eev. Oblong sinking between two square sinkings. Babylonic stater. Wt. 166'8 grs.

This
2.

is tlie earliest

known
grs.

coin.

B.C. ciro.

700.

Lydia (?). EL.

half-stater.

Obv. Raised square.

Sev. Incuse square. Phoenician

Wt. 110

3.

Lydia (?). BL.

ally

Obv. Round shield (?) in high relief, divided diagonby two broad bands. Eev. Incuse square, containing a cruciform half-stater. Wt. 108'6 grs. Phoenician ornament.

4.

Parium

(?).

EL.

Obo. Gorgon-head.
grs.

Sev. Ornamented incuse.

Euboic stater.
5.

Wt. 124

SamOS. BL.
ings.

Obv. Lion's scalp.

Sev. Oblong and triangular sinkgrs.

Euboic stater.

Wt. 133

The extremely
first
6.

archaic style of Nos. 4 and 5 marks the part of the seventh century B.C.
Eev.

Miletus.

BL. Obv. Fore-part of lion, with star over forehead. Phcenician Oblong sinking between two square sinkings. Wt. 217 grs. stater.
probably during the
B.C.

Struck

period of
623.

the

highest

prosperity of Miletus, before

7.

Bphesus

(retrograde EMI the sign of Phanes." Stag feeding. Sev. Oblong sinking between two square sinkings. Phoenician stater. Wt. 216-3 grs.
(?).
Obv.
in archaic letters), " I

EL.

OANOZ

SHMA

am

This is the earliest inscribed coin known. There -v^^as a Halicarnassian named Phanes of no small account at the court of Amasis, the king of Egypt, whose service he deserted for that of Cambyses, king of Persia, whom he This coin assisted in his invasion of Egypt, B.C. 526. was, however, probably struck at Ephesus by an ancestor of Phanes. It was found at Halicarnassus.
8. Chios.

BL.
grs.

Obv.

Sphinx.

Eev. Incuse square.

Phrenician stater.

Wt. 217
9.

Samos.
square.

EL.

Obv. Fore-pa]-t of bull, looking back.

Eev. Incuse

Phffinician stater.

Wt. 217

grs.

A
B.C.

coin perhaps struck during the rule of Polycrates, 530-520.

B.C.

700-480.
OJt,.

5
head.
if.B.

10.

Old Smyrna

(?).

EL.

Lion's

Phocaic stater.

Incuse square

Wt. 248-3

grs.
iJet).

11. Zeleia.
stater.

EL.

Ohv. Chimxra..
grs.

Two

incuse squares.

Phocaic

Wt. 252'6

12.

Cyzicus.

EL. Obv. Tunny-fish and fillets. iJw. Two incusesquares, one containing a scorpion. Phocaic stater. Wt. 252 grs.

_Nos. 10, 11, and 12 may belong to the period immediately preceding the reform of the coinage by Croesus,
circ.

560
Two

B.C.

13. Sardes.

Obv. Fore-parts of lion and bull face to face. incuse squares. Euboio stater. Wt. 124 grs.

N.

Beo.

14. Sardes. 15. Sardes. 16. Sardes.

AT.

Similar.

I stater.

Wt. 42

grs.

M.
JR.

Similar.
Similar.

Babylonic stater.
Siglus.

Wt. 159
grs.

grs.

Wt. 82-4

Nos. 13-16 are specimens of the gold and silver coinage of Croesus, b.c. 568-554, which he substituted for the previous coinage in electrum.
17. Persia.
Incuse.

A7.
Daric.

Obv.

The Great King holding bow and Wt. 129 grs.

spear.

Sev.

Persian daric of the earliest style; struck in the reign of Darius I., b.c. 521-485.
Plate
2.

18.

LampsacUS.

M.

Obv.

Athena within an incuse square.

Janiform female head. Wt. 82 grs.

Sev.

Head of
b.c.

coin of fine archaic style, probably as early as

.5v.

480.

19. Tenedos.

Obv. Janiform head,

male and female, Zeus and

axe.

Hera (?). Eev. Wt. 138 grs.

TENE.

Double

Tevi^ios

niX^Kvs.

Aristotle (ap. Steph. Byz. s. v. Tenedos) refers this type to a decree of a king of Tenedos, which enacted that all persons convicted of adultery should be beheaded. He as is, however, certainly wrong in this interpretation Leake justly remarks, " such subjects were never represented on the money of the Greeks their types, like their names of men and women, were almost always euphemistic, relating generally to the local mythology and fortunes of the place, -with symbols referring to the principal productions, Cf. the myth of Tennes or to the protecting numina." and the Tenedian axes dedicated at Delphi. (Pans. x. 14.)
:

6
20.

PEEIOD

1.

A.

Cyme (?). M.
adorned with

floral devices.

Obv. Fore-part of horse, Scv. Wt. 182 grs.

Two

incuse squares

Extremely archaic.
21.

As early

as the seventh century B.C.

iJeu.

Clazomense

06w. Lion devouring prey. (?). Wt. 266 grs. of winged boar in incuse square.

M.

Fore-part

This remarkable coin is now attributed to Cyrene (see Like certain other Numismatic Chronicle, 1891, p. 9). coins of Cyrene, also having types on both sides, previous to 480, it is of the Euboic standard.
22. Delos.
.31.

Obv. Lyre.

Bev. Incuse square.

Wt. 126

grs.

didrachm of the Euboic weight, struck during the early period of Delian independence before the Persian wars.
23. Phocsea.
square.
^38.

Obv. Seal (Phoca), " type parlant."

grs.

Rev. Incuse

Wt. 58'5

This coin is contemporary with the earliest electrum of Phocffia, struck in the time of Crcesus, circ. B.C. 568 (cf. a stater in the Museum collection with the same type). The Phocaean Thalassocracy lasted from about 602-558.
24. TeOS.

M.
is

Obv. Griffin.

Eev. Incuse square.

Wt. 183

grs.

probably connected virith the Asiatic worship of Dionysus. The type also occurs on the coins of Abdera, to which place most of the Teians removed This coin is probably somewhat anterior to in 644.
griffin

The

that date.
25. Samos.
39-1 grs.

&.

Obv. Lion's scalp facing.

Sev. Incuse square.

Wt.

Later in style than the electrum Nos. 5 and

earliest

9,

but the

known
XEP.

silver coin of this island.

26. Chersonesus.
Bev.

M.

Obv. Lion's

(retrograde).

Head and neck of

head and fore-leg beneath, X. bull. Wt. 183-4 grs.

;

27. Cnidus.
square.

.51.

Obv. Similar.
grs.

Eev. Head of Aphrodite in incuse

Wt. 96

Chersonesus and Cnidus in early times were two distinct communities, but were afterwards united into one. The lion is the symbol of the sun-god, the bull of the moongoddess, the Asiatic Aphrodite, whose head is seen on the coins of Cnidus.

B.C.

700-480.
Sev.

Plate

3.

28.

Samos
Wt.

(?).

JR.

63gk

Obv. Lion's scalp 'facincr. f-

Roush S

incuse.

very doubtful wlietlier this coin should be given It may be compared for style with No. 33 of Lycia (?), but this may perhaps be Cretan, of Lyttus.
It is to Samos.
29.

Calymna.

M.

Oio.

Bearded helmeted head.

grs.

iJei).

Lyre within

an incuse depression.

Wt. 156

This head perhaps represents one of the Argive heroes

who were shipwrecked on this island after the Trojan War. The style is rude, and the coin must be assigned to the
first

half of the sixth cent.

b.c.

30.

Camirus.
divisions.

JR. Obv. Fig-leaf. Wt. 185 grs.

Sev. Incuse square in

two ohlong

31. lalySUS. Oio. Fore-pai-t of winged boar. Wt. 223 grs. Eagle's head in incuse square.

M.

iJci).

lEAYZION.

The territory of the island of Rhodes was anciently divided among the three cities Lindus, lalysus, and Camirus. Of the above coins, that of Camirus is the earlier. It exhibits the form of incuse peculiar to the Carian coasts.
32. Poseidion

in Carpathus.
Obv. Boar's

Two
33.

oblong sinkings as on No. 30.

(?).
.31.

Si. Obv. Two dolphins. Wt. 208 grs.

Sev, Incuse square.

Sec.

Lycia

head.

Wt.

64*4 grs.

34. Lycia.

2R.

060. Fore-part of boar.

Sev. Incuse square.

Wt.

138-4 grs.

35. Lycia.

.SI.

Obv.

triskeles ending in cocks' heads.

Boar walking. Sev. Incuse square, containing Wt. 143*2 grs.

These three coins may serve to show the gradual proIt is probable that these coins are gress of art in Lycia. The wild boar was plentiful in all previous to B.C. 480. parts of this district.
36. Phaselis. .S,. Obv. Prow of galley in form of boar's head. 4>AZ. Stern of galley in incuse square. Wt. 171 grs.
Sev.

The types are appropriate to a maritime city of the importance of Phaselis, Andparlants ; cf. <j>a.u-q\oi, " a skiif."
37. Celenderis.

M.

Obv. Goat.

Sev. Incuse square.

Wt. 93

grs.

Celenderis, on the coast of Cilicia, is said to have been an ancient settlement of the Phoenicians, but Greeks from Samos settled there in the sixth century B.C.

PERIOD

I.

B.

I.

B.
4-6.

Plates
Plate 4
1.

Thrace Or ThaSOS.
Sev. Incuse.

EL.

Obv. Centaur carrying off a

"Wt. 252-5 grs.

nymph.

Phocaic stater.

remarkable electmm stater of the Pang^an disof Thrace or of Thasos is of the same weightstandard as the early electmm of Cyzious and Zeleia,
Tliis
trict
1.

A. 11, 12.
Thrace.
of a

2.

Zaselii.
liev.

nymph.
^31.

JR. 06b. Flat incuse square.

lAlEAEQN.

Centaur carrying
grs.

Wt. 141-3

3.

ThaSOS.
Lete. Lete.

Obv. Satyr kneeling with a

nymph

in his arms.

Bev. Incuse square.

4.
.51.

Wt. 150-2

grs.

by the wrist.
5.

Obv. Satyr standing opposite a nymph Sev. Incuse. Wt. 152-6 grs.

and holding her

M.

Similar, but of finer work.

Wt. 146-6

grs.

of the ahove coins all refer to the worship of the rude forces of nature symbolised in the orgiastic rites of the Thracian Bacchus and his following (Centaurs, Satyrs, Msenads, &c.). Mt. Pangseum, on the summit of which was the famous oracle of Bacchus, was the religious centre of the Thracian mining tribes, whose coinage spread over the whole district north of Chalcidice, from the Nestos in the east to the Haliacmon in the west, before the time of the Persian wars.

The types

6.

Neapolis.

M.

Obv. Gorgon-head.

Sev. Incuse.

Wt. 147

grs.

Neapolis, opposite Thasos, was the port of the Pangaian district. Its coins follow the standard of the neighbouring mining tribes and of Thasos.
7.

Acanthus.
Wt. 268

M.

Obv. Lion devouring bull.

Sev. Incuse square.

grs.

AU the early coins of the cities of Chalcidice follow the Attic standard. That there were lions in this district at the time of the Persian wars we learn from HeroXerxes.

dotus, who relates how they came do-WTi from the mountains and seized upon the beasts of burden in the arm-y of

B.C.

700-480.
of

9 an ass

8.

Mende.
a vine.

.51.

Obv.

Crow on the back

Wt. 263-5

in the

background,

Hev. Incuse.

grs.

The Dionysiac types on the coinage

to the
9.

of this city refer

famous Mendsean wine.

JR.
beneath, star.
Obv. Poseidon Hippios, on horseback, holding triSev. Incuse. Wt. 271-2 grs.

Potldsea.
dent
;

This type is perhaps copied from the sacred image of Poseidon -which Herodotus (viii. 129) mentions as standing in front of the city.
10. Terone.

M.
is

Obv.

Amphora.

Sev. Incuse.

Wt. 256-4

grs.

This coin
11.

re-struck on a tetradrachm of Acanthus.

Obv. Co-w scratching herself.

DicKa.
38-3 grs.

.31.

Sev. Incuse.

Wt.

whence
12.

Dioaea in Chalcidice was a colony of Eretria in Euhoea, its coin-types are derived.

Uncertain.
209-8 grs.

M.
.51.

Obr. Pegasus standing.

Sev. Incuse.

Wt.

13. Uncertain.
Sev. Incuse.

Oio. Pegasus galloping,

grs.

with dog beneath him.

Wt. 207

These coins were both procured at Salonioa, and may have been struck at the ancient Therma, before that city was incorporated in the Macedonian kingdom.
Plate
6.

14. Bisaltse.

M.

Obv.

BIZAATIKON.

standing on the further side of a horse. Octadrachm. Wt. 422-9 grs.

Man carrying two spears Eev, Flat in-cuse square. Man between two
Incuse square.

15. Edoni.
Sev.

Getas, king.
Wt. 417-8
grs.

M.

Obv.

bulls.

rETA2 HAONEON BA2IAEYZ.

Octa-

drachm.

16. Orrescii. Obv. ORREZKION. Octadrachm. Wt. 440-3 grs. cuse.

M.

Similar type.

Sev. In-

17.

Odomanti
drawn by

(?). oxen.

2R.

In field above, helmet

Obv. Bearded charioteer, in wicker-sided car beneath oxen, flower.

;

Sev. Triskeles of

human

legs

between them,

floral

ornaments

Dodecadrachm.

Wt. 624-3

grs.

The
and

Bisaltas,
tribes,

Edoni,

Orrescii,

Odomanti,

&c.,

were

Thracian

in the valleys of the Strymon the Angites, to the north of the Pangaean range.

who dwelt

10

PEEIOD

I.

B.

The Orrescii probably also occupied a portion of that range, as some of their coins follow the Babylonia standard. The ;large octadrachms, &o., of these peoples belong to the Phcenician standard introduced from Abdera. "When Alexander I. of Macedon took possession of the Bisaltian territory, about b.c. 480, he adopted the Bisaltian coin types, and appears to have put an end to all coinages within his dominions except his own.
18. Coroyra. Obv. Cow suckling calf. Sev. Two oblong sinkings within which, floral pattern erroneously called Gardens of Alcinoiis. Wt. 170 grs.
;

M.

The Corcyreans
of
Alcinoiis.
19.

identified their island with the Scheria Homer, inhabited by the Phseacians and their king

rhocis. Wt. 44

zR.
grs.

Obv.

Bull's

head facing.

Sev.

Incuse

square.

20. Thebes.

.51. Obv. Bteotian shield. Sev. A cross within a circle, the archaic form of the letter 0, within a deep incuse. Wt. 190 grs.
.31.

21. Euboea.

Obv.

divided diagonally.

Wheel of four Wt. 126 grs.

spokes.

Sev. Incuse square,

The wheel
22.

is

the badge of Chalcis in Euboea.

Eubcea or Ceos.
divided diagonally.

M.

Obv.
grs.

Amphora.

Sev. Incuse square,

Wt. 127

This vase occurs on coins of Ceos of the ^ginetic standard ; and it is not improbable that the first coins of that island were Euboic in weight.
23. iiUboea.
.nx,
grs.

Obv. Bull's head facing.

Sev. Similar to preceding.

Wt. 133-7

The

bull's

head may allude to the name of the

island.

24. Eubcea. j5i. Obv. Gorgon-head. Sev. Similar, but a panther's head in one of the triangular divisions of the sunk square. Wt.
131-6 grs.

25. Euboea.

.M.

Obv. Gorgon-head.

Sev. Bull's head

facing in

incuse square.

Wt. 254-3

grs.

The above

coins, Nos. 21-25,

were formerly attributed

to Athens before the time of Solon, but they have been since restored by Prof. E. Curtius to Euboea. The Gorgon-head is probably the type of the city of Eretria,

"

B.C.

700-480.

11

as the

wheel

is

of Chalois.

probably dates from the time exiles in Eubcea.

PiAiE
6.

The when

tetradrachm, No. 25, the Pisistratidae were

26.

Athens
divided.

(?).

M.

06o.
grs.

Owl to left. &.

Incuse square, diagonally

Wt. 124

27.

Athens.
branch

M.

06d.

in incuse square.

Head of Athena. Jiev. Wt. 264:'8 grs.

Wt. 257
fine
grs.

hQE. Owl

and olive

28.

Athens.

M.

Similar.

examples of the archaic style of art in Hellas. It is probable that they are not much later than the time of Solon, or, in other words, of about the middle of the sixth century b.c. At this remote period Athens seems to have been one of the few cities which made use of double dies (reverse as well as obverse) for the coinage.
29. .3i]gina. JR. Obv. eight compartments.
Sea-tortoise.

These two tetradraohms are

Sev. Incuse square, divided into

Wt. 192

grs.

Phidon, king of Argos (8th cent. B.C.), is said to have been the first to introduce weights and measures into European Greece, and ^Egina was the first town in

Europe

to strike coins.
is

It is probable that the jEginetio

standard

that

which was introduced by Phidon.

;

30. Corinth.

Obv. Pegasus prancing beneath, koppa. Incuse square, divided into eight triangular compartments. 128-3 grs.

^.

JRev

Wt,

This is the earliest coinage of Corinth. from the time of Periander, b.c. 625-585.
31. Corinth.
^31,

It

may

date

Obv.

Incuse of peculiar form, pattern. Wt. 131-3 grs.

Pegasus standing beneath, koppa. Hev. resembling the so-called *' swastica
;

period,

These thin flat coins of Corinth are also of a very early though later than the preceding.
in the shape of a man on one knee and holding a stone in his hand. Mev. Labyrinth of " swastica " pattern, the four corners consisting of deep incuse squares. Wt. 184-8 grs.

32. Crete. CnosSUS. with the head of a

M.

Obv.

The Minotaur,

bull, kneeling

This
built

is

by

an early representation of the famous labyrinth Daedalus, the home of the Minotaur.

12
33. Ceos.
GrOresia.

PERIOD
JR.

I.

B.

Obv. Sepia

and dolphin.

Bev. Incuse

similar to that of No. 30.

Wt. 180

grs.

The coinage of Ceos at first followed the Euboio standard. This coin of Goresia is of the jEginetio weight, and of ahoTit the middle of the sixth century.
34. NaxOS.
Bev.

M.

Obv.

Incuse square quartered.

Cantharus wreathed with ivy and grapes. Wt. 187 grs.

35. ParOS.

Bev. Incuse JR. Obv. Goat kneeling and looking back. Wt. 187'5 grs. square, in eight triangular compartments.
Obv.

JR. 36. Siphnos. Wt. 197 grs.

Eagle

flying.

Bev.

Similar to

No.

34.

The
fabric,

early coins of the Cyclades are all of this globular and follow the iEginetic standard.

B.C.

700-480.

13

I.

C.

Plates 7-9.
PLATE?. 1. Etruria.

Populonia.

M.

Obv.

Gorgon-head, beneath which

grs.

X
This

(mark of value).
is

Sev. Plain.

Wt. 129-5

one of the most ancient coins of Etruria, although possibly not earlier than 480. Both the weight-standard and the type of this Etruscan money seems to be derived from Euboea (cf. I. B. 24).
2.

Campania.

Cumas.

JR.

Mussel with marine plant.

Ofc. Head of nymph. Wt. 117*2 grs.

Sev.

KYME.
earliest

The coins of the Campanian times struck on both sides.

3.

cities are

from the

Calabria.
incuse.

Tarentum. JR.
Wt. 111'6
grs.

06.

TARA^

(retrograde).

Apollo

Hyacinthius kneeling, holding lyre and flower.

ev.

Same type

4.

iarentum.

^.

Obv.

beneath, scallop shell.

Mec.

Same inscription. Taras riding on dolphin Same type incuse. Wt. 123 grs.

The oldest coins of Tarentum, with those of many of the neighbouring Greek cities of Southern Italy, are distinguished from all other early Greek coins by their having, instead of the plain incuse square, an incuse type on the reverse. All the coins of this style are probably
anterior to
6.
6. B.C.

500.

Tarentum.
Tarentum.
cuttle-fish.
shell.

M. M.
ii!eu.

Obv. Similar.
05b.
grs.

Rev. Wheel.

Wt. 122

grs.

TARA4.

TARA
Obv.

Taras riding on dolphin, holding 4 (retrograde). Sea-horse beneath, scallop

;

Wt. 124-5

7.

Tarentum. JR.
scallop shell.
lace.

TARA 4

Taras seated on dolphin

style,

beneath,

Mev.
grs.

Head of Taras, of archaic

wearing neck-

Wt. 122

"We learn from Aristotle that the youthful figure seated on the dolphin, -which is the most common type on the coins of this city, was intended for Taras, a son of Poseidon, from whom the city is said to have derived its name.
8.

Lucania.
back.

LaiiS.
Bev.

JR.

Obv.

fAfi.
incuse.

NOM.

Same type

Man-headed bull, looking Wt, 120-9 grs.

is

The inscription on this coin (Aaftvo;) obverse and completed on the reverse.

begun on the

14
9.

PERIOD
Laiis. back
-51.
;

I.

C.

Man-headed bull, looking Obv. (retrograde). in exergue, acorn. Jiev. Same inscription. Man-headed bull.

AAf

Wt. 123-7

grs.

10,11. Metapontum.
type incuse.

JR. Obv. META. Wt. 124-2 and 123-8 grs.

Ear of com.

Sev.

Same

less spread than No. 10, is re-struck The ear of stater similar to I. B. 31. com refers to the fertility of the territory of Metapontum, -which -w-as so great that the people of Metapontum -w-ere able to dedicate at Delphi " a golden harvest " (Strab. yi.

No. 11,

-wJiioli is

upon a CorintMan

264).
12. Posidonia. Si. Obv. (=nOZ retrograde). Poseidon naked but for chlamys, which hangs across his shoulders, wielding trident. Hev. Same type incuse, except inscription, which is in Wt. 115-5 grs. raised letters.
Plates. 13. Posidonia. Similar type.

MOP

M.
iJer.

Obv.

HOMEiAlKf'i i AT AM
Bull.

(Jloa-eLSayiaTas).
grs.

ROMEIAA.

Wt. 122

at the other Achaean to-wns of coins -with an incuse type on the reverse give place at an early period to pieces of smaller dimensions, -thicker, and ha-ving a type in relief on both

At

Posidonia,

as

Southern Italy, the

flat

sides.

14. Siris

and Pyxus.

M.

Obv.

with head turned back. Wt. 120-5 gi-s. incuse.

Sev.

MOV\ZqZM CSip7yos). Bull, flV+OEM (nu|((es). Same type

Monetary alliances of this kind between t-wo to-wns are not unusual in the sixth century in Southern Italy. The reverse inscription, Tlv^ovs, is the name of the to-wn in the nominative ; Stpivos is an adjective, also in the nominative case ; sub. voS/n/xos.
15. Sybaris.
Eev.

M.

Same type

Obv. incuse.

VM

(2u).

Bull, -with
grs.

head turned back.

Wt. 121-8

Sybaris -was colonized from Achsea about B.C. 720, and it enjoyed unexampled prosperity until B.C. 510, when it -was destroyed by Croton.
16. Velia.

M.

Oiw.

VEAH.

Female head, of archaic

grs.

style.

Sev.

Lion, above

which B.

Wt. 123-5
B.C.

Yelia -was

founded in

544,

by the

Phocaeans

B.C.

700-480.

15

who

left

their

Persians.

lion Phocsean colonies.

17. Bruttii.

The

native city rather than submit to the is a common type on coins of the

Caulonia. Obv. KAVA. Naked figure, holding in his raised right hand a branch, and on his outstretched left arm a small running figure with winged feet, which also holds a in front, a stag, looking back. branch Eev. Same type incuse, but small figure wanting. Wt. 128 grs.
;

M.

This type has been explained by Garrucci as an impersonation of the promontory Cocinthus holding the Wind-

god Zephyrus.
18. Caulonia.

M.

Obv.

KAVA
;

(retrograde).

Similar type.
grs.

Rev.

Same

inscription.

Stag

in field, branch.

Wt. 122-6

The same change of fabric is noticeable here as on coins of Tarentum, Nos. 4 and 6 ; Latis, 8 and 9 ; Posidonia, 12 and 13.
19. Croton. M. Wt. 115-7 grs. 20. Croton.
incuse.
Obv.

OPO.
Same

Tripod.

Sev.

Same

type, incuse.

^.

Obv.

inscription and type.

jRev.

Flying eagle,

Wt. 123*6

grs.

The earliest coins of Croton, an Achaean colony founded about B.C. 700, resemble in fabric those of the other Achaean cities, but, unlike those of Caulonia, Sybaris, &c., the series of its money is prolonged to a late period.
21.

Croton and Sybaris.

Sev.

JR.

Obv.

Same

inscription and type.

grs.

VM

(2u). Bull, looking back.

Wt. 123-9

This federal money of Croton and Sybaris together is of considerable value as an indication of the style and fabric in use before the great war which terminated, B.C. 510, in the destruction of Sybaris.
22.

Ehegium.

RECINON

JR. Obv. Charioteer in biga drawn by mules. Wt. 261-3 grs. (retrograde). Hare.

Sev.

Aristotle states that Anaxilaus, tjTant of Ehegium b.c. 494-476, having gained a victory at Olympia with the mule-car, a-n^vr], struck coins for Ehegium on which the mule-car was represented. This is one of the coins alluded to by the philosopher.

16
23. Terina.

PERIOD

I.

C.

Head of Terina. Sev. Obv. (retrograde). Nike Apteros, wearing long chiton, with diplois, standing. The whole in olive-wreath. 'Wt. She holds branch.
123-5 grs.

M.

TEP^NA.

N5KA

Terina was a colony of Croton. Its coins are of great beauty, but little is faiown of its hifitorT.
Plate
9.

24. Sicily.
i?fr'

Agrigentum.
Wt. 129-5
er.
grs.

M.

Obv.

AKRACANTOZ.

Eagle.

Crab.

25. Catana.
river-fish.

M.

Obc. Man-headed bull above, water-fowl ; beneath, KATANAION. Xike, holding wreath, walking
;

to the left.

''t.

266-8 grs.

If this coin of Catana does not belong to the period before B.C. 476, -wlien the inhabitants -svere expelled by Hiero I. of Syiacuse, and the name of the city changed to JEtna, it must be brought down to B.C. 461, when the Catanseans were reinstated.
26. Gela.
god).
Obr. <EAAE. Fore-part of man-headed ball (RiverHev. Quadriga, the horses crowned by flving Sike. Wt.

M.

265

grs.

Grelon, the tyrant of Gela,

conquered in the chariot-race

reverse-type of this coin

at Olympia, in

B.C. -iSS.

The

may commemorate
27.

the event.
Ohv. Cock.

Himera.

-l.

H-t. Four incuse triangles arranged

grs.

like the sails of a

milL

Wt. S9-5

The most ancient coins of the towns Himera, Xaxus, and Zancle in Sicily, and Ehegium and Ctunae in Italy, All these cities are Chalfollow the JEginetic standard. The coins of this standard struck at cidic colonies. Himera are all previous to e.g. 481, when Theron of Agrigentmn seized Himera and introduced the Attic standard.
23. Leontini.
corns.

-B.

AEONTINON.

&!>!!. Quadriga, the horses crowned by Nike. Ser. Don's head with open jaws around, foxir barley;

Wt. 264-3

i:r5.

This coin belongs, Kke Xo. 26 of Gela, to the time when Gelon was master of Leontini. The lion's head on the
reverse
is

a type pa riant.

29. Zancle.

Ji. Oir. DANKLE. Dolphin wit'ain a curved object representing the harbour of Zancle. Her. Shallow incuse, divided iiito several compartments ; in the centre, a shell. Wt. 85-6 grs.

The name of Zancle was derived from the old Sicilian word Dancle, a sickle, and had reference to the form of the harbour. The town was afterwards called Messana.

B.C.

700-480.
of lion, facing.
iJCT.

17

30.

Messana.
Calfs
liead.

JR. 06u. Head Wt. 267-1 grs.

MES3ENION.

After the taking of Miletus, B.C. 494, a band of Samians and under the advice of Anaxilaus of Ehegium seized the city of Zancle. Anaxilaus soon afterwards sent a mixed colony to Zancle, and changed its name to Messana. The Samian types of this coin show that it dates from this period, circ. b.c. 490-480.
sailed to Sicily,
31.

Naxus.
hair,

JR.
grs.

Ohv.

Headof Dionysus,
JReo.

witli pointed beard

and long

wearing ivy-wreatli.

N AXIOM.

Bunch

of grapes.

Wt. 87-2

Naxus was conquered by Hippocrates of Gela, in e.g. 498. The earliest coins of this city of ^ginetic weight are anterior to this conquest.
82. Segesta.

JR.

Ohv.

Hound

loolving
grs.

back

ZECEZTAIIB(=
damsel Segesta.

267(rTafi7; for 2c7C(rTai7)).

above, shell, tnurex. Eev. Head of Trojan

Wt. 127-3

This city was said to have been founded by Egestus

god Crimissus,
33. Selinus.

(the Acestes of Virgil), the son of Segesta, by the riverwho appeared to her in the form of a dog.
.31.

Ohv. Selinon-leaf.

Rev. Incuse square of t^Yelv8

divisions, the alternate ones deeper.

Wt. 128

grs.

This city derived

(parsley),

its

name from the plant

in abundance.

selinon

which grew there

34. Syracuse.

JR. Obv. JVRA. Quadriga. Bev. Incuse square, divided into four quarters ; in the centre an incuse circle contains Wt. 267-4 grs. a female head of archaic style.

This tetradrachm belongs to the time of the oligarchy who ruled Syracuse before Gelon became tyrant there in B.C. 485.
of the Geomori,
35. Syracuse.

SIYRA^OZION. Female head, of fine JR. Ohv. Eev. Quadriga, above archaic style, surrounded by four dolphins. which Nike alighting upon the yoke, and placing her hand upon the head of one of the horses. Wt. 263-6 grs.
delicate

work of this coin is extremely remarkable time (the reign of Gelon, B.C. 485-478) to which it The head surrounded by dolphins is that of the belongs. nymph Arethusa. The Olympian victory of Gelon is commemorated here, as at Gela, by the Victory, who crowns the horses of the chariot.

The

for the

18

PERIOD

II.

PEEIOD n.CIRCA

B.C.

480-400.

The coins of this period, which coincides -with that or the Athenian supremacy, may he divided broadly into two classes, (a) those which resemble more or less the archaic coins of Period I., and (J3) those which border upon the coins of the fully developed art of Period III. As a geographical order is adhered to in each section, early and late coins within the above limits are sometimes to be found side by side. In Asia Minor the important commercial city of Cyzicus, on the Propontis, gradually obtained something like a monopoly of coining electrum, the Great King retaining in his own hands that of coining pure gold. In European Greece the Athenian coinage had by far the largest circulation, and obtained so high a reputation, not only in Europe, but even in the far East, for purity of metal and accuracy of weight, that it was found inadvisable to make any improvement in the types, lest its circulation should be affected. The Corinthian money had also a wide circulation, The coins of Elis, chiefly however towards the West. unlike those of Athens and Corinth, present a great number of types and a continued development in style. In Italy the coinage of Tarentum is the richest. In Sicily Syracuse affords a larger variety of types than any other Greek city, and on this series the progress in style from archaic to fine art may be traced step by step. During this transitional period a great advance is noticeable in the technical skill with which the dies of the coins are prepared. The rude incuse square is generally superseded by a regular incuse square, containing sometimes a device, sometimes a more or less ornamental quartering, together with the name of the city or of the magistrate under whose jurisdiction the coin was issued. In Asia Minor the incuse square is for the most part retained down to a later date than in European Greece. Artistically the devices on the coinage of this period are characterised by an increased delicacy in the render-

PERIOD n.

19

ingof details and a truer understanding of tlie anatomical Btruoture of the human body, and towards the close of the period by greater freedom of movement, every effort being then directed to realize ideal conceptions, a complete mastery of technical skill having been attained during the preceding transitional stage.

The chief sculptors with whose works the coins of this period are contemporary are the following
:

Class

a.

Sicyou jEgina

Canachiis and Gallon and Onatas. Argos Ageladas, 508^52.

B.C.

Aristocies.

Rhegium
Class $.

Pythagoras, before B.C.

4-50.

Athens^^Calamis and Myron. Athens Myron, Phidias, and Alcamenes. Peloponnesus Polycletus, Pseonius of Mende.

The

principal extant works are

The

Class^a.

Class

|8.

sculptures of the Temple of Athena at jEgina. Munich. Casts in British Museum. Marble copy of Myron's Discobolus in the Palazzo Massimi, Rome. Another in British Museum. Parthenon sculptures. British Museum. The sculptures of the Theseium and of the Temple of Nike Apteros. Athens. Sculptures of the Temple of Zeus. Olympia. Casts in
Berlin.

Metopes of the third temple at Selinus. Palermo. The frieze of the Temple of Apollo at Phigaleia. British

Museum.
Caryatides

(One in the of the Erechtheum, Athens. British Museum.) Naples. ^Marble copy of the Doryphoros of Polycletus. Marble copies of the Diadumenos of Polycletus. British

Museum.
"S'ictory

by Pasonius.

Olympia.

c 2

20

PERIOD n. A.

II.

A.

Plates 10-11.
Plate
10.

1, 2.

Persia. AI, daric

I.

(n-t.

129

grs.),

and M,

siglos (wt. 84

grs.).

As
3.

A. 17, but of later style.

stater.
Obv. Horse

Uncertain electrum
flower.

prancing
grs.

beneath,

Rev. Incuse square, quartered.

Wt. 215'3
Sow.
Rei:.

4.

Uncertain electriim
quartered.
AVt.

stater.

Ohv.

Incuse square,

216

grs.

5.

Uncertain electrum
ornament.

stater.

Obv.

Cock

above which,
grs.

floral

Rev. Incuse square, quartered.

Wt. 216

These three staters of the Phoenician standard appear to be of later date than Nos. 8 and 9 of Period I. They are not to be confounded -n-ith the Cyzicenes, -which follow a
diiferent

monetary system.

6-19. Cj-zicus, &c.

EL.

Electrum staters of Cyzicus, of early style. Cyzicus appears to have had a monopoly of coining these staters and the becta?, which circulated in immense numbers throughout the ancient world from about B.C. 478 down They are frequently mento 387, and perhaj)s later. tioned both by writers and in inscriptions. The tunnythe types are extremely fish is the mint-mark of Cyzicus numerous. Of the above, the most interesting are No. 12, which represents the two golden eagles on the omphalos of Apollo at Delphi, which are mentioned by Pindar (Pyth. iv. 4), and No. 14, Cecrops, half man and half serpent, holding an olive-branch. The weight of the stater No. 15 is a hecte of Cyzicus (wt. 41 is about 248 grs. Nos. 16-19, hectas of PhooKa (wt. 40-38 grs.); the grs.), mint-mark on these being a small seal in addition to the coin type. No. 17 has also the head of a seal as the badge The hect;\; of Phoca;a of this period are of of Phocaja. comparatively pure metal, but afterwards they obtained a bad reputation throughout Greece for the base character of the gold of which they were composed. Hesychius, s. r
;

"tuKais

...

TO KaKUTTOv

)(pv<jiov.

B.C.

480-400.

21

20. Sinope.

06o. Head of nymph Sinope. ijec. eagle carrying dolphin in his talons. Wt. 88-4 grs.

M.

^INQ.

Sea-

Sinope was the wealthiest G-reek city on the coasts of the Euxine, of which its fleet was mistress as far as the entrance of the Bosporus. On its currency the city is likened to a sea-eagle seizing its prey in the waters.
21.

Apollonia
iJec.

ad

Ehyndaoum.

M. M.

A. Anchor.

Magistrate's name.

Obv. Head of Apollo. Wt. 226-4 grs. Obv. Anchor.

22. Apollonia
gon-head.

ad Ehyndaoum.
Wt. 50
grs.

ev. Gor-

This city stood on a small island or promontory through which the Khyndacus flows before emptying itself into the Propontis. These coins were formerly attributed to Astaous in Bithynia. They may be a little later than b.c. 400.
23.

Lampsaous.
Incuse square.

EL.

Obv.

Half sea-horse, in vine-wreath.

Sev.

Wt. 235

grs.

of the " Lampsacene staters " mentioned in Attic with staters of Cyzicus. About the end of the fifth century these coins were superseded by a currency in pure gold. (See III. A. 15-19.) The seahorse is a symbol of Poseidon.

One

inscriptions, together

24. Pordosilene.

M.

Obv.

Head

of Apollo,

wearing

taenia.

Sev.

nOPAOZIA. Lyre, in incuse square. Wt. 61 grs. Pordosilene was one of the little islands called Heoatonnesi in the channel between Lesbos and the mainland.
25.

Dardanus.

M.

Oto.

Cock, in incuse s(iuare.

Naked male figure on horseback. iJ^. Wt. 72*7 grs.

AA P.

The reverse of this coin bears a monogram composed of the letters iHi on which account it has been attributed to Zenis, satrap of ^Silolis, under Artaxerxes Mnemon. The figure on horseback has been erroneously supposed to represent the famous queen Mania, his wife, and successor in the satrapy.
26. Scepsis.

M.

Obv.

SKHN'ION.
Wt. 59
grs.

Forepart of Pegasus.

Eev.

Fir-tree and grapes.

Scepsis had belonged to Mania, but after her death Dercyllidas the Spartan got possession of this town, and restored the sovereign power to the citizens, B.C. 399. This is perhaps the date of the coin.

22
Platb u. 27.

PERIOD n.

A,

Methymna.

helmet Obv. Bo^r. ii-. Head of Athena, her adorned with Pegasns. MAGYMNAIOZ, in archaic characters, on both sides. Wt. 124,-6 grs.

M.

The pure archaic style of the head of Athena, the ancient forms of the letters, and the Euboic weight of the coin, mark it as not much, if at all, later than B.C. -ir'J.
2?. Mytilene.

Ja.

Obv.

Two

calves' heads face to face;

between

them

a tree.

Sev. Incnse square.

sijite

Wt. 169

jrs.

of its globular form, is not of archaic the metal pure. It seems, therefore, to belong to the latter part of the fifth century.

This coin, in

work; neither

is

29. Clazomense.
sqTiare.

iR.
105 grs.

Oli: Foret

ai-t

of winged bear,

ii'-.'r.

Iscuse

"Wt.

early coin, but probably not before B.C. iiO. Jilian relates that a winged Boar was said to have ravaged in

An

ancient days the Clazomenian

30. Colophon.

fields.
(retrograde).

^.

Oir.
He':.

KOAO<l>nN ION
Lvre in

Heal

of

Apollo, laureate.

inctise square.

Wt. S3

gr=.

A coin of Colophon under Persian rule ; the weight is that of the Persian siglos, and the style of art transitional.

31.

Ephesus.
Wt. 205

M.

Obv.

E4>EZI0N.

Bee.

i?:T.

Incuse square.

grs.

This Ephesian silver stater belongs to about the middle of the fifth century. The bee is connected with the worship of the Ephesian Artmis, and was the badge of the city.
32.

Erytnr^.
which
is

JK.

Obv.

Xakel youth holiin^

ii'er.

in a prancinc' horse,

square.

stung by a bee or wasp, Wt. 72 grs.

EPY0.
;

Flower

ia incuse

coin of the best transitional style

the bee

is

pro-

bably only the symbol of a magistrate.

33. TeOS. mask.

iR.

Obv.

er. Incuse square.

GriSn with forepaw raised; above, a bear led Wt. 17 3 grs.

;

.Si. Obv. Sphinx, seated before amphora 34. Chios. bunch of grapes, i^'cv. Incuse square. Wt. ii35-7

abore which,

grs.

Chios was famed for its wine, and the Sphinx This stater is not of the symbol of Dionysus.

is

first

currency of the island, but belongs to the period of the Athenian dominion, B.C. 473-412.

B.C.

480-400.
Sev.

23
Z^.
Forepart of ox, in

35.

Samos.

jE.

Obo. Lion's scalp.

incuse square.

Wt. 203

grs.

A coin of the latter end of the fifth century. The ox was the symbol of Hera, the tutelary goddess of Samos.
36. Cos.

JR. Obv. KOZ. Naked athlete, preparing to hurl the discus; behind him the prize tripod. ev. Crab in incuse square. Wt. 250
grs.

Cos, Lindus, lalysus, Camirus, and Cnidus made up the Dorian Pentapolis. The temple of the Triopian Apollo near Cnidus was the central point of this union.
37.

Termera.

M.

Obv.

TYMNO.

Herakles

kneeling.

Seo.

TEPMEPIKON.
Sir Charles

Lion's head in incuse square.

"Wt. 72-4 grs.

This highly interesting little coin was procured by Newton in the island of Cos. The obverse bears the name of Tymnes, a despot of Termera about the middle of the fifth century. He was probably a son of Histiseus the son of Tymnes of Termera, whom Herodotus mentions as serving in the fleet of Xerxes in B.C. 480.
38. Lycia.

JR. Obv. Head of Athena. Wt. 129 grs. in incuse circle.

Bev.

Head

of Persian satrap

The head

portrait, the earliest which occurs judging by style, is about b.c. 400.
39.

of the Persian satrap on this coin is, if a on a coin. The date,

Aspendus.
(style

Warrior armed with shield and spear Triskeles or Three-legs, and lion, both running, the whole in incuse square. Wt. 163 grs.
.iE.

Obv.

archaic).

Sev.

ETP.

The triskeles, like the wheel, is supposed by some to be a symbol of the sun. This opinion is borne out by its combination on this coin with the lion, a well-known solar symbol.
40. Cyprus.
character,

JR.

Obv.

scarabseus, and in front the crux ansata

ARI.
grs.

above which the Egyptian winged beneath, in the Cyprian ; Sev. Eagle with spread wings, in incuse square.
Bull,

Wt. 168-5

a coin of a king of Paphos, called perhaps Egyptian and Persian symbols are freAristophantus. The Cyprians derived quent on Cyprian monuments.

This

is

them from the

41. Cyprus.
in the

Phoenicians.
060.

JR.
grs.

Cyprian character.

Kam, accompanied by the name of Euelthon, Bev. Crux ansata in incuse square.

Wt. 169-5

^^

PEBIOD n. A.

The ram

Euelthon was one of the Teukrid kings of Salamis. is a symbol of Aphrodite Pandemos.

4/. Cyprus.
lion's skin

^. M.

OW. Herakles,
;

-n-ith

bow and

hangs bebind him.

Lion, seated
Obv.

Sec.

BAALMELEK,
ram's head.

club, advancing ; the in Phcenician

characters.

in field,

Wt. 166
in

grs.

43. Cyprus.
characters.

Similar.

Sev.
V\'t.

AZBAAL,
169-6 grs.

Phcenician

lion devouring stag.

Baalmelek (479-449) and Azbaal (449-425) were Phcenician

Hngs

hegemony

of the island

of Citiu'm in Cyprus. They shared the with the Greek kings of Salamis.

B.C.

480-400.

25

II.

B.

Plates ]2-14.
PiATi!l2, 1.

Abdera.
satyr.

M.

Obv.

IMOP.

Griffin;

in

the

field,

a dancing

Bee. Incuse square.

\Vt. 230-5 grs.

The money
2.

grifSn on the coins of Abdera is derived from the of Teos (see above, I. A. 24). The name of the magistrate, Smordotormus, is apparently Thracian.

Aenus.
Jiev.

JR. A\H\.

Obv.

Goat

Head of Hermes, of fine transitional style. in field, ivy-leaf within crescent. Wt. 248-9 grs.
Obv.

3.

Byzantium.

M.

PY.

Cow

standing on dolphin.
grs.

Eev.

Incuse square, granulated.

Wt. 229-9

The type

of the coins of

Byzantium

is

almost identical

with that of those of Chalcedon on the opposite side of the Bosporus, the name of which is referred to the cow, lo, who is fabled to have crossed here from one continent
to the other.
4.

Maronea.
Sev. 212-6 grs.

Em MHTPOAOTO.

M.

06p.

MAPnN.

Horse, prancing; above, canthams. Wt. Vine enclosed in square.

Maron, the mythical founder of this city, was a grandson of Bacchus. Maronea was famous for the excellence of its wine.
5.

Seuthes
Seuthes,

I.

KOMMA.
Sitalces
b.c.

M. Obv. Armed horseman. Sev. (The striking of Seuthes.) Wt. 132-5 grs.
of

EEYGA

king
424.

admitted him coin of Seuthes

6.

Thracian Odrysse, succeeded friendly to the Athenians, who Another to the privileges of citizenship.
the

He was

is

known, reading ZEY0A APTYPION.

Obv. Satyr, Itneeling, with a

Thasos. Thasos.
ivy.

JR.

nymph

in

his arms.

ev. Incuse square. 7.

Wt. 129

grs.

M.
Hev.

Obv.

Head of bearded Bacchus, wearing wreath of

0AZION. Herakles, drawing bow. Wt. 229-1 grs. The remarkable change of fabric, as well as standard, in the coinage of Thasos, which is noticeable in comparing Nos. 6 and 7, probably took place about B.C. 411, when the democracy in the island was overthrown.

26
8.

PEEIOD

ri.

B.

Acanthns.

iR.

A square, the

=t. 0:.r. Lion devouring lii:i. four q^janer; of whicii are granulate i.

AKANe^ON.
^t. ilya
grs.

About the year b.c. 42-t, the time of Brasidas, the Chalcidian towns generally exchanged the Attic for the Phcenician standard. Thi^ coin of Acanthus is of the
later system, after B.C. -24.
9.

blende.

2K. and teneath Wt. 260 gTS.

Wr. Dionvsas on
a=;. ^ dog.
'

ass: inir:i:t.

ec.

MENAAiON.

crjwseated in avinc, Vine with grapes.

A tetradrachm of the Attic standard, struck about the middle of the fifth century B.C. The Dionysiac types of this city refer to the famous Mendsean -w-ine.
10.

Olynthus.

.3J.

Obr. Ciiarictoer driving'quadriga.

er. Earle

drine. in incase sqnare.

Wt. 255'6

grs.

This is an archaic tetradrachm of the important city of Olynthus, struck sc'on after b.c. 479, when the Bottiaeans were expelled from C'lynthtis and the Chalcidian populaThe type may oommemorat* tion restored by Artabazus.

an Olympian victoiy in the chariot

11.

race.

Alexander
arrvirir

I.

vi Alacedon,
an

b.c.

49S-4.54.

JK.

Ojr. ilan

two

spears, standing
grs.

on the

fartiier side of a horse.

AAEZ ANAPO. round

square.

incline square,

H^r. contioiing a qnadxipartite

Wt. 447'5

An octadrachm of Alexander I., of the type and standard of the coins of the Bisalt<e; struck after his acquibition of the Bisaltian silver mines in 4S','.
12.

Archelaus
ka-jisia

I., B.C. 41:3-399. JR. C6v. Horseman wearing and chlamys, and armed with two spears. er. APXEAAO.

FoTOjart of goat to right, in incnso square.

Wt. lo7-5

grs.

Pl4Ib

13.

13- Tarissa.
Sev.

JR.
grs.

Obr.

AAPIZAl.

Man seizing bull bv the horns. In ex. TO. H.rso galloping; the whole in incnse square.
for their skill in

Wt. 94

The Thessalian youths were renowned

catching bulls and taming horses.
14. Corcyra.

-E.

j./ittern, so-cslled

Otr. Cow suckling gardens of Alcmo-is.

calf.

Ecv.

KOP.

Floral

Wt. 169

grs.

Cf. I.

B. IS.
JR.
which

1518. Thebes.
in

licv. Incuse square, Ha;-monia, da'^;hter of Ares and Aphrodite, and wife of Cadmus, seated, holding helmet. Wt. 185 grs.

(15)

Oiv. Boeotian buckler.

0EBA.

B.C.

480-400.
bow and
off

27
club.

(16)
185

EB.

Herakles, walking, holding

grs.

188 grs.
tripod.

(17) GEBAIOJ. (18) 0EBAION.

Herakles stringing his bow. Herakles carrying

Wt. Wt.

the Delphic

These

Wt. 184 grs. Theban coins are fine

examples of the style of

art immediately preceding that of Phidias. previous to 430.

They

are all

19-23. Athens.

branch, in incuse square.

Head of Athena. Bev. AQE. Owl and olive(19) Decadraohm (wt. 659 grs.); (20) Tetradraohm (wt. 265 grs.); (21) Didrachni (wt. 129 grs.); (22) Drachm (wt. 65 grs.) (23) Hemidrachm
06b.
;

(wt. 32-5 grs.).

It is instructive to compare these coins with I. B. 27, 28 ; the later coins are " archaistio," the earlier truly archaic in style. The archaic style and execution of the Athenian money is to be accounted for by the fact that any alteration in the appearance of coins having so wide a circulation as those of Athens might have damaged their credit. This fixed hieratic character of the coinage of one of the greatest Hellenic cities remains, however, an isolated fact in Greek numismatics.
24. jiEgma.
j5J. Land tortoise. Obv. Al. Hev. Incuse divided into five compartments, within which the letters dolphin. Wt. 189 grs.

square

and

The coins of iEgina were popularly called This island ceased to strike silver money in when it became part of the Athenian empire.
25. Corinth.
Pallas
;

x^^'^""-'--

B.C.

456,

.31.

Obv.

Pegasus;

beneath, koppa.
grs.

ev.

Head

of

behind, koppa.

Wt. 132"5

The staters of Corinth were sometimes called irSAoi, on account of the Pegasus which they bore. In the earliest period the name of the city was spelt with a koppa (Q instead of K), which is afterwards retained as a distinguishing mark on its coinage. Nest to the money of Athens, that of Corinth had the widest circulation in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C., especially in the' districts to the north of the Corinthian Gulf, and in Sicily and Southern Italy.
Plate
14.

26-34. Elis.

JR.

(26)

06b.

Eagle,

with serpent.

ev.

FA.

Thunderbolt. Wt. 182 grs. (27) Obv. FAAEION. Eagle, with serpent. Kike running, carrying wreath. Wt. 185-2 Sev. F A. grs. (28) Similar, of later style. Wt. 185 grs. (29) Obv. Head of the Olympian Zeus. Bsv. F A. Thunderbolt, in laurel-

'

28
wrcath.

PERIOD n. B.
Wt. 185
Ben.
grs.

(30)

Stephanos.

FA.

Obn. Head of Hera, wearing upright Thnnderbolt, in wxeatfa, Wt. 187 grs.

Obv. Eagle deronring hare. Sev. F A. Kike seated on a base. In the exergne, a branch of laurel. Wt. 183 grs. [The reverse type of this coin was copied hy 3Ir. T. Wyon, the engraver of the medal stmck to commemorate the battle of Waterloo.] (32) Obv. Eagle's head and leaf of bryonia (?). See. F A. Thunderbolt, in

(31)

wreath.

Wt. 185

grs.

(33)

Obv. Eagle deyonring ram.

Sen.

190-8 grs. (34) Obs. Eagle deronring Thmiderbolt. hare. ev. FAAEION. Thunderbolt, with two wings; one eitremity ornamented. Wt. 183 gts.

FA.

Wt

The series of the staters of Elis is one of the most varied and beautiful in the whole range of Greek coins. Artiste of the highest abilities were employed at this mint. The types lefer to the worship of Zens and Heia at Olympia. The digamma 'was not abandoned on the coins of Elis nntil Soman times.
35-38. Crete.
Ser.

Europa seatedin tree. Wt 189 grs. (36) Itanns. Obe. Triton striking with trident ev. ITA. Two marine serpents, fiice to face. Wt 173 grs. (37) PhsBStUB. Obv. CEAXANOZ (retrograde). Velchanos (a Cretan form of Zens) seated on the stump of a tree, with a cock on his knees. Sev. 0AIST. (rtograde) BulL Wt 182-8 grs. (38) Phaestns. Obv. Herakles contending with the Lemsan Hydra ; at his feet is the crab. Sev. t>AimON. Bull. Wt. 181 grs.

2S.

(35) Gortyna.
(retrograde).

06c.

rOPTVNION

Bull.

The coins of the Cretan cities are remarkable for the unconventional style in which the sabjects represented are treated. Some of them are very fine "works of art, others snrprisliigly barbarons. The coins of Grortyna refer to the abduction of Enropa by Zens, in the form of a bnlL The assistance rendered by the crab to the hydra (Xo. 38) is mentioned by Apollodoms (Biblioth. u. 5, 2). Some of these Cretan coins may with eqnal probability be given to the earlier half of the next centory, as many of them are re-stmcfc on coins of Gyrene which can hardly be earlier than B.C. 400.
39. Enboea. Eietria. .&. Obv. lo, as a cow, scratching herself; on her back a bird. Sev. E. Cuttle-fish. Wt 265 grs.

In Enbcea the spot was shown on which lo was believed to have been killed, as well as the cave in which she gave birth to Epaphns. The bird on the cow's back is perhaps Zens, who, in the form of a bird, gnided Hermes to the place where Hera had tied lo to a tree.

B.C.

480-400.

29

II.

C.

Plates 15-17.
1.

EtrUTia.

JR. Obv. Winged Gorgon running, holding in either hand a serpent. Bev. EH. Archaic wheel, haying long axlebeam crossed by two bands curving outwards. Wt. 171'6 gi'S.

is

This coin has been attributed to Fajsulaj. The Gorgon the symbol of the worship of the moon-goddess, the wheel of that of the san-god (of. II. A. 39 III. C. 2). The date may be about the middle of the fifth century, or The weight-standard is Persic. earlier.
;

2.

Campania.

Cumse.

M.
;

Obv.

Female head.

Ecv.

KVMAION

(retrograde).

Mussel shell

above which, pistrix (sea-serpent).

Wt. 115-9 grs.

be assigned to the period of jjrosperity after her deliverance from the Etruscans by Hiero I. of Syracuse, b.c. 474.

This coin

may

which Cumee enjoyed

3.

Neapolis.
Rev.

JR.
grs.

Obv.

Head

of

NEnOVlTE5

(in archaic

Athena; helmet bound with characters). Man-headed

olive.

bull.

Wt. 115
4.

Calabria.

Tarentum. Taras, Obv. TAPANTINQN. naked, helmeted, holding aplustre and round shield ; seated on back Man, seated, holding distatf beneath which, fish. Rev. of dolphin Wt. 122'9 grs. at which a young panther jumps.
;

M.

seated figure may represent the Demos of Tarenon this coin compels us to place presence of it in the last years of the fifth century.

The

tum.

The

5.

Lucania.
Rev.

Heraclea.
Lion.

HE.

JR. Wt. 20-8

Obv.
grs.

Head

of Herakles, in lion's skin.

is
6.

Heraclea was founded by the Tarentines, one of its earliest coins.

B.C.

433.

This

Metapontum.
Thurium.
JR.

JR.

Obv.

META.

Ear of corn.
grs.

Rev.

Apollo,

naked, holding branch and bow.

7. Obv.

Wt. 123-6
;

Head of Athena
fish.

helmet bound with olive

; ;

ifei'. above, <t>. In e-xergue, beneath, bird.

0OYPIQN.

Bull, -walking, with head lowered Wt. 119-1 grs.

Thurium, on the Tarentine Gulf, was one of the latest of all the Greek colonies in Italy. It was colonized from Athens about B.C. 443, and occupied a position near the site of the deserted Sybaris. The style of the head of Athena on this coin may be compared with II. 0. 3 of Neapolis.

30
8. Telia.

PERIOD
M,.
O^r.

II.

C.

VEAHTEnN.
9.

Lion

Female head, wearing diadem of pearls. Sev. abore which, owl flying. Wt. 117-6 grs.
;

Brtlttii.
left

Caulonia.
;

arm extended

of this city appears to be later in date tlian the end of the fifth century B.C.
10. Croton.

KAYAONIATAZ. None of tlie money

Ohr. Apollo, naked, holding branch .31. Ren. on either side of him, a dolphin. Wt. 122-8 grs. Stag.

3X. Oh: Eagle perched on the capital of a column of the Ionic order ; in the field, a laurel-branch. Sec. QPO. Tripod, Wt. 116 grs. n-ith a fillet attached to one handle.

This is the tripod of the Pythian Apollo -who was worshipped at Croton, in a temple called the Pythion.
11. Pandosia.

JS.

Ohv.

riANAOSIA

(in

archaic

characters).

of nymph Pandosia, wearing broad diadem ; the whole in (in archaic characters). Eiver iJfv. laurel-wreath. Crathis naked, standing, holding patera and olive-branch ; at his 104-7 Wt. grs. feet, a fish.

Head

KPA0IZ

The archaic forms of the letters on this coin are not consistent with the style of art, which is that of the middle or latter portion of the fifth century. The inscription is therefore an affectation of archaism.
12.

Ehegium.

M.

Ohv. Lion's scalp, facing.

Eev.

RECINOS.

Bearded figure, naked to waist, seated, his right resting on staff; beneath his seat, a dog. The whole in laurel-wreath. 'SVt. 267-6 grs.

The seated figure on this coin, like that on II. C. -i of Tarentum, may represent the Demos of the city. Coins of this type may date from the time of the expulsion of
the despots,
B.C.

461.

.31. 13. Terina. Obi\ Head of Xike, wearing across forehead diadem ornamented with honeysuckle pattern behind, <t> the whole in laurel-wreath. Sev. TEPINAION. Winged Xike or Eirene, seated on rase, holding caduceus and bird. Wt. 119-5 grs.
;
;

This

is

one of the most

esq-uisi-fce

productions of the

art of die-engraving. The <}) on the obverse is the artist's signature. Nos. II. C. 7, of Thurium, and III. C. 22, of Pandosia, appear to be by the same engraver, who was doubtless well known in Southern Italy. All the finest coins of Terina of this period are by him.
Plate
16.

Agrigentum. A7. Ohv. 14. Sicily. pent beneath, two pellets. Rev. Crab
;

AKP.
;

Eagle devouring serbeneath, magistrate's name,

ZlAANOZ. Wt. 20-4 grs. About the year B.C. 412, gold money appears

to

have

B.C.

480-400,

31

first coined in Sicily. The gold coins of this first issue are all small. Cf. II. 0. 19, of Catana ; 23, of Gela, and 39, of Syracuse.

been

15.

Agrigentum.

Obv. Eagle on capital of column. Sov. Crab; beneath which, floral scroll. \Vt. 2G8-7 grs.

M.

AKRACANTOS.

which
16.

This coin belongs to the beginning of the period to it is here classed.

Agrigentum.

JR. Obv. Two eagles, standing on hare, the one about to tear the prey, the other raising its head and screaming. In field, the horned head of a young river-god above, (magistrate's name). Sev. AKPAPANTINON. Nilce driving quadriga; above, vine-branch with grapes. Wt. 267 "8 grs.
;

ZTPATQN

Agrigentum was destroyed in B.C. 406. This coin belongs to its last years. The style of the reverse may be compared with some of the Syracusan coins of Period III., and the eagles on the obverse suggest a comparison with the chorus in .ffisch. Again. 115.
17.

Camarina.

M.
;

rakles in lion's skin

Obv. Head of young Hein front, olive-leaf and berry. ; Jiev. Athena
is

KAMAPlNAinN.

driving quadriga she exergue, grain of corn.

crowned by Nike, who Wt. 260'5 grs.

flies

above.

In

The
18.

letter

the year 409.

Camarina was destroyed in

.51.

occurs occasionally on Sicilian coins before b.c. 405.

Obv.

Camarina.
facing
;

Horned head of young river-god Hipparis,

;

on either

side,

a fish

name EYAI.

Sev.

KAMA.

holding her veil as a sail, beneath, a fish. Wt. 122-8 grs.

within a border of waves. Artist's Camarina, seated on swan, and passing over water behind and
all

Nymph

This is one of the most poetical of the works of Evaenetus unfortunately, it is not in very good pre;

servation.
19.

Catana.

A7.

06o.

Head

hippocamp.

Bev. KA.

Two

of Athena, wearing helmet adorned with olive-leaves with berries, Wt. 18 grs.

See above, II. C. 14.

20. Catana. Sev. Quadriga

M.

Obv.
;

KATANAKON].

horses walking.

Head of Apollo, Wt. 266'4 grs.

laureate.

21. Catana. M. Obv. KATANAION. Head of Apollo or Rivergod Amenanus?; behind,' laurel-leaf and berry. Mev. Quadriga; Wt. 265'5 grs. horses walking, crowned by Nike.

when

These tetradrachms are subsequent to the year B.C. 461, the expelled inhabitants of Catana were reinstated

by the Syracusans.

32
22. Gela.

PERIOD

II.

C.

Forepart of man-headed bull (river Obv. CEAAZ. In exergue, Sev. Quadriga ; horses crowned by Nike. honeysuckle ornament. Wt. 264'8 grs.
Gelas).

M.

23. Gela.

AF.

Obv.

Horseman armed with

gian helmet. Sec. TEAAZ. grain of corn. Wt. 27 grs.

spear, and wearing PhryForepart of man-headed bull ; above,

This coin was struck between about Tlie tetradraclim, No. 22, is earlier.

B.C.

412 and 405.

24. Gela. .3i. Obv. Homed head of young river-god Gelas hair Hev. PEAQION. bound with taenia; around, three fishes. 264'6 driven by above, olive-wreath. Wt. grs. Quadriga Nike
;
;

The presence of the letter CI on this it must have been struck shortly before was destroyed.
25.

coin shows that 405, when Gela

Himera.

JR. Obv. Xymph Himera, sacrificing at altar; behind her, Silenus bathing under a fountain, which issues from a lion's head; above, a grain of corn. Hev. ION (retrograde). Quadriga ; charioteer crowned by Nike. Wt. 265'3 grs.
I

M EPA

Himera was destroyed in B.C. 408. This beautiful coin probably dates from about the middle of the century.
26. Leontini.

JR. 060. Head of Apollo, laureate beneath, lion around, three laurel-leaves. Sev. Quadriga charioteer crowned by Nike. In exergue, lion. Wt. 260 grs.
; ;

VEONTINON.

work

This coin of the latest archaic style seems to be the of the artist who engraved the famous Demareteion of Syracuse (II. C. 33) it may well have been struck in B.C. 476, when Hiero established at Leontini a colony of exiled Catanteans and Naxians.
;

27. Leontini.

JR.
grs.

Oiu.

Head of Apollo,
Lion's head
;

laur.

(in archaic characters).

i?ei\ V EONTINOCN] around, four grains of corn.

Wt. 269-5

coin of the purest transitional style of about the middle of the fifth century.
28.

Messana.

JR.

Obv.

Rev. Biga dolphin. In exergue, dolphins.

MEZZANION. Hare; beneath which, drawn by mules charioteer crowned by Nike. Wt. 266-9 grs.
;

The hare and the mule-car were first adopted as cointypes according to Aristotle by Anaxilaus, who won a victory with the mule-car at Olympia, and is said to have introduced hares into Sicily.

B.C.

480-400.

33

PiAii; 11.

29.

AaxUS.
Sev.
tail,

.at.

NAXION.

seated 269-2 grs.

Head of bearded Dionysus, crowned with iyyNaked Silenus with pointed ears and horse's on the ground, with a wine-cup in his hand. Wt.
Obv.

30.

Naxus.

Rev.

NAZION.

in his left hand, and

by his

Similar types, but Silenus holds thyrsus side grows ivy. Wt. 264-7 grs.

of these t-svo coins, tte first struck about 460, the second to-wards the end of the century, sho-ws the transition from the strong firm style -which characterises the earlier period to the softer modelling and more ornate -work of the later.
B.C.

A comparison

31. Segesta. Obv. XELEZTAIIA (sic). Head of Segesta, wearing sphendone ornamented with stars beneath, stallt of barley. Hev. Youthful hunter (river-god Crimissus?), accompanied by hounds ; he stands before a term, his left foot placed upon a rock. Wt. 260 grs.
;

M.

The terminations
local dialectic
32. Selinus.

II A and II B on coins of Segesta are forms equivalent to Se-yeo-Taia and Se-yeo-raiTj.

Obv.

JR.
;

ZEAINOZ.

Young

river-god Selinns sacri-

which is a cock, indicating it as sacred to Asklepius in the left hand of Selinus is the lustral branch behind him, a selinon-leaf and an image of a bull standing on a base. ZEAINONTION (retrograde). Apollo and Artemis in liev. quadriga Apollo discharging arrows. Wt. 269 grs.
ficing at altar, before
; ;

libation offered by the river-god to Asklepius refers to the draining of a marsh by means of -which the territory of the city -was relieved from a plague sent by the god Apollo, referred to by the reverse type. similar idea is represented on the coin of Himera, No. 25, above.

The

33. Syracuse. OTv. 2YRAKOZION. Head of Nike, laureate, surrounded by dolphins. Eev. Quadriga, horses walking, crowned by Nike. In exergue, lion. Wt. 685-6 grs. Pentecontalitron or decadrachm.

M.

These coins -were called Demareteia because they -were coined from the proceeds of a present given to Demarete, wife of Gelon, by the Carthaginians, on the occasion of the peace concluded between them and Gelon by her intervention, B.C. 480.
34-38. Syracuse.
series of tetradrachms illustrating the various modes of treating the head of Arethusa on the coinage during All these coins are remarkable for the fifth century B.C. refinement and elegance of style.

34
39.
Syracxi.se.

PERIOD E.

C.

Incuse B-iv. ZYPA. A'. Ob'-. Head of Herakles. square, divided into four parts in the centre of which, a temale head. Wt. 17-9 grs.
;

This coin, lite

B.C.

11. C. 14. 19,

and

23.

dates from about

is

The incuse square containing a female head imitated from the earliest silver money of the city
412.

(I. C. 34).

40. It^vracuse. M. Oic. ZYPAKOZION. Head of Areriusa, sorrounded by dolphins; on the band across her forehead, the artiste name. EYMHNOY. Rer. Qnadriga, the charioteer crowned bv Xike. Wt. i66-l grs.

The engraver

of this coin spells his

name sometimes

with an H, sometimes with an E. Most of his work appears to be earlier than the end of the fifth century. This artist may be said to have introduced the highly
ornate style -which characterises the .Syraeusan coinage of the age of Dionysius the Elder.

PERIOD

III.

35

PERIOD

III. CIRCA

B.C.

400-336.

During the war in Asia Minor between the Spartans under Agesilaus and the Persians, Oyzicus continued to
strike her electrum staters in large quantities.

On

this

currency the incuse reverse of archaic times was to the Probably about the time of the Peace of last retained. Antalcidas, or shortly afterwards, this famous coinage began to decline, and was generally superseded by a gold currency, of which Lampsaous seems to have been the principal mint. Ephesus, Samos, Chios, Cos, and Ehodes now furnish the larger portion of the silver currency of western Asia Minor, while in the east the Phoenician cities of Sidon, Tyre, and Aradus begin about B.C. 400 to strike large silver coins, the circulation of which extended along the caravan routes across the desert as far as the banks of the Euphrates and the Tigris. In the north the gold coinage of Panticapasum, the modern Kertch, is remarkable for its peculiar weight, as compared with that of other towns. In Macedon the gold and silver currency of the Chalcidian League was predominant until it was finally extinguished by Philip, when about B.C. 358 he began to work the gold mines of Philippi, and re-organised the coinage of the Macedonian empire. In central Greece the chief currencies were those of Thebes, Athens, and Corinth. In Peloponnesus the Messenians and the Arcadians, under the protection of Epaminondas, began to strike money, though not in large
quantities.

In Italy the rich gold and silver coinage of Tarentum rivalled by the silver of Neapolis and Metapontum. In Sicily, down to about B.C. 345, when the Dionysian dynasty was finally expelled, the splendid coinage of Syracuse had only to compete with that of the Carthaginian dominions. After Sicily was freed from her tyrants by Timoleon of Corinth, the Pegasus staters supersede the larger coins of the age of the Dionysii.

was only

D 2

36

TEP.iOD in.

During this period the numismatic art reached the highest point of excellence which it has ever attained. The devices on the coinage are characterised by intensity of action, pathos, charm of bearing, finish of execution, and rich ornamentation. The head of the divinity on the obverses of the coins of numerous cities is represented facing and in high relief. Among the most remarkable of these heads are those of Apollo at Clazomense, Ehodes, &c., of Hermes at Aenus, of Apollo at Amphipolis, of the nymph Larissa at the city of that name in Thessaly, of Hera Lacinia at Pandosia in southern Italy, of Arethusa and Athena at Sj-racuse, and of Zeus Ammon at Cyrene. The fine head of Zeus on the silver coins of Philip of Macedon was perhaps copied from that of the famous
statue of Zeus at

Olympia by Phidias.

the most remarkable reverse-types are the seated figures of Pan on the coin of Arcadia, and of Herakles on coins of Heraclea and Croton. As a rule, however, the reverse-types are less varied and interesting than those of the latter part of Period II. During this period it is not uncommon to find at certain cities, especially in Sicily, the name of the artist in small characters, generally in the field of the coin. The principal sculptors of this period are the Athenians Scopas and Praxiteles, and the principal extant works with which the coins should be compared are
The Mausoleum sculptures. British Museum. The Choragic monument of Lvsicrates. Athene. The statue of Dionysos from the Choragic monument of ThrasyUos, British Museum. B.C. 320. The statue of Hermes, by Praiiteles. Olvmpia. The head of Asklepios or Zeus from Melos. British Museum. The sculptures of the Niobides, by Seopas or Praxiteles. Copies in
Florence.

Among

Two male

heads from the Temple of Athena at Tegea, probably by

Scopas.

B.C.

400-336.

37

III.

A.

Plates 18-20.
FlAie
18.

1.

Jrersia.
Incuse.

A;

06c.

Daric.

King kneeling with bow and dagger. Wt. IL'8 grs.

Eev.

2.

X ersia.
Incuse.

A/

Obv, Youthful king with bow and spear. (Countermarked.) Dane. Wt. 12G'8 grs.
.

Rev.

3. 1 ersia.

jR.

Rev. Incuse.

Ohv. Half-length figure of king Siglus. Wt. 82 grs.

with bow and arrows.

4-7. Cyzious.

EL.

staters (wt. 248 grs.) of the best period of art.

is especially beautiful. The incuse reverse of these coins is a survival of the archaic style which prevailed when the electrum
7,

No.

with the head of the veiled Demeter,

coinage of Cyzious commenced.

8.

Cyzious.
Rev.

M.
I.

06.

SiOTEIPA. Head

of

Demeter or Persephone.

KYI Lion's head, and tunny. Wt. 232-5 grs. One of the gems of Greek art, but unfortunately
worn.
9-13. Heotee, of
Wt. about 40

slightly

electrum, of the period of finest art.

grs.

Many of the towns of the western coast of Asia llinor belonged to a monetary league. These heot, the currency of the union, were probably issued sometimes at one mint, sometimes at another.
14.

Abydos.

A/. Ohv. Nike sacrificing ram. Rev. Eagle aplustre, the whole in incuse square. Wt. 129 grs.

symbol,

like

Abydos, on the Asiatic side of the Hellespont, began, Lampsacus, to coin money in pure gold about the year 400 or perhaps a little earlier. There were gold mines within the territory of the city.
15-19. Lampsacus. A/. Obverses. (15) Head of Jtenad 1307 grs. (16) Demeter rising from the soil; wt. 129-3 (17) Head of Odysseus (?) in conical laureate hat wt. 129-1 (18) Head of Bacchante with pointed car; wt. 128-5 (19) Nike erecting a trophy wt. 130-2 grs. Reverses. Half
;

wt.
grs.
grs.

grs.

sea-

horse.

The gold coins of Lampsacus, which superseded the older electrum staters (cf. II. A. 23) about the end of the fifth century B.C., continued to be issued until about

38

PERIOD UI.

A.

the time of Alexander. Among them are to be found some of the most beautiful specimens of Greek art in
coins.

20, 21. Tenedos. jil. Oht. Janifonn head, male and female, Zeus and Hera (?). Rev. TENEAION. Donble-aie. Infield, magisWts. 200 grs. and .55 grs. trate's letters and two symbols.

Tenedos appears to have coined silver money of this type at three different epochs tirst, in the early period, before the Persian wars, on the Babylonic standard (of. I. A. 19) second, about the time of Alexander the Great, when the island revolted from Persia, on the Phoenician standard, of -which coinage these two specimens are examples; and, third, about B.C. 189 (cf. YI. A. 13), on the Attic standard.
:

22. Heracleia. M. Obv. Head of Herakles. Head of city Heracleia. Wt. 177 grs.

ec.

HPAKAEIA.

This is a corn of Heracleia Pontica, struck probably in the reign of the Tyrant Satyrus B.C. 353-347.
23.

Methymna. M.
A'.

Ofe.

Lyre on raised square within incuse.

Plati
19.

Head of Athena. i??r. MA0YMNAION. Wt. 99 grs.

Head of Apollo, Wt. S5 grs.
Similar,
2.;0-6
fall face.

24. Clazomenae.

Obv.

Bev.

KAAIO
and

A0HNArOPAZ.
25, 26. ClazomenEe.

Swan.

M.
Wt.

but with

HPAKAEIA
gi-5.

MANAPflNAZ.
graver's signature

GEOAOTOZ

grs.

Xo. 26 also has EPIOEI. Wt. 2615

the en-

In the territory of Clazomenee there -was a temple of Apollo the swan is one of the symbols of this god, who sometimes even assumes its form (Xonnus, Dionys. ii. 218). The delta of the Hermus abounds in wild swans, and the name of Clazomenee may be due to their shrill cries. The above coins are magnificent examples of the full-face type of Apollo; they may be compared with coins of Ehodes, Aenus, Amphipolis, and Syracuse. The fashion of placing full-face heads on the coinage is
;

characteristic of the fourth century.

27.

Colophon or lasus?
er.

M.

0?r.

Heai of Persian

king.- r^trap.

BAZIA.

Lyre.

Wt. 236-2

grs.

A striking portrait of a Persian satrap (?), perhaps PharnabazuB, or Tissaphemes, wearing the tiara, not the royal The reverse indicates that the coin was struck by ktdaris. the authority of the Great King.

B.C.

400-335.
Lion's scalp.

39^

28.

Samos.

JR.

Obo.

ZA.

Rev.

SYN. HE.

Infant Heia-

kles strangling serpents.

Wt. 178
E<t>.

grs.

29.

EphesUS.
ceding coin.

M.

Obv.

Bee; beneath,

Bev. As pre-

Wt. 176'6

grs.

Ttese two coins, witli others similar, of Eliodes, Cnidus and lasus, are valuable historical records of an. alliance

by these five cities, b.c. 394-387, for the maintenance of their independence and neutrality in the conflict between Sparta and Athens. The type selected for this coinage is borrowed from coins of Thebes (III. B. 27), at this time the great rival of Sparta. It also occurs on certain coins of Croton, in Italy, struck about b.c. 389, when the Greek colonies of southern Italy, menaced by Dionysius I. of Syracuse, formed an alliance for their mutual defence.
entered into
30.

Ephesus.

M.

Obv.

E*.

Bee.

Eev.
grs.

APIZTOAHMOJ'.

Forepart of stag and palm-tree.

Wt. 234

specimen of the Ephesian coinage, between the Peace of Antalcidas and the time of Lysimachus. Both the stag and the bee refer to the worship of Artemis.
31. Chios.
232
grs.
.Si,.

Obv.

Sphinx,
cross-bar

BAZIAEIAHZ

on

the

amphora, and grapes. of an incuse square.

J?iv,

Wt.

The magistrate's name marks this coin as of a later date than S^o. 34 of Period II. A.
32. Cnidus.

JR.

Obv.

Head of the Cnidian Aphrodite.

lion, in incuse square.

iTcti.

EOBQAO.

Forepart of

Wt. 233

grs.

A coin apparently of the early part century.

33.

of the

fourth

Mausolus.

ZOAAO.
sceptre.

JR. Obv. Head of Apollo, facing. Sev. MAY5"Zeus Labrandeus, carrying double axe (AajSpus) and Wt. 232-5 grs.
B.C.

Mausolus was satrap of Caria, were struck at Halicamassus.

34. Pixodarus.

377-353.

His coins
profile.

A7. JR.
.

Obv.

mZQAAPO.
35. Pixodarus.
I

Similar.
Obv.

Head of Apollo, Wt. 64 grs.

of

in

Sev.

Head

Apollo, facing.

Bev.

Similar.

n ZQAA PO Y Wt. 108 grs. The date of Pixodarus was 340-335. During period the genitive in O is superseded by that in OY.

thii

40
PiArE
20.

PZEIOD

III.

A.
Sec.

36. Cos. JE.. Oil. Head of bearded Herakles. and clnb; beneath, AION. Wt. iij gr5.

KfllON. Crab

It is iniitructive to

compare the stvle of

Head
;

this coin

with

that of Period lY. A. Xo. 32.

37.

Rhodes.

A".

C'/r.

ot

in locks sjegsrtiTe of rays.

er.

Helios, r-7: fate, hii hair arranrei Rose with bTii. a-

POAION.

vine-spray with grapes

the whole in incase

sq-j are.

V. t. l.j-'6

zrs.

The three ancient cities of the island. Lindiis. lalysus. and Camirus. combined in e.l. 4' '^ to found the city of Ehodes. Tliis coin is one of the finest Greek coins which
have come down to us. AT. Waddington, on account of the incuse square, places it in the first half 'A tue fourth cent., but it may l:>elong to the second haK.
3>. Ehodes.

Si.

.similar.

Sfhiiii in the eld.

of At'r.ena.

Wt. ""i-2

grs.

39. Lycia.

and Lycian letter, /.r:. Head Wt. 126":' grs. of bearded Herakles. and Lycian iiiiCTipti.iin.
OVr.

Ji.

Head

The inscriptions on the Lycian cc'iiis of the fourth century desigTiate usually dynasts. h'H someTixiies towns.
40. Tarsus.
ZetLs

in tie Aramaic iarater. on tnrone. holding sceptre. Letters ani grapes in the rield. liev. Aramaic inscrt^'tion. Lijn deTonring Wt. 171 grs. t:iii beLe..tfi. walled citv.
.5J. Ohr. of Tarsus, seated
;

BAALTARS.

The Aramaic inscription on the reverse contains the name of Mazseus. the satrap or ruler of Cilicia. under
struck. It may \v transover Eber-nahara, (the parts beyond the river Euphrates.) and Cilicia.'

whose authority the coin was

''

lated

ilazseus.

who

is

41. Cyprus.
"Ect.

A'.
si

C*r.

Heii of Herakles.

faiicg. in

in

lion's

si-.z.

BA

LE O S

YA go RO,
grs.

tLe

Cyprian

ch:.-

racter.

JJotiiHcn.

Wt. 31-5

Euagoras
42.
4-3.

I.

reigned about 411374.

A".
Obt.
.Bct.

Cyprus.
grs.

BA.

Female head, wearlag ts-:a,

Nl.

w-.th

leaf-iifce f rcjectioas.

(42)

Wt. lii

grs.

(43) HN.

Wt. 128

Head

of Aphroiite. ttaretei.

Pnytagoras reigned from 351-332. and Xicocrecn from 331-310. During this period the use of the Cyprian
character
is

discontinued.

44. Sidon.

JS,. n-, Phtenician galley under sail. Bev. King cf In the f.eid is the Persia in chari-t driven by Lis charicteer. the whole in '.muse square. forepart cf a gcat, inctise Wt.
:

422

S grs.

B.C.

400-336.

41
In
by-

45. Sidon.

Oho. Galley, before the fortified wall of a city. exergue, two lions. Rev. King in chariot, driven at full speed charioteer beneath, a goat, incuse. Wt. 425 grs.
;

M.

These large ootadraclims were probably struck early in the fourtti century. No. 44 is attributed by M. Babelon to a king of Sidon, circ. B.C. 394, No. 45 to the time of Strato I., B.C. 374-362. They are good instances of the stationary character of art in the East at a time when in Greece it had reached its highest point of development.
int. 46. Tyre. Obv. Melkarth holding bow, and riding over the waves upon a sea-horse beneath the waves, a dolphin. Bev. Owl, accompanied by crook and flail, Egyptian symbols of royalty. Wt. 206 grs. (PI. 29, 36.)
;

The coinage

of Tj're

same archaism of
47. Aradus.
Jiev.

commences about b.c. 450. The style is apjiarent here as in the money

of the other Phoenician towns.

JR. Obv. Head of Melkarth, bearded and laureate. ND, in Phoenician characters. Galley, with rowers, on the
grs.

sea.

Wt. 157

coin means ex Arado, the The third preposition ex. This series is letter is variable on different specimens. a,ttributed by M. Babelon to the period between B.C. 350 and 332.

The

inscription

on

this

letter

a corresponds with the

^2

PERIOD IIL

B.

III.

B.

Plates 21-23.
Plate
21.

1.

Panticapajum.

A^. Obr. Head of Satyr, faoing, with pointea Her. PAN. Griffin, holding ears and dishevelled hair and beard. Wt. liOo grs. spear in his mouth ; beneath, a stalk of corn. AT. wearing wreath of ivv.
Ohv.
Jiev.

2.

Panticapseum.

Head of bearded Satyr, in profile, Similar to last. Wt. 140*.5 grs.

PanticapEeum, on the Cimmerian Bosporus, the modem Kertch, was an important commercial city. It began to coin gold money about the same time as Philip in Macedon,
or earlier.
3.

Abdera.

jR.

Obv.

ABAHPITEON.
Griffin.

Head of
grs.

Apollo.

Sev.

EPI IKEZIOY.
4.

Wt. 175-9

Aenus. .ZR. Obv. Head of Hermes, facing, wearing Goat in field, torch. Wt. 242 -2 grs. Al N O N
I
.

petasus.

Sev.

the coins of Aenus are to be found some of the full face on ancient coins. The practice of representing the human face in this manner upon coins is peculiar to the best period of art. Cf. Ehodes, Amphipolis, Syracuse, &c.
finest

Among

examples of the

5.

Maronea.
IKEZIO.

M.
Vine
;

Obv.

MAPO. Prancing horse. symbol, caduceus. Wt. 1694 grs.

Her.

EPI

The coinage
of Thrace

and Macedon, was put an end

350.

of Maronea, like that of all the other cities to by Philip

about
6.

B.C.

Peeonia.

Lycceius.
(b.c.

.M.

Obv.

AYKKEIOY.
Lycceius
barbarous.
7.

Herakles and Lion.

Head Wt. 198

of
grs.

Apollo.

Ben.

359-340) was the

kinsrs of Pajonia.

The

first of the independent coins of this district are semi-

8.

Amphipolis.
incuse square.

M.

Obv.

Head

of

Apollo,

facing.

Sev

AM<^inOAITEnN.

Race-torch within a frame, the whole in Wts. 220-5 grs. and 217*5 grs.

Amphipolis was founded in B.C. 437, and it ceased to strike autonomous coins when it became subject to Philip

The fine silver staters of this city of Macedon in 358. are remarkable for intensity of expression.

B.C.

400-336.
of Apollo.

45

9.

Chaloidice.
Lyre;

AT.

Obv.

Head

beneath, magistrate's 132-6 grs.

name,

Em

Sev.

XAAKIAEON. EYAOPIAA. Wt.

10, 11. Chalcidice. M. Two silver staters, similar to the gold stater, but having the head of Apollo in the opposite direction. Wts. 222-2 grs. and 222-8 grs.

These are coins of the Chalcidian League, struck at Olynthus after B.C. 392, and before the time of Philip of Macedon. The heads on this series exhibit varieties of style, but are all remarkable for strength and beauty of work.
12. Neapolis.

M.

Obv.

Gorgon-head.
grs.

Eei:

NCEOIH.

Head

of

Nike, laureate.

Wt. 58

city.

be compared with I. B. 6, of the sameof Nike at Neapolis is due to the Athenian settlers there, who associated her with Athena, of whom there was a temple at Neapolis, called, as at Athens, the Parthenon. This coin

may

The worship

13. Philippi. Af. Obv. Head of Herakles. Sev. <t>lAinnON. Wt. 133 grs. Tripod, above which palm ; in field, Phrygian cap.

of Philippi, anciently called Crenides, was Philip of Macedon in 358. In the neighbourhood were rich gold mines, which in the time of Philip are said to have yielded 1000 talents a year, or more than 3,000,000.
Plate
22.

The town named after

14.

Maoedon.
118-3 grs.

Pausanias,
t<enia.

B.C.

male head, wearing

Hev.

390-389. JR. FIAYZANIA.

Obv.

Young
Wt.

Horse.

Plated coin.

15.

Amyntas
Herakles.

III., B.C.
Jiev.

389-369.

M.

AMYNTA.
HEPAIKKA.

Horse.

Obv. Head of bearded Wt. 141-4 grs.

Obv. Head of young Wt. 158-9 grs.

16. PerdiccaS III., B.C. 365-359.

Herakles.
iJeii.

M.

Horse.

17. Philip II., B.C. 359-336.

AT.

OlAinnOY.

Charioteer in biga.

Obv. Head of Apollo. Wt. 132-7 grs.

Sev.

These gold staters were issued by Philip at all the chief cities of his empire. They were called $iA.iWeioi, and are mentioned by Horace as regale numisma PMUppos
(Epist.
II. i.

232).

44

PERIOD

III.

B.

18. Philip II. M. 06t. Head of Zeus. on horse, holding palm. Wt. 224- grs.

Ac. <t>IMnnOY.

Boy

reverse types of Philip's coins refer to his victories Olympian Games. The head of Zeus upon this silver stater is a very fine work of art, and is possibly a copy of the famous statue of the Olympian Zeus by Phidias.
at the
19. Thessaly. Larissa. JR. 06r. Head of nrmph Larissa, facing, but turned slightly towards the left. ijfc. AAPIXAIflN. Horse.

The

Wt. 188-5

grs.

This beautiful head may be compared vtdth that of Arethusa, struck about the same period at Syracuse (III. C. 30), which it very closely resembles.
20. Pharsalus.

M.

06r.

Head of Athena; behind, TH.

In eiergue,

iJep.

<t>APZ.

Thessalian horseman. Wt. 99-5 grs.

TEAE<t>ANTO

(retrograde).

One

of these

names

is

that of the engraver.

B.C.

21. Pherae.

Alexander, tyrant,

369-357.

Eev. of Hecate, facing; in the field, a torch. Armed horseman ; beneath, and also on the horse's hind quarter, a bipennis. Wt. 183'1 grs.

M. obt. Head AAEZANAPOY

22. Pherae.
torch.

Alexander.
Sev.

M.
B.C.

AAEZAN.

Obv. Lion's head.

Head
"Wt.

of Hecate

in front

92-7 grs.
Obv.

23. Epirus.

Alexander,

342-325.

M.

Head o

TOY

Sev. Zeus of Dodona, wearing oak-;TTeath. Thunderbolt and

AAEZANAPOY
eagle.

NEOnTOAEMOY.

Wt.

165-3 grs.

This coin closely resembles the gold stater of this king

which he struck at Tarentum, whither he went, B.C. 332, to Cf. aid the Greeks against the Lucanians and Bruttians.
IV. C. 11.
24. Loori Opuntii.
Head of Persephone. iJcr. Ajax, the son of Oileus, armed with shield and short sword, in fighting attitude ; between his legs, AIAZ. Wt. 181-7 grs.

M.

OnONTlON.

Ajax the Less was the national hero of the Locrians.

25. Delphi.
veiled.

seated on the Delphian omphalos, his right arm resting on lyre in his left hand a long branch of laurel, symbol, tripod. Wt. 187*3 grs.
.Eei-.
;

Amphictyonic Council. JR. AM<t>IKTIONON. Apollo,

0!>i-.

HeadofDemcter,

This coin was struck under the authority of the

Am-

B.C.

400-336.

45'

phictyonic Council, probably when it re-assembled after tbe termination of the Sacred War, B.C. 346, and conferred upon Philip of Macedon the votes in the council which had previously belonged to the Phocians.
26. BcBotia.

JR.

Obv. Bceotian shield.

Sev.

EPAMI. Amphora^
famous

above which, rosette.

Wt. 188

grs.

The

Boeotarch's

name on

this coin is that of the

Epaminondas.
27-29. Thebes.

M.

Oto. Bcsotian shield.

iJeu.

(27) 0E.

Infant

E. AmHerakles, strangling serpents. Wt. 187 grs. (28) phora enclosed in wreath of ivy-leaves and berries. Wt. 185 grs.

(29) Head
Wt. 188

of bearded Dionysus, facing, encircled by wreath of ivy.

grs.

The rich floral ornamentation of the field of No. 28 iS' especially noteworthy, and resembles modern Persian work. The head of Dionysus on No. 29 wears an ivywreath, which apparently covers the whole head, including the ears. The date of these coins is circ. 400-387.
Pi,ATE23.

30.

Athens.
branch.

M.

Oip.

Head
grs.

of Athena.

iJec.

A0E. Owl

and olive-

Wt. 132-5

Athens began to strike money in gold probably in the year B.C. 393. Besides the stater, half staters, sixths, and twelfths are known.
JR. Obv. Pegasos flying 31. Corinth. behind, acanthus pattern. of Athena
;

beneath, koppa.

Bev.

Head

Wt. 132

grs.

Cf. II. B. 25.

32. Sicyon. Asopus

JR.
(?).
iJet).

beneath, head of river-god Obv. Chimaera Dove, flying around, olive-wreath. Wt. 189 grs.
; ;

The Ohimsera refers to the legend of Bellerophon, who appears to have been honoured at Sicyon no less than at Corinth. The dove was sacred to Aphrodite, whose worship was brought to Sicyon from Cyprus, between which island and SicyoA there was frequent intercourse in early At Sicyon was a temple of Aphrodite, and her times. The Asopus, on statue of gold and ivory by Canachus. the banks of which Sicyon stood, was famed in Greek
myth.

46
33. Elis.
Ja.
Oil-.

PERIOD

III.

B.

FAAEION.

Head of Zeus,
^V't.

laureate.

Bev.

Eagle on capita] of Ionic column.

190

grs.

The head of Zeus on this coin exhibits a very marked The earlier of difference of style from that on II. B. 29. these tTs-o coins has been by some supposed to be copied from the head of the famous statue of Zeus at Olympia by Phidias, but it may be questioned whether the coin of Philip of ilacedon (III. B. 18 is not more in the style of Phidias.
i

34.

Zacynthus.

Ji. Ok. Head of Apollo. iJci;. Wt. 179'3 grs. Infant Herakles, strangling serpents.

lAKYNOmN.
by
that

The tvpe of this coin was probably suggested of Thebes (III. B. 27;.
35. Messenia.

JR. Obv. Head of Demeter. et. MEZZANIQN. Zeus Aetophorus, naked, advancing. Wt. 188 grs.

Demeter on Mount Ithome is mentioned There was also a temple on the same mountain to Zeus Ithomatas, in whose honour an annual festival was celebrated by the The Zeus, with thunderbolt and eagle, on Jlessenians.

The temple by Pausanias

of

as of peculiar sanctity.

the reverse of this coin is probably copied from the statue of the latter divinity made by Ageladas, before B.C. 4.5.5. The coin is, however, much later, and cannot have been struck before the time of Epaminondas, although the .style of the figure of Zeus coiTesponds rather with that of the school of Polycletus than with that of Euphranor and Lysippus, w^ho introduced greater slimness of figure. (Of. the same type treated in the style of Lysippus, IV. B. 24.)
36. ArgOS.
j5l.

Ohv.

Head of Hera, wearing Stephanos adorned with

liev.

flowers, earring,

and necklace. Between them, wolf. Wt. 184

APPEIilN.

Two

dolphins.

grs.

The head of Hera on this coin is copied from the famous statue of Hera at Argos by Polycletus, which rivalled that of Zeus at Olympia by Phidias in purity of style, though it was less commanding in aspect. The dolphins and the wolf are symbols of ApoUo, respectively as Delphinius and Lycius. The cultus of Apollo Lycius at Argos dates from the earliest times. Sophocles (El. 6) The idea symbolized calls the Apollo of Argos Xvkoktwos.

B.C.

400-336.

47

by the wolf is that and warmth.

37. Arcadia.

of winter slain

by the god of light

JR. Oho. Head of Zeus. Bev. Pan seated on rocks, holding in his right hand pedum ; at his feet, syrinx in field, monogram of Arcadia on the rock, OAYM. Wt. 190 grs.
; ;

Zeus Lycseus and Pan were the two chief divinities ot Arcadia their temples stood on Mount Lycseum, the Arcadian Olympus. On the reverse of this coin Pan is represented as sitting on the summit of the mountain. This beautiful coin was issued by the Arcadian Con;

federacy after B.C. 371. Artistically, this coin is of the highest interest, as it shows us a complete figure by an engraver of the Peloponnesian school of Polycletus.
38.

Stymphalus.
;

Obv. Head of Artemis, laureate, wearing Sev. ZTYM<t>AAiriN. Herakles, wieldearring and necklace. Wt. 185"1 grs. ing his club the lion's skin round his left arm.

M.

Stymphalus was a city in the north-east of Arcadia. The only building in this city mentioned by Pausanias was a temple of Artemis Stymphalia, in which were figures of the Stymphalian birds destroyed by Herakles. This coin is of about the same period as the preceding.
39. Crete.
field,

Cnossus.
AP,

JR.

Obv.

Head

of Hera, wearing Stephanos

adorned with flowers.

Bev. spear-head, and thunderbolt.

KNOZIQN.

Square labyrinth;
gr. ars.

in

Wt. 171

The foundation of this city was attributed to Minos. The marriage of Zeus with Hera was here commemorated by an annual festival, " the Sacred Marriage " hence the head of Hera, as a bride, on the coins. The labyrinth
;

may

be compared with that on

-il.

I.

B. 32.
Talos as a winged youth, Bull. Wt. 178 grs.

40. Pheestus.

Obv.
ifeo.

TAAON.

hurling a stone,

OAIZTION.

Talcs or Talon was a man of brass, fabricated bjHephaestus. He watched the coast of Crete, and warded The presence off hostile ships by hurling stones at them. on this coin renders it probable that it of the letter is of later date than II. B. 38.

48

PERIOD

III.

C.

III. c.

Plates 24-26.
PiATE
24.

Etmria.

Af

of value, XX. in front, star. Wt. 72-1 grs.

OLv. Young male head, bound with wreath. Mark* Hev. Bull crowned by bird with wreath in beat; In eiergue, FELZPAPI, in Etruscan characters.

This remarkable coin has not been attributed with certainty to any particular city. The type of the reverse seems to be Campanian. There can be no doubt, however, that it belongs to the middle of the fourth century.
2.

Etruria. M. Wt. lU-9 grs.

Obv.

EIVE.

Cow's head.

Sev.

Sea-horse.

The cow's head on this coin is, like the C. 1, symbolical of moon-worship.
3.

Gorgon on

II.

Campania.

Hyria.

M.

Obv.

Head

ing lofty diadem adorned with griffins, &c. Man-headed bull. Wt. 114 grs. grade).
4.

of Hera, facing, wearHev. YPINA (retro-

Xeapolis.

M.

06ii.

Man-headed

bull,

crowned by Nike.

Head of Parthenope. Sev. Wt. 115'5

NEOnOAITHE
grs.

Parthenope, the ancient

from one of the

5.

Sirens,

name of Xeapolis, was derived whose tomb was shown at XeaA/.

Obv.

polis in Strabo's time.

Calabria.

Tarentum.

stephane, and veil

hanging down behind.

horse.

horseman crowning his Wt. 132-7 grs. field.

wearing Youthful Magistrate's name and symbols in

of
(?),

Head

Demeter

i?ep.

TA.

The beautiful series of the gold money of Tarentum probably commences about the middle of the fourth century. This seems to be one of the earliest specimens.
6.

Tarentum.
in

2B. Obv. Boy on horse; he is crowned by Kike; front a youth welcomes the horse, clasping it by the neck. Taras riding on dolphin, in his hand a cup. Wt. Hev. TAPAZ.
118-8
gi-s.

7.

Tarentum.
head.

.3x. Obv. Boy on horse, placing a wreath upon its Another youth, kneeling, examines horse's hoof. Eev. TAPAZ. Taras, armed with shield and trident, i-iding on dolphin; beneath which, waves. Wt. 120-7 grs.
.5i.

8.

Tarentum.
Wt. 119-4

Obv.

Boy on horseback, leading

JJer.

and crowned by Nike. ing with his trident a

grs.

TAPAZ.

fish

which swims

a second horse, Taras, on dolphin, spearin the waves beneath.

B.C.

400-336.
shield

49
and

9.

Tarentum.
spears.

JR.

Obv.

Naked horseman, armed with

helmet 10.

Sev. TAPAZ. Taras, on dolphin, holding a Phrygian in the field, stars. Wt. 119'1 grs.

Tarentum.

Obv. Nalced horseman, armed with shield ; his right leg bent under him around, border of waves. Itev. TAPAZ. Taras, on dolphin, holding trident ; around, border of waves. Wt. 115-5 grs.
;

M.

The types of these coins of Tarentum all refer to the celebrated Tarentine horsemen. (Of. the verb TapavTileiv, " to ride like a Tarentine.")
11. Lucania. Heraolea. M. 06. Head of Nike, wearing olivethe background formed by the segis, with border of wreath snakes. 7?e. HPAKAEIQN. Herakles, najied, reclining on rock, covered with lion's skin he holds cup beside him lies his club. Wt. 120-1 grs.
; ; ;

Compare
Croton.
12.

-with this coin the reverse

type of III. C. 20 of
Head of Homonoia
grs.

Metapontum.
(Concord).

M. M.
M.

Obc.

t-OMONOIA.
Ear of corn.

Eev.

META.

Wt. 123-3

13.

Metapontum.
ear
;

Obv.

Young
Jieo.

head, with

he wears a laurel-wreath. 121-2 grs.

M ET.

ram's horn and Ear of corn. Wt.

14.

Metapontum.

Obv. Headof Leucippus, the founder of the colony, wearing Corinthian helmet adorned with liev. Two ears of corn. Wt. 44-3 grs. figure of Scylla.

AEYKinnOZ.

15.

Metapontum.

JR. Obv. Head of Leucippus helmet adorned with quadriga driven by Nike symbol in field, half-lion. Hev. METAnONTINON. Ear of corn; symbol, club. Wt. 241-2 grs.
; ;

16.

Metapontum.
of Evasnetus 123-2 grs. of

JR.

Obv. Female head with curly hair (style Bev. META. Ear of corn. Wt. Syracuse).

.17.

Thurium.

JR. 06b. Head of Athena, wearing crested Athenian helmet, on which Scylla, dogs' heads springing from her waist on the neck-piece a griffin. Sev. QOYP\Q.N. Butting bull. In exergue, fish. Wt. 244-1 grs.

A magnificent example of the engraver's art. The bull on the coins of this city may be derived from that on the
coins of the ancient Sybaris.
18. Velia.

JR.

Obv.

helmet, engraver's

devouring

stag.

Head of Athena helmet bound with olive on Lion name, H PA. Eev. YEAHTEQN. Wt. 119-2 grs.
; ;

50
19. Bruttii.

PERIOD

III.

c.

Croton. 06u. OIKIZTAZ, in archaic characters. He holds Heraliles, naked, seated on a roclj covered with lion's skin. a branch over a flaming altar, and rests with left hand on his club ;
Sev, In exergue, two fishes. quiver. on one side of which Apollo shooting an arrow at the Python on the other side. Wt. 121-2 grs.

M.

behind

him,

bow and
Tripod,

KPOTQN.

20. Croton. M. Obv. Head of Hera, facing, wearing high Stephanos, Herakles, Sev. KPOTONl. and veil hanging down behind. Wt. 121 grs. seated as on coin of Heraclea (III. C. 11).
;

Herakles, on No. 19, is represented as the founder, otKtcmjs, of the colony the letters of this word are imitated from the ancient forms. The head of Hera is that of the Lacinian Hera, T^-hose temple stood on the promontory near Croton.
;

21. Locri.

jE.

Obv.

lEYZ.

Head of Zeus,
grs.

behind. Sev. seated on square cippus.

EIPHNH AOKPQN.
Wt. 117-3

laureate, his hair short Peace, holding caduceus,

The head of Zens on this coin is identical with that of Zeus Eleutherius on Syracusan bronze money struck soon
after
B.C.

345.

22. Pandosia.

.M. Obv. Head of Hera Lacinia, wearing lofty Stephanos, adorned with foreparts of griffins and honeysuckles ; she Pan the Sev. [PANIAOZIN. wears earrings and necklace. Hunter, with hound at his feet ; he is seated on a rock ; in front, a In field, a. caduceus. bearded terminal figure, to which is affixed "Wt. 120 grs. <P, engraver's signature.
is
<t>

This magnificent coin

finest style, of the artist

probably a later work, in his who engraved II. C. 7,

,

of Thurium, and II. C. 13, of Terina.

23.

Ehegium.
Lion's scalp.

M.

Obv.

PHriNOZ.
grs.

Head

of Apollo.

Sev.

Wt. 261-6

Ehegium was destroyed by Dionysius

which
it

in

b.c.

never recovered
is

its

of this piece
24. Terina.

between

B.C.

former greatness. 400 and 387.

387, after The date

Head of Terina (?), similar Obv. Sev. in style to the head on the coin of Metapontum (III. C. 16). Nike, or winged Eirene, seated on square cippus, a bird perched on
Wt. 117-4
grs.

M.

TEPINAION.

her hand.

Compare

this coin

with

II. C. 13,

which

is

of purer and

severer style.

B.C.

400-336.

51

25. Sicily. name,

Obv. Head of Apollo, facing. Engraver's Bev. KATANAION. Quadriga; the charioteer crowned by flying Nike. Wt. 259-6 grs.

Catana.

M.

HPAKAEIAAZ.

This fine coin is not much later than even be a few years earlier.
26.

B.C.

400

it

may

Thermae.

M.

06u.

0EPMITAN.

nos adorned with sea-horses; Wt. 129-3 grs. seated.

Head of Hera, her Stephabehind, a dolphin. Sev. Herakles,

in

Thermse HimerEese, on the B.C. 405. This coin seems

site of Himera, -was founded to be anterior to b.c. 350.

27. Syracuse.

AT. Obv. ZYPAKOZION. behind, Kl and barley-corn. Sev. ZYPA. Wt. 88-9 grs.

Head of Arethusa;
Herakles and
lion.

This coin is by Cimon, a contemporary and rival of Evsenetus. The value of this piece in silver money vras exactly that of t-wo large silver medallions or 100 litrse.
28. Syracuse. Obv. ZYPAKOZION. Head of Persephone, surrounded by dolphins ; she wears a wreath of coi-n-leaves. Beneath, in faint letters, artist's name, EYAINE. Rev. VicIn the exergue, armour, and the word AQhA torious quadriga.
(prizes).

M.

Wt.

660-9- grs.

Evsenetus, the engraver of this medallion, may be said Winckelmann says to have attained perfection in his art. of his works " welter als diese Miinzen kann der mensohliche Begriff nicht gehen."
;

Head of Arethusa, 29. Syracuse. Obv. ZYPAKOZIflN. wearing jewelled net. On one of the surrounding dolphins, artist's name, KlMCiN. Sev. Similar to last. Wt. 669-1 grs.
30. Syracuse.

M.

Head of Arethusa, facing .31. OSd. APE0OZA. On her dolphins darting in and out among her flowing locks. Quaddiadem, artist's name, KIMtlN. JJc-i). ZYPAKOZION. Nike, alighting on their heads, is about to riga, horses prancing. crown the charioteer. The horses have overturned the meta, and the driver looks back as if at a rival chariot close behind him. Wt. 266-3 grs.

This coin is the cTief-d'aemre of Cimon. The type has been referred to the chariot-race at Olympia, in B.C. 388, when Dionysius I. of Syracuse would have had the honour of a victory had it not been for the popular demonstraIt is now thought, however, tion against his tyranny. that the coin belongs to about B.C. 400. E 2

62
Platb
26.

PERIOD

III.

C.

31. Syracuse. Head of Athena, facing, 06b. ZYPAKOZION. sniTounded by dolphins. On her helmet, artist's name, EYKAEIAA. Sev. Demeter, in quadriga; she holds torch, and is crowned by
Nilce.

M.

Wt. 265-6

grs.

The rich ornamentation of the obverse of this coin is characteristic of the Sicilian art of about B.C. 400.
32. Syracuse.
phins.

M.

Ohv.

ZYPAKOZION.
Wt. 267
grs.

Female head and

dol-

Sev. Similar to last.

The above coins, Nos. 27-32, all belong to the time of Dionysius I., Tyrant of Syracuse, during whose reign art in Sicily reached its highest point of excellence.
33. Syracuse.

EL. EL.
EL.

Oiu.

ZYPAKOZmW.
Wt. 106-4
of Apollo.

Head of Apollo.
grs.

Sev.

ZOTEIPA.
34. Syracuse.
Tripod.

Head of Artemis.
06ii.

Head

iJei).

lYPAKOSinN.
HeadofZeus

Wt. 58-4

grs.

35. Syracuse.

06.

lEYZ EAEY0EPIOZ.

Pegasus; beneath, three pellets, Hev. ZYPAK. the Liberator. marks of value, showing the coin to be worth thirty silver litriB Wt. 32-8 grs. or three Corinthian staters.

36. Syracuse.
Pegasus.

JR. Wt. 131

06u.
grs.

ZYPAKOZinN.

Head of Athena.

Eev.

Nos. 33-36 represent the period of freedom restored to Hence the types of Syracuse by Timoleon of Corinth. Artemis Soteira, Zeus Eleutherius, and the substitution for the tetradrachm of the Corinthian stater.
37. Africa. Carthage. A/". Obv. Head of Persephone. above which, symbol of Baal (?). Wt. 117-9 grs.
Eev. Horse

38. Carthage.
in

beneath, JR. Ohv. Free horse, crowned by Nike Punic letters, Kart chadasat, " new city of Carthage." Eev. Date-palm ((poi>'i|), with fruit; in the field, in Punic letters, Wt. 260 grs. Mac.harmt, " the camp."
;

39. Carthage.
saf\.

2R. Obv. Head of Persephone behind, Kart ch[adaWt. 263 grs. Eev. Horse and palm-tree.
;

40. Carthage.
:

JR. Obv. Head of Persephone, surrounded by dolphins imitated from coins of Syracuse. (Of. III. C. 28.) Eev. Horse's head and palm-tree; beneath, Punic letter, D (for machaWt. 264 grs. nat ?).

B.C.

400-336.

53

41. Oartnage. JH. Obv. Female head, wearing tiara of Phrygian form perhaps Dido, or a form of the moon-goddess. Sev. Lion and palm-tree. In exergue, SJtdm-maGhanat, *' of the people of the camp." Wt. 265 grs.
;

Tlie

finest

known

coin

of Carthage.

By

Greek

engraver.
42. Carthage.

M.

Similar to preceding.

Wt. 265-2

grs.

some of these Carthaginian coins shows that they are the works of Sicilian artists. Some may have been struck at Carthage itself, others in the Carthaginian possessions in Sicily. It is a curious fact that there are no Carthaginian coins before the end of the fifth
style of

The

century.
43.

Cyrene.

Ohv. KYPANAION. Nike driving quadriga. Rev. Zeus Ammon sacrificing before an incense-altar (thymiaterion). Magistrate's name, Wt. 133-7 grs.

M.

POMAN0EYZ.

44. Cyrene.

M.

Obv.

(boustrophedon).

Headof Zeus Ammon, facing. iJec. Silphium plant. Wt. 203-8 grs.

KYPANA

The worship of Zeus Ammon was derived by the Greeks of Cyrene from the famous oracle of that god in
the oasis of Ammon in the Libyan Desert. The silphium plant was the chief article of commerce between Cyrene and Greece.

54

PERIOD IV.

PEEIOD IV. CIRCA

The age
terised, as

B.C.

336-280.

of Alexander and ot tlie Diadoolii is characmight be expected, by a very general cessation throughout Greece of the issue of money by autonomous states. The exceptions are, however, more numerous than
is at first sight apparent, for it is certain that, after Alexander's death, some cities, although practically independent, continued to issue their money in the name of Alexander. The same remark applies to the gold and silver money of several of Alexander's successors, especially at first. In European Greece it would even appear that the gold staters bearing Alexander's name continued to be struck by the successive kings of Macedon down to Eoman times for when the Eoman general Flamininus issued gold money in Greece, B.C. 197, he simply adopted the
;

Alexandrine stater, placing upon it his own name. He would hardly have chosen this type, had not these coins been current in his time. In Italy, Neapolis, Tarentum, and Metap)ontum continued to supply the greater part of the currencj". The earliest gold and silver coins bearing the name of the Eoman people were struck in Campania, from B.C. 338, under Eoman dominion. In Africa, Carthage, influenced by the popularity in all the markets of Alexander's tetradrachms, adopted his type, the head of Heiakles in the lion's skin not, however, to the exclusion of the head of Persephone, which she had borrowed from Syracuse. Artistically, the heads on the coins of this age are remarkable for expression of feeling. The eye is generally deeply set, and the brows strongly marked. True portraits now make their first appearance on money. Ptolemy Soter is, however, the first to place his own head, as such, upon his coins, not under the semblance of a Greek divinity, but wearing the plain royal diadem. A frequent reverse-type is a seated figure, the general aspect and pose of which is borrowed at first, more or less directly, from the seated figure of Zeus Aetophoros on the money of Alexander.
;

PERIOD

IV.

65

tlie

on, the human figure as represented on coinage becomes gradually more elance, and the muscles of the body are more strongly indicated. Of. for instance IV. B. 24 with III. B. 35. This is due to the The principal sculpinfluence of the school of Lysippus. tors of Alexander's time are those of the Argive-Sicyonian school, Euphranor and Lysippus, and the sons of Praxiteles and of Lysippus, together with the gem-engraver

As time goes

Pyrgoteles.

The

chief extant
British

works of

art are

The sculptures from the Temple of Artemis

at Ephesus, in the

Museum. Museum,

The marble

copies of heads of Alexander, ia the British Louvre, and Capitol.

The marble copy of the Apoxyomenos of Lysippus. The seated statue of Tyche of Antioch. Vatican.

Vatican.

56

PERIOD IV. A.

IV. A.
Plates 27-29.
KINGS.
.

1.

Persia.

Al. Obv. King, with bow, quiver, and spear, kneeling; behind, wreath in front, M. i2eu. Incuse. Double daric. Wt.
;

257-6 grs.

The double darics form a link between the coinage of the Persian empire and that of the successors of Alexander. The presence of Greek letters or symbols upon all of them renders it hardly possible that they can have been issued by Darius.
2.

Alexander the Great.

Herakles. Sev. a head in Phrygian cap
CI.
ii.
;

M.
grs.

Tetradrachm.

Obv.

Head

of

AAEZANAPOY.

Zeus Aetophoros ; in the field, and under throne, a triskeles (Miiller,

Cilicia).

Wt. 265

3.

Alexander the Great.

Stater. Obv. Head of Athena. Kike, holding wreath and trophy-stand. Sev. AAE!ANAPOY. and ^, monogram of Aradus. Wt. In field, K D (ea; Arado)
;

M.

133-1 grs.

This coin -was probably struck in B.C. 310, -when the throne of Alexander had become vacant by the death of Alexander the son of Eoxana in 311.
4.

Alexander the Great.

Monogram
280.

M.

Tetradrachm.
;

Usual types.

of Ai-adus under throne

grs.

struck between B.C. 330 and

Wt. 265

5.

Alexander the Great.

forepart of

M.

ram

under throne,

Tetradrachm. AA. Wt. 263-7

In front of Zeus,
grs.

The ram
stands.
6.

is

the badge of Damascus, for vrhich

AA

also

Alexander the Great.

Tetradrachm with name of Ace [Acre] in Phoenician characters and the date 27 of the Seleucid era, which commenced B.C. 312. This coin was therefore struck in Wt. 258 grs. B.C. 286.

M.

7.

Alexander the Great.

in the field of the reverse.

M.

Tetradrachm with feeding horse Wt. 264-4 grs.

Coins of this class are frequently found at Hamadan (Ecbatana), in the neighbourhood of -which place were the famous Nisaean Plains, -where, according to Strabo, as many as 50,000 brood mares were pastured for the royal
stables.

B.C.

336-280.

57
in

8.

Alexander the Great.

the
field.

M.

Tetradrachm with an anchor

Wt. 259

grs.

The anchor was the badge of Seleucus I, by whom this com was struck before he adopted the titleof king in B.C. 306. Of the above Asiatic coins with the name of Alexander,
probable that Nos. 2 and -i are the only ones struck in the lifetime of that monarch, who died B.C. 323.
it is
9.

Philip III.

Aridasus,
In the

b.c.

323-317.

A7.

stater

of Ale..grs.

ander's tj'pes.

field, a

head of Helios.

Wt. 131-9

This coin was found in Cyprus, and may have been struck there, though the symbol suggests Ehodes.
10. Philip

III.

Aridajus.

M.

types, of Asiatic fabric.

Jlint uncertain.

Tetradrachm of Alexander's Wt. 263-5 grs.

The money
Europe.
Plate
28.

of Philip Aridajus

was principally struck

in

11. Syria. Seleucus I. Nicator. N. with Alexander's types, Wt. 130-7 grs.

ZEAEYKOY.

Stater

The apparent absence

it

of the word BASilAEnz renders probable that this coin was struck between b.c. 312

and 306.
12. Syria.

Seleucus

I.

JR.

Tetradrachm

with

types, with inscription, 306. Wt. 263-3 grs.

ZEAEYKOY BAZIAEnZ.
JR.
fighting.

Alexander's After B.C.

13. Syria.

Seleucus

I.

Tetradrachm.
In the
field,

Obc.

Head of

Zeus. i?CT. in which stands

BAZIAEOZ ZEAEYKOY.
Athena

Quadriga of elephants,
the Seleucid anchor.

Wt. 262
14. Syria.

grs.

Seleucus

I.

JR.

Tetradrachm.

Obv.

Head
;

of

horn and ear of bull round his neclc lion's skin. The bull's horn symbolises divine strength. Sev. BAZIAEnZ ZEAEYKOY. Nike crowning a trophy. Wt. 260-1 grs.

Seleucus, in helmet, adorned with

Cf. this type with the coins of Agathooles of Syracuse, No. IV. C. 29. 15.

Parthia. A^. Otc. Phr[a]t[M]ph[e]r[nes] in Aramaic characters. Head of satrap wearing Persian tiara. Hev. Phsph, in Aramaic
characters.

Satrap, in quadriga.

Wt. 135-9

grs.

inscription on this coin is read by Prof. Gardner as Phahaspes Padipada, or Phahaspes Lord of Lords, and it is attributed by him to a king of Perscpolis of that name, who may have reigned early in the third century.

The

58

PERIOD

ly. A.

is that of Sir Henry Howorth, the obverse Phrataphemes, who was satrap of Parthia nnder Darius Codomannus and Alexander the Great.

more probable rendering

who reads the name on

16. Parthia.

Obv. Head of Zeus. Bev. ANAPATOPOY. Warrior, in quadriga, accompanied by Nike, who drives the horses. 131-9 Wt. grs.

M.

This and the preceding coin were found at an old fort on a tongue of land at the confluence of two rivers which flow into the Oxus. One or more princes named Andragoras were supreme in Parthia between B.C. 330 and 250.
17. India.

Sophytes. Znct>YTOY. Cocli.

M.

Obv.

Helmeted head of

Ising.

Sev.

Wt. 58-2

grs.

Sophytes was an Indian prince in the Panjab, who submitted to Alexander. In the time of Seleucus, whose coins he imitated (of. obv. of 14), he would appear to have been an independent ruler.
18.

Lysimachus.
of

Obv. Head of Alexander, deified, with horn diadem. Bev. AYZIMAXOY. Athena Nikephoros, seated. Wt. 130 grs.

M.

Ammon, and

BAEIAEnS

This coin has an anchor in the exergue, perhaps the

mint-mark of the town of Ancore, in Bithynia, vrhich was rebuilt by Antigonus, B.C. 316, and which Lysimachus renamed Niceea, in honour of his first wife.
19.

Lysimachus.

Tetradracbm. JR. Types as on No. 18, with the bee, the mint -mark of Ephesus, in the field. Wt. 260 grs.

20.

Egypt.

Alexander IV.,

B.C.

323-311.

M.

Obv.

Head

of Alexander the Great, elephant's scalp. J?ec. Wt. 265-1 grs.

wearing a headdress composed of an AAEZANAPOY. Zeus Aetophoros, seated.

Similar.

21.

Egypt.

Alexander IV.
In

Obo.
field,

Athena fighting. of Ptolemy. Wt. 241-1 grs.

APOY.

Sev. eagle on thunderbolt, badge

AAEZAN-

These two coins were struck by Ptolemy Soter, as governor of Egypt, in the name of Alexander IV., the son of Alexander the Great by Eoxana. The Athena on the reverse is perhaps a representation of the statue of Athena Alkis at Pella, and is a symbol of sovereignty over Maoedon.
22.

Egypt.

PtolemsBUS I. Soter, B.C. 306-284. Bev. of Ptolemy, diademed, and wearing asgis. Eagle on thunderbolt. Wt. 228-2 grs.

Obv.

Head

flTOAEMAlOY

BAZIAEOZ.

B.C.

336-280.

59

Ptolemasus adopted the title of king in B.C. 306. PTe struck coins not only in Egypt, but in Cyprus, Cyrenai'ca, and other parts.
CITIES.
PiiiE
29.

23. Amastris.

wearing laureate Phrygian cap. AIVIAZTPIEON. Seated figure, Ana'itis or JRev. Aphrodite, wearing modius and holding Nike. Wt. 141*8 grs.
Obv. He.id of Mithras ?

JR.

Amastris, in Paphlagonia, w'as named after tlie niece of Darius Codomannus, who married Dionysius of Heraolea, B.C. 306-302, and after his death Lysimachus, who shortly afterwards ahandoned her for Arsinoe, when she retired This coin was probably struck after her to Heraclea. death, at the city which bore her name. On an example in the collection of M. Six, of Amsterdam, reading AMAZTPI02 BAZIAIZZHZ, the figure on the reverse holds Eros, instead of Nike.
24. Oius.
In

M.

06.

field,

club and eagle.

Head of Apollo. Wt. 131"8

iJra.

ATNON lAHZ.

Prow.

grs.

known of this Bithynian town find at Saida, which consisted almost entirely of staters of Alexander, struck before B.C. 310. It is probable that the coins of Cius were struck during the lifetime of Alexander.
All the gold staters

came from the great

25. Heraclea.

Dionysius.

M.

Obv.

Head of Dionysus.

Bev.

AIONYZIOY. Herakles erecting a trophy. Wt. 148-4 grs. Dionysius and Timotheus were tyrants of Heraolea,

in

the time of Alexander; after the death of his brother Timotheus, Dionysius reigned alone. He married Amastris, and died in B.C. 802. The types of the obverse and reverse refer respectively to the names of the tyrant and the city.
26. Heraclea.

JR.

Obv. He.ad of Herakles,

in

lion's skin.

Sev.

Dionysus, seated, thyrsus bound with ivy. Wt. 254*4 grs.

HPAKAEOCTAN].

holding

cantharus

and

The tj'pes of this coin are suggested by the tetradrachms of Alexander. It is of the time of Lysimachus, who restored autonomy to the people of Heraolea, and introduced a coinage on the Attic standard, in place of
the Persic standard hitherto in use there.
27. CyzicUS. JR. Obv. Head of Demeter or Persephone; beneath, tunny. Sev. KYIl. Apollo, seated on omphalos, and resting his elbow on lyre ; he holds a patera. In the field, a cock. Wt. 192 grs.

60

PEBIOD

IV. A.

The attitude of Apollo on this coin as svell as the style indicate the period immediately after Alexander. The to^m appears to have maintained its aiitononiy down to the time of Lysimachus, who is the first to strike money there in his own name, certain tetiadrachms of Alexander
(Miiller, CI. v.J

being
JR.

later.
04r.
Staj;

2S. PrOCOnnesus.
J^er.

ANAZITENHS.
at

HeadofApliroditeC?).

.PPOKON.
Wt. 55

rest;

in

front,

amphora; beneath,

astragalus.

grs.

Proconnesus (now 3Iarmara)

is

an island in the Pro-

pontis. Demosthenes (adv. Polycl. p. 1207) calls it an ally of Athens, and says that it was besieged and taken

This coin, which bears a strikiiig resemblance to certain coins struck at Ephesus, while that city bore the name of Arsinoe, B.C. 288-280, is of the time of Lysimachus. The stag is a " type parlant."

by the Cyzicenes.

29.

Ephesus.

SI.

Obr.

Head

of Artemis.
grs.

Sev.

<t>.

Half-stag^

palm-tree, and bee.

Wt. ~o-2

This coin belongs to the period of Lysimachus,

B.C.

circ.

280.
.M.

30. Ervthra;.

EPY.
-3grs.

Bow

Obr. Head of Herakles. in lion's In field, in case, club, and owl.

skin.

Ser.
VTt.

MOMON.

This coin belongs probably to the time of Alexander the Great.

31. Samos.

M.

Obr.

Lion's
grs.

scalp.

Eer.

ZA HTHEIANAZ.

Forepart of ox.

Wt. 2oo

Samos, like the Ionian cities, continued to coin money This both before and after the reign of Alexander. tetradrachm is now attributed to the first half of the fourth century, B.C. 39^^365.
32. Cos.

^i.

Oil.

Head of Herakles,

Crab, and

bow

in case.

in lions skin. Magistrate's name,

iJer.

KOION.
Wt.

MOZXION.

231 grs.

that of the time of Lysimachus. KOION is an archaism. Subsequently this island formed part of the dominions of Ptolemy I. and his successors.

The style of this coin The inscription KQION

i.^

for

33. Ehodes.

JR.
grs.

POAION.
\Vt.

Obr. Head, full-face, Eose, with bud; beneath,

AM BIN

Eiv. of Helics, radiate. AZ. In field, prow.

I

208

B.C.

336-280.

61

These splendid coins, with the radiate head of Helios, began to be issued at Khodes probably immediately after the memorable siege of the city by Demetrius Poliorcetes, B.C. 304. The head may be a copy of that of the famous
Colossus.
o-t.

Tarsus.

Obr. BAAL TARS, in the Aramaic character. he holds sceptre. Bev. Lion above Zeus of Tarsus, on throne which, the name of the Satrap ^laza^us, in the Aramaic character.
; ;

M.

Wt. 264

grs.

Struck soon after the expedition of Alexander by The coins of Tarsus which MaziBus, Satrap of Cicilia. precede the arrival of Alexander are of the Persic standard. This is Attic, and those which immediately follow bear the Seleuoid anchor. It has been conjectured that the reverse type of many of Alexander's Cilician coins is imitated from the statue of Zeus Tersios, rejjresented on the coins of Tarsus.
35. Sidon. JR. Obv. 35? (Abdastart). The King, in quadriga, driven by charioteer, and followed by attendant carrying sceptre and flask. Wt. 395 grs. Sev. Galley, at sea; above. III.

This octadrachm was probably struck in the third year of the reign of Strato II., of Sidon, B.C. 346-332. The king in the chariot is probably Artaxerxes Ochus. (See Babelon, Perses Acheraenides, p. 232.)
36.

Tyre.

M,.

symbols of royalty.
l'32-4 grs.

Hev. Owl, and Ohv. Melkarth, riding on sea-horse. and V, initial letter of Tyre. Wt. In field,
1 1

[PI. 20, 46.]

Azemilkos, king of Tj^re, was not dethroned by Alexander after the siege in 332. The coinage was, however, assimilated to the Attic weight. This coin is of year 2
of the Seleucid era

= B.C.

311.

62

PERIOD

rv. B.

IV. B.
Plates 30-32.

KINGS.
Plats
30.

1.

Pseonia.
Eev.

Patrans.
grs.

PATPAOY

JR. Ohv. (retrograde).

Head of Apollo or Herakles. Horseman spearing prostrate foe.

Wt. 196
2. Pffionia.

Audoleon.

M.
Horse.

Oic.

AYAOAE0NT02.
between
3.

Head of Athena, Wt. 193-4 grs.

facing.

Bev.

Patraus and his son Audoleon reigned over Pseonia B.C. 340 and 286.

Macedonia.
05m.

Alexander the Great,

field,

B.C.

336-323.
Nike,

A/".

Sev. wreath and trophy-stand. In

Head of Athena.
grs.

AAEZANAPOY.
thunderbolt.

holding
stater.

Double

Wt. 264
4.

Alexander the Great.

A/.

derbolt under neck of Athena.

Stater. Similar types Wt. 133 grs.

Ohv.

thun-

5-7. Alexander the Great.

M.

Head

of Herakles.
Infield

Bev.

AAEZANAPOY.
nium.
throne.

Zeu.s Aetophoros, seated.

(6) Bncraall pro-

Wt. 265 grs. (6) Prow. Wt. 266-4 grs. (7) 0, under The head on this coin is turned to the left. Wt. 266 grs.

The above coins of Alexander bability during his lifetime.

8.

were struck in

Philip III.
Athena.
stand.

Aridseus,
field,

B.C.

323-317.

N.

Ohv.

Head

of

Rev.
In

OlAlfinOY.
cornucopiEB.

Nike, holding wreath and trophyWt. 131-4 grs.

Ohv.
field,

9.

Philip III. Aridseus.

M.

Head of Herakles.

Bev.

Zeus Aetophoros, seated. In Amphipolis. Wt. 258-5 grs.

torch.

Probably struck at

10. 11.

Alexander the Great. These two tetradrachms were probably struck in the reign of Cassander, B.C. 316-297, who did not Wts. 265 grs. and place his own name upon the silver coinage.
264
grs.

Plate

31.

12. Antigonus, B.C. 306-301.

M.

06.

Head of Herakles.

Bev.

BAZIAEOZ ANTirONOY.
Wt. 263
grs.

Zeus Aetophoros, seated on throne.

As the fabric of this coin closely resembles that of Nos. 13 and 14, it is probable that it was struck in the Peloponnesus in the name of Antigonus.

B.C.

336-280.
Types of Alexander the Great's

63
coins.

13, 14. Alexander IV. (?). Wts. 263 grs. and 260 grs.

These two fine tetradraclims were fonnd, with others of the same fabric, at Patras, in Achaia. They are supposed to have been struck at Sicyon, by Polysperchon, between the years B.C. 816 and 311, in the name of Alexander IV., the son of Alexander the Great by Eoxana. Coins of this class are distinguished from all others bearing the name of Alexander by the presence of two Victories on the back of the throne.
15.

Demetrius Poliorcetes,
of Demetrius,

B.C.

294-288.

M.

Obv.

Head

with

AHMHTPIOY.
16.

horn of Bacehus. Mev. BAZIAEQ^ Armed horseman. Wt. 131-8 grs.

bull's

Demetrius Poliorcetes.
right foot resting on rock.

JR.

BAZIAEOZ AHMHTPIOY.
17.

Obv. Similar head. JRev. Poseidon leaning on trident, his

grs.

Wt. 264

Demetrius Poliorcetes.

Fame, carrying 3 trophy-stand, and blowing a trumpet, standing on the prow of a Eev. BAZIAEOZ. Poseidon, naked, galley. Wt. wielding trident, his chlamys wrapped round his left arm.
Obv. Nike, or

M.

AHMHTPIOY

266

grs.

The types of this coin refer to the naval victory gained by the fleet of Antigonus, under his son Demetrius, over
that of Ptolemy, off the island of Cyprus, in
B.C.

306.

306-281. M. 18. Lysimachus, &. BAZI AEQZ AYZI lion's skin.

B.C.
seated.

In the

field,

Obv. Head of Herakles, in AXOY. Zeus Aetophoros, the forepart of a lion, the mint-mark of the

town
19. 20.

of Lysimachia.

Wt. 264

grs.

Lysimachus.

Great, with horn of

(19) Ammon.
(20)
is

A/".

Obv.

Head of Alexander the

;

Athena Nicephoros shield. Wt. 132 grs. Wt. 262 grs.

Eev. seated, holding

BAZIAEQZ AYZIMAXOY.
spear

behind her throne, a

Si.

Tetradrachm of the same type.

represented on these coins in a The head is of Ammon. probably taken from the statue-portrait by Lysippus or the gem-portrait by Pyrgoteles.

Alexander the Great

deified character, as the son

64

PERIOD

IV.

B.

CITIES.
PiATB
32.

21. Thessaly. Lamia. M. Obv. Female head, wearing royal diadem and earring. Sev. AAMIEQN. Herakles, seated on rocls, holding bow in case. Wt. 86 grs.

The head on this coin is probably that of the celebrated hetaira Lamia, who lived with Demetrius Poliorcetes In her honour both Athens and Thebes as his wife. erected temples, and the people of Lamia, perhaps to flatter Demetrius, placed her head upon the coinage.
22. Boeotia. JR. Obv. Head of Poseidon, laureate. liev. BOinTflN. Poseidon, seated, holding dolphin and trident on throne, Boeotian buckler. Vi^t. 238-4 grs. (Worn.)
;

the

This tetradraohm of the Attic standard is a specimen of new coinage of the Boeotian League. It belongs to the earlier part of the third century, 288-244 B.C., and was

struck at Thebes, after the restoration of that city by Cassander, in B.C. 315.
23. Elis. wings
JR>.
sj-iread.

Obv.

Head Wt. 182

of Zeus, laureate.
grs.

Hev. FA.

Eagle, with

III.
is

Compare the head of Zeus on this coin with that on B. 18 and 33, and II. B. 29 the decline of style
;

very marked.

06t). Head of Demeter. iJeti. MEZZANIflN. 24. Messenia. Zeus Ithomatas, naked, advancing with eagle and thunderbolt. Wt. 258-6 grs. In field, ZnZIKPA, and tripod.

M.

Compare the
25. Crete.
Sev.
I

style of this coin

with

III. B. 35.

Hierapytna. EPA. Palm-tree;

Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate. at foot of which, eagle. Wt. 167-6 grs.

M.

26. Crete.

Polyrhenium.
bow and
quiver.

M.

shoulder,

figure, seated, holding Nike.

06o. Head of Apollo (?); at his Female Sev. flOAYPHNION. Wt. 239-3 grs.

27. TenOS.
Poseidon,

iR.

06b.

seated,

Head of Zeus Ammon, bearded. Sev. holding dolphin, and resting on trident.

TH.
Wt.

254

grs.

28. TenOS.

JR.

Obv.

Head

Sev. beard. and resting on trident.

THNION.

of the youthful Zeus Ammon, without Poseidon, standing, holding dolphin,

grs.

Wt. 106

At Tenos there was a famous temple of Poseidon, situated in a grove, which was much frequented.

B.C.

33G-280.

65

IV. C.
Plates 33-35.
'LATE 33. 1.

MAZZA. Lion. Wt. 57 grs. Massilia (Marseilles) was founded by the Phoceeans,
Itco.

Gallia. Massilia. with sprigs of olive.

M.

Obo.

Head of Artemis, her

hair adorned

B.C. 600. Its earliest coins are obols, of rude work. Not until a comparatively late period does this city begin The first branch of the oliveto issue coins of fine work. tree is said to havr lieeu brought to Massilia with the statue of Artemis from Ephesus; hence its presence on Its cultivation was a source of great wealth these coins.

about

to the
2, 3.

town.

Campania.
symbol

Xeapolis.
Sci\

M.

Obv.

Head

of Parthenope;
;

(2)

PAPME.

(2)

Demeter, with torch, (3) head of Helios

beneath

NEOnOAlTQN.

crowned by Nike; beneath and 105*8 grs.

Man-headed bull, (2) bee; (3) IZ. Wts. 114-6 grs.

The latter of these two coins seems to be about half a century later in date than Xo. 2.
4.

Nola.

JR.

Obv.

Head of Athena

olive-wreath.

Sev.

NflAAION.

helmet adorned with owl and Man-headed bull. Wt. Ill grs.

series of its

Nola begins to coin shortly before b.c. 400, and the money comes abruptly to an end in b.c. 311. This is one of its latest coins.

5.

Eomano-Campanian.

M.

ROMANO.
6.

Wolf and Twins.

Obv. Head Wt. 109 gr.-;.

of

Herakles.

Sev.

Eomano-Campanian. M.
Horse's head.

Oi.

Head of Mars.

ijeo.

ROMANO.

Wt. 115

grs.

7.

Eomano-Campanian.
Bei: Prancing horse
;

JR.

Obo.

ROMANO.

above which, star.

Head of Apollo. Wt. 105-5 grs.

8.

Eomano-Campanian.

JR. Obv. Head of Roma (?), wearing helmet of Phrvgian form. i?cc. ROMANO. Victory, holding palm, to which "is attached a wreath. Wt. 102-2 grs. JR. O&u. Head of Apollo. Wt. 99-7 grs.
JR.
OSb.

9.

Eomano-Campanian.
Prancing horse.

Sev.ROMk

10.

Eomano-Campanian.
;

ROMA. Horse's head The Eoman dominion

behind, harpa.

Head of Mars, beardless. Sev. Wt. 103 grs.

B.C.

in

Campania dates from

338.

65

PERIOD

IV.

C.

The series with the inscription ROMANO commences about that time that Trith ROMA probably begins about
;

B.C.

318.

11.

Alexander of Epirus. Calabria. Tarentum. Obv. Head of Zeus of Dodona, wearing oak-wreath.

M.
Bev,

AAEZANAPOY TOY NEOnTOAEMOY.

beside which, spear-head.
"Wt. 132-2 grs.

Thunderbolt;

In spite of the resemblance of this magnificent gold stater to the silver coin III. B. 23, it seems probable that it was struck at Tarentum, where Alexander went, in B.C. 332, to aid the Greeks against the Lucanians and Bruttians.

12.

Tarentum.
bolt.
stars.

A'.
<t>l.

Ohr.

Head

of Zeus.

i2er. Eagle,

on thunder-

In

field,

NIKAP, and two

amphorse, surmounted by

Wt. 131-7
A''.

grs.

13.

Tarentum.

0',c.

Head of young Herakles, wearing

lion's

Bev. skin; club below neck. Taras, holding trident ; above,

TAPANTINON.
NIKAP.

Biga, driven by Wt. 132-7 grs.

14.

Tarentum.

A/".

Wr.

wearing stephane, earring, and necklace.

holding trident, seated on dolphin.

TAPANTINflN. Head of Aphrodite (?) lUv. TAPAZ. Taras,

"Wt. 66-3 grs.

15.

Tarentum.
field,

Si. Oht. Xaked horseman, crowning his horse. In two other names in monomagistrate's name, cpl ; gram, and a dolphin. Ir. f. Similar to last. In field, two amphorae. "Wt. 99-6 grs.

AOKAHZ

The head on Xo. 13 is clearly suggested by that on the money of Alexander the Great, at this time circulating The magistrate's name, NIKAP. on Xo. 12 far and wide. proves this coin to be of the same period. The issue of gold and silver money at Tarentum in large quantities
during this period is a proof of the -widely extended relations of this city, the rival of Eome in southern Italy.
Plate
31.

Heraclea. 16. Lucania. helmet; in front, A. K.

naked, strangling
lion.

M.
<t>.

Ohr.
J?ec.

Head of Athena; Scvlla on

;

HHPAKAHinN.
beneath, owl.

In field, club
grs.

Herakles, Magistrate's

name, KAA.

Wt. 120

Alexander the son of XeoSoon ptolemus, B.C. 32."i, Heraclea fell into the hands of the Lucanians. This coin is anterior to that event.
after the death of

B.C.

336-280.

67

17.

Metapontum. JR. Sev. CMEJTAnON.

Wt. 119'8
grs.

Obv.

Head of Zeus; behind, thunderboit.

field,

Ear of corn. In

KAA, and

poppy-head.

18.

Metapontum.
Eleutherios.

JR.

Ohv.

EAEYGEPICOa.
Car of corn.

iJeo.

META.
Obv.

Head of Zeus
grs.

Wt. 119-8

19.

Metapontum.
124-7 grs.

JR.

Head of Dionysus, bound with broad

diadem and iry-wreath.

Rev.

METAD.

Ear

of

corn

Wt

20.

Metapontum.

JR.

Obv.

hair bound with corn. Sev. ETA. Magistrate, MAN. Wt. 120-2 grs.

Head of Demeter, or Persephone; Ear of corn. Symbol plough

21.

Metapontum.
-ffiei).

M.

06u.

Head of Demeter,

or Persephone, facing.

META. Ear of corn. Wt. 121-3 grs. Metapontum fell into the hands of the Lucanians soon
after the year b.c. 314; the above coins period between about 330 and 314.
22.
fall

into the

Thurium.
Wt. 120-2

M.
grs.

06t;.

Head of Athena

0OYPIQN.
23.

Butting

bull.

Scylla on helmet. Sev. Magistrate, EYct>A. In exergue, fish.

;

Velia. JR. Obv. Head of Athena, wearing crested helmet, on which a quadriga and artist's name, <t>IAlZTION. Eev. YEAHTON. Lion gnawing the bones of a stag; above, Niiie flying. Wt. 103-3 grs.

24. Velia.

3i. Obv. Head of Athena, wearing helmet of Phrygian ifeo. form, on which female Centaur, Lion derouring prey. Wt. 117-7 grs.

YEAHTQN.

25. Bruttii.
Tripod.

Croton.
In
field,

JR.

Ohv.

branch tied with

Head of Apollo. fillet. Wt. 118-8

20, of

ev.
grs.

KPO.

In style this coin resembles No.

26. Locri.
field,

Metapontum.
In

^.
may

Ohv.

thunderbolt.

Head of Zeus. Hev. Eagle deTouring hare. Wt. 119-1 grs.

This coin

be compared for style with No. 17, of

b.c.

Metapontum.
PuTE
35.

27. Sicily.

Syracuse,

317-310.

AI.

oSc.
;

Head of young

Herakles, laureate. Bev. triskeles. Wt. 66-2 grs.

ZYPAKOZION.

Biga

beneath which,

28. Syracuse,

b.c.

317-310.

M.

Ohv.

beneath, Nl. Bev. ZYPAKOZIQN. Wt. 266-1 grs. In exergue, AI.

Head of Persephonp ; Quadriga; above, triskele,.

Although these coins do not bear the name of AgaF 2

68

PERIOD

IV. C.

thocles, there can be no doubt that they belong to the earlier part of his reign. ( Vide Head's Coinage of Syracuse, p. 40, sq.)

29. Syracuse,

B.C.

310-307.

M.

Obv.

KOPAZ.

Head

of

Persephone, crowned with com. field, triskeles. Wt. 259-6 grs.

Rev. Nike erecting trophy.

In

30. Syracuse, B.C. 307-289.

A''.

Obv.

Head

AfAeOKAEOZ BAEIAEOZ.

Thunderbolt.

of Athena. Rev. Wt. 87-8 grs.

About B.C. 306, Agathocles assumed the title of king, in imitation perhaps of Antigonus, "who was the first of the successors of Alexander to adopt it in this same year.
31. Syracuse, B.C. 307-289. Pegasus beneath, triskeles.
;

M.

Obv.

Head

of Athena.

Rev.

Wt. 104

grs.

is a piece of eight litrse ; No. 30 was worth eighty or ten silver staters. Various new multiples of the litra occur from this time forward in the Syracusan currency.

This

litra;,

32. Syracuse, Hicetas, B.C. 287-278. A'', oiv. SYPAKOZinN. Head of Persephone; behind, poppy-head; beneath, 0E. Rev.

Em

IKETA.
grs.

Xike, in biga; above, crescent

moon; beneath, 0.

Wt. 65-4

M. 33. 34. Syracuse, B.C. 287-278. behind (33) bee, (34) bucranium.
Xike, in quadriga; above, star.

O'm.

Head of Persephone

Rev. ZYPAKOZinN. Wts. 201-1 grs. and 191-1 grs.

Although these coins do not bear the name of Hicetas. there can be no doubt that they were struck under his
rule.

They

are pieces of fifteen

litrae.

35. Africa.

Carthage. Rev. Ohv. Head of Persephone. Horse, standing on dotted line, supported at either end by twu Wt. 145-2 grs. small symbols, a goat*s head and an eye.
Obc. Head of Herakles, as on coins of Alexander Ret. Horse's head and palm-tree ; beneath, in Punic Wt. 257 grs. characters, am nuzc/uinat, '- people of the camp."

M.

36. Carthage.

^U.

the Great.

This coin is subsequent to the time of Alexander the two following are apparently somewhat earlier. They are all undoubtedly by Greek artists.
;

37. Carthage.

jE. Obv. Head of Per';ephone, copied from coins of Syracuse. Rev. Horse, prancing in front of palm-tree. Wt. 262 grs.

B.C.

336-280.

69
;

38.

Carthage.
of Baal the sun
;

(?).

06t). Head of Persephone behind which, symbol Sev. Horse, standing in front of palm-tree behind, beneath horse, a flower growing. Wt. 264 grs.
;

M.

39.

Cyrene.
phium

A/".

plant.

06d. Horseman Wt. 43'8 grs.

behind, star.

Bev.

K\PA.

Sil-

40.

Cyrene.

M. M.
In
field,

Obv.

Head

of

Silphium plant.

In

field, tripod.

young Zeus Ammon. Wt. 118'5 grs.

Bev.

Hev.

KYPA.

41.

Cyrene.
plant.

Obv.

Head

of Apollo.

KYPA.

Silphium

jerboa and

ZQ.

Wt. 105"1

grs.

The above coins of Cyrene were striiok after when Cyrenaica became subject to the Ptolemies.

e.g.

322,


70
PERIOD V.

PEEIOD v. CIRCA

B.C.

280-190.

Ddeimg the third century B.C., the age of the Epigoni, the coinage tLroughont Asia is almost exclusively regal some even of those cities -which preserved their autonomy issued their coins in the name of Alexander, and -with the types of his money. In European Greece, the tetradrachms of the kings of ilaoedon are the most important hut, towards the close of the period, after the power of Philip V. had been restricted by the Eomans, Athens once more became the principal place of mintage in Greece ; the new Athenian tetradrachiis soon obtaining a world-wide circulation. At Eome, silver was first coined in B.C. 268, and at the same time the silver coinage of the parts of Italy subject Tarentum continued to coin money to Eome ceases. until B.C. 209. In Sicily, Hiero U. struck coins both in his own name and in that of Queen Philistis but in 212, on the capture of Syracuse by Maroellus, the right of coining in
; ;

was monopolised by Eome. Carthage meanwhile continued to coin largely both in gold and silver her dodecadrachms, with the head of Persephone on one side, and the horse on the other, being
Sicily
;

the largest silver coins ever issued in ancient times. The coins of this century are especially remarkable as presenting a series of portraits of the kings of Egypt, Syria, Bactria, Pontus, Bithynia, Pergamus, Macedon, and Sicily, of inestimable historical value. Although it cannot be affirmed that in any great degree the coins of this period reflect the best contemporary art, it is yet instructive to compare some of the reverse types with the remaining sculptures of the time. The plastic art of Periods T., YL, and YII., which it is best to group together, is characterised
(i.)

By

realism, striking effects, dramatic compositions.

The chief artists were at Pergamus, Isigonus Ehodes, Agesandros, Athanodorus, and Polydorus Tralles, Apollonius and Tauriscus.

;
;

at at

PERIOD V.

71

The cHef extant works are of tbe School of Pergamus, the Pergamene Sculptures, combat of gods and giants, Berlin the Dying Gaul, in the Capitol ; Wounded Gauls and Amazons, Naples, Venice, and other Museums ; and the group called " Psetus and Arria," in the Villa Ludovisi ; of the School of Rhodes, the Laocoon, in the Vatican ; and of the School of Tralles, the " Farnese Bull," at Naples.
;

(ii.)

By ideal mythological conceptions by personificitions of abstract ideas ; and iinally by reproductions of older works.
;

lonius, son

chief artists were of the New Attic School, Apolof Nestor, Cleomenes, son of ApoUodorus, Glycon, and others ; and of the School of Italy, Pasiteles,

The

Menelaus, and Stephanus. The chief extant works are The Venus of Melos, the Farnese Hercules, and the group of Orestes and Electra, at Naples ; the Belvedere Torso by ApoUonius the son of Nestor, and the Borghese Gladiator by Agasias of Ephesns.

TEEIOD V. A.

V. A.
Plate? 36-40.
Plate
36.

\-^, FoTiT tetradracTims -T.th Alexander's types. Xo. 1 v^&s struck at Cyzious, probably in the time of Antioclms H., about the middle of the third centnry. Wt. 262 grs. No. 2 has the Carian double axe. W^t. 264 grs. Xo. 3 Cannot be attributed -^th certainty, but probably belongs to the western part of Asia Minor. TVt. 263 grs. Ko. 4 is of Aradus, in Phoenicia, and bears the date 62 either of the era of Aradus, which commenced in B.C. 259, or of the Seleucid era, B.C. 312. 'wt. 26-t-7 grs.
5.

Pontus.

Mithradates
and crescent.

II.

M.
26-i"7

Obv. Portrait of kin;.

BAZIAEOZ MI0PAAATOY.
front, a star

Zens Aetopnoro=,
^;rs.

Eer. seated; in

Wt.

This Mithradates reigned from B.C. 24iJ-190. The star and crescent are emblems of the sun and moon, and allude to the religion of the Persians, from whom the tings of Pontus were descended.
6.

Calchedon.

M.

Oir.

Head of Demeter.
TVt. 215-6 grs.

veiled.

Bev.

KAAX.

Apollo, seated on omphalos.

Compare the obverse of this cijin with T. B. 3 and 32. Byzantium and Chalcis in Eubcea and the reverse with V. A. 19, of Antiochus the Great. All these coins
of
;

may
7.

be assigned to the time of Antiochus HE., 222-187.

Bithynia.

B.C.

Prusias

I.,

b.c.

228-180.

M.

Obv.

Head

of

Pmsias. Her. BAZIAEOZ flPOYZIOY. holding wreath and sceptre. Wt. 265 grs.

Zens,

standing,

Plate

37. 8.

Pergamus.

Philetaerus.

B.C.

28J^26o.

jS..

Obv.

Head
left,

of Selencns I. diademed. f. <t>IAETAIPOY. Athena seated, holding a shield in front of her. Wt. 2.Ty--t ^rs.

coins of the Hngs of Pergamus can only be style, as they aU bear the name, and most of them the portrait, of Philetajrus. the founder of the dynasty. This coin is one of the earliest it bears the portrait of Seleucus, who appears to have been reoognised by Philetaerus as his suzerain.

The

arranged by

B.C.

280-190.

73

9.

Pergamns.

Eumenes I., B.C. 26;J-241. JR. Obv. Head of Phileterus ; his diadem twined round a laurel-wreath. Eev. Similar to No. 8. Wt. 260 grs.

Ou the death of PUletserus, Eumenes, his nephew, succeeded to the throne. The portrait on this coin is that of his uncle, the eunuch Philetarus.
10.

Ephesus.

JR.

Obv.

Head

of Artemis.

Sec.
grs.

<P.

Half-stag.

Magistrate's name,

ZOZIZ.

Wt. 101-6

This coin is of the Ehodian standard, and is of the period during which Ephesus Lclonged tu the Ptolemies,
B.C.

258-202.

11.

Ehodes.

06;!. Head of Helios, radiate. i?CT-. P O. Rose. Magistrate's name, TEIZYAOZ. Symbol, Aphrodite (?), wearing polos and holding dove. Wt. 203 grs.

M.

fine

date of this coin

specimen of the best art of this period. The is probably about b.c. 200. Cf. IV. A. 33.
Antiochusl. (Soter),

12-19. Syria.

PiAiE

38.

e.g. 280-261. (12) (13) Ji (wt. 2U4^-7 grs.). Head of Antiochus. Sev. Apollo, on omphalos. (14) ^. Antiochus II. (Theos), B.C. 261-246. Sev. Herakles seated. Wt. 252-7 grs. (15) JR. Seleucus II. (Callinicus), B.C. 246-226. jRev. Apollo,

(wt. 132 grs.) and

Wt. 261-9 grs. (16) JR. Antiochus Hierax (?), 227. Bev. Apollo, on omphalos. Wt. 263-3 grs. (17) JR. Seleucus III. (Ceraunus), B.C. 226-222. Wt. 257-6 grs. (18) JR. Antiochus, son of Seleucus III., B.C. 222. Wt. 262-8 grs. (19) A^. Antiochus III. (the Great), B.C. 222-187. wt. 522-9 grs.
standing.

before

B.C.

These coins form, with No. 14, of Period IV. A., and with Nos. 24r-28, of Period VI. A., and Nos. 8-13, of VII. A., an interesting series of portraits of the Seleucid
kings.
20.

Marathus.

0HNON.

JR. Male

Obv.
figure.

holding aplustre and stalk 33 = B.C. 279. Wt. 258 grs.

Head of city, turreted. Bev. MAPA Demos of Marathus, seated on shield.-., of the plant marathrum. In field, date

The head on this coin is one of the best of the period. The attitude of the figure on the reverse is probably suggested by that of Apollo on the contemporary coins of
the kings of Syria.

74
Tlat-e 39.

PERIOD T. A.

21-27. Bactria. (21) A/. Diodotus. Ilei: Zeus, hurling thunderbolt. Wt. 128-3 grs. (22) A/". Euthydemus. Sev. Herakles, seated. Wt. 129 grs. (23) M. Demetrius. i?ei-. Herakles, crowning himself. Wt. 259-5 grs. (24) iR. EuthydenmS II. Sev. Herakles, standing. Wt. 260-7 grs. (25) M. AntimachuS.
_

Hev.

Poseidon,

standing,

holding

trident

and

palm.

Wt.

262-3 grs.

ArAeOKAEOYZ AIOAOTOY
(27)
seated.

(26) JR. Agathocles.

Sev. AlKAIOY. Zeus, hurling thunderbolt. CTj;. 5:nTHPOS. Head of Diodotus. Wt. 263-5 grs.
inscription.

BAZIAEYONTOZ

iR.
Obv.
grs.

Agathocles. Sev. Same EY0YAH MOY.; 0EOY.

Herakles,

Head of Euthydemus.

Wt. 261-2

remarkable series of coins furnishes us -with the names of the successors of Alexander's generals in Bactria and India, from ahout B.C. 250, the date of the separation of Bactria from the Seleucid kingdom under Diodotus as an independent king, down to the time of Antiochus the Great of Syria. Agathocles, on the t-wo specimens aboTe described, places the heads of his predecessors, Diodotus and Euthydemus, on his coinage, but there are other specimens -svith his o-wn portrait.
Pij.li; 40.

THs

28-34.

Ptolemy II. Ptolemy I. and Berenice I. wt. 428-6 grs. Ptolemy Soter and Berenice -^\'ere deified after their deaths, and entitled GEO ZOTHPEZ. Arsinoe was sister and second -wife of Ptolemy II., B.C. 285-247. (29) Af. Arsinoe II. Sev.
Egypt. (28) and Arsinoe II.
AF.
obv.

AAEA<J>nN.

Tier.

EON.

APZINOHZ <t>lAAAEAcl>OY. Double cornucopia;. Wt. 429 grs. Ptolemy III. (Euergetes), e.g. 247-222. (30) N. Sev. DTOAEMAIOY BAZIAEIIZ. Cornucopia;, surmounted
by semicircle of
Cornucopiffi.
grs.

rays.

Wt. 4295
Sev.

grs.

(31) Af. Berenice II.

Wt. 427-9

wife of Ptolemy III.

In
field, bee.

BEPENIKHZ BAZIAIZZHE.
b.c.

Perhaps struck at Ephesus.

(32) Af. Ptolemy IT. (Philopator),

222-206.

Sev.

nTOAEMAlOY ctlAOnATOPOZ.
grs.

Wt. 428-3

r33) AT.
Sev.
grs.

Arsinoe

III.,

Eagle on thunderbolt. wife and sister

of

Ptolemy lY.
Wt. 427-9
B.C.

APZINOHZ <t>IAOnATOPOZ.
(34) JJ,

Cornucopia;.

Ptolemy Y. (Epi-

phanes),

205-181.

Sev.

HTOAEMAIOY BAZIAEDZ.
grs.

Eagle on thunderbolt.

Wt. 429

These magnificent Egyptian gold coins bear authentic and striking portraits of the reigning monarchs, not, as is generally the case with the silver money, the
traditional portrait of the founder of the dynasty.

B.C.

280-190.

75

V. B.
Plates 41-43.
Pj.iTE4i. 1.

OdesSUS. Ammon.
seated.

A''.
i;i'i-.

Obu.

BAZIAEHZ AYZIMAXOY.
grs.

In

field,

Head of Alexander the Great, with horn of Athena Nikephoros, monogram of Odessus and magistrate's name
Obv.

KOI.
2.

Wt. 129

Odessus.
gram

M.

Head

of Herakles,

in

lion's

skin.

Hev.

BASilAEnZ AAE^ANAPOY.
of Odessus, and

Zeus Aetophoros, seated. Monosame magistrate's name. Wt. 257 grs.

Coins bearing tlie names of Lrsimachus and of Alexander continued to be issued after the death of those monarohs, both in Thrace and Asia Minor. Cf. V. A. 1-4.
3.

Byzantium. JR. Obv. Head of Demeter, veiled. MENISIKOY. Poseidon, seated on rock, holding
aplustre.

Seo. trident
grs.

Ell and
I

In

field,

monogram

of Bj'zantium.

Wt. 206

Compare
4.
seated

this coin

with that of Calchedon, V. A.

Obc.
;

6.

Samothrace.
on

M.
throne

Head of Athena.
which,
grs.

beneath

Sav. ZAMO. Cybele, lion. Magistrate's name,

M HTPONAZ.
struck
ander,

Wt. 125-3

Both Alexander and Lysimachus, according to L. Miiller, money in Samothrace. As the types of this autonomous coin are suggested by the gold coinage of Alexit is probable that Samothrace regained its independence after the death of Lysimachus, whose widow Arsinoe fled there in 279 from Ptolemy Ceraunus, then king of Macedon. 5.

Macedonia.
Obv.

Antigonus Gonatas, B.C. 277-239. JR. Macedonian shield, in the centre of which a head of Pan, horned; behind his head, a pedum. Ser. BAEIAEQZ ANTIrONOY. Athena Alkis, hurling thunderbolt. Wt. 265 grs.

The head of Pan on the coins of Antigonus refers to the panic of the Gauls when Antigonus defeated them in B.C. 277, which was followed by their retreat from Macedon The and the recovery of the kingdom by Antigonus. style of the figure of Athena on the reverse of this coin is archaistic, not archaic.
6.

Antigonus Gonatas or Doson ?

Sev. Poseidon. bow, seated on the

B.C.

229-220.
grs.

BAZIAEOZ ANTirONOY.
prow
of a galley.

Obo. Head of Apollo, holding

Wt. 260

This coin was formerly attributed to Antigonus, king of

PERIOD

V.

B.

Asia, B.C. 306-301, bnt tie flat fabric of the piece, no less than the eifeminate character of the art, renders it probable that it -n-as struck either hy Antigonns Gonatas or

by Antigonus Doson. This latter made an expedition by sea against Caria, which he. in alliance with Antiochus Hierax. took from Ptolemy Eiiergetes. Compare the attitude of the seated Apollo on this piece with that on thecontemporary Syrian coins. Y. A. 12-19, and the head on the obverse with that of Zeus on YI. B. 16, of Epirus. For portrait of Antigonus D json, see below, Y. B. 27.
7.

Philip Y.,

B.C. 220-178. Ji. 06r. Macedonian shield ; in'the centre of which head of Perseus, wearing winged helmet, surmounted by griffin's head; at his shoulder, harpa. Her. BAZIAECiS! OlAinnOY. Club, in oak-wreath ; outside wreath, harpa. Wt.

260-3 grs.

this coin the character of Perseus.

3.

The head on

is

a portrait of Philip himself, in

Philip Y.,
Wt. 259

B.C.

220-17S.

JR..

BAEIAEHZ 4>iAinnOY.
grs.

OW. Head of Philip. Eer. Athena Altis, in fighting attitude.

9.

Dyxrhachium.
'jStr.

Monunius.
Wt. 161
grs.

..Pi.

fAr.

Cow. suckling

calf.

BAZIAEOZ

MONOYNIOY,

Floral pattern, "Gardens

of Alcinoiis."

!Monunius wa5 an Illyrian chief, who, as Droysen supposes, dujing the invasion of the Gauls, circa B.C. 280,
seized

upon Dyn'hachium.

10. Epirus. Ambracia. 3i. Ofcr. Head of Dione, wearing wreath and veil. J., r. AM. Ohelisk of the Apollo '.^-/a/fei^s of Ambracia bound with fiiiet. in laurel wreath. Wt. 51 grs.
Plaii;42. 11.

CaSbOpe.
behind,

Ja. Oir. Head of Dodonsean Zetis, crowned with oak monozram. Sev. KAZSODAION. Eagle standing on thunderbolt all in oak -wreath. Wt. 66 grs.
;

During the time of the Epirote Eepublic or League, several cities of Epirus seem to have exercised the right Probably the unity of issuing an independent coinage. of Epirus "which was maintained by the personal ascendency of the Molossian kings was partially relaxed when The above coins of Ambracia their line came to an end. and Cassope are earlier in style than YI. B. 16-lS. and may be assigned to the latter part of the third
centnrv.

B.C.

280-190.
;

77

12. JijpirilS.

vtv.

Obv.

monogram.
oak-wreath.

Her.

AflEIPnTAN.
grs.

Heads of Dodona^an Zeus and Dione behind, Butting bull; the whole m

Wt. 154

Wlien the family of Pyrrhus became extinct, about B.C. 238, a republican form of government was establislied in Epirus, which, continued till the conquest of Macedonia by Eome, in 168. This coin belongs to the earlier period For later coins, cf. VI. B. 16, 17. of the Epirote League.
13.

Acarnania.
holding bow.

JR.

Ohi\
llev.

Head of river-god AoheloUs.

In field,

AYKOYPrOZ.

AKAPNANON.
grs.

Apollo Actius, seated,

Wt. 158

These coins of the Acarnanian League were struck about the middle of the third century, probably at The style of the seated Apollo on the reverse Leucas. may be compared with that of Apollo on the tetradrachm of Antigonus Doson ? V. B. 6.
14. jEtolia. N. Obv. Head of Athena. Eeo. AITQAON. Wt. 132-7 grs. seated on shields ; she holds Nike.
^tolia,

This figure
15. .Sltolia.
In
field,

is

sometimes but wrongly called Atalanta.

Obv.

N.

Artemis.

Head of Herakles. Wt. 66 grs.

Obv.

Sen.

AITOAQN.
Heo.

Similar.

16.

^tolia.

M.

Head

of

Herakles.

AimAnN.

yEtolia, seated

on shields, among which the Macedonian and Gaulish Wt. 259 grs. shields are conspicuous.

The above coins of the zBtolian League belong to the The obverses are imitated from period B.C. 279-168. The gold stater, V. B. 14, coins of Alexander the Great. may be compared with the contemporary stater of
Pyrrhus, V. C. 24.
17. jEtolia.

jE. Obv. Head of jEtolus bound with oak-wreath and Bev. AITOAON. jEtolian hero yEtolus diadem intertwined. naked, placing his right foot on a rock, and leaning on knotted Wt. 158-4 grs. hunter's spear, sword under his arm.

18.

^tolia.

M.

Obv.

Head of Artemis;

quiver. Sev.

AITOAflN.

at her shoulder, bow and ^tolia, seated on shields. Wt.81-8grs.

These two
signature,
<P\,

coins,

which bear the same magistrate's were perhaps struck in the same year.

^5
19. Boeotia.

PERIOD V.

B.

Obr. Head of Demeter, facing. Bev. BOlflTON. Wt. Poseidon, standing, holding dolpliin, and leaning on trident.

M.

7S1

grs.

l:

Coins of tMs type probably belong to the period 44-197. They appear to be later than IT. B. 22.

B.C.

20.

Athens.
side,

unadorned.

of Athena, wearing crested helmet, Owl, standing on amphora; on either magistrate's monogram ; the whole in olive-wi'eath. Wt.
j3J.

Otr.

Head

i?er.

AGE.

259

grs.

Xearly all the tetradrachms -which have the names of the magistrates nnder "whose anthoritY they were issued merely indicated by monograms, are classed as the earliest of the later series of Athenian money "which begins abont B.C. 220.
21.

Athens. Ji.

OU-. Similar head helmet richlv adorned with griffin and foreparts of horses. Se. A0E MIKIflN EYPYKAEI APEZTOZ. Owl on amphora; the whole in olive-wreath. On amphora, K heneath, M E. Symbol in field, the Dioscnri. Wt, 260 grs.
:

Euryclides and Micion are mentioned by historians as of the Athenians in B.C. 217. The two magistrates on this coin can hardly be these persons, thongh The letter K on the they may be their descendants. amphora is nsed as a numeral to indicate the tenth prytany or month during "which the third magistrate, in the present instance APEZTOZ, "was in office. The first two magistrates on these late Athenian coins held their places for one year; the third was changed every prytany, about once a month. M E beneath the amphora is the mark of the partictilar -svorkshop in the mint in "which the die was engraved. The accessory symbol in the field is almost alwavs the seal of the majristra-te whose name stands iiist on the coin.
poa-rdrai.

M. Similar types. Madstrj.tes' names, EYPYKAEI -APIAPA HPAKAEL Wt. 256-7 grs. The Euryclides who signs this coin is probably identical "with the magistrate of the same name on Xo. 21.
22.

Athens.

It "will be seen, by comparing these coins of Athens "with those which belons: to the nest period, that the stvle of the art continues slowly to deteriorate.

B.C.

280-190.

79

PLiTE .

23.

Aohsean League.
MoDogram
and a
fish
;

JR. Obv. Head of Zeus Homagyrius. Eev. of the Achseans, two smaller monograms of magistrates, the whole in an olive-wreath. Wt. 36 grs.

The

fisli

is

the

symbol of Dyme, which joined the

league about
24. Aohtail

b.c.

280.

League.
Wt. 38*5

M.
grs.

similar types; but on rev.

AN,
B.C.

for

Antigoneia.

The city of Mantineia received this name in from Aratus, in honour of Antigonus Doson.
25.

222

Achaean League.

Similar types; but on rev. wolf's head, the symbol of Argos, which joined the league in B.C. 228. Wt. 35-7 grv

M.

The style of this coin shows it to have been struck very soon after the above date. Each one of the confederate towns of the Achasan League issued, under the responsibility of its own magistrates, a 23ortion of the federal coinage in silver or copper. Coins bearing the marks of forty-three of these towns are known.
26. Elis.

JR. Sev. FA. Eagle; in Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate. Wt, Magistrate's signature, Al. front of which a coiled serpent.
184
grs.

Elis continued to coin money independently of the Aohasan League, down to the year B.C. 191, when it was the last city in Peloponnesus to join the league. The head of Zeus on this coin is of a late period, not much before
27.
b.c.

200.

Lacedasmon.

Bev. A A. JR. Obv. Head of a king, diademed. Archaic image of the Apollo of Amyclaj, holding spear and bow
beside the statue, a goat.

Wt. 255-5

grs.

The portrait on this coin has usually been said to be that of Cleomenes III., B.C. 236-220, but it has lately been identified as that of Antigonue Doson, in whose honour it may have been struck after the battle of Sellasia, B.C. 221.
28.

Lacedasmon.
seated on rocks.

M.

Obv.

Head of Athena.
grs.

Sev.

A. Herakles,

Wt. 235

The
to
B.C.

style of the seated Herakles on this coin shows it have been struck about the end of the third century

so
29. Euboea.
I:ec.

PERIOD V.
Car\-stus.
A''.
;

B.

KAPY.

Bull r-jclming

0'..i-. Head of Herakles, bearded. above, trident ; beneath, club. \Tt.

49-3 grs.

Style of tlie head of Heraldes on this coin is distinctly later than that of the silver coins of the same type. It may be as late as the beginning of the second

The

century

B.C.

30. Carystus. .J?. Obr. Head of Antiochns III. (?), bonnd with a.;Xike, in Set. KAPYZTIQN. wr'eath entwined with diadem. Wt. 9S-5 gr5. biga.

This coin ttus pr':iliably struck in Antiochns Tvas in Eubcea.

31.

B.C.

191,

when

Chalcis.

JS.

Ohc.

Female head, wearing; earring; two long

Eagle,

Bev. XAAKI. neck, behind. standing with open wings, and contending with serpent. trate's name, Wt. S4-S grs.
locks of hair hang

down her

Magis-

MENEAH.

fabric of this coin, the treatment of the hair on the obverse, and the expression in the attitude of the eagle, all point to a late period.
32. Chalcis.
Ecr. Head of queen as Hera, veiled. Demeter, holding torch, in quadriga; bencTtk, fft. 254-5 grs. ZENOKPATHZ. The whole in oak-wreath,
.<E.

The spread

Utc.

XAAKIAEON.

The head on the obverse may be an idealised portrait of the lady of Chalcis whom Antiochns III. married there, in the reverse may commemorate the games held on B.C. 191 the occasion of the nuptials.
;

33. Eretria. 0\v. Head of Artemis. Rev. EPETPIEnN. Wt. 865 grs. Bull reclining; beneath, 0ANIAZ.

M.

Probably not earlier than

3-1.

B.C.

200.

ParOS.
riAPI.

-U.
Goat.

Oh-c.

F-male head, bound with crossing bands. Eer Magistrate's name, IK. Wt. 118 grs.

AN AZ

B.C.

280-190.

81

V. c.
Plates 44-47.
L

1.

Gallia.

Massilia.

M.
;

OAo.

with sprigs of olive

at

Head of Artemis, her hair adorned her shoulder, bow and quiver. Sev.
Wt. 43
grs.

2.

Italia.

Obv. Head of Roma, wearing winged helmet; behind, X (10 asses). Sev. ROMA (in incuse letters). The Dioscuri, charging, as they appeared at the battle of the Lalce Regillus. Wt. 66-7 grs.

MAZEAMHTnN. Eome. M.

Lion.

Denarius.

3.

Eome. Eome.

M.
grs.

Qumarius.
Sestertius.

Same types

behind head,

(5 asses).

Wt. 34-5
4.

M.

Same types; behind head, IIS

(2 asses

and 1 semis).

Wt. 16'5

grs.

The

earliest

Eoman

coinage consists of large clumsy-

lumps of bronze, aes grave, wMch were oast in moulds, not struck. Not until B.C. 268 was silver money coined at Eome, and at the same time the issue of gold and silver money was forbidden in all the subject districts of Italy.
5.

Eome.

JR. Victoriatus. Obv. Head of Jupiter. ev. ROMA. Victory crowning trophy of arms between Victory and trophy, moneyer's mark, a sow. Wt. 44-5 grs.
;

originally a Campanian coin but 211, the Eomans transferred the coinage of the victoriate to Eome itself, where it continued to be coined for the use of the Provinces.

The

victoriate

was

after the fall of

Capua,

b.c.

6.

Eome.

Af.

Obv.

Head of Mars; behind, marks of value (60

Eagle, on thunderbolt.

sestertii).

Bev.

ROMA.

Wt. 52

grs.

G-old pieces of the value of 60, 40,

to

and 20

sestertii

began

be issued by Eoman generals in southern Italy B.C. 217, during the war against Hannibal. The work of these The high values with which they are coins is Greek. marked is a proof that they were struck on some exceptional occasion.
7.

They

are in fact coins of necessity.

Eomano-Campanian.

ROMA. Two
ing man.

soldiers,

Sev. Obv. Janiform head, laureate. taking an oath upon a pig, held by a kneel-

Al.

Wt. 106-1

grs.

These coins were probably struck between and 268.

8.

circ. B.C.

318

Eomano-Campanian.
laureate. Ecv. bolt and sceptre,

JR.

Quadrigatus.

ROMA
in

(in incuse letters).

quadriga,

Obv. Janiform head, Jupiter, with thunderaccompanied by Victory. Wt.

100-6 grs.

82

PERIOD V.

C.

In B.C. 268, when the denarius was first coined at Eome, the Campanian silver was restricted to the Quadrigatus (of which this is an example) and the Victoriatus.
9.

Campania.
This

Xike, in biga.

Cales. M. 0'.-!:. Head of Athena. Wt. 113 grs.

fr.

CALENO.

silver

tov.Ti was colonised from Eome in B.C. 334. The money which bears its name must be attributed to
B.C.

the period between this year and

10.

263.

Suessa.

Ohr. Head of Apollo beliind, ear of com. Eev. Horseman, carrrijig palm, riding on one and leading Wt. 1\Z"2 ^rs. a second horse.
;

S.

SVESANO.

Suessa was occupied by a Roman colony about Like Cales, it ceased to coin silver in B.C. 268.
11.

B.C.

313.

Xuceria Alfatema.
characters.
i^tr.

M.

Yoimg male

Ohv. Xame of town, in Oscan head, with ram's horn ; behind, dolphin,

One

of the Dioscnri, standing beside horse.

Wt. 110-3

grs.

of this city that of Cales and Suessa.

silver
12.

The

money

is

contemporary with

Teanum

Siiiicinum.
;

M.
Bee.

Obv.

Head of ronng Herakles,

in

lion's skin

beneath, club.

Name

of town, in Oscan characters.

Xike, in triga.

Wt.

1'J7'.5 grs.

This coin
13. Apulia.

is

clearly contemporary

with Xo.
Head

9,

of Cales.

Arpi.

M.
J?er.

Oi,r.

APnANON.

behind, ear of corn, Wt. 110-S ers.

AAIOY.

Prancing horse

of Persephone ; above, star.

The name of the magistrate on this coin recalls that of Dasius Altinius, mentioned by Livy as chief magistrate of Arpi during the Hannibalic war.
pu.nL
45.

14. Calabria.

TAPANTINQN.

A'. Obr. Head of Herakles. Sev. Taras, holding trident, driving biga; beneath, API, and thunderbolt. Wt. 1.32 grs.

Tarentum.

This coin is the latest in style of all the gold money of Tarentum. It seems to belong to the time of the Second Punic War, B.C. 212-209. Cf. IV. C. 13, which is of the same type, but much earlier.
15.

Tarentum.

.51. Ohr. Boy on horse, received by naked man; Her. Taras, holding bow and arrow, riding beneath, APIZTID. on dolphin ; beneath, elephant. Wt. 98-5 grs.

B.C.

280-190.

83

The
B.C.

elopliant

on this coin points

tlie earliest

281-272, as

to tlie time of Pyrrhus, probable date to wMoh it can

be assigned.
16.

iarentum.
name,

^. 06u. Horseman, wearing chlamys. ZENOKPATHZ. Eev. TAPA. Taras, on

;

holds trident

beneath, waves, in which cuttle-fish.

Magistrate's dolphin; he Wt. 99-4 grs.

17.

Lucania.
Athen.a.

Heraclea.
Rev.
Heralcles,

M.

Obv.

t-HPAKAEinN.
I

Head

of

standing, holding club and lion's skin. Nike, flying, about to crown him. Magistrate, <t> AO. Wt. 97-9 grs.

18.

Tburium.

M.

06d.

Head

of Apollo.

i?e!).

GOYPinN.
grs.

Butting

bull; above, API.

In exergue, tripod.

Wt. 94

Xos. 16-18 seem to be their respective cities.

19.
\

some of the

latest silver coins of

elia.
corn.

JR.

YEAHTON.
This coin
B.C.

Sev. Oho. Head of Athena, wearing winged helmet. Magistrates' letters, and ear of Lion, walking.
grs.

Wt. 115-7

may

be attributed to the period ending

268.

20. Bruttii. AI. BPETTION. Sev. Obv. Head of Poseidon. Amphitrite, veiled, seated on sea-horse before her stands an Eros, drawing a bow. Wt. 65-5 grs.
;

21. Bruttll.
Eev.

JR.

Obv.

BPETTIQN.

Heads of the Dioscuri, surmounted by stars. The Dioscuri, on horseback. Wt. 86-1 grs.

22. Bruttii.
sceptre.

JR. Obv. Head of Amphitrite, veiled ; at her shoulder, Poseidon, naked, placing his right Sev. BPETTIQN. In foot on the capital of an Ionic column, and resting on sceptre. field, crab. Wt. 72-4 grs.

Shortly after the time of Pyrrhus, the coinage of the Greek towns of the coasts of Bruttium ceases, and is replaced by a federal Bruttian coinage, of which the above pieces are examples. This lasts until after the Hannibalic
war.
23. Locri.

JR.

Obv.

Head

of

Zeus.

Sev.
shield,

AOKPON.
crowned
grs.

Roma
Fides

(PQMA),

seated,

with sword and

before her.

by

(DIZTIZ), who stands

Wt. 109-2

The obverse

of this coin resembles so closely that of

Pyrrhus (V. C. 27) that, bearing in mind the type, it may be considered as certain that it was struck in B.C. 274, when the Eomans, after the final defeat of Pj'rrhus, allowed the Locrians to retain their autonomy.
a 2

84
Plate
46.

PERIOD V.

C.

24. PyrrlniS, in Italy, B.C.

295-272. PJ. Ote. Head of Athena; behind, owl. Eev. flYPPOY BAZIAEDZ. Xike, carrying oak-Tvreath and trophy. Symbol, bucranium. Wt. 132-5 grs.
AF.
Obv.

25. PyrrhTiS, in Italy.

torch.
i^CT.
;

Head of Artemis;

in

front,

riYPPOY BAZIAEflZ.
star

and trophy 65 grs. 26. PyrrhllS.

above her head.

Xike, carrying oak--\Treath In field, thunderbolt. Wt.

A^.

Wr. Head
Eev.

of Artemis

at her shoulder, qniver

behind, thunderbolt. type. Wt. 66 grs.

HYPPOY BAZIAEnZ.

Similar

27. PyrrllUS.

^51. Oh\ Head of Dodonsean Zeus, wearing oakwreath. i?er. BAZIAEQZ HYPPOY. Dione, seated on throne, holding sceptre, and raising her reil. Wt. 258 grs.

of the coins of Pyrrlius were struck in Italy and and others in Epims. A comparison of the head on this tetradrachm with that on the coin of Locri, Y. C. 23, combined with the fact that these coins of Pyrrhus are commonly found in the neighbourhood of Locri, is strong evidence in favour of their having been

Some

Sicily,

struci there.
28.

Pyrrhus. M. Obi>. Head of Achilles. Sev. BAZIAEQZ riYPPOY. Thetis, veiled, riding on a sea-horse, and carrying a
round
shield.

Wt. 130
Obv.

grs.

29. Pj'rrhus.
ev.
tude.

iR.
grs.

BAZIAEOZ DYPPOY.
Wt. 87

Head of Persephone; behind, amphora. Athena Alkis, in fighting atti-

Pyrrhus crossed over into Italy in B.C. 280. In Italy and Sicily he passed six years, returning to Epirus in b.c. His Epirote coinage is insignificant, consisting 274.
solely of copper.
30. Sicily.

Svracuse.
of

Hiero
Sev.

II., B.C.

275-216.
Nike,
in

N.
biga.

Oiv.

Head

Persephone.

lEPONOZ.

Wt.

65-8 grs.

31. Syracuse.

Hiero

II.

.51.

Oiv.

Head of Hiero, wearing

Xike, in quad-

ev. royal diadem. Wt. 428-4 grs. riga.

BAZIAEOZ lEPnNOZ.

This piece, of the weight of 32 silver the finest coins of the third century b.c

litras,

is

one of

B.C.

280-190.

85
Head
of

32. Syracuse.

Hiero

II.

M.
Wt. 85-5

Oiv.
grs.

Athena.

IEPON02.
These
coins,

ev.

Pegasus.

with Corinthian

types,

belong to the

earlier years of Hiero's reign.

33. Syracuse.
Philistis.

M.

Obv.

Head
Nike,

of
in

Philistis,

veiled.

Sev. BAZIAIZZAZ 209-5 grs.

*IAIZTIA02.

quadriga.

Wt.

Philistis, only known from her coins, and from an inscription in the theatre at Syracuse, was probably the wife of Hiero. The coins of this queen are among the most beautiful of the period to which they belong.
34. Sicily.
of
corn.
jiR.

Olv.

Head

Rev.

ZIKEAIQTAN.

of Demeter, veiled, and wearing Nike, in quadriga;

for the

wreath
above,

monogram, which may stand Wt. 104-3 grs.

name

of Hiero of Syracuse.

After the conclusion of the First Punic War, B.C. 241, the whole island of Sicily was divided between Hiero and the Eomans. These coins were probably struck for the dominions of Hiero outside the territory of Syracuse.

P"

ii-

Hieronymus, B.C. 35. Syracuse. of Hieronymus, diademed. Sev.

Thunderbolt.

216-215.

M.

Oiv.

Head

BAZIAEOZ lEPONYMOY.

Wt. 313-6

grs.

36. Syracuse, B.C.

ZYPAKOSIQN.
and hound. 37. Syracuse,
B.C.

AF. Bev. Obv. Head of Athena. Artemis (huntress), with bow and arrow, quiver, Wt. 42 grs. (Authenticity doubtful.)

215-212.

215-212.

JR.

Obv.

ZYPAKOSiaN.
38. Syracuse, B.C.
in lion's skin.

Nike, in quadriga.

Head of Zeus. Wt. 210-4 grs.

Head

Hev.

215-212.
Sev.

M.

06.

of bearded Herakles,

ZYPAKOZION.

Nike, in biga.
Obv.

Wt. 78-6

grs.

39. Syracuse, B.C. 215-212. crowned with corn; behind, owl. Wt. 108 grs. in quadriga.

M.

Head

of

Sev.

SYPAKOZICIN.

Persephone, Nike,

After the assassination of Hieronymus, in b.c. 215, a republic was proclaimed at Syracuse. Nos. 36-39 were struck during the period which intervened between this date and the capture of the city by the Komans under M. Marcellus, in B.C. 212

86
40. Sicily.
Btar.

PEBIOD Y.

C.

Tanromenium.
JJfr.

M.

Obr.

TAYPOMENITAN.

Tripod.

Head cf Apollo behind, Wt. 50-9 grs.

;

The
it to

weiglit of this coin, no less than the style, proves

II.

belong to the age of Hiero

Carthage.

41. Africa.

EL.
grs.

OW.

Heal

of Perseihone.

Bet.

Horse standing.

Wt. 115-5

This coin, though identical in. type with IT. C. 3-3. is not only of a reduced standard, Irat of a metal much alloyed Tvith silver a considerable deterioration of style may also be detected.
:

42. Carthage. jR. OW. hcrse. Wt. "iiQ grs.

Head

of

Persephone.

fv.

Prancing

This large coin is a Punic dodecadrachm. A compariscin of the debased and exaggerated style of these coins with the more correct art of the coins of the previous period shows that they belong to a later age. They were probably struck in the interval between the first and second Punic TVars, B.C. 241-218.
43.

Carthage.
back.

JR. Ohx. Head Wt. 82-9 grs.

is

of Persephone.

i?fr.

Horse, looking

This coin

contemporary with the

last.

44. Cyrene. jE. Oht. Head of Ze'as Ammon, with ram's horn, and Wt. tilphinm plant. Ser. KOINON. bound with tsenia. 117 grs.

coins with this legend were issued for the whole Cyrenaica during a short period of independence, when Ecdemns and Demophanes. citizens of Megalopolis, went over to Africa at the invitation of the people of Cyrene to regulate their affairs, circa B.C. 243.

The

district of

PERIOD

VI.

87

PEEIOD VI. CIRCA

B.C.

190-100.

The defeat of Autiochus by the Eomans at the battle of Magnesia, B.C. 190, was for western Asia Minor no less important than the defeat of Philip V. at Cynoscephalse in B.C. 197 had been for European Greece. The freedom of many Greek cities in Asia was forthwith proclaimed by the Eomans, in consequence of which they again obtained the light of coining money. This jsrivilege they immediately took advantage of by issuing coins either in their own names, as e.g. did Lampsacus, Alexandria Troas, Ilium, Tenedos, Cyme, Myrina, Erythra;, Heraclea loniaj,
Lebedus, Magnesia, Smyrna, Perga, &o., or on the pattern of the money of Alexander the Great, and in his name, but with the addition of their respective badges and of the names of their local magistrates in the field. Among these towns were some of the above (which thus appear to have coined simultaneously money of both sorts), and Temnos, Mitylene, Phocaja, Miletus, Chios, Samos, Cos, Ehodes, with many others. The adoption of Alexander's coin-types by these cities is a proof that money of this type was still the principal circulating medium for a general return to an extinct type by so many towns would be inexplicable. All these coins are easily distinguished from the earlier money of Alexander by their large dimensions and spread fabric. The period during which the cities enjoyed the right of coinage differed. Ehodes, for instance, probably ceased to strike Alexandrine tetradrachms in B.C. 168, when the Eomans deprived her of her territory on the mainland other cities may have continued to coin until B.C. 133, when the Eoman province of Asia was constituted, at which time the coin called from its type the cistophorus was adopted by the Eomans as the standard coin for the whole province of Asia. Meanwhile the series of the coins of the kings of Egypt, Syria, Bactria, Parthia, Pontus, and Bithynia continued uninterruptedly, and presents us with many valuable portraits. In Palestine, the Jews, under Simon Maccabeeus, are supposed, by most numis:

88

PERIOD VI.

matists, to have for the first time issued money bearing the inscriptions, " Shekel of Israel," and " Jerusalem the holy," in virtue of a privilege conferred upon Simon by Antiochus VII. Sidetes. In European Greece, the money of the kings of Macedon comes to an end in B.C. 168, on the defeat of Perseus by the Eomans, but soon afterwards silver was again issued in Macedon, divided into four regions under Roman pro-

Maronea in Thrace and Thasos probably began to issue their large flat tetradrachms about the time when the Macedonian coinage ceased, circa B.C. 146, when Macedonia west of the river Nestus was finally constituted a Eoman province. Athens continued to coin throughout the whole of this period on an enormous scale, her tetradrachms forming in fact the staple of the currency for the trade with the East through the market at Delos. So favoured indeed were these coins in the market that their types were imitated by certain cities of Crete, among which may be specified Cnossus, Gortyna, and Priansus. In Italy, Eome suffered no money to be coined except in the name of the Boman state, and by magistrates specially appointed for the purpose. In Africa, Carthage continued to strike down to the conquest and destruction of the city in 146. In the TV est the coinage of Jlassilia was plentiful, and among the Gauls barbarous copies of the gold staters of Philip make their appearance. Artistically, the coins of Asia are incomparably superior to those of the West the money of Pharnaces and Mithradates of Pontus, of some of the Syrian and Bactrian kings, and of a few of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, such as Magnesia in Ionia, possessing great merit. For the contemporary schools of sculpture and extant works of art, see the remarks at the head of Period V.
tection.
;

B.C.

190-100.

89

VI. A.
Plates 48-52.
Plate
48.

1-4.

Tetradraolims with name and types of Alexander the Great, struck respectively at Temnos (wt. 257 grs),

Smyrna
dus

(wt, 260 grs.),

Ehodes

(wt. 260 grs.),

and Aspen-

(wt. 253-7 grs.).

After the defeat of Antioohus III. at Magnesia, B.C. 190, of the Greek cities of Asia, declared free by the Eomans, began to strike money bearing the names and types of Alexander. Other cities, about the same period or somewhat later, struck money in their own names and with their own types. See Nos. 8, 9, 11-20.

many

5.

Pontus.

Pharnaces

I., B.C.

190-169?

JR.

Obv.

Head

of

king, diademed.

Male panBev. BASilAEaZ <t>APNAKOY. theistic divinity, holding cornucopias, caduceus, and vine-branch, 262-4 grs. moon. Wt. from which a doe feeds. In field, sun and

This Pharnaces was the uncle of Mithradates the Great.

See Bevue
6.

Num. 1888,

p. 456.

Cyzicus.

JR. Obo. Female head, bound with oak-wreath and wearing earring, the ends of a royal diadem hanging down behind. JJct. KYIIKHNON. Long torch in oak-wreath. Wt. 251-7 grs.

beautiful head of this tetradraohm is probably a of Apollonis, a Cyzicene lady who married Attalus I. of Pergamus, B.C. 241-197. After the death of her husband, their sons Eumenes II. and Attalus visited Cyzicus with their mother, and after her death they erected there a splendid temple in her honour.
portrait
7.

The

Pergamus. Eumenes II., B.C. 197-159. OSd. Head of Eumenes, The Dioscuri, or diademed. Sev. BAZIAEilZ EYMENOY.
Cabiri, standing, facing
;

the whole in laurel-wreath.

In the field,

a thyr.sus.

Wt. 235

grs.

striking portrait of

Eumenes

II.

The

coin

may have

been struck in the island of Syros, as the reverse type is very similar to that of the well-known coin with the inscription, GEO N KABEIPQN ZYP ION, usually attributed to Syros.

90
Ptaix
49. 9,

PERIOD

Vr.

A.

LampsaCTlS.
iTv.

JX.

ec.
grs.

AAMYAKHNnN.
tlie

trate's

name,

Heai of Priapas? iveanQg wreath of ArcUo Citharcdtis, and magisCOOKPATOY TOY ZENO<J>ANOY. Wt.
Olv,

253

Lampsacns was one of

restored
9.

to-fms wlucli

had

its

freedom

by the Eomans
A'.

after the battle of Magnesia.

Pergamus.

Obv.

crested helmet.

Eer. Palladinm.

Head of Athena, wearing Wt. 44 grs.

:

c!o>e-f.t-ing

The

style of this gciLl tetrobol is late

it is

cf.

Xa. 17 of
it

Heraclea; but belong to crrc.

10. Perg:amns.
in

B.C.

an open question "whether 300. See Head, Mist. Xnm.,

Ohy. Cista mTstica.

may

irnt

p. 463.
:

M.

ivy-vrrtath.

Eec.

Two

serpent?,

ilonogram of Pergamns

in field.

with serpent the wh-U twined round a b:^-:i5e. Wt. 192 grs.

The cistciphori, the issue of which commenced under the tings of Pergamns (circ. B.C. 200). became after the formation of the Eoman proTuice of Asia, B.C. 133, the standard coinage for western Asia ilinor. They were issued at Adramyteum. Pergamns. Ephesus, Smyrna, Sardes, Thyatira. Tralles, Xysa, Apamea, and Laodicea.
11.

Alexandria Troas.

JR.

n^. Head of Apollo.

In
field,

E-rr.

APOA^
t.

AQNOS;
Apoilci

XMI0EOZ AAEZANAPEON AYZATOPOY.

bi:^-.

with

walking.

date ISo

B.C.

130?

250

grs.

Dated tetradrachms of Alexandria Troas are known of the period between the years 137 and 236. either of tl.e Seleucid era, or of the era of the town circ. B.C. 30'X during which Alexandria preserved the freedom which it obtained as early as. or earlier than, the defeat of Antiochus III. at Magnesia, b.c. 190. Apollo Smintheus. the slayer of rats and mice, had a temple near Alexandria.
12.

Hium.

M.

nhr.

Head of Athena. Eev.

In
field, bee.

A0HNAZ
Wt. 250
grs.

IAIAA02.
nias,

MENE0PONOS TOY
hclding spindle and spear.

MENE<l>PONOZ.

Athena

thii

The freedom and autonomy of Hium were confirmed by Eomans in B.C. 1^'', when its silver coinage commences.
(

'l"he

specially religious character of many of the cointvpes and legends of this period cf. reverses of ^ I. A. 7, is remarkable. 6, 7 8, 11, 12, 22, and B.
.">,

>

B.C.

190-100.
Types similar
to
I.

91
A. 19.

13.

Tenedos.
257-8 grs.

M.

TENEAinN.

Wl.

dos,

After an interval of about a century and a half, Teneprobably in B.C. 189, regained her freedom, and began to issue flat tetradrachms on the Attic standard. A comparison of the forms of the letters and of the style of the art with those of the earlier coins is highly instructive. Cf. I. A. 19 and III. A. 20.
14.

Cyme.

tffinia.

JR. Ohv. Female heiid (the Amazon Cyme?), bound with Bridled horse and one-handled vase. Mev. In e,xergue, magistrate's name, KAAAIAE. The whole in laurel-

KYMAION.
grs.

wreath.

Wt. 250

The
in 189,
15.

flat

when

tetradrachms of this town begin, as elsewhere, its freedom was confirmed.

Myrina.

M.

Oho.

Head

of Apollo. Sev.

MYPINAION.

Apollo,

with lustral branch and patera. In front, omphalos and vase. The whole in laurel-wreath. Wt. 257 grs.

The types of these coins refer to the ancient oracle of Apollo at Griynium, within the territory of Myrina.
Plate
50.

16. Erythrse.
JRev.

Obv. Head of young Herakles, in lion's skin. Figure, in short chiton, holding spear and pomegranate (?), and wearing headdress of Ephesian Artemis. Magistrate's name in field. Wt. 43-5 grs.
AT^.

EPY.

coined gold between B.C. 190 and was in the enjoyment of full autonomy, or during the Mithridatic War, B.C. 88-84. Erythrte
133,

may have

when

it

17. Heraclea. JR. Obv. Head of Athena, wearing helmet richly ornamented with foreparts of horses, as on contemporary coins of Club, in oak-wreath symbol, Athens, ifec. Nike. Wt. 250-6 grs.

HPAKAEOTON.

The tetradrachms of this Ionian city (b.c. 190-133) were formerly attributed to Heraclea Sintica in Macedonia, but erroneously.
18.

Lebedus.

JR. 06i-. Head of Athena. J?cf. AEBEAIflN. Owl, on club, between cornucopise. The whole in laurel-wreath. MagisWt. 255-5 grs. trate's namp, AflOAAOAOTOZ. JR. O'jc. Head of Artemis, Apollo beside tripod, on maeander pattern.
ifci-.

19.

Magnesia.
254

MArNHTON.

EY<t>HMOZ riAYZANIOY.
grs.

The whole

Magistrate's name, Wt. laurel-wreath.

92
20.

PERIOD

VI.

A.

Smyrna.

J?.

Obt.
in

IM YPNAinN,

oak-wreath.

Head of the citv goddess, Wt. 254 grs.

tnrreted.

Mm.

The three coins above described are all fine specimens of the art of the period between B.C. 190 and 133.
21.

EhodeS.

A'.

Wir.

Head

above, ANTAIOZ. 131-2 grs.

The whole

Rose; of Helios, radiate. Bet. P O. Wt. in flat incuse square.

At the conclusion of the peace, B.C. 189, after the battle of Magnesia, Ehodes obtained a large accession of territorr, including Lycia (exclusive of Telmessus), and the great-er part of Caria south of the llseander. In 168 the Eomans put an end to the Ehodian power on the mainland, and the Lycian League was formed, the coins of which have the same flat incuse square as the Ehodian coins of this period, from which they took it. Contemporary with this gold money of Ehodes are the tetradrachms with the name of Alexander (TI. A. 3).
22. Perga.
feet, stag.

M.

Ohv.

Head of Artemis.

Sev.

APTEMIAOZ

nEPPAIAZ.

Artemis Pergsea, with wreath and sceptre; at her Wt. 257 grs.

style and religious character of the reverse of this coin (cf. TI. A. 11 and 12, abovej are sufficient to prove that Perga preserved its freedom both against Eumenes and Antiochus, at the conclusion of the peace of 189. when the possession of Pamphylia was disputed between

The

them.
PiATB
51.

23. Cappadocia.

Orophemes,

B.C.

158-157.
grs.

.E.

Oht.

Head

Sei: of king. Xike, with wreath and palm, \x.

BAZIAEQS OPO0EPNOY NlKH<t>OPOY.

Wt. 253

Found with six others of the same king under the pedestal of the statue of Athena Polias on the site of her temple at Priene, in 1870. (C. T. Xewton, Num. Chron.

S. xi. 19.)

24-28. Syria. Tetradrachmsof^(2-i~i Alexander I. (Balas), Struck at Tyre; date, year 163 of B.C. 152-144. Seleucid era = B.C. 150. Wt. 22lS grs. (25) Antiochus YI. (Dionysus), B.C. 145-142. Scr. Dioscuri. Wt. 2551 grs. (26) Tryphon (Diodotus), B.C. 142-139.
JJer.

(27)

Helmet, with large Demetrius II.

ibex-honi

in

front.

Wt. 246-8

grs.

(Micator),

second reign,

B.C.

B.C.

190-100.
Wt. 253'6
grs.

93
(28)
grs.

130-125.
patra,
B.C.

i?eo,

Zeus, seated.

Cleo-

125.

Sev.

Two

cornucopiic. is

Wt. 257

Tlie series of the Seleucid kings

here continued from

Sev.

V. A. 12-19.
Plate
53.

29.

Tyre.

M.

Obv.

Head of Herakles.
Eagle,

KAI ASYAOY. 214 grs.

on rudder.

Year 2

T\POV IEPA2 = B.C. 124. Wt.

In

B.C.

126, Tyre, hitherto subject to the Syrian kings,

commences a new era of autonomy. The coins dated according to this era continue in an unbroken series

down
30.

to the reign of Nero.

Aradus.
wreath.

M.

Obv.

Head of

city, turreted.

Sev.

APAAION.

Nike, holding aplustre.

Date 127

B.C. 133.

The whole in laurel-

Wt. 230

grs.

era according to which the coins of Aradus are The issue dated begins in B.C. 259, under Antiochus II. of tetradrachms like the above did not, however, commence till B.C. 136, and comes to an end in less than a century.

The

31.

Jerusalem.

M.

Shekel.

Simon Maccabseus(?) B.C. 143-

135. Shekel of Israel. A cup, or chalice. Obv. Exits''' hp^'Above the letters, Htl* (for y'DZ^, sheiuith arbd), year 4. Jicv.

ncnpri
holy."

DvB'l")',

Jerushalahn

hak-kedoshah,
grs.

" Jerusalem

the

triple lily.

Wt. 220

Antiochus YII. (Sidetes), b.c. 138-129, conferred upon Simon Macoabaeus, the brother of Judas and high-priest and prince of the Jews, the right of coining money. Some
numismatists attribute these shekels to the time of Ezra, Neh. v. 15), to whom circa B.C. 458-432 (Ezra vii. 18 a special commission was granted by Artaxerxes LongimanuB. It must be stated, however, that both style and palaeography oifer serious objections to this attribution. There are, moreover, no traces of the incuse square almost universal in the fifth century, and the honorific title, ntJ'np, " the holy," added to the name of the city, is almost proof conclusive that the coin belongs or is subsequent to the period when Sidon, Tyre, and Byblus adopted the same title, b.c 176-120. Neither does the word nJK' occur on any Phoenician coins before the year B.C. 238, when Aradus and Marathus begin to use it.
;

The chalice on these coins is usually called the pot of manna a similar one is represented on the triumphal
:

94

PERIOD VI. A.

arcli of Titus, and I am myself now inclined to assign all these shekels and half-shekels to the time of the first Eevolt of the Jews nnder Xero. The reverse-type is

supposed by some to portray Aaron's rod that budded.

32. Bactria. Bust of
258-2 grs.

Eucratides,
kittg,

cu'ca
Met.

B.C.

180-150.

helmeted.

BAZIAEnZ
horseback,

M. Obv. MEfAAOY
Wt.

EYKPATIAOY.
33. Bactria. tides.
bolt

The

Dioscuri, on

prancing.

Heliocles, after circa B.C. 150. JR. Obv. Bust of king, diademed.
Zeus,
standing,

Son of Eucrai?<?r.

BAZIAEnZ

HAIOKAEOYZ AIKAIOY.
and sceptre.

holding thunder-

Wt. 2H1-2

grs.

34. Parthia.

Arsaces YI. (Mithradates

Head of king.
ei:

I.),

B.C.

174-136.

j;.
club.

Oil.

BASIAEnZ

MEPAAOY

APEAKOY <t>IAEAAHNOZ.
Date 173 of Seleucid era

Herakles holding wine-cup and TVt. 246 grs. B.C. 1-tO.

Probably struck at some Greek city in or near Babylonia.

35.

Egypt.
Ot'C.

Ptolemy YI. Philometor,

B.C.

181-146.
aegis.

M.
Hev.

Head of Ptolemy
grs.

Soter, diademed, and

wearing

nXOAEMAlOY BAZIAEnZ.
219

Eagle, on

thunderbolt.

Wt.

Struck at Paphos, in Cyprus, in the twenty-eighth year of his reign = B.C. 154-153.

B.C.

190-100.

95

VLB.
Plates 53-56.
PiAiE
63.

1.

OdesSUS.
skin.

JR.
ev.

Alexandrine.
in

06b.

Head
;

BAZIAEflZ AAEZANAPOY.
field

of Ilerakles, ia lion's Zeus Ai-tophoros,

monogram of Odessus, name KYPZA. Wt. 245 grs.

seated
;

beneath,

the Thracian

2.

Mesembria.

Alexandrine.

Similar coin

in field, a helmet,

the mint-mark of Mesembria.

3, 4.

Wt.

2*32-o grs.

Byzantium. (3)
127 grs. 259 grs.

AI.

Stater.

Obu.

Head of Alexander the

Great, with horn of Ammon. Sev. Athena ^iikephoros, seated. On throne,

BAZIAEnZ AYZIMAXOY.

(4)

M.

BY; beneath, trident. Wt. Tetradrachm. Similar types. Wt.

These and other cities on the European shores of the Euxine and the Propontis continued to issue their municipal money after the pattern of the coins of Alexander and Lysimachus, probably because the barbarians of the
interior preferred that currency.
5.

Maronea.

M. Obv. Head of young Dionysus. Sev. AIONYZOY ZnXHPOZ MAPQNITQN. Dionysus, standing, holding grapes
and two stalks of the narthex.

Wt. 244-1

grs.

6.

ThasOS.

M.

Obv.

Head

of

young Dionysus. Sev.

Herakles, standing.

HPAKAEOYZ
Wt. 260-4
grs.

ZOTHPOZ GAZinW.

Maronea and Thasos probably began

to coin these large

tetradraohms about the time -when the silver coinage ceases in Macedonia, B.C. 146. A comparison of these coins -with the contemporary dated tetradrachms of Alexandria Troas (VI. A. 11) shows the style of this period.
7.

Thrace.

M.

Barbarous imitation of the

last,

but with

HPA-

KAEOYE EflTHPOZ GPAKON. Wt. 25-3-2 grs. This coin -was struck by the Thracians, -who, after the reduction of Macedonia -west of the Nestus into a Eoman
province,
8. B.C.

146, -were left to their native rulers.

Thrace.

Mostis.

JR.

Obv.

Head of

king,

diademed.

Sev.

BAZIAEQS MOZTIAOZ. EHI ZAAAAOY ETOYZ AH.

Wt. 250-4 grs.

The portrait of this king bears a striking resemblance to those of Nicomedes 11., B.C. 149-91, and Nicomedes III.,

96

PERIOD

VI. B.

B.C. 91-74, of Bithynia (of. VII. A. .3). Mostis may have ruled in Thrace about the year B.C. 100. The date on this coia (year 38) cannot be referred with certainty to any era, and is probably a regnal year.

Plate

54.

9.

Macedonia.

Perseus,
;

B.C.

179-168.
Rev.

king; beneath, tagle on thunderbolt

miAOY.

M.

Obv.

Head
grs.

of

BASIAEOZ HEPZEn^.
Wt. 259-5

the -n-hole in oak-wreath.

This is a remarkable portrait of the last Greek king of Macedon. Zoiilus, whose name occurs frequently on Macedonian coins of this period stnick at different mints, was probably superintendent of the whole ooiaage of the kingdom.
10.

Macedonia.

B.C.

158-146.

M.

Obv.

Headof Artemis,

in the

centre ofa Macedonian shield. Rev. Club. The n-hole in oak-ivreath.

MAKEAONON nPnXHZ.
Wt. 261-5 grs.

The right of coining silver was conferred by the Eoman senate on Macedonia, at that time divided into four regions, iu B.C. 158. This is a coin of the first region.
11.

Macedonia.
Wt. 257-8
grs.

M. M.

Similar, but

MAKEAONQN only, on reverse.

LEG(atns), and
a

12.

Macedonia.

Similar, but in addition,

hand holding an olire-branch.

Wt. 258-7

grs.

The execution
after
is

of these two coins, -which were issued Macedonia was made a Eoman pro-vince, in B.C. 146, more careful than that of the preceding coins of the

regions.
13.

Thessaly.

Obv. Head of Zeus. Rev. Thessaliau Athena Itonis. in fighting attitude. Magistrates* names,

M.

eEZZAAON.

*IAOK. EniKPA.

Wt.

96-7gi-s.

The Thessalian Confederacy, formed under Eoman

auspices after the battle of Cynoscephalse, in lasted till B.C. 146.
14.
B.C.

196,

^nianes.
trate's

M.

Obv.

Head of Athena,

star

on helmet.

MagisSlinger,

name,

EXEMEN
;

Rev.

AINIANaN.
Wt. 37
grs.

fighting in retreat

behind him, two

speai-s.

Obv. Heiid of Athena, helmet adorned with horses 15. iEnianes. .5J. Rev. AINIANON. Slinger and as on Athenian tetradrachms. In held, palm. Wt. Magistrate's name, EPZIfinOZ. spears. 113 grs.

of the .ZEnianes

These coins were probably struck after the separation from the ^Etolian League, in B.C. 168.

B.C.

190-100.

97

PtATE

56.

16, 17. EpirUB. 06r. Head of Dodonaean Zeus; two monograms. Sev. AHEIPnTAN. Eagle, on thunderbolt; the whole in oakwreath. Wts. 78 grs. and 74 grs.

M.

A comparison of these two coins, identical in type, shows how rapidly art degenerated during the second century B.C. No. 16 may be of the end of the third century ; No. 17 is of the middle of the second.
18. Cassope. .51. Otv. Eagle, on thunderbolt
;

Head of Zeus. Mev. the whole in oak-wreath.

KAIZOnAION.
Wt. 72-8
grs.

Compare with
style.

this coin V. B. 11,

which

is earlier

in

19. Corcyra.

JR.

Obv.

beneath, two monograms.

Head of young Dionysus. Wt. 77-5 grs.

Sev. Pegasus

Corcyra, which fell into the hands of the Eomans B.C. 229, and was by them made a free state, may have begun to coin money of this type soon after that date ; but the style of this piece is certainly later than B.C. 200. Cf. Maronea and Thasos, VI. B. 5 and 6.
20. Acarnania.
Artemis,
Oiv. AKAPNANflN. Head of Apollo. Bev. carrying torch. In field, anchor. Magistrate's name, The whole in wreath. Wt. 113-5 grs.

M.

YflN.
This
is

one of the latest coins of the Acarnanian the Seleucid anchor on the reverse may indicate the year of its issue, B.C. 191, when the inland cities of Acarnania, under Clytus, the etrategus of the league, admitted Antiochus III. into the city of Medeon.

League

21. Leucas.
the

JR.

whole in wreath.
of galley.

Obv. Statue of goddess, on base, holding aplustre Sev.

AEYKAAION YnEPBAAAflN.

Prow

Wt. 118'5

grs.

these coins is identified by Prof. B. Curtius with Aphrodite .^neias, who had a sanctuary near the town of Leucas, overlooking the canal through which vessels passed between the island and the mainland. This is the coinage of Leucas, probably struck after its separation from the Acarnanian League, B.C. 167.
22. Boeotia.

The goddess on

M.

Obv.

Head of Zeus.
In
field,

Sev.

BOIQTQN.
of magistrate.

Nike,

holding wreath and trident. 76-9 grs.

name

Wt.

This

is

the last coinage of the Boeotian League, which

in
B.C.

was dissolved by the Eomans

146.

98
23. Athens.
adorned

PERIOD
JR.
with
O't.
gritfiii

VI.

B.

Head
and

of

Athena, woririiis crested helniptr

of
horses.
.

ANTIOXOZ KAPAIXOZ MENAN

I

foreiiarts

Jfi'v.

A0E

Owl on amphora.

(number of jirytany); In tiehl. right, elephant; on amphora, \Vt. The whole in olive-wreath. beneath, Z0. (mint-mark).
25(;-9 grs.

Tlie first magistrate on this coin was afterwards Antiochus IV. of Syria. In the year ii.c. 170 he was in Athens. The sj'iuhol, an elephant, ck>arly refers to him, and not to the second magistrate.
24.

Athens.

Similar types.

KOINTOZ-KAEAZ-AIONYZCIOIJ.
T
(:lrd

On amphora, Symbol, Nil;e, crowninc; seated figure. prytany); beneath, Al (mint-mark). Wt. 2+7 grs.

The
to
B.C.

first magistrate on this coin is supposed by some be C^uintns CaiciliiiB Motelhis, proconsul in IMaeedouia

140.

25-27.

Achiean League.
Wt. 37

M.
grs.

(2.5)

Elis.

Wt. 36-5

grs.

(26) Messene.
38-1 grs.

(27) Lacedajmon.

Wt.

of these tmvns were members of the leac;ne before B.C. 192, these coins are all subsequent to that date. For early coins of the league, see V. H. 23-25.

As none

Platp

66.

2S. Crete.

CnoSSUS.

JR.

Ohi:

Head

of Minos,

ith roval

diadem.

Af.
Hev.

KNOIIQN.
JR.

Square labyrinth.

Wt.

Sr.V-,^ grs."

29. GnOSSUS.

Obr.

KNQZinN.
JR.
O&u.

Head of Apollo. Circular labyrinth.

Magistrate,

DOAXOE.

Wt. 227

grs.

30. CnoSSUS.
Hev.

KNO)inN.

Head of Athena, as on Athenian tetradrachms. The In field, labyrinth. Owl on amphora.

Wt. 25+'3
grs.

whole

in olive-wreath.

Certain Cretan cities, for commercial reasons, adopted for their coinage Athenian types during the second century B.C., at the time when the Atlienians supplied th currency for the great central market at Doles, which had the monopoly of the whole of tho trade with the East.
31. 32.

Gortyna.

rOPTYNION.
pent 235-2 grs. butting bull.

JR. (31) 06. Head of Minos, diademed. Ucti. Athena Nikephoros, standing; at her feet, serThe whole in olive-wreath. Wt. Magistrate, GIBOZ.

(32)

TOPTYNION.
grs.

Coin of Attic type.

Infield,

Wt. 249
JR.

33. Hierapytna.

Obv. Head of city, turreteil. Palm-tree, at foot of which eagle. Wt. 230 grs. several magistrates.

Ixcv.

lEPA
of

riYTNIQN.

Names

&C. 190-100.
3j^

mansos.

.S.
:

riYPriAZ KA

Omu ef Attie iT|ies. Sa. nPIANZI S^nbd ia &ti, p^lB-trss. Wt. 3351 gr^

All tiie above Cietui ccins app^str to lieloaog to the eadiez' pmiHm of ^te period to Tdiidi tiiej are keie

nAPtlN.
sf^ti&
o(.

b ^id, APIZTOAHM.
CStr.

Deoelia', seated

aa io^ei^ bi^B!; e>is ef ctsB ami Wt. :24>> gcs.

J;e.

^^OOS.

iEL

He^

wrai& ntk iksui9&.

f D^Ktcf, T^leL Wt. lis gis.

flAPI.

Itt-

B. 6 and 19 shows it coaapao^CBi of Xa. 35 with o. 36 mi^t be sameto lie of the seccHid eeatuy b.Cl nicat eailier, tfMle Buras &Hmed part of the domimoiis of

TX

::

100

PEKIOD

VI. C.

VI. c.
Plateb 57-59.
Plate
67.

1.

Gaulisll.

M.

06t'.

Head of Apollo.
grs.

JTcr.

<l>lAinnOY.

Char-

ioteer, in biga.

Wt. 132

A barbarous but intelligent imitation of a gold stater of Philip of Macedon. Cf. III. B. 17.
2. Massilia. .51. Obv, Head of Artemis ; at her shoulder, bow and quiver ; in front, monogram. Jiev. MAZZA. Lion. In exergue, Wt. 42 grs. magistrate's name. 3.

Home. ^. Obv. Head of Roma, wearing winged helmet X (10 asses). cv. ROMA. Diana, in biga; beneath,
Wt. 60
grs.

behind,
lobster.

4.

Eome.

M.

Obv. Similar. See.

ROMA.

The Dioscuri

beneath,

L.COlL(ius).

Wt. 61

grs.

These two coins were probably struck before circa B.C. certain L. Coelius is mentioned by Livy as living 173. in B.C. 179.

6.

Eome. Rome.
Rome.
This

Si.

Obv.

Similar.

Hev.

ROMA.
grs.

Victory,

in

biga;

beneath,
6.

S.AFRA(nius).
types.

Wt. 58-3

jE. Same Wt. 57-8 grs. JR.

Oln-.
iJc'c.

ROMA
of

and

C .TALN A

in

monogram.

7.

Head

Eoma

in front,
;

TESTI(us).

ROMA.

Dioscuri

X; behind, G.ANbeneath, dog. Wt. 64- grs.

may

be C. Antistius Labeo,
b.c.

who was
iJcf.
.

sent into

Macedon with other senators in

8.

167.

Rome.

.51. Oti-. Head of Roma; behind, X. Caprotina, in biga drawn by goats; beneath, 60-8 grs.
-51.

ROMA.

RENI(us).

Juno Wt.

9.

Rome. Rome.

Obv. Similar.

A-r.

ROMA.
grs.

Diana, in biga drawn

by stags; beneath, crescent.

10.

Wt. 63-5

M.

Obv.

Hercules, in biga, Wt. 57-4 grs.

Same head; in front, COTA. Scv. ROMA. drawn by Centaurs; beneath, M AVRELI(us).
.

Marcus Aurelius Cotta is mentioned as a lieutenant This coin is, however, of Scipio Asiaticus, b.c. 190-189. certainly later in date, and was perhaps struck by his son or grandson, circa B.C. 150-125.

B.C.

190-100.

101

11.

Rome. .51. 060. similar the whole within a myrtle-wreath. Sev. ROMA. Warrior carrying otf a captive woman, in a quadriga;
;

beneath,

CN

GEL(ius).

Wt. 58-5

grs.

This Cnfeus Gellius may have been the historian who' wrote in the first half of the seventh century of the City.
12.

Eome.
in front,

M.
M
.

Obv.

Head of Roma; behind, mark of value, XVI

neath,

RVS(ticus). Bev. ROMA. AVF(idius). Wt. 59-4 grs.

Jupiter, in quadriga; be-

XVI occurs only on a small number of denarii struck between circa B.C. 150 and 125, and again during the Social War. See Babelon, Monnaies de Id Be^ublique ram. p. xxiii.

The mark of value

13.

Eome. ^E. Oh\ Head of Roma; in front, X; behind, vase. Wolf and twins. Bee. ROMA.SEX.PO(mpeius) FOSTVLVS.
Shepherd Faustulus and 60 grs.
fig-tree,

with birds in the branches.

Wt.

This Sextus Pompeius was probably an ancestor of the

triumvir.
14.

Eome. M. Obv. ROMA. C AVG(urinus). Column,

.

Head of Roma in front, X. Eev. To thesurmounted by statue. column are attached two bells at its base are two capital of the On one side stands a man holding lions* heads, and ears of com. a loaf and patera, on the other an augur with his lituus. Wt.
;

60-5 grs.

This type represents the monuments erected before the Porta Trigemina, B.C. 439, to L. Minucius, to commemorate his successful attempt to reduce the price of com. The above coins, Xos. 8-14, may be attributed to the period between B.C. 150 and 125.
Plate
5S.

15.

Eome.

jE.

Obi:

Head of Roma;
Moneyer,
.

in front, X.

Ecv.

ROMA.

Jupiter, in quadriga. Wt. 59-7 grs.

L ANTES(tiu5) GRAG(ulus).

16.

Eome.

iE.

Obv.

Similar.

i?c-r.

ROMA.

Sol,

in

quadriga.

Moneyer,

.ABVRI(us) GEM(inus).

Wt. 60-7

grs.

Livy mentions a M. Aburius as tribune in B.C. 187 and This man was probably an ancestor of M. Aburius Geminus, who struck this coin.
praetor in 176.
17.

Eome.
as No.

M.
14.

06ti.

Similar

behind, X.

iSer.

ROMA.

Same type
Wt.

Moneyer,

Tl.MlNVGI.G.F.AVGVRINI.

60-6 grs.

This Minucius No. 14.

is

doubtless a son of the

moneyer of

102
18.

PERIOD VI.

C.

Eome.
corn.

M.
Sev.
lion.

ROMA.

with a

of Roma; in front, X; behind, ear of Victory, in biga ; beneath, a man contending Jloneyer, . DOM(itius). Wt. 61-5 grs.
Ohv.

Head

CN

Probably struck by Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul

in
19.
B.C.

122.
jE.
Ohv.

Eome.
Rev.

ROMA.
grs.

Head of Eoma; behind, X, and balloting urn. Moneyer, C.CASSI(us). Libertas, in quadriga.

Wt. 60-2

Struck by 0. Cassius Longinus, consul in B.C. 96, the son of L. Cassius Longinus, the author of the Lex Cassia, for voting by ballot, B.C. 137.
20.

Eome.
Female

M.

Obv.

Head of Roma; behind, X.

;

Sev.

ROMA.
grs.

figure, in biga

beneath, elephant's head.

Wt. 59

elephant's head was, doubtless, at the time, a sufiicient indication of the moneyer by whom these denarii were issued.
21.

The

Eome.

Ohv. Head of Roma; in front, X. Moneyer, ETE(llus). Jupiter, in quadriga.

M.

Bev.

ROMA.
grs.

Q M
.

Wt. 60-9

This coin may have been struck Metellus Xepos, who was consul b.c. 99.
22.

by Q. CseciUus

Eome.
C.F.
Mark

06b. Head of Apollo; behind, G. EGNATVLEI(us) Victory, inscribing shield fixed on trophy. Sev. ROMA. Wt. 23'5 grs. of value on each side, Q (quinarius).

M.

issue of the quinarius bearing the type of the old victoriatus was ordered by the Lex Clodia, circa B.C. 104. Cf. also Xo. 24.
23.

The

Eome.

M.
M.

Ohv.

ROMA.

Head of Roma;

Sev. Victory, in biga. Wt. 61 grs. of corn.

Moneyer,

T. CLOVLI(us).

behind, wreath. Symbol, ear

24.

Eome.

Sev. T. CLOVLI(us). Obv. Head of Jupiter. In exergue, VictorT, crowning trophy, at foot of which captive. Q, for quinarius. On ohv, F, moneyer's mark. Wt. 26-5 grs.

This moneyer belonged to the ancient patrician family of the Cluilii.

25.

Eome.

M.

Obv.

Head of Roma; behind, X.

trophy, Wt. 54-3 grs.

Hercules,

with

club

and

in

Sev. ROMA. Monevcr, quadriga.

M.ACILIVS.M.F.

The above

coins, Xos. 15-25,

B.C.

were

all

struck at

Eome

between about

125 and 100.

B.C.

190-100.
Sev.

103

26. Italy.

JR.

Obe.

Head of Roma; behind, X.

Moneyer, CARB(o).

ROMA.
mint.

Jupiter, in quadriga.

Wt. 61-3

grs.

The
It

fabric of this coin is not that of the

Eoman

was probably struck at some other town between about B.C. 150 and 125, by the father of C. Carbo and Cn. Carbo, consuls respectively in b.c. 120 and 113.
27. Italy.
in

M.

Obv.

ROMA.

biga.
.

Moneyers,

Head of Roma. Eev. Victory, CALID(ius), Q METEL(lus), and

.

CN

FOLV(ius).

Wt.

62-2 grs.

Not of Eoman
124 and 103.
28. Italy.

fabric.

Probably struck between

B.C.

Head of Roma. Bev. The sun, in Obv. Crescent-moon and two stars. Moneyer, quadriga. In field, X. F SER(enus?). Wt. 62 grs. A. MANLl(us)

M.

ROMA.
.

Not of Eoman
IPLATe59.

fabric.

29. Africa.
skin.

Libya.
Bev.
grs.

JR.

Obv.

Head of young

Heraliles, in lion's

MBYON.

Lion; above which, Punic letter irwm.

Wt. 117

This coin was probably struck by the Macse, a people, during the second century B.C.
30. Hispania. Carthago Nova (?). JR. Wt. 109 grs. Eev. Horse and palm-tree.
Obv.

Libyan

Young male head.

31, 32. Hispania. Carthago Nova (?). .51. 06u. Head of King, bound with diadem, twined round laurel-wreath. Bev. Elephant. In exergue, letter aleph. Wt. 108 grs. and 52 grs.

These coins have been Barcide rulers of Spain. If to the period between b.c formerly assigned to Micipsa
33. Carthage.

recently attributed to

the

this is correct they belong 234 and 210. They were

and Jugurtha of Numidia.

EL. Obv. Head of Persephone. Bev. Horse ; above Wt. which, Egyptian symbol, a disc flanked by two serpents. 162 grs.

This symbol would lead us to suppose that the worship of Baal was assimilated to that of the Osiris cycle.
34. Carthage.

EL.

Obv. Similar. Obv. Similar.

?).

Bev. Horse.

Wt. 113

grs.

35. Carthage.
tion

M.
(Byrsa

nSIXa
is

Wt. 563-1

Bev. Pegasus, and Punic inscripgrs. (decadrachm).

This coin

decidedly later in style than V. C. 40.

104

PEBIOD

TI.

C.

36. Cetrthage. M. Obv. Similar. Rev. Horse Bun as a star of eight rays. Wt. 227-5 grs.
37. Carthage.
107-3 grs.

abore which, the

M.

Obv. Similar.

Rev. Horse, looking back.

Wt.

38. Cartilage. Si. Obv. Head of Persephone. Wt. 113-9 grs. above, sun with eight rays. 39. Carthage.
palm-tree.

Rev. Prancing horse

M.
Wt. 57-8

Obv. Similar. grs.

Rer.

Horse, standing before

These coins of Carthage, Xos. 33-37, belong to the interval between the first and second Punic Wars b.c. 241218, and Nos. 38, 39 to the last period of her history, from the time -when Hannibal was compelled to fly to Antiochns III., B.C. 195, down to the conqnest and destruction of the city by the Eomans, in B.C. 146.

I'ERIOD VII.

105

PEEIOD VII.B.C.

100-1.

On the money of this century we may trace the rapid' extension of the Eoman power in every direction. In Egypt the series of the Ptolemies ends with the coins of the famous Cleopatra. The best portrait of this queen is, however, to be found on a coin of Ascalon (VII. A. 19). The Syrian series comes to an end in B.C. 69, when the Armenian Tigranes was deprived of his Syrian dominions by LucuUus. In the far East, the Bactrian and Parthian coinages continued, losing, however, little by little, their original Greek character. Throughout Asia Minor, after the defeat of Mithradates, the Romans became practically supreme. The coinage of the cistophori was long permitted by them, but finally, towards the close of the century, none but Roman coins in gold and very few in silver are to be found. The right of striking bronze money was, however, very generally conceded by Rome to the local municipalities. In European Greece, the Athenians, who had joined the party of Mithradates, in B.C. 88, were, probably on the capture of the city by Sulla, in 86, deprived of the right of coining. Thus the long series of the tetradrachms of Athens comes at last to an end. The Romans had, about B.C. 88, attempted to supplant it by the issue, in the province of Macedonia, of large quantities of tetradrachms bearing the names of Quaestors of the province but this coinage does not appear to have been of long duration. In the north the mints of Maronea and Thasos were active throughout the first half of the century. Byzantium and the Thracian communities in that district also continued, probably down to the close of the century, to issue imitations, more and more rude in style, of the money of Alexander and Lysimachus. During the civil wars, after Pompeius and the Senate had crossed over into Greece, B.C. 49, both they and the Caesarians issued money in Greece and Asia Minor, and soon after this none but Roman coins in gold or silver occur in Greece.
;

106
In

PERIOD

VII.

against Eome,

Italy, the revolt of the confederate Italian peoples B.C. 90-89, gave rise to the issue of money

At their capital Corfinium, the name of vp^hich they changed to Italia. In Spain, the Eomans, after having for the greater part of a century permitted the various tribes of the Citerior Province to strike coins with native Iberian legends, put an end in b.c. 133 to these issues, but during the revolt of Sertorius B.C. 80-73 there appears to have been a temporary renewal of bronze money with bilingual (Iberian and Latin) inscriptions. In Gaul and Britain gold money was plentifully coined until each of these countries was in turn subdued by Eome. The only other non-Eoman coins were those of the African kingdoms, Numidia and Mauretania.

The coinage

at

Eome

itself,

and of Eoman generals

during their various campaigns, calls for few remarks its chief value is historical and chronological. In point of style the coins of the whole of this century exhibit a marked decline. Those struck in Asia maintain their superiority, and are not without some artistic merit, especially in portraiture ; those of Mithradates the Great, of Cleopatra, and of Marcus Antonius, being among the most remarkable.

B.C.

100-1.

107

VII. A.
Plates 60-63.
PtATECo. 1.

Pontus.

Mithradates (the Great) Eupator (DionyAT.

Obv.

sus), B.C. 121-63.

and
ci-escent

Headofking. Rev.
Stag, feeding.

MI0PAAATOY EYnATOPOZ.
moon.

BAZIAEOZ
In front, sun
grs.

The whole

in ivy-wveath.

Wt. 131

This beautiful gold stater bears the mint-mark of the city of Pergamus, which, with all Asia Minor as far as the Meeander, fell into the hands of Mithradates in B.C. 88. He remained master of the former residence of the Roman governor for more than two years. The ivy-wreath adopted from the cistophori may allude to the title of the " new Dionysus," by which the cities of Asia hailed Mithradates as their deliverer from the tyranny of the

Eoman
2.

rule.

Pontus.

Mithradates Eupator.

M.

Similar to preceding,

but bearing date 222 of the Bithynian era = B.C. 75.

Wt.

2.59-2 grs.

The head on the coins of Mithradates is supposed by Visconti to be copied from a silver statue mentioned by Pliny (1. 33, xii. 54). The movement of the hair, blown back by the wind, seems to indicate that the original may have been either an equestrian statue or that of a
charioteer.
3.

Bithynia.
liing.

Nicomedes III., B.C. 91-74. Obv. Head of Hev. EHIOANOYS; HAOY. Zeus, holding wreath and sceptre. In field, eagle on thunderbolt, and date 214 of the Bithynian era, which commenced in B.C. 297. Wt. 247-6 grs.

M.

BASIAEOZ

NIKOM

This coin was therefore struck in

4.

B.C. 84.

EphesUS.

JR.

Cistophorus.
iJeo.
;

Obv. Cista mystica

.
.

and serpent,
serpents,

in ivy-wreath.

T.AMPI.T.F.PRO COS

Two

on either side of tripod above which, Apollo. In field, torcli, and E<t>E EPMIAZ KAIYZTP and = year 77 of the province of Asia = B.C. 58-57. Wt. 192 grs.

OZ

The name of the Eoman proconsul of Asia begins to appear in Latin on the cistophori about B.C. 61-58, when Q. Tullius Cicero held that office T. Ampius Balbus was Q. Cicero's immediate successor.
;

108
5.

PERIOD vn. A.

Perganms.

M.

Cistophorus.
.

Similar

but between serpents,

.

a legionary aquUa. and monogram of Pergamus.

Q METELLVS. PIVS SCIPIO IMPER,

\Vt.

187 grs.

In B.C. 48, the year of the battle of Pharsalus, the province of Asia was without a regular governor, but Q. Csecilius Metellus ruled it as imperator. The names of the Greek municipal magistrates finally disappear from the coinage under his rule.
6.

Cibyra. M. Her. KIBYPATON. Obv. Hclmeted male head. Magistrate's Armed horseman, with couched spear, galloping.
name, and bee.

Wt. 188

grs.

Cibyra was the chief of a confederacy of four cities governed by a tyrant. The last of these tyrants, Moagetes, was put down by Murena, in B.C. 84, and Cibyra was then attached to Phrygia. The weight of this coin is that of the cistophorus, and it seems probable that it

was struck previous

7.

to

b.c.

84.
B.C.

Galatia, &c.
Athena.
i?CT.

Amyntas,
BAE'lAECiZ

36-25.

M.

Obv.

Head

of

AMYNTOY.

Nike, holding sceptre.

Wt. 247-7

grs.

Amyntas was one of the tributary Asiatic kings set up by M. Antonius. His money follows the standard (Attic)
and types of that of Side in Pamphylia, and was struck there probably after b.c. 31, when Augustus confirmed him in his possession of Pamphylia, &c. Some of the gold coins of this king appear to be modem forgeries.
Plate
61.

8-12. Syria.
Wt. 243

(8)
b.c.
grs.

and (11) Antiochus VIII. Epiphanes

121-96.
Hev. Athena, standing, holding Kike.

(Grypus),
tiochus

Zeus Nikephoros seated.

B.C.

Wt. 245

grs.

(9)

An-

116-95. Scv. Athena standing. Wt. 254-8 grs. (10) Seleucus VI. Epiphanes Nicator, b.c. 96-95. Sei-. Similar. Wt. 241-1 grs. (12) Philippus Epiphanes Philadelphus, B.C. 9283. Scv.
Zeus seated.

IX. Philopator,

Wt. 246-9

grs.

13.

Armenia and

Syria.

Tigranes,
tiara.
;

B.C.

83-69.

M.

Obv.

Htv. TITPANOY. City of Antioch, seated on rock the river Orontes represented swimming at her feet. Wt. 253-9 grs.

Bust of king, wearing

BASIAEOZ

Tigranes was deprived of his Syrian dominions by

LucuUus, in

B.C. 69.

B.C.

lOO-I.

109
AntoninB.

14^ Antioclir?).
Cleopitn,
tiiird

Gkc^traTL and

BAZiAIZ KAEOnATPA SEA NEQTEPA.

diademed.
Sec.

M.

Obt.

Bast of

ANTON IOC AYTOKPATHP

"^iiitOBiiB Imperatflr for tke
31.

TPITON TPiaN ANAPON.

time, tzmmTiT.''

Ptntnit of

**?

Wt. 221
B.C.

gis.

This is the celefarated Cleopatra ; she xeigned

15. Sidon.

52-30.

ZlAQNiaN THZ lEPAZ

Wt. 211
gxs.

M. 0^

Set. Head of dt^, Taled aad tmrreted. KAI AZYAOY. agle, co rudder.

Sate, year 81 of the third era of Sidoo, which commenced B.a 111. This aan was therefore strack B.C. 31. The Tight of asylum 'was poesessed 1)t many Asiatic cities. The titles lEPA ^id AZYAOS fiist occdt on the coins of ^dcoi under Oeopatia and Antiochns VILL, B.a 121.
16.

Tyre.

SmihT to TL A.
Sndlar to

29, but dated

116=B.C

10.

Wt. 216 gis.

60.

17.

AradnS.

TL

A. 30, but dated

199=B.a

Wt.

^8 gis.
tua a.
18. Aaralmi-

M.

Oic Head of Ptdemj

Anletes, 3.C. 81-52.

gis.

AZKAAONirON lEPAZ AZYAOY.

thnnderimlt.

Sec. Eagle with palin, on

Sate, jest

41=B.a

64.

Wt. 1941

19. Asaraltm- .Si. Me. Head of Oeopatta, diademed. Date, year 55=Bja 50. Wt. 301-2 gis.

.S^

Smilar.

These two interesting ctmis are dated aocoiding to the eia of Asc^on. The head on Ko. 18 is that of Ptolemy Anletes, B.C. 81-52 ; that on ISo. 19, of his danghter Cleopatra, BjC. 5230, who was in B.C. 50 nineteen yeazs of age.
20. Bactiia. Apoillodotiis.

ZQTHPOS
Bnst of
dataea.

KAI l>IAOnATOPOZ AnOAAOAOTOY. king. Sec Arian l^aid, MSkan^asa U wihitinn ApalaA^aa. Bating. Wt. 128-5 gts.

M.

<%c

BAZIAEOZ MEFAAOY

This Iring may haT^e been a son of the Apollodotns who was oontemparaTy with the last years of ncratides, as
his coins are later in style.
21. Hetmsens. 2&. Cfm. BAZIAEQZ ZQTHPOZ EPMAIOY. See. Arian legend, MAaFrgasa tr^atusa BeraBast tS kiDg.

M^tBO.

Zeus, seated.

Wt. 14fr6

gis.

H^msens was the last of the Gieek Inngs of the northwestem district of India.

110
22-25.
Fai-tliiu.

PEUion

VII.

A.

(22) Arsnoos X. (Pln-iintos III.),

Oln: Hc-.id
I'in-ing.

n.o.

69 to
(VJ s;is.

I'irca 60.

Jul: Kins; with bow.

I.), B.C. ri.")-;i7.

Wt.

(2;!)
of

Arsuces
7uT.

XU.

(OroJos

(lAc.

Ilwid

King with how. Wt. Gl gis. (24) Tividatcs II., B.C. :i3-32. Oin: Head f king. Jici: King .^oiitoJ, hoUiing Nike. Wt. '2;!1 gi'S. (,2.)) riinuit;!!'!'.-; I. i\nil Mnsa his Jtvi: llo:l of niothi'i-, 11.0. 'J-.i.K. 4. Obv. Hoad of Phivuitaocs 1. Jlusa. Wt. 59 grti,
king.
11

Thea Musa was an

had married.
26. E!;-ypt. Wt. Lns
27.

Italian slavo,

wliom rhniatos IV.

I.),
n.c.

rtolemy IX. (Aloxaudor

grs.

114-88.

Egypt.
JUi-i: grs.

rtolcuiy XI.

(Aulotos),

n.c.

81-,'->2.

\vt.

Compare the hoad on tliis ciuu, a debased portrait of Ptolemy Sotor, with the gouuiue portrait of AiUetow, ou
the coin of Ascalon, No. 18.
FIATE63. 28. L. JIanlius Torqiiatius,

procpKvstor of Sulla.
li.ini.i.
7,',

Al.

Obi'.

L.MANLI PRO.Q.
Sulhi
(?), in

Ho:ui of

r.

L SVLLA. IMP.
.

triumphal our, crowned by \'ictory.

Wt.

1117-2 grs.

This coin appears, from its fabric, to in Asia, circa B.C. 81.
29.

have been struck

M. Junius Brutus.

M.

Ohr.

Brutus, the whole in lanrol-wn-ath. Trojihy bi'twfi'n prows of two sliips.

BRVTVS IMP. He.id of Jioo. CASCA LONGVS.

Wt.
1'.;;!

grs.

Servilius Casca, one of tho assassins of 0a>8ar, was a lieutenant of Brutus in Asia Minor, eirea b.c. 4ii-42.
30. Q. Labiouus.
58
grs.

M.

06u.

Q. LABIENVS PARTHICVS IMP.

Wt.

Head of Labieuus.

Hcv. Cavalry horse, saddled and bridled.

self

This Labionus, tho son of Ca-sar's general, allied himwith the Parthians, u.a. 40, and led them against his countrymen into Syria, llo adopted tho title I'artliicus, and struck money on the occasion of this oxpodition.
31.

M.

Antonius.

M.

Obv.

M ANTONIVS IMP COS

.

DESIG.ITER.ET TERT.

Jl<ad

of Antonius,
. .

bound with

iiVr. Ill VIR R ivy; the whole in ivy-wreath. P. C . M. Aiito7iius impcraior consul dcsignntics itvnnn ct tertio, triumvir roipubHead of Octavia, wife of Antonius, and cista, licaj constituondo!.

between pair of serpents.

Wt. 190

grs.

This and the three following coins were struck in the

B.a 100-1.

IIJ

province of Asia, on the standaid of the cistophorL the't^pes of irhich are still retained on Ko. 31, and as an adjunct symbol on No. 32.
32. OctaTianns.

JR.

06e.

IMP. CAESAR. DIVI.F. COS.

H^d of OctarfMnis. laKat. JSm. PAX. Peae^ haMin^ eadneeos. and tiampling ob tonji of mur : Iiehiiid her, cista and seipent ; the whole in lauiel
VI.UBERTATIS P.R.VINDEX.
Wt.'
Tiiaith.

179 gT&

title

Struck in B.a 28, the year he&ie Octa^ianus took theof Augustus.

33. Augustus.

M.

O&r.

IMP CAESAR.
Wt. ISS
gis.

Head of Augustas.

Sm. AVeVSTVS.

Spiiinx.

The
34.

figoie of

a Sphinx was used

as a signet

by AuHead of

gustus during the early part of his reign.

Augustus.

AogBStos. Sfs. . ASIAE. of wiwAjROM.ET.AVGVST.

M. 06e. COM

IMP. IX.TR. PO.V.

WtlSigis.

Hexastrle temple, en &ieie-

the temple of Boma and Augustus at Fergamus, the capital of the ProTince of Asia (Commune Asiae). The date of the coin is B.e. 19.

This

is

35.

Augustus,

-ffi.

05(r-

ARMENIA RECEPTA.

AVGVSTVS- Head of Angnstns. Seit. Aimeman twa; boir^in case, ani

Struck to commemoiate the resumption of Armenia under tiie protection of Augustus, after the murder of
Artasjas

by his own subjects,

circa B.C. 19.

112

PERIOD

VII.

B.

VII. B.
Plates 64-66.
Plate
64.

1.

Thrace.

Coson.

B.C.

42.

AF.

OU.

K020N.

Brutus

(Consul, B.C. 509), betweeu two lictors. In field, monogram of Brutus. Eev. Eagle, holding wreath and sceptre. Wt. 130 gi's.

Shortly before the battle of Pbilippi, B.C. 42, Brutus granted to Coson, pi-ince of Tbrace, the right of coining gold. It is worthy of note that the standard in use in Thrace is stUl that of the coins of Philip and Alexander.
24. Thrace.

M. Barbarous copies of tetradrachms of Alexander (wt. 250 grs.) and Lysimachus (wt. 250 grs.), bearing mint-marks of Odessus and Byzantium. Xo. 4, Lysimachus (wt. 224 grs.), has the countermark, CL.CAES, which shows the coin to have been stUl in circulation in the time of the emperor Claudius.

5, 6.

Maronea and Thasos. Similar to VI. B. 5 and 6, but more barbarous. That Maronea and Thasos continued to coin silver dtiring the earlier half of the first century is proved by the fact that one of the Thasian pieces bears the signature of Bruttius Sura, who was legate of Sentius Saturninus, proconsul of Macedonia, B.C. 88. Wts. 242-6 grs. and 262-1 grs.

PiAiE

65.

7-10. Macedonia.
ei-.

M.
and
9,

Obi:

MAKEAONON.

ander the Great, with flowing hair and

of
7,
8,

AESILLAS
(wt.

SVVRA
10

LEG(atus)

PRO

Head of Alex; behind, 0. Q(uaEstor), and of 10, Q(ua:store). Club, downwards, be-

Ammon's horn

tween money-chest
olive-wreath.

(jiscus)

and subsellium
2+3-8
grs.),
;

the whole -within an

(wt. 254 grs.),

Xos. 7

and

(wt. 248 grs.) (wt. 57*5 grs.).

are tetradrachms

No.

9,

a drachm

As the date of Sura, B.C. 88, is kno-wn, it is probable that this issue of silver coins from the mint at Thessalonica was intended by the Eomans to supersede that of the Athenian tetradrachms, when Athens deserted the side of the Komans for that of Mithradates (see VII. B. 14).
11, 12. Illyria.
Obv.

Apollonia.
sucliling

Cow,

calf;

symbols,

crescent

with

APIZTONO^.
(12)
bunch of grapes.

Dyrrhachium. .31. ApoUonia. above, APIZTHN, magistrate; star, and caduceus. Scv. AflOA
or
floral

Stellate

pattern.

Wt.

52

grs.

AY P. Same types. Magistrates, APIETON and AAMHNOZ. Symbols on obv. ear of corn and
Wt. 54
grs.

Dyrrhachium.

B.C.

100-1.

113

13.

Apollonia. M. Obv. Head of Apollo. Magistrate, AnPIONOS. Sev. AFIOA. Three nymphs, dancing round fire beneath, magis;

trate's

name,

OINIAZ.

Wt. 59-8

grs.

Nos. 11 and 12, of the weight of the victoriatus whioh was assimilated to the quinarius at Eome by the Lex Clodia, circ. B.C. 104, may belong to the end of the second cent, or to the early j^ears of the iirst. No. 13, of the weight of the denarius, was the new coinage introduced after that event. The fire on the reverse is that of the Nymphasum, sacred to Pan and the Nymphs.
14.

Athens. M. Usual types. J?e. BAZIAE-MISPAAATHZ APIZTIilN. Symbol, star between two crescents. Wt. 250 grs.

M. Similar. Bev. AnEAAIKflN - rOPriAS -APrEIOZ. Symbol, griffin. Wt. 253 grs. The first of the above tetradraohms bears the names of King Mithradates of Pontus, and the Athenian ambassador This coin was issued in B.C. 87-86 at his court, Aristion. when Athens joined Mithradates against Eome. Apellicon, on No. 15, was the accomplice of Aristion, who made himself tyrant at Athens B.C. 87. The coins whioh bear his name were probably struck about B.C. 90.
15.

Athens.

PuiE

66.

16.

Eoman.

M.

Denarius.
Jupiter.

06t!.

L.LENT. C.IVl ARC. COS.

Jupiter, naked, before altar; Bev. Q. he holds eagle and thunderbolt. In field, star. Wt. 59 grs.

Head of young

When Pompeius, with the Senate and magistrates, left Italy for Greece, in B.C. 49, the two consuls L. Lentulus and C. Marcellus struck money at Apollonia.
17, 18.

Eoman. M. CAESAR. (17)

Denarii.
Trophy and

Ohv.
captives.

Head of Venus. Wt. 62 grs.

Eev.

(18)

jEneas carrying Anchises on his shoulder, and the palladium in his right hand. Wt. 60 grs.

0-reece, for

These coins were probably struck by Julius Caesar in the payment of his troops who fought at
B.C.

Pharsalia,
19.

48.

Eoman.

M.

Denarius.
.

Obv.

L SESTI
.

head of Liberty. Bev. Q CAEPIO Tripod, axe, and simpulum. Wt. 60 grs.

PRO Q. Veiled BRVTVS PROCOS

.
.

Macedonia.
20.

L. Sestius, proqusestor of Brutus, served under him in This coin was probably struck B.C. 43-42.

Eoman. N.

Aureus.
.

Ahenobarbus. Bev.

Obv. AHENOBAR. Head of Domitiua CN DOM ITIVS L F M P {Cnceus Domitius

.
.

114

PEraon vn.
lucii flius rii,jK:\it,jr). Wt. 126 grs.

b.

Temiile; above which,

UEPT

(Neptuno).

This coin was struck B.C. 42-41 by Ciuvns Domitius Ahenobarlms, who n'as saluted Imperator iu B.C. 42, in consequence of his great naval victory civer Domitius Calvinus off Brundusium.
21.

Denarius. -T!. 06c. Eoiuan. VI R R. P.C .M BARBAT.Q. P.

.

ANT. IMP AVG

.

Ill

(M'lrciis

Antoiuns Impa\itiy
Btirl'.iliiis
k'ii.i,--/i'i-

Aiujur Triumrir Scipublica' coiiffiluaida;. Marcus if.r. J'ronncMis.) Head of JI. Antcmius.

CAESAR.

IMP.

PONT .III

VIR

(_c>s.7ioi'

Mcipublicie constUuciiJa).

Head
B.C.
'SI.

Imperator Pvniiu:c Triumn'r Wt. Ml grs. Oct:lvi,\n^l^.

This coin was struck in

pus, provincial qu;stor of
22. Eonian.
qiiai:tor
,\.'.

41,

hv

^[.

Barhatius Philipas

Antonius.
c<(.r.
.

Aureus.
.

t^ame
.

head ami iDscription

.

Xo. 21, but with

M NERVA PROQ P. (.Varciis Xfrm rr,>Brv. L ANTONIVS COS Head of Provlncialis).

.

Lucius Antonius.

Wt. 12o

grs.

qurestor of B.C. 41.

23.

M. Cocccius Xerva, who struck this coin, was proM. .\.ntonius during his war with Octavianus,
Eonian.
Head
A^. Aureus. OJc. ANT IMP Ill VIR R P C Sci\ CN.DOMIT. behind, lituus. M. Antonius 12:i grs. Wt. star. AHENOBARBVS IMP. Prow above which,
. . . . .

of

Struck by Ahenoharbus, after he became reconciled to Antonius, iu b.c. 40.

24.

Eoman.
.

A^ Aureus. Ill V R COS DBS M ANTONIVS M F F

.

Obv.
.

ANTON AVG IMP.

.

Ill

Ill

P C
.

He.id of M. Antonius. Ser. (J/. Antonius, 2IaroiJilnis, film.)

.

Wt.

12-1 grs.

Head

of

young Antonius.

The titles of M. Antonius on this coin (^Imperator iertio, Consul desitinatus tcrtio) prove it to, have been struck in His son, M. Antonius the youuger, was at this B.C. 34.
time a mere boy.
^5

Eoman.

A".

Aureus.

Oii-.

Eev. Galley. tweeii two legionary standards.

CHORTIVM

ANT. AVG Ill VIR .R P C PRAETORIARVM. Aquila U.

Wt. 125

grs.

with the other legionary pieces of Antonius, was struck lictween B.C. 39 and 31.
This
coiu,
'""6

Eoman. A'. Aureus. Bull. lice. AVGVSTVS.

This coin

Obi'.

CAESAR.
grs.

Head

of Augustus.

Wt. 123

may have been struck iu d.o. 27. of the" coins here assigned to C< recce been struck in Asia.
Some

may have

B.C.

100-1.

115

VII. c.
Plates 67-70.
Plate
61.

1.

Hispania. Celtiberian. M. KN, in Celtiberian characters.

characters.

Obv.

Bearded head;
grs.

behind,

Eev.

KLSTHN,

in Celtiberian

Horseman, galloping.

Wt. 57'5

of this coin is to be read KWlsPJTHMn =Celsitam the name of the tribe, not tliat of the chief city Osca where the coin was actually
reverse inscription
struck.
2.

The

Gallia.

Massilia.
quiver.

M.
Mev.
grs.

06t).

Head

of Artemis

at her shoulder,

bow and

MAZSiAAIHTQN.

Lion.

In

field,

monogram.

Wt.

42'.'>

Massilia lost the right of coining her own the city surrendered to Ca3sar, in B.C. 49.
3.

money when

Gaulish.
circles.

EL.
;

Obv.

Galloping horse

above
grs.

Rev. AB\/D(os). Beardless male head. which, flying eagle ; and beneath, three

Wt. 105
is

This coin
Loire
4.
;

Abudos

attributed to the Bituriges, south of the is the name of a chief.

Gaulish.

A7. Bev. Charioteer, driving a Obv. Laureate head. human-headed horse beneath which, a prostrate figure, holding an uncertain object. Wt. 103 grs.
;

Attributed to the Aulerci Diablintes (Jublains).

5.

British or Gaulish.

N.

Obv. Beardless, laureate bust,

projecting face. Hev. Horse ornaments scattered about the

above which, Victory. field. Wt. 118*5 grs.

;

with Various

of

Coins of this class are found on the south-eastern coast England and on the opposite coasts of Erance. Nos. 3-5 are anterior to the time of Ceesar; they are all reminiscences of the gold staters of Philip of Macedon. Of. VI. 0. I.
6.

British. M. Obv. TINC(ommiua), C(ommii) F(ilius). Armed horseman

in
;

above, star.

Bev. an oblong incuse. Wt. 82 grs.

7.

British.

Kf.

Obv.

Armed horseman.

VERl(ca). Wt. 82 grs.

Leaf.

Bev.

CO(mmii)

F(ilius).

Tincommius and Verica, sons of Commius, king of the Atrebates, were probably contemporary rulers in Hampshire and Sussex.
8.

British.

AI. Obv. Cruciform ornament, formed of wreath, with Horse, Bev. TASCIOVAN. crescents and rings in the centre.
I

116
galloping
;

PERIOD

VII. C.

ornament.

above which, a ring and pellets Wt. 85 grs.

beneath, another ring

is not mentioned in history. evidence he may be supposed to have reigned from about B.C. 30 to a.d. 6.

The name

of Tasoiovanus

On numismatic
9.

British. M. CVNO(belinus).

Obv.

CAMV(lodunum).

Horse, prancing.

Ear of corn. Wt. 82-5 grs.

Sev.

