C++ For C Programmers

Week 1 Part 1

! Overview and Course Organization ! C++ as a Better C ! Problem 1 Convert C Code to be posted

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Course work
1.! Homework 3 Programs to Code 2.! One Final- closed book

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ is Better than C

! Better? ! Mays is better than Mantle ! Butter is Better than Margarine ! C++ is better than Java
C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Quiz: Is margarine better?

! In what sense is margarine better than butter?

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Margarine v. Butter
! ! ! ! ! ! ! Calories in a pat 35 calories a tie Some Margarine is healthier Some Margarine contains no cholesterol Butter is made from animal fat Chefs like butter Butter has more vitamins Bottom Line _____________________

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

History

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C vs C++ Language
! C Ritchie 1972 SIL, small 29 keywords ! C++ Stroustrup 1985, large 63 keywords by 1996 ! C supports imperative programming ! C++ Swiss Army Knife also supports OO and generic programming

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Quiz
! C++ is better than C because:
A)! It was invented in 1982-85 vs 1972 B) Bjorn Stroustrup is a better language designer than Dennis Ritchie C) It has more features than C D)! It is simpler than C

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Answers Quiz 1
! C in 1972 v. C++ 1982-85 is true but does not guarantee better ! Both Dennis and Bjarne are excellent Dennis won the Turing Prize ! Best answer C is a subset and C++ has better libraries ! False C++ is far harder ! Bottom Line____________________
C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Java vs C++
! Java more of a purely OO language ! Java- Sun 1995 Smalltalk with a C syntax. Java has single root object ! Java has the JVM universal semantics ! C++ originally compiled to C ! C++ no hidden overhead ! Ergo, no GC and default not virtual fcn call

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

If you dont know Java or OO

! Java is not critical to this class but many of you have this background so I will be making some comparisons ! Object-Orientation knowledge is a prerequisite so if you need review read the wikipedia article on OO.

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Quiz - Object
! Which of these ideas best fit OO? a) Control flow should use recursion. b) Data and operations are bound together. c) Type safety is critical. d) Automatic GC is available.

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Answers
! Object Orientation is not about flow of control-but you should be comfortable with recursion. ! Best answer: An object is a data type and its operations that can be either native or user defined. ! Type safety is usually a property of a good OO language. ! Garbage Collection can be built-in to an OO language or provided for a user-defined object.
C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Example Program:Shooting Craps

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C Program- Dice Probability

! ! ! ! ! #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> #define SIDES 6 #define R_SIDE (rand() % SIDES + 1)

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C Program
! int main(void) ! { ! int n_dice = 2; ! int d1, d2, trials, j; ! int* outcomes = ! calloc (sizeof(int), n_dice * SIDES +1);

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C Program
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! } srand(clock()); printf ("\nEnter number of trials: "); scanf("%d", &trials); for (j = 0; j < trials; ++j) outcomes[(d1 = R_SIDE) +( d2 = R_SIDE)]++; printf( "probability\n"); for (j = 2; j < n_dice * SIDES + 1; ++j) printf( "j = %d p = %lf\n" , j , (double)(outcomes[j])/trials);

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C
! libraries ! #define macros ! main()

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Quiz
! True or False: ! main() is the function in C where programs start executing. ! printf() can be used for input. ! int is more precise than float.

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Answers
! main() is the function in C where programs start executing. True ! printf() can be used for input. False . In stdio library scanf() is the analogous input function ! int is more precise than float. True. On most machines int can represent +/- 2 billion integer values. Float usually has 6 significant figures of accuracy when representing integers

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ Version

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ version
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! //The following program computes //the probability for dice possibilities // #include <iostream> //drops .h still available #include <cstdlib> #include <ctime> using namespace std; const int sides = 6; //replaces many sharp defines ! inline int r_sides(){ return (rand() % sides + 1); }
C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ Improvements
! NB some of these are adopted in modern C ! Different libraries most old C libraries still available usually as c. ! Inline - replaces code macro benefit? ! Rest of line comments //

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ Program
!int main(void) !{ ! const int n_dice = 2; ! int d1, d2; ! srand(clock()); //why? ! cout << "\nEnter number of trials: "; ! int trials; ! cin >> trials; //compare to scanf ! int* outcomes = new int[n_dice * sides +1]; TYPE* s; !

