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1 Logical Addressing

This document provides an overview of data communications and networking topics covered in a fifth year telecommunications course, including: - The key design issues addressed at the network layer, such as logical addressing, routing, and error control - Logical addressing schemes like classful and classless addressing, and network address translation (NAT) - Details of IPv4 addressing, including address notation, classes, subnetting, and network configuration examples - How NAT allows organizations to use private addressing internally while presenting a single public address externally

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Hasan Ahmad
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92 views20 pages

1 Logical Addressing

This document provides an overview of data communications and networking topics covered in a fifth year telecommunications course, including: - The key design issues addressed at the network layer, such as logical addressing, routing, and error control - Logical addressing schemes like classful and classless addressing, and network address translation (NAT) - Details of IPv4 addressing, including address notation, classes, subnetting, and network configuration examples - How NAT allows organizations to use private addressing internally while presenting a single public address externally

Uploaded by

Hasan Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology Telecommunication department Fifth year 2013-2014

HIAST

Data Communications and Networking II

Prepared by Dr. Khaldoun KHORZOM


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Network Layer
Design issues: Logical addressing: Host-to-Host communication service. Internetworking Routing: Maintaining a routing table for
each possible destination network.

Protocol Data Unit (PDU) lifetime: Preventing a PDU to


loop indefinitely through the Internet.

Fragmentation and Re-assembly Error control Flow control

Logical Addressing

Address Space Notations Classful Addressing Classless Addressing Network Address Translation (NAT)

An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.

The IPv4 addresses are unique and universal. The address space of IPv4 is 32 2 or 4,294,967,296.

Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address

Rules of notation:
a. There must be no leading zero (045). b. There can be no more than four numbers. c. Each number needs to be less than or equal to 255. d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation is not allowed.
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The classes in binary and dotted-decimal notation


In classful addressing, the address space is divided into five classes: A, B, C, D, and E.

Number of blocks and block size in classful IPv4 addressing

NetID, HostID
Length of NetId and HostId is predetermined in classfull addressing, Mask is also used (32 bit number made of contiguous 1s followed by a contiguous 0s)

Default masks for classfull addressing

/n: The Mask in form slash notation, or Classless InterDomain Routing notation
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Classless Addressing
Address depletion; Class A too big; Class C too small. Classful addressing, which is almost obsolete, is replaced with classless addressing.

Ex: A block of 16 addresses granted to a small organization

Restrictions: The addresses are contiguous. The number of addresses is a power of 2 . 8 The first address must be evenly divisible by the number of addresses

In IPv4 addressing, a block of addresses can be defined as x.y.z.t /n in which x.y.z.t defines one of the addresses and the /n defines the mask. The first address in the block can be found by setting the rightmost 32 n bits to 0s.

An addresses is 205.16.37.39/28. What is the first address in the block? The binary representation of the given address is 11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111 If we set 32 28 rightmost bits to 0, we get 11001101 00010000 00100101 00100000 (ANDing the address with the Mask) or 205.16.37.32.

The last address in the block can be found by setting the rightmost 32 n bits to 1s. An addresses is 205.16.37.39/28. What is the last address in the block? The binary representation of the given address is 11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111 If we set 32 28 rightmost bits to 1, we get 11001101 00010000 00100101 00101111 (ORing the address with the complement of the Mask) or 205.16.37.47 Number of addresses equals 2 32 Mask = 2 32 28 = 16
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A network configuration for the block 205.116.37.32/28

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Three-levels of hierarchy: subnetting Example: Configuration and addresses in a subnetted network


An organization is given the block 17.12.14.0/26, which contains 64 addresses. The organization has three offices and needs to divide the addresses into three subblocks of 32, 16, and 16 addresses. Suppose the mask of the first subnet is n1, then 2 32 n1 must be 32, which means that: n1=27

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Three-levels of hierarchy: subnetting Example cont.: Configuration and addresses in a subnetted network

More levels of hierarchy


Classless addressing doesnt restrict the number of hierarchical levels. Example: A National ISP can divide a granted large block into a smaller blocks and assign each of them to a regional ISP; A Regional ISP local ISP; A local ISP organization; An 13 organization subnets.

Example: Address allocation and distribution by an ISP


An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with 190.100.0.0/16 (65,536 addresses). The ISP needs to distribute these addresses to three groups of customers as follows: a. The first group has 64 customers; each needs 256 addresses. b. The second group has 128 customers; each needs 128 addresses. c. The third group has 128 customers; each needs 64 addresses. Design the subblocks and find out how many addresses are still available after these allocations.

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Example (continued): Group 1:


For this group, each customer needs 256 addresses. This means that 8 bits are needed to define each host. The prefix length is then 32 8 = 24. The addresses are:

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Example (continued) : Group 2:


For this group, each customer needs 128 addresses. This means that 7 bits are needed to define each host. The prefix length is then 32 7 = 25. The addresses are:

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Example (continued) : Group 3:


For this group, each customer needs 64 addresses. This means that 6 bits are needed to each host. The prefix length is then 32 6 = 26. The addresses are:

Number of granted addresses to the ISP: 65,536 Number of allocated addresses by the ISP: 40,960 Number of available addresses: 24,576

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Example (continued) :

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NAT: Network Address Translation


With the shortage of addresses, a quick solution to this problem is called: Network Address Translation (NAT). It enables a user to have a large set of addresses internally, and one address, or a small set of addresses , externally.
Addresses for private networks

A NAT implementation

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Addresses in a NAT

NAT: Translation Table?


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