Simulacin de Yacimientos Petroleros

David Leonardo Moreno B1

1 Departamento

de Ingeniera de Petrleos Universidad de Amrica

March 20, 2014

Plan

Introduction Reservoir simulator Bibliography

Plan

Introduction Reservoir simulator Bibliography

Objective

To simulate the exploitation of a real reservoir without the cost of real life trial and error,e.g. to test different scenarios to nd an optimal one before the reservoir is actually put on production. The description of the reservoir and the boundary conditions for the equations for ow in a porous rock are known only with a deal of uncertainty.

Objective

To simulate the exploitation of a real reservoir without the cost of real life trial and error,e.g. to test different scenarios to nd an optimal one before the reservoir is actually put on production. The description of the reservoir and the boundary conditions for the equations for ow in a porous rock are known only with a deal of uncertainty.

Problems

The pore system itself and the ow in this system happens on a detail level that is impossible to describe or model. The problems we look at are a result of
Generalisation of real micro-scale data from macro scale observations (Seismics and well data). Upscaling of detail level behaviour to a manageable scale and problem size. Some uncertainty in the description model itself (equations of multiphase ow in porous media).

Exact answers cannot be provided.

Problems

The pore system itself and the ow in this system happens on a detail level that is impossible to describe or model. The problems we look at are a result of
Generalisation of real micro-scale data from macro scale observations (Seismics and well data). Upscaling of detail level behaviour to a manageable scale and problem size. Some uncertainty in the description model itself (equations of multiphase ow in porous media).

Exact answers cannot be provided.

Reservoir simulation

Reservoir simulation is regularly used with great success, and remains one of the support pillars for decision making when eld plans for development and operations are made. The simulations reveal invaluable information about the reservoir ow, and not the least, can oint to areas which need closer investigation or can represent elements of risk to the production scenarios. Offshore operations require much more robust plans and economics than small onshore reservoirs do

Reservoir simulation

Reservoir simulation is regularly used with great success, and remains one of the support pillars for decision making when eld plans for development and operations are made. The simulations reveal invaluable information about the reservoir ow, and not the least, can oint to areas which need closer investigation or can represent elements of risk to the production scenarios. Offshore operations require much more robust plans and economics than small onshore reservoirs do

Reservoir simulation

Reservoir simulation is regularly used with great success, and remains one of the support pillars for decision making when eld plans for development and operations are made. The simulations reveal invaluable information about the reservoir ow, and not the least, can oint to areas which need closer investigation or can represent elements of risk to the production scenarios. Offshore operations require much more robust plans and economics than small onshore reservoirs do

Tasks of the Reservoir Engineer

evaluate the quality of the input data transform the input data to a form suitable for simulation identify which parts of the data are most sensitive to uncertainty identify necessary additional data acquisition identify key data which may directly inuence choice of operations plans, and uncertainty tied to these

Tasks of the Reservoir Engineer

evaluate the quality of the input data transform the input data to a form suitable for simulation identify which parts of the data are most sensitive to uncertainty identify necessary additional data acquisition identify key data which may directly inuence choice of operations plans, and uncertainty tied to these

Tasks of the Reservoir Engineer

evaluate the quality of the input data transform the input data to a form suitable for simulation identify which parts of the data are most sensitive to uncertainty identify necessary additional data acquisition identify key data which may directly inuence choice of operations plans, and uncertainty tied to these

Tasks of the Reservoir Engineer

evaluate the quality of the input data transform the input data to a form suitable for simulation identify which parts of the data are most sensitive to uncertainty identify necessary additional data acquisition identify key data which may directly inuence choice of operations plans, and uncertainty tied to these

Tasks of the Reservoir Engineer

evaluate the quality of the input data transform the input data to a form suitable for simulation identify which parts of the data are most sensitive to uncertainty identify necessary additional data acquisition identify key data which may directly inuence choice of operations plans, and uncertainty tied to these

Tasks of the Reservoir Engineer

perform a suite of reservoir simulations evaluate quality or resukts from the simulations, uncertainties, areas of robustness utilize available eld production data to tune zimulations point to potential future problems / solutions, suggest production plans

Tasks of the Reservoir Engineer

perform a suite of reservoir simulations evaluate quality or resukts from the simulations, uncertainties, areas of robustness utilize available eld production data to tune zimulations point to potential future problems / solutions, suggest production plans

Tasks of the Reservoir Engineer

perform a suite of reservoir simulations evaluate quality or resukts from the simulations, uncertainties, areas of robustness utilize available eld production data to tune zimulations point to potential future problems / solutions, suggest production plans

Tasks of the Reservoir Engineer

perform a suite of reservoir simulations evaluate quality or resukts from the simulations, uncertainties, areas of robustness utilize available eld production data to tune zimulations point to potential future problems / solutions, suggest production plans

Reservoir Simulations

The simulator itself is merely a tool in the process - in many cases as indispensable tool, but the human factor- the engineer, is undoubtedly the main factor in this process. Eclipse includes options for simulating "almost anything", through several thousand keywords. We will cover the subjects and keywords which are sufcient and necessary to run the majority of "standard" simulations.

Data Organisation

An Eclipse data le is comprised of eight Sections headed by a section header. These sections must come in the prescribed order, but the order of the keywords within each section is arbitrary. The data sections, with headers are RUNSPEC (required) Run specications. Includes a description of the run, such as grid size, table size, number of well, which phases to include and so fort. GRID (required) Denes the grid dimensions ans shape, including petrophysics (porosity, permeability, net-to-gross).

Data Organisation

EDIT (optional) User-dened changes to the grid data which are applied after Eclipse has processed them, can be dened in this section. PROPS (required) Fluid and rock properties (relative permeabilities, PVT tables, ) REGIONS (optional) User dened report regions, or e.g. regions where different rel-perm. cruves apply can be dened in this section.

Data Organisation

SOLUTION (required) Equilibration data (description of how the model is to be initialised). SUMMARY (optional) Results output is primarily of two types:
Scalar data as a function of time (e.g. average eld pressure) Data with one value pr. grid cell (e.g. oil saturation). These are only output at chosen times.

This section is used to dene output of the rst kind, by specifying which data itens to write to report les.

Data Organisation

SCHEDULE (required) Well denitions, descriptions of operating schedule, convergence control, control of output of the second kind described above. Comments Any line in an Eclipse input le that starts with two dashes () is treated as a comment. Its is strongly recommended to use many comments, the advantage is easily seen when returning to the le for later updates. (Note that the two dashes mst be in column 1 and 2, no leading blanks.)

The Eclipse data format, default values and data repeats

Posority must be dened with one value for each grid cell. The Eclipse data format expect exactly this: N = NX NY NZ cells, N porosity values must be given. First the top layer (K = 1) is read, line by line (begin with J = 1, read I = 1, , NX , then J = 2, etc.) Then repeat for K = 2, , NZ . PORO 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 / is equivalent to PORO 8*0.23 0.24 3*0.25 /

The Eclipse data format, default values and data repeats

In many cases required data items may be defaulted. Eclipse has dened default values for many values, and if we on input set these items to default, Eclipse will use the dened default values instead. A default value is specied by 1, and can be repeated as above, with n. If the rest of the data items are defaulted, this is not necessary to state explicitly. Example: COMPDAT WP1 10 2 1 2 OPEN 2* 0.5 5* / WP2 10 3 1 2 OPEN 2* 0.5 / /

INCLUDE statements

Some of the data items can be really huge, especially the GRID section data. It is convenient to keep them out. Eclipse allows for including other les in the data le. Use the INCLUDE keyword Example: INCLUDE ../../include/GRID/SIMF.GRDECL / INCLUDE GF_PVT_TABLES.PROPS /

BASIC data input example

RUNSPEC ============================================ -- Title is used as header on output, -- to identify run TITLE Example simple Eclipse file, lecture notes -- Specify dimension of model, NX, NY, NZ DIMENS -- NX NY NZ 10 3 3 / -- Phases included (oil and water, -- i.e. 2-phase run) OIL WATER -- Units to use, alternatives are -- METRIC, FIELD or LAB FIELD

BASIC data input example

-- Specify maximum values for well data -- (# means "max number of") WELLDIMS -- #wells #cell-connections Next three -- values are defaulted 4 5 3* / -- Start date, i.e. "Day 0" in -- simulation START 1 JAN 2004 / GRID ================================= -- Turn off writing of data to report file NOECHO

BASIC data input example

-- Definition of grid cells. From DIMENS -- keyword above, we have: -- N = NX*NY*NZ = 10*3*3 = 90. -- In each cell DX = DY = 1000 ft and -- DZ = 50 ft -- (Dimension measured in feet since units -- were defined as FIELD above) -- The grid cells are then defined by: DX 90*1000 / DY 90*1000 / DZ 90*50 /

BASIC data input example

-- So far the grid shape has been defined, but we -- also need to define at which depth (measured -- from sea level) the cell tops are. We assume a -- horizontal reservoir, and input depths which -- are consistent with the DZ-values we defined -- above. TOPS 30*5000 30*5050 30*5100 / -- Permeabilities are constant, so define 90 -- equal values. PERMX 90*200 / PERMY 90*200 / PERMZ 90*200 /