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Quiz
! srand(clock()); //why? !

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Answer
! srand() initializes the random number sequence ! Dont want the same results each time in a simulation ! clock() Returns the processor time consumed by the program. The value returned is expressed in clock ticks . ! Fine grained and different when main() starts running
C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ Advantages
!Iostream cin>> type safe !Declaration can be intermixed after executable !Use of new

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++
! for (int j = 0; j < trials; ++j) ! outcomes[(d1 = r_sides()) +( d2 = r_sides())]++; ! cout << "probability\n"; ! for (int j = 2; j < n_dice * sides + 1; ++j) ! cout << "j = " << j << " p = " ! << static_cast<double>(outcomes[j])/trials ! << endl; ! }

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ Advantages
!Safe casts !for statement can include declaration initializer !endl iomanipulator can be placed in an ostream

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++
! Bjarne Stroustrup: More to the point, I don't think "purity"
is a virtue. The signal strength of C++ is exactly that it supports several effective styles of programming (several paradigms, if you must), and combinations of these styles. Often, the most elegant, most efficient, and the most maintainable solution involves more than one style (paradigm).

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ : so far
!More type safe than C with more elegance

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

ADDENDUM HW1
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> double fcn(double x) { return x * x - 1; } double fcn2(double x) { return x * x * x * x * x - exp( x ) -2; } double root_find( double f(double), /* function with root */ double a, double b, /* interval (a, b) with root */ double eps, /* accuracy */ double *root /* root --output*/ ) { if ( b - a < eps){ *root = (b + a)/2.0; return f(*root); } else if ( f(a)* f( (b + a)/2) <= 0) return root_find(f, a, (b+a)/2, eps, root); else return root_find(f, (b+a)/2, b, eps, root); } int main(void) { double x; printf("Root Finder\n"); root_find(fcn, 0.0, 4.0, 0.00001, &x); printf("root is at %g with residual %g \n", x, fcn(x)); root_find(fcn2, 0.0, 14.0, 0.00001, &x); printf("root is at %g\n", x); return 0; }

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Rewrite as C++
! ! ! ! Rewrite in Modern C++ Properly comment changes made Grades: Correct answer for running code Peer score:

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Homework 1
! If you are using the text ! C++ for C Programmers: 3rd edition,
!Pohl ISBN 0-201-39519-3 read ch1 and 2

! By next week , turn the equivalent C++ program ! See assignment 1 write-up for more details.

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ for C Programmers

Week 1 Part 2

! C++ as a Better C - continued

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ is Better than C

! More Type Safe ! More Libraries ! Less reliance on preprocessor ! OO vs imperative
C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

So far
! ! ! ! ! inline, const static_cast<type> namespaces iostream Declarations anywhere including
! for-statement initialization

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Quiz T/F
! const double PI = 3.14159; ! A) creates a non-mutable variable PI ! B) is equivalent to #define PI 3.14159 ! C) both are true
C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Answers
! const double PI = 3.14159; ! A) creates a non-mutable variable PI
! True, const means the initialized variable PI cannot have its value changed in the scope of this declaration.

! B) is equivalent to #define PI 3.14159

! False, PI here is a macro and is textually substituted for within the scope of the #define which is normally file scope. This is old C style and should be avoided.

! C) both are true

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

-False

Swap in C
! void swap(int* i, int* j){ int temp = *i; *i = *j; *j = temp; } Typical C idiom for passing parameters that need modification.

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C-Swap
! void swap_double(double* i, double* j){ double temp = *i; *i = *j; *j = temp; } ! In C each function in a given scope most have a unique name (no function overloading).
C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C Program
! int main() { int m = 5, n =10; double x = 5.3, y =10.6; printf("inputs: %d, %d\n", m, n); swap(&m, &n); printf("outputs: %d, %d\n", m, n); printf("double inputs: %lf, %lf\n", x, y); swap_double(&x, &y); printf("double outputs: %lf, %lf\n", x, y); }

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Draw Boxes for what happens

! M: [ 5 ] , N: [ 10 ]
! Swap called with address of M and N &

! M: [ 10 ]

, N: [ 5 ]

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C Summary
! Call by reference simulated with pointers

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ Version
! C++ has call by reference argument passing

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ Program
! #include <iostream> using namespace std; inline void swap(int& i, int& j){ int temp = i; i = j; j = temp; } inline void swap(double& i, double& j){ double temp = i; i = j; j = temp; } C++ has overloading and call by reference.
C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++
! int main() { int m = 5, n =10; double x = 5.3, y =10.6; cout << "inputs: " << m << " , " << n << endl; swap(m, n); cout << "outputs: " << m << " , " << n << endl; cout << " double inputs: " << x << " , " << y << endl; swap(x, y); cout << " double outputs: " << x << " , " << y << endl; }

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ Overloading
! "signature matching algorithm". ! The two routines need different types or numbers of parameters. ! integer swap() is (int&, int&) double swap() is (double&, double&).

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Why C++ is better

! Having the same name for conceptually the same activity promotes readable code. ! Overloading based on signature and later the use of generics is a powerful reuse mechanism.

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Quiz
! std::cout is found in what header file? ! inline can be used when declaring____? ! What is the difference between long and long long and int?

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Answers
! std::cout is found in <iostream> ! inline can be used when declaring functions to speed them up. ! What is the difference between long and long long and int? C++ allows for longer integer types starting with a shortest type short.

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Generics in C++
Generics Programming using templates

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Generics in C++
Generics Programming using templates Influenced by Alex Stepanov

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ template
! Generic programming in C++ was strongly influenced by Alex Stepanov. ! Much code is the same except for type. If the code can be applied universally there can be a big saving in coding and debugging. ! Stepanov while at HP in the late 80s developed a set of generic libraries using a construct called a template. STL is largely based on this work.

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++
! template <class T> inline void swap(T& d, T& s) { T temp = d; d = s; s = temp; }

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++Template function
Prescription: Take a normal function and - Add template <class T> //T is id - Now for int or double or whatever use T when called as in swap(a, b); - The compiler uses a signature matching routine to infer what the code should use for type.
C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ use of template

! int main() { int m = 5, n =10; double x = 5.3, y =10.6; complex<double> r(2.4, 3.5), s(3.4, 6.7); cout << "inputs: " << m << " , " << n << endl; swap(m, n); cout << "outputs: " << m << " , " << n << endl;

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

C++ template
! cout << "outputs: " << m << " , " << n << endl; cout << " double inputs: " << x << " , " << y << endl; swap(x, y); cout << " double outputs: " << x << " , " << y << endl; cout << " complex inputs: " << r << " , " << s << endl; swap(r, s); cout << " double outputs: " << r << " , " << s << endl; }

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Compile generics to instances

! The compiler uses the template to write code appropriate to each set of parameters. ! The m,n parameters are ints - so the compiled code is swap(int&, int&) signature. ! Similarly, for the other two signatures. So the compiler is compiling code appropriate to each distinct signature.
C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Exercise
! Take what you know about summing n numbers (using a C array) and write that code. ! Debug in C++ ! Change to a template

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl

Answer
! Template<class summable>
! summable sum<summable> ( data[], int size){ ! summable asum = 0; ! for(int i = 0; i < size; ++i) ! asum += data[i]; ! return asum; ! } ! Run and discuss

C++ for C Programmers by Ira Pohl