Cunobelinus, the son of Tasoiovanus, reigned over the Trinobantes, with Camulodunum (Colchester) for his capital, from B.C. 5 to circa a.d. 43. He is the Cymbeline of Shakespeare.
Plate
8S.

10.

Eome.
Two

M.

Obv.

Head

quEestors, seated.

of Saturn, with sickle at shoulder. Sev. In field, ears of corn. Moneyers, PISO

CAEPIO

Q(ua;stores)

AD FRV(mentum) EMV(ndum)
Wt. 61-2
grs.

EX

S(enatus) C(onsulto).

The head of Saturn alludes to the cerarium Saturni of the quaestors. These coins were issued in b.c. 100, when the senate granted to the urban qusestors extraordinary funds for the purchase of corn.
11.

Eome.
Hev.

M
B.C.

Head of Roma; in front, X; behind, tripod. Apollo, with bow and arrow, in biga. Moneyer, OnEIMI(us). Wt. 62-2 grs.
j3J.

Obv.

ROMA.

99-94.
Social

12. Italy.

War.
.

M.

Obv.

ITALIA.
.(filius), in

Head

of Italia;

behind, wreath. Sev. C PAPI(us) The Dioscuri. Wt. 61 grs.

Oscan characters.

this and the following coins (Nos. 12-16) that of C. Papius Mutilus, one of the principal Samnite generals in the Marsio or Social War, B.C. 90-89.
is

The name on

13. Italy.

War. JR. Obv. Helmeted head. Sev. Two taking oath of alliance, by touching with the points of their swords a pig held in the arms of a kneeling man. InSocial
soldiers,

scription,

in

EMBRATVR

Oscan characters, C PAAPI(us) (C. Papius C. Mutilus Imperator).

.

C MVTIL(us)
.

Wt. 62-5

grs.

14. Italy. Social War. M. Obv. VITELIV (ITALIA), in Oscan characters. Head of Mars behind, X. Sev. C PAAPII C in Oscan characters. Four soldiers, taking oath of alliance as on No. 13. Wt. 61 grs.
;

15. Italy.
.

Social
.

War.

M.

nite bull, goring the

Roman

06. wolf.

Head of Bacchante.
.

i?e!j.

Sam-

Inscription, in Oscan characters,

C PAAPI

M VTI L. EM BRATVR

Wt. 59-2

grs.

of the coins of the confederate Italian peoples during their war with Eome were struck at their

The majority

B.C.

100-1.

117

capital Corfinium, the

Italia.

name

of whicL they" changed to

16.

Eome.

Obv. Head of Apollo. Bev. Muse Calliope, playing on lyre, which rests upon a column. Moneyer, Q POMPONI(us)
.

M.

MVSA. Muses on
17.

Wt. 63-2

grs.

This moneyer, in allusion to his name, placed the nine his coins. He held office in B.C. 67.

Eome.

M.
M
.

Obv.

ANDREA.
Inscription,

Sev.

Head of city, turreted beneath, ALEXM. Lepidus, crownin? Ptolemr Epiphanes. LEPIDVS TVTOR REG(is) S C PONTIF
;
.

MAX. Wt. 61-5 grs. The M. Lepidus who struct

-was

a descendant of the
B.C.

Egypt,
18.

this coin, about B.C. 65, Lej)idus who was sent to 200, as guardian of Ptolemy Y. during his
'SL.

minority.

Eome.

behind,

Head of Diana, surmounted by crescent Bev. Sulla, seated before him a kneeling man (Bocchus) holds up a branch of olive, and behind him a bearded Sloneyer, FAVSTVS FELIX. captive, Jugurtlia, also kneeling. Wt. 59-7 gvs.
Obv.
;

^.

lituus.

These coins were struck by Faustus Sulla, son of the about b.c. 62. The reverse type alludes to the betrayal of Jugurtha to Sulla by Bocchus, in B.C. 106.
dictator,
19.

Eome.

JR.

Obv.

ring and necklace.

LIBERTAS. Head of Liberty, wearing ear}!et. BRVTVS. Brutus, consul B.C. 50fl,
fasces,

between two lictors, with axes and Wt. 63 grs. accensus.

and preceded by an

no moneyer's name on this coin, but it cannot it was struck by Q. Cai-pio Brutus, better known as M. Junius Brutus. Probably issued in B.C. 58.
There
is

be doubted that
20.

Eome.

beside

King Aretas, kneeling by the halter. Moneyer, iVl SCAVR(us) AED(ilis) CVR(ulis) EX S C I!ev. Jupiter,
Obo.

M.

REX ARETAS.
.

camel, which he holds

In exergue,

in quadriga.

C HYPSAE COS PREIVER(num)

. . .

CAPTV(m).
Wt. 63
grs.

Monever, P

HYPSAEVS

AED(ilis) CVR(ulis).

58, under the asdileship of Soaurus and Aretas, king of the Nabathajans, had submitted to Scaurus, then governor of Syria, a few years before. This is the first coin of the Eoman series on which an allusion is made to a contemporary event. The capture of Privernum by the Consul 0. Plautius Hyps^us, This piece B.C. 341, is commemorated on the reverse. shows that oh certain occasions the senate accorded to the two curule aediles the right of issuing money.

Struck in

B.C.

P. Hypsseus.

118
^1.

PERIOD

VII.

C.

Kome. JR. Obv. Head of Hercules, in lion's skin. Inscription, S C FAVST(us), in monogram. Rev. Globe, surrounded by
.
.

four wreaths on either side of the lowest an aplustre and an ear of corn, symbolising sea and land. Wt. 59-4 grs.
;

Struck by Taustus Sulla, urban quasstor in B.C. 54, the son of tlie dictator, and son-in-law of Pompeius, whose victories by sea and land are referred to on the reverse.
Plate
69.

22.

Eome.

Af. Obv. Head of Venus, wearing earring, necklace, and oak-wreath; behind, XII (=52). Eev. CAESAR. Trophy

of Gaulish arms.

Wt. 131-2

grs.

Aurei were

first

struck

by

Cassar in

B.C.

49,

when

after

the iiight of Pompeius and the Senate he made himself master of Eome. The numerals on the obverse are by some supposed to refer to the age of Cassar at the time,

but this
23.

is

very doubtful.

Eome.
Two

Obv. Head of Mars. Eev. ALBINVS BRVTI F. Gaulish trumpets crossed, and Gaulish and Greek shields. Wt. 60-2 grs.

M.

Struck in B.C. 49, by Decimus Brutus, Caesar against Massilia.

24.

who was
Head
Lituus,

sent

by

Eome.
veiled.

AF.
Bev.

06.

C CAESAR COS TER.

. .

HIRTIVS
grs.

PR(aifectus).

of Pietas, epichysis

and axe.

Wt. 124

A. Hirtius was one of the seven prsefects of the city appointed by Caesar to govern Eome during his absence in Spain, B.C. 46.
25.

Eome.

jiv.

Obv.

Head of Antius
Moneyer,

Restio.
.

Eev. Hercules, carry. .

ing trophy and club. Wt. 59-4 grs.

C ANTIVS C F RESTIO.

The

tribune of the people about the moneyer.

26.

portrait on this coin is that of C. Antius Eestio, B.C. 74, who was the father of

Eome.
winged.

AT.

Obv.
.

C.

CAES DIC TER

. .

Sev. L PLANC(us) PRAEF(ectus) chysis or one-handled jug. Wt. 124-1 grs.

Bust of Victory, VRB(i3). Epi-

Csesar, at the commencement of the year b.c. 45, confided the care of the imperatorial coinage to the famous L. Munatius PJancus, then prasfeot of the city.

27.

Eome.

Af. OJb. MAG PIVS IMP ITER HeadofSextus Pompeius; the whole in oak-wreath. Itev. PRAEF(ectus). CLAS(sis) ET OR(a!) MARIT(ima!) EX S C Heads of Pompeius the Great and his son Cnaeus Pompeius ou either side, Wt. 128 grs. lituus and tripod.
.

These aurei were struck

B.C.

42-36, by Sextus Pompeius,

B.C.

100-1.

119

who, in command of a numerous

his head-quarters in Sicily, sea against the triumvirs. fedus classis et orse maritimse
28.

fleet, had estahlished whence he carried on war by He had been appointed prseby the senate in B.C. 44.
.

Af. Kome. Rev. L MVSSI Dl(u3) Obv. Head of Ceres. LONGVS, within a wreath of corn. Wt. 124-4 grs. Struck in B.C. 39, by L. Mussidius Longus, one of the

quatuorviri monetales.
29.

Eome.

N.

06t>.

Victory, in biga.

Head of Octavianus. Wt. 119-2 grs.

iJet).

CAESAR.

DIVI

F.

Struck
30.

B.C.

36-29.

Eome. M,. CAESAR.

B.C.

Eev. IMP Obv. Head of Octarianus, laureate. Statue of Octavianus, on rostral column ornamented with two anchors. Wt. 63-2 grs.

Struck
31.

29-27.
.

Eome.

A/. Obv. Head of Octavianus, bare. Sev. IMP CAESAR. Wt. 119-6 grs. Victory on globe, carrying a wreath and a vexillum.
B.C.

Struck
32.

29-27.
Obv.

Eome.

A/'.

Head

of Augustus, bare.

ev.

AVGVSTVS.
grs.

Capricorn, with cornucopia, rudder, and globe.

Wt. 115

The Capricorn was chosen as a badge by Augustus, because he was born on September 23, the day on which the sun enters that sign. This coin was struck between B.C. 27 and 25.
33.

Eome.

Af.

Obv.

VIAE MVN(itae) SVNT. The Augustus, bare. Bev. emperor and Victory in a biga of elephants, upon a triumphal Wt. 120-8 grs. arch, placed on a viaduct.
Struck
B.C. 17.

QVOD

Q R IMP CAESARI.
,

Head

of

The type

alludes to the restoration of

the Yia Flaminia.

34.

Eome.

A/. Head of Caius Csesar, the grandObv. CAESAR. Large son of Augustus, within an oak-wreath. Bev. AVGVSTI. candelabrum, within a wreath. Wt. 122-8 grs.
B.C. 17,

Struck in

the year in which Caius and Lucius

were adopted by Augustus.

35.

Eoman.
bare.

A/".

06o.
I

AVGVSTVS
. .

Bev.

M P X ACT
.

DIVI F. Head of Augustus, Actian Apollo, holding plectrum

. .

and lyre, and clad in long pallium.

Wt. 122

grs.

This coin was struck

B.C.

14-12, probably in Gaul.

120
36. Borne.

PERIOD
AI.
.

VII. C.

06o.

CAESAR AVGVSTVS
laureate.
. .

DIVI
Bev.
.

PATRIAE.

Head of Augustus,

F PATER C.L.CAE. .

SARES
The
Plate
70.

AVGVSTI

COS

DESIG

PRINC(ipes)

IVVENT(utis).
shield and spear.

Caius and Lucius, each clad in toga, and holding In field, simpulum and augur's stafi'. Wt. 120 grs.
B.C. 2.

title

Pater Patrise was conferred on Augustus

37. Africa. M. Numidia. Hiempsal II.? B.C. 106-60. Obv. Male head, bound with wreath of corn. JRev. Horse and Punic letter. Wt. 45 grs.

After the fall of Jugurtha, a portion only of his kinggiven to Hiempsal. Bocchus of Mauretania received v^estem Numidia as a recompense for hie treason. The attribution of this coin is extremely uncertain.

dom was

38.

Numidia.
his shoulder.

Juba

I.,

B.C.

60-46.

M.

Obv.

REX
;

IVBA.

Bust of Juha, bearded, and with hair in formal curls sceptre at Hev. Punic inscri])tion, probably a translation of that on the obrerse. Temple. Wt. 6i grs.

Juba is called by Cicero adolescens bene capillatus, and Suetonius relates how Caesar, on one occasion, in B.C. 62, pulled him by the beard. This coin presents us therefore
with a characteristic
39.

portrait.
(?).

Hispano-Carthaginian
to

M.

Obv.

ev. Galloping horse and Punic inscription.

Bust of king, diademed. Wt. 224 grs.

Formerly attributed
40. Mauretania.
devouring
mihir.

Bocchus

I.,

king of Mauretania.

Bogud II., B.C. 50-38. M. Obv. Griffin, stag. Griffin, above which the Bev. REX BOCVT.
grs.

Wt. 56

This king was recognised by Cassar in B.C. 49. The Asiatic types of the coin prove the intimate connection which existed between the religion of the peoples of northern Africa and western Asia.
41. Mauretania.
of Juba.

Juba II., B.C. 25 to a.d. 23. Bev. Elephant. Wt. 45 grs. Juba
II.

M.
IVBA.

Obv.

Head
of

42. Mauretania.
Juba.

M. M.
grs.

Obv.

REX

Head

Bev. CornucopisE and sceptre.

Wt. 45
Obv.

gr.

43.

Mauretania.
Juba.

Juba

II.

REX

Bev. Selene, wife of Juba.

KAEOHATPA
Wt. 51

BAZIAIZZA.

IVBA. Head of Head of Cleopatra

This king, son of Juba I., who lost his kingdom at the battle of Thapsus, was made by Augustus king of MauHis wife Cleopatra Selene was a daughter of retania. M. Antonius and the famous C'leoiiatra.

1 1

TABLE OF WEIGHTS.
1^
OJ

121

d
to

2
tuD

P
i> t^
1

r CI
irs

r>

a I
1

r
a"
CO

O)

jn

to o3

-* to CO

CO cc

-+I Tf<

as (M

(M
Cv

pl^

m
5b

J=l=:

xi

OT

S 5 ^
B

o O
1-1 -=3

CO
;

K
&JD

E
-^i

OJ

cr cc

rt-

<r

OC

IC

(M Tt

cc CM

^
<N

S 5 o
--3

3
I

."3

o ^
!^
"

1-

O 53 a B
g

''
""

13

oo =! o S

2
-S

o
l5

;3 ft

O o c c C tM (M CC ^ tc CM
M ^
bo
-*H

c: (M

IT

r-

O 1

S5
-1

'

H w S

3 s
e
cq

Cv

f^

C^ (N

^
li-

0*

l>

cc
(^.

CO
t

-t-

o 2
CD 03

03

9 o o

Eht3

a
ri

JQ

1 1 3

3d
-^
1 1

="

X
.-

Cl

OS

OS
11

I^

c/:
1

(T.

-t

}
1

-t-

cr

(M

O m ^ S M

i-i

las =sa:cS|a
a.s 8
ir.

g g

1*.

W)
ir t> ,l-d^ ci:
ir.

1 <i

QC ZC

lO CM
T ]

S2t^^x
a g S S >.

o t^
(M

ir.

cr

CN
(^

?a

3 "5=
'c

c3

;d

bfl

rS

1
'S
t -J

"^

a
4)

*
t-

^ ^ ^ r
t-

^ c
'c *'c
,

c c

13
la

r-H

'-'

S^oi'9

c
e.
J

E2

>H

-.;-

Sir

t:
.

f-4q.

r
E;-

XI

^ P p
O
;-<
;_l

&;_

e
-

o
o
*:;

3 Moi

c
.

H
"t;

<D

.*;

a
OJ

"
g "

3
c
r+

1
ii

^..'i:

s-s

p K

t a

E=

INDEX I GEOGEAPHIGAL.
Bituriges, vn. c. 3. Boeotia, m. B. 26 ; iv. B. 22

v. B.

Abdera, n. B. 1 in. B. 3. Abydus, in. a. 14. Acanthus, i. ji. 7 n. B. 8. Aoarnania, t. b. 13 vi. B. 20. Ace, IV. A. 6. Achaean League, v. B. 23-25
; ; ;
;

19

VI. B. 22.

Britannia, vn. o. 5-9. 0. 20-22. Byzantium, n. B. 3 v. B. 3

Bruttii, V.
B. 3,
vi.
;

vi.

vn. B.

3, 4.

B.

25-27.
I.

^gina,

B.

29
;

n. B. 24

v. B. 23.

iBnianes, vi.

E. 14, 15.

^nus,

2 ni. B. 4. 14-18. Agrigentum, i. u. 24; ii. c. 14-16. Alexandria Troas, vi. A. 11. Amastris, iv. A. 23.
II.

B.

^tolia,

V. B.

Calohedon,
Gales, V.

v. A. 6.

c. 9.

Ambraoia, v. B. Amphipolis, m.

10.
B. 7, 8.

Calymna, l. a. 29. Camarina, ii. o. 17, Camirus, i. A. 30. Caniuloduuum, vn.

Cappadocia,

18.
c. 9.

Antiooh, Tit. A. 14. Apollonia ad Ehyndacum,

21, 22.

ii.

A.

vi. a. 23. Caria, ni. a. 33-35.

Apollonia Illyriae, vil. B. 11, 13. Aradus, in. A. 47 iv. a. 3, 4 v. vn. A. 17. A. 4 Yi. A. 30 Arcadia, in. B. 37. Aigos, ni. B. 36 v. B. 25. Armenia, vn. A. 13. Arpi, V. c. 13. Asoalon, vn. A. 18, 19. Aspendus, ii. A. 39 \I. A. 4. Athens, i. B. 26-28 ii. B. 19-23 vi. B. iti. B. 30 v. B. 20-22 23, 24 vn. B. 14, 15. Atrebates, vn. 0. 6, 7. Auleroi Diablintes, vn. o. 4.
; ; ;

Carthage, in. c. 37-42 38 V. 0. 41-43 vi.

; ; ;

iv. o.
0.

35-

33-39.

Carystus, v. u. 29, 30. Cassope, v. b. 11 vi. B. 18. Catana, i. c. 25 n. o. 19-21

;

m.

c.

25.
c.

Caulonia, I. Celenderis,

17, 18; n. c. 9.

i. a. 37. Celsitanl, vn. c. 1. Chalcidice, ni. b. 9-11.

Chalcis Euboese, v. B. 31, 32. Chersonesus, i. a. 26. Chios, I. A. 8; n. a. 34; m. A. 31. Cibyra, vn. a. 6.
Cius, rv. A. 24.

Clazomenae,
26.

ii.

A.

29

in. A.

24-

B. Bactria, v. A. 21-27;
vi.

Cuidus, I. A. 27 in. A. 32. Cnossus, I. B. 32 m. B. 39

;
;

vi. b.

A. 32,

28-30.

33

vn.
i.

a. 20.
b. 14. v. a.

Colophon, n.
Corcyra,
;

a.

30
;

m.

A. 27.
;

Bisaltse,

i.

b.

18

n. b. 14

vi. B.

Bithynia,

vn. A.

3.

19.

;; ;

INDEX.
Corinth,
i.

123

a.

30, 31

ii.

b.

25

in. B. 31.

Cos, n. A. 36
32.

in. a.

36

iv. A.

Heraolea
I.

Ionise, in. A.

22

vi. A.

Croton,

c. 19,

20

n, c. 10

m.

17.

c. 19, 20 ; IV. c. 25. Oroton and Sybaria, i. c. 21. Cumse, I. 0. 2 n. c. 2.

;

20 vi. A. 14. Cyprus, n. a. 40-43 in. a. 41-43. ni. c. 43, 44 Cyrene, i. A. 21 V. o. 44. IV. 0. 39-41 in. Cyzlous, A. 12 n. a. 6-15 vi. A. 4-8 rv. a. 27 v. a. 1
i.

Cyme,

A.

J..

Heraolea Lucanije, ir. o. 5 in. c. 11; IV. 0. 16; v. c. 17. Heraolea Pontica, iv. a. 25, 26. Hierapytna, rv. B. 25 vi. b. 33. Himera, i. 0. 27; ii. c. 25. Hiepano-Carthaginian, vi. c. 3032 vir. c. 39. Hyria, m. c. 3.
;

a. 6.

I.

Damascus, iv. a. 5. Dardanus, n. a. 25.

Delos,
I.

lalysUB,

I.

A. 31.
'

Ilium, VI. A. 12.

India, iv. A. 17.
Italy, VI. c.
i.

a. 22.
B. 11.
;

Delplii, ni. b. 25.

26-28; vn.

c.

12-15.

Dicsea Chaloidices,

Itanus, n. b. 36.
B. 12.

DyrrhaoMum,

v. B.

vn.

E.

Jerusalem,
Edoni,
I.

vi. a. 31.

B. 15.
;

Egypt,

20-22 v. a. 28-34 VI. A. 35 vn. A. 26, 27. Elis, n. B. 26-34 m. e. 33 rv. b. 23 V. B. 26 vi. B. 25. Ephesus, I. A. 7 n. A. 31 in. A. v. A. 10. 29, 30 rv. A. 19, 29 Epirus, in. b. 23 v. b. 10-12
IV. A.
; ;
; ;

L.

Lacedsemon,

v. e. 27,

28
;

vi. B. 27.

VI. B. 16, 17.

Lamia, iv. B. 21. Lampsacus, I. A. 18

ii.

A.

23

Eretria, n. b. 39 v. B. 33. Brythrse, n. a. 32 rv. a. 30

; ;

m.
;

A.

15-19
ii.

vi. a. 8.
;

vi.

Larissa,
Laiis,

B.

13

in. e. 19,

A. 16.

I. c.

8, 9.

Etruria,

i.

c. 1

EubcBa,

I.

B.

n. 21-25.
;

c. 1

m.

c. 1.

Lebedue,

vi. a. 18.
;

Leontini, i. 0. 28 Lete, I. B. 4, 5.

n.

o.

26, 27.

Leucas, VI. B. 21. Libya, vi. c. 29. Locri Brutt., in.

V. c. 23.

c.

21

iv. c.

26

Oalatia, vn. A.
G-aul, VI. c. 1
;

7.

vn.
n.
o.

o.

3-5.

Locri Opun., in. b. 24. Lycia, i. A. 33-35 n. A. 38

;

m.

Gela,

I. 0.

26

22-24.
e. 31, 32.

A. 39.

Ooresia Cei, i. b. 33. Gortyna, n. e. 35 vi.

;

Lydia,

i.

LysimacMa,

A. 1-3, 13-16. iv. B. 19.

; ;

124
M.
Macse? Ti. o. 29. Maoedon, v. B. 5-8

INDEX.

vi. e.

9-12

Pseonia, in. e. 6 it. b. Paadosia, n. c. 11 in.

; ;

1, 2. c. 22.

vn. B. 7-10. Magnesia, vi. a. 19. Mantineia, t. b. 24. Marathus, v. A. 20. Maronea, ii. b. 4 in. 5 vn. B. 5.
; ;

Panticapseum,

ill. B. 1, 2.

Parium

(?), i. A. 4.
;

b.

ti. b.

Masailia, iv.
;

o.

v. c. 1

vi. c.

Pares, i. b. 35 v. b. 34. Parthia, IV. A. 15, 16 vi, A. 34 ; TH. A. 22-25. Perga, ti. a. 22. PergamuB, T. a. 8, 9 vi. A. 7, 9,
; ;

2 vn. c. 2. Mauretania, vn.

10
c.

TII. A. 5.
i.

40-43.
b. 9.

Persia,

A.

17

u. A.
;

1,

ni. A.

Mende, i. B. 8 Mesembria, vi.

;

ii.

1-3;

IT. A. 1.

B. 2.
;

30 ii. 0. 28. Messenia, lu. b. 35 iv. b. 24

i. c.
;

Messana,
B. 26.

vi.

Metapontum,
in.
0.

I. c.
;

10,

12-16
I.

iv. c.
;

11 ii. 17-21.
;

o.

Methymna,
Miletus,

n. A. 27

ui. A. 23.

PhseatuB, ii. e. 37, 38 in. b. 40. Pharsalus, in. b. 20. Phaselis, i. a. 36. Pliers, in. b. 21, 22. Philippi, III. E. 13. Phocsea, i. A. 23 n. A. 16-19. Phocis, I. B. 19.
;

A. 6.
A. 28.

Polyrhenlum,
1,2.

it. b. 26.
;

Myrina,

vi. a. 15.

PontuB, T. A. 5

ti. a.

vn.

a.

Mytilene, n.

Populonia, i. c. 1 in. o. 2. Pordosilene, n. a. 24. Poseidion Carpathi, i. A. 32. Poseidonia, i. c. 12, 13.
;

N.

Potidsea,

i.

B. 9.

PriansuB, vi. e. 34.

Naxos,

I. B.

34.
l. c.

Proeonnesus,
31
;

iv. A. 28.
i.

Naxus
30.

Sicilise,

ii.

c.

29,

Pyxus and

Sins,

c. 14.

Neapolis Campaniae, n. c. 3 in. IT. c. 2, 3. c. 4 Neapolis Datenon, i. b. 6 in. b.

; ; ;

12.

B.
IT. c. 4.

Nicaea, IT. A. 18.

Nola,

Bhegium,
11.

i.

o.

22

ii. o.

12

in. c.

Nuceria Alfaterna, T. 0. Numidia, Tii. c. 37, 38.

23.

Rhodes, ni.
T. a.

a. 37,

38

it. a.

33

11

VI. A. 3, 21.

Eomano-Campanian,
T. 0. 7, 8.

it. c,

5-10

Eoman, vn.
0.

Rome,
;

T. c.

e. 16-26 Tn. c. 35. 2-6 vi. c. 3-25 vn.

; ; ;

0. 10, 11,

16-34, 36.

Odessus,
B. 2.

T. B. 1,

ti.

b. 1

tii.

Odomanti
Orreskii,

(?), i. b. 17.

Olynthus, n.
i.

b. 10.

b. 16.

03ca,

vii. c. 1.

rsvss.

125
Sidiciiiiini, v. c. 12.

Teannm
TemnoB,
SamoE, i.A.3,9,25,28; ii.a.3o; m. A. 28 ; it. a. 31. Samothiace, T. b. 4.
Tenedos,

ti. a. 1.
i.

A. 19;

m.

a. 20,

21;

TLA-ia
Tenos, iv. B. 27, 28. Teoe,!. A. 24; IL A. 33. Teiina, i. c. ^; n. c. 13;
24.

Said^ 1-

A, 13-16.

Soepss, n. A. 26. Se^sia, i. a 32; il c. 31. S^nis, I. c. 33; n. c. 32.

Sicilj, T.

m. a

a 3t

SJcjon, m. B. 32. Sidon, ni. A. 44, 45; it. A. 35;

Tn. A. 15. Sinope, n. A. 20.

Tennera, n. A. 37. Teione, i. B. 10. Thasos, I. B. 3;'ii. B. 6, 7 tl B. 6 ; Tn. B. 6. Th^>es, I. B. 20; n. b. 15-18 ; m. B. 27-29.
;

S^luns, I. B. 36. ^ie and F}rxas, I. c. 14. Smyrna, i. a. 10; ti. a. 2,

S^e^la, see liaced^Biiioii. Stymidialiis, m. b. 38. Soeasa, T. 10.

Therms, m.
The^aly, tl
20.

c.

26.

b. 13.
;

Thiace,

i.

b. 1

TL

B. 7,

8 ; til b.

1-^
Thoiium, n. c. 7 ; in.c.17; ir.c.
22; t. al8. Tyre, m. A. 46 ; iv. A. 36 29; TIL A. 16.
;

Sjrtiazis, I. c. 15.

tl

A.

Siftads

and Ciotan,

i.

c. 21.

Syiaca3e,i.a34,35; ii.g33-40; m. c. 27-36; iv. a 27-34; t. a

30-39.
Syria, IT. A. U-14; T. A. 12-19; VI. A. 24-28; th. 8-ia

Yelia,!.
IT.

a 16; iLa 8; m. o. a 23, 24; t. c, 19.

18;

Tarentnm,

i. c.

3-7 ; n.

a 6-10;

IT. c.

c.

4;

in.

Taisns, m. a. 40 ; T^onnnegQiDm, T. a

14-16. Y. it. a. 34. 40.

;

Zacynthns, m. ZaBdii,LB. 2.
Zancle,
Zeleia,
i. c.

b. 34.

29. A. 11.

; ;

INDEX

II. KINGS,

DYNASTS, ETC.

A.

Apollodotus
Apollonis, Arclielaus

II. (?), VII. A. 20.

(J.

VI. A.
I., Ji.

Abudos, vn.

0. 3.

B. 12.

.aisillas, VII. B.

7-9.

Arsinoe

II., v. a. 2f>.

Agathooles of Bactria, v. A, 2G, 27. Agathocles of Syracuse, iv. o.

27-30.

ArBinoi; III., v. A. 33.

Albinus, Bruli f., vii. o. 'ili. Aloxander, Bon of Boxana,

20, 21
;

Audoleon, iv. B. 2. Augustus, vn. A. 33- a.") 2G vn. o. 32, 33, 3.';,
;

3(i.

vn. n. See

iv. a.

IV. B. 13, 14.

also Octaviauus. Azbaal, ii. a. 13.

Alexander Balas, vi. a. 2J. Alexander of Epirus, III. B. 23

IV. 0.
11-1.'').

Alexander I. of Maoedon, ii. B. 11. Aloxander the Great, iv. A. 2-8

IV. B. 3-7, 10,

B.

11

V.
;

A. 1-4

V. B. 2

VI. A.

1-4

Baalmeli:k,

ii.

A. 42.

vi. B. 1,

Berenice

II., v. a.

31.

VII. B. 2.

Alexander of Pherte,
Amastris,
iv. A. 23.

Bogud
iii. B.

II., VII. 0. 40.

21, 22.

Amyntas Amyntas
15.

BrutuB D., VII. 0. 23. Brutus M. Junius, vn.

11.

A. 2:i

vn.

of Galatia, vii. A. 7. III. of Maoedon, in.

19

VII. 0. 19.

b.

Andragoras, iv. A. K;. Antigonus, iv. B. J 2. Antigonus Doson? v. B. 0, 27. Antigonus Gonataa, v. B. S.

Antimachus, v. A. 2!5. Antiochus I., v. A. 12, 13. Antiochus II., V. a. 14. Antiochus Hierax? v. A. l(j. Antiochus Selouci 111. v. A. ] 8. Antiochus 111., v. a. 19; v. u. 17,
30, 32.

C.'CHar,

Caius, vn.

0.

34.
o.

Ctesar,
30.

Caius and Lucius, vn.

CicBiir, Julius, VII. B. 17, 18,

21

vn. a. 22, 2(;, 29. Casoa, Si;ivilius, vn.

A. 29.

fJa[iHiUi(L:r, IV. B. 10, 11.

Antiochus VI., vi. A. 20. Antiochus VIII., vii. A. 8, Antiochus IX., vn. A. 9. Antonius L., vii. b. 22.

11.

Cleopatra of Syriu, vi. a. 28. Cleopatra VI. of I'^gypt, vn. a. Cleopatra and Antonius, vn.
14.
b.

19.
A.

Anton iuB M.,

21-24.

vii. A.

31

vn.

Cloopalra
Olson,

Scli

no of Maurctauia,

VII. 0. 43. vii. VII. B. 1.

i.

Antonius M., and Cleopatra,

A. 14.

Croesus,
vii. B. 24.

A. 13-16.
o.
'.).

Antonius M. Junior,

Ounobelinus, vn.

INDEX.
D.

127
M.

Demetrius Polioroetes,
17.

iv. b.

15-

Demetriua of Bactria, v. a. 23. Demetrius II. of Syria, vi. A. 27.

Diodotus, V. A. 21. Dionysius of Heraclea, iv. a.
2.0.

Mausolua, in. a. 33. Mazaeus, iii, a. 40. Mithradatea I. of Parthia,

34.

vi.

a.

Mithradates II. of Pontus, v. A. 5. Mithradatea the Great of Pontus, vn. A. 1, 2 vn. b. 14.
;

Monunius,

v. b. 9.

Mostis, VI. E.-8.

Muaa and Phraataces

25.

I.,

vn. a,

Evagoras

I.,

in. a. 41.

Eveithon, n. a. 41. Euoratides, vi. a. 32.

N.

Eumenes I., v. A. 9. Eumenes II., vi. a. 7. Euthydemus I., v. A. Euthydemua II., v. a.

Nicocreon, in. a. 42.

22. 24.

Nicomedes

III.,

vn. a.

G.

Getas Edonorum Bex,

i.

b. 15.

Octavianus, vil. a. 32 vn. B. 21 VII. 0. 29-31. See also Augustus. Orodea I., vn. a. 23. Orophernea, vi. a. 23.
;

Heliocles, vi. a. 33. Hermseus, vn. A. 21.

Papiua C,
Patraus,

vii. o.

12-15.

Hiempsal

32-34. vn. o. 37. Hiero II., v. o. 30-32. Hieronymufl, v. 0. 33.

Hicetas, iv.
o.

iv. B, 1.

II.,

Pausaniaa of Macedon, in. b. 14. Perdiccaa III. of Macedon, ni. B,

16.

Perseus of Macedon,

vi. b. 9.

Phahaspes ?
Phanes,
i.

iv. a. 15.

a. 7.
I.,

Phamaces
Juba Juba
vn. 0. 38. II., vn. o. 41-43.
I.,

vi. A. 5.

PhiletaeruB, v. a. 8. Philip II, of Macedon, iii. B. 17,18. Philip III. of Macedon, iv.'a.' 9, 10 rv. B. 8, 9. Philip V. of Macedon, v. b. 7, 8. Philip of Syria, vn. a. 12. PhUiatis, y. c. 33.
;

Labienus, Q. Parthious, yn.

a. 30.

Lamia,

iv. b. 21.
B. 6.

Lycoeius, in.

Lysimachus, 18-20 v.
;

iv. A. 18,
B.

19
B.

iv. E.

TI.

3,

Til. B. 3, 4.

Phraataces I. and Musa, vn. A. 25. Phraates III., vn. A. 22. Phrataphernes ? iv. A. 15. Pixodarus, ni. A. 34, 35. Pnytagoraa, ni. A. 43. Pompeius, Sextua, vit. o. 27.

128
Prusias
I., v. a. 7.
I.,

INDEX.

Simon Maccabaeus,
II., V. A.

vi. A. 31.

Ptolemy Ptolemy
28.

iv. A. 22.

II.

and Arsinoe

Sopliytes, IV. A. 17. Sulla, VII. A. 28. Sulla, Faustus, vn.

o.

18, 21.

Ptolemy III., v. a. 30. Ptolemy IV., v. a. 32. Ptolemy V., v. A. 34. Ptolemy VI., vi. A. 35. Ptolemy IX., vii. A. 26. Ptolemy XI., vn. A. 18,
Pyrrhus,
T. c.

Sura, vn. B. 10.

27.

24-29.

Tasciovanus, vii. o. 8. Tigranes, vil. A. 13.

Tincommius,
Tiridates
S. II.,

vii. c. 6.

vn. a. 24.

Tryphon, vi. a. 26. Tymnes, ii. A. 37.

Seleucus I., iv. a. 11-14. Seleuous II., v. a. 15. Seleucus III., v. a. 17. Seleucus VI., vii. a. 10. Seuthes I., ii. B. 5.

Verica, vn.

c. 7.

Mr. Keadt, Electrotypist, British Museum, supplies complete sets of electrotypes for museums, schools, &c., or smaller selections, classified and labelled, in cases lined with velvet, as in the British Museum.

'Ondon: feinted bt wiixiau clowns and sons, limited,

BTAMFOBD BTBBET AND OHUlINa CROSS.