BASIC data input example

-- Porosity is constant in each layer, so define -- 30 values in layer 1, 30 in layer 2, and 30 in -- layer 3. Each layer contains 30 cells. PORO 30*0.3 30*0.23 30*0.18 /

BASIC data input example

-- Request to write an INIT (initial) file. -- Contains all data used to initialize the model INIT -- Turn report writing back on ECHO PROPS ============================================== -- Relative permeability for water and oil, -- and water-oil capillary pressure, as a function o

BASIC data input example

SWOF -- Sw 0.220 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.800 0.900 1.000

Krw Krow Pcow 0.0000 1.0000 0 0.0700 0.4000 0 0.1500 0.1250 0 0.2400 0.0649 0 0.3300 0.0048 0 0.6500 0.0 0 0.8300 0.0 0 1.0000 0.0 0 /

BASIC data input example

-- PVT properties for water. -- (Pref: Reference pressure for rest of data (psi) -- Bw: Volume formation factor for water -- Cw: Water compressibiblity -- ViscW: Water viscosity ) PVTW -- Pref Bw Cw ViscW 4014.7 1.029 3.13E-6 0.31 0 /

BASIC data input example

-- PVT properties for oil PVDO -- P Bo viscO 3337 1.2600 1.042 3725 1.2555 1.072 4139.5 1.2507 1.096 4573.2 1.2463 1.118 5053.9 1.24173 1.151 5487.5 1.2377 1.174 5813.9 1.2356 1.2 /

BASIC data input example

-- Dead oil: Rs (Gas resolution factor) is constant RSCONST -- Rs Bubble-point-pressure 0.4 3337.0 / -- Specify constant rock compressibility. ROCK -- Pref Cr 14.7 3.0D-6 / -- Fluid densities at surface conditions DENSITY -- Oil Water Gas 49.1 64.79 0.06054 /

BASIC data input example

SOLUTION ============================= EQUIL -- DD = Datum depth, the depth to which -- all reports will be referenced. -- DD Pressure@DD OWC Pcow(OWC) Default -- rest of data items 5000 4800 6000 0.0 6* /

BASIC data input example

SUMMARY ================================ -- List data vectors which we want stored -- for graphics post-processing -- Field Oil Production Rate FOPR -- Field Oil Production Total FOPT -- Field Water Cut FWCT -- Field Pressure (averaged reservoir -- pressure) FPR -- Field Oil In Place FOIP -- Field Water Production Rate

BASIC data input example

FWPR -- Field Water Injection Rate FWIR -- Well Water Cut for all wells WWCT /

BASIC data input example

SCHEDULE =========================================== -- Specify output of graphics result files -- for cell data, and times which to write -- these. (Details to come later) RPTRST BASIC=5 NORST=1 FREQ=6 / -- Well specification: Give names, -- positions (i, j) and main phase of wells WELSPECS --wname group i j Z(bhp) prefPhase WP1 G 10 2 1* OIL / /

BASIC data input example

-- (Note two slashes, one terminates each well, -- one terminates the keyword) Completion data, -- the well is open to the reservoir in cells -- in layers from k_hi to k_lo. COMPDAT -- wname ic jc k_hi k_lo open/shut 2*Do not Care -- well_diam Default... WP1 10 2 1 2 OPEN 2* 0.5 4* / /

BASIC data input example

-- Production data, specify producing rate -- and constraints well WP1 will produce -- with an oil rate of 2000 STB/day constrained -- by that wells flowing bottomhole pressure is -- minimum 3350 psi. (Details to come later) WCONPROD -- wname open/shut ctrlmode orat 4*Default bhpmin -- Rest default... WP1 OPEN ORAT 2000 4* 3350 / / -- Milestone dates, e.g. to write results DATES 1 JUL 2004 / 1 JAN 2005 / /

BASIC data input example

-- Change production rate to 4000 STB/day WCONPROD --wname open/shut ctrlmode orat 4*Default bhpmin --Rest default... WP1 OPEN ORAT 4000 4* 3350 / / DATES 1 JUL 2005 / / END

Plan

Introduction Reservoir simulator Bibliography

Bibliography

[Aziz and Settari, 1979], [Pettersen, 2006]

Aziz, K. and Settari, A. (1979). Petroleum Reservoir Simulation. Applied Science Publishers LTD. Pettersen, O. (2006). Basics of Reservoir Simulation With the Eclipse Reservoir Simulator. Dept. of Mathematics, Univ. of Bergen.