Constitutive modeling of large-strain cyclic plasticity for anisotropic metals

1: Basic framework of modeling 2: Models of orthotropic anisotropy 3: Cyclic plasticity Kinematic hardening model 4: Applications to sheet metal forming and some topics on material modeling

Fusahito Yoshida
Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering Hiroshima University, JAPAN

Lecture 3: Contents
1. Introduction 2. Experimental observations of material behaviors of sheet metals in terms of anisotropy and cyclic plasticity. 3. Kinematic hardening laws: Cyclic Plasticity models
Linear KH (Prager), Mroz, Armstrong-Frederick (AF), Dafalias-Popov , Chaboche, Ohno-Wang, Teodosiu-HU, Yoshida-Uemori, etc.

4. Yoshida-Uemori model 5. Material parameter identification

INTRODUCTION
Press forming of high strength steel (HSS) and aluminum sheets is so difficult because of their nature of their large springback. For accurate sprinback simulation, selection of a material model is very important.

Mild steel 590TS

Torsional springback of S-rail (HSS 980 MPa-TS)

980TS

Significant side-wall curl by springback after hat-type draw-bending

Why are models of large-strain cyclic plasticity so important for sringback analysis?
Bauschinger effect & cyclic hardening

The accuracy of springback analysis depends on the predictions of stress levels at the final stage of stamping, and also at the springback, both which are directly related materials Bauschinger effect and cyclic hardening characteristics. Springback Modeling of Large-Strain Cyclic Plasticity is very important. Final stage of stamping
Schematic illustration of stress-strain path during draw-bend and the subsequent springback.

Experimental observations of the Bauschinger effect & Cyclic Plasticity Characteristics

Cyclic Plasticity Characteristics

In-Plane Cyclic Tension-Compression Tests of Sheet Metals

Schematic illustrations of in-plane cyclic tension-compression tests of sheet metals Ref. F. Yoshida,T. Uemori, and K. Fujiwara,Int. J. Plasticity 18 (2002), pp.633-659.

* Other experimental techniques are by Wagoner (2004) and Kuwabara (2005).

Transient Bauschinger effect and the permanent stress offset in reverse deformation
SPFC (high strength steel)

Early re-yielding Permanent stress offset

Transient Bauschinger effect Isotropic hardening (IH) model

Experimental observations of cyclic straining

Cyclic strain range dependency of cyclic hardening

Workhardening stagnation caused by the dissolution of dislocation cell walls and formation of new structures under reverse deformation - ref. T. Hasegawa and T. Yakou, Mat. Sci. Eng. 20 (1975), pp.267-276
Stress-strain responses of SPCC and SPCF (high-strength steel) under in-plane cyclic tension-compression (experimental data)

Effect of pre-strain on the subsequent cyclic behavior

Non-workhardening under small-strain cycling after large pre-strain

Stress-strain responses of SPCC under in-plane cyclic tension-compression with various pre-strains (experimental data)

SPCN590R (precipitation H)

SPCN590G (TRIP)

SPCN780G (TRIP)

SPCN980Y (DP)

The following material behavior should be modeled for sheet-metal forming simulation Bauschinger effect & Cyclic plasticity Early re-yielding, transient Bauschinger effect and permanent stress offset in reverse deformation Workhardening stagnation Strain-range dependent cyclic workhardening

+
Anisotropy (r-value & flow stress directionality, biaxial flow stresses).
Yield functions: Hill (1948, 1990), Gotoh (1977), Barlat (1997, .., 2007), Vegter (2005), Banabic(2005), Yoshida (2011)

Models of Large-Strain Cyclic Plasticity (Framework of modeling)

With the assumption of small elastic strain and large plastic deformation, the rate of deformation D is decomposed as:

D = De + D p & = (2 / 3) D p : D p & = p
The constitutive equation of elasticity:

& + = C : De =
Objective rate of Cauchy stress Elasticity modulus

where

W =
Continuum spin

+
Spin of substructures

Plastic spin

Modeling of Cyclic Plasticity

Initial yield function

f 0 = ( ) Y = 0
Anisotropic yield function

Dijp

Cauchy stress YYield strength

Subsequent yield function and the associated flow rule

ij

Y +R
ij

f = ( ) (Y + R ) = 0,
backstress Isotropic H

Y
O

Dp =

f &

Combined isotropic/kinematic hardening model

Several types Kinematic Hardening Laws

(Evolution equation of backstress)

Linear KH (Prager 1949) A-F model (Armstrong-Frederick, 1966) Mroz (1967) Dafalias-Popov (1976) Chaboche (1979, 1983) Ohno-Wang (1993) Teodosiu-Hu (1995) Yoshida-Uemori (2002, 2003)
* are Large-Strain Cyclic Plasticity Model

Some of Kinematic Hardening Laws

Linear KH (Prager 1949)

2 3 A-F model (Armstrong-Frederick, 1966) & ' = C &p 2 3 Chaboche (1979, 1983) & & ' = C & p & '

2 3 Yoshida-Uemori (2002, 2003)

'=

', = 1
i

& & 'i = Ci & p i 'i

& = = C ( ) Y

Even by some complicated models, such as IH+AF-type NLK+LK model, cyclic hardening characteristics are so difficult to describe.
Experiment IH+NLK+LK model 400 200 0 -200 -400 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 True strain 0.15 0.2 0.25 SPCC

Constitutive Modeling of Large-strain Cyclic Plasticity for Anisotropic Sheets

Yoshida-Uemori model
Yoshida, F and Uemori, T: Int. J. Plasticity, 18 (2002), 661 Int. J. Mechanical Sicences, 45 (2003), 1687

Anisotropic Model of Large-Strain Cyclic Plasticity

Initial yield function

f 0 = ( ) Y = 0
Anisotropic yield function

Cauchy stress YYield strength

Subsequent yield function and the associated flow rule

f = ( ) Y = 0, D p =
backstress

f &

Bounding surface
Kinematic H

F = ( ) ( B + R ) = 0
Isotropic H

Two surface model

Kinematic/isotropic hadening (KH/IH) of Yield surface and Bounding Surface

For global workhardening, & = k (R IH of B-surface R

sat

& = nK 1/ n R ( n 1) / n p & R & for Voce law R) p

for Swift law

For the Bauschinger effect, KH of Yield surface

=
a a & = C ( ) p Y
o

&= p

(23) D

: D p , = ( ) ,

For permanent stress offset, KH of B-surface 2 & ' = k bDp ' p 3

a = B + R Y

Constitutive equation
f f C: :C o = C 2 f f f H kin :C : + 3
H kin : Rate of kinematic hardening Ca + kb f a H kin = C k + ( ) * : Y *

:D

Description of Workhardening Stagnation by assuming non-IH of bounding surface

( fow) bound = B + R + = B + (Rsat + b)(1 ek )
p

Explicit form!

Workhardening stagnation

Non-IH hardening of bounding surface

Schematic illustrations of the motion of: (a) the yield surface; and (b) the bounding surface under a uniaxial forward-reverse deformation.

Description of Workhardening Stagnation by non-IH stress surface model

When
g ( ', q ', r ) = 0 and
g ( ', q ', r ) o : =0 '

& =0 R

[hardening] & = 0 [non IH-hardening]. Otherwise R Kinematic motion and expansion of g

q = ( q)
o

& >0 R

(1 h )
r

, =

3 ( q) : 2r

& >0 R
Schematic illustration of the non-IH surface gdefined in the stress space, when (a) non IH; and (b) IH takes place.

When when

& >0 , r R & = h & = 0, r R &=0

0 < h <1

Plastic-strain dependent Youngs Modulus

Example of stress-strain response under stress reversal and the definition of average Youngs modulus

Average Youngs modulus vs plastic prestrain

F. Yoshida,T. Uemori, and K. Fujiwara,Int. J. Plasticity 18 (2002), pp.633-659.

Material Parameter Identification

Automatic identification based on optimization technique M-Parameter identification tool: MatPara

CEM Inst Co. Ltd.

The model involves seven parameters of cyclic plasticity + anisotropy parameters

Yield strength: Y Kinematic hardening of yield surface: C Kinematic/isotropic hardening of bounding surface: B, Rsat, k, b Workhardening stagnation: h

These material parameters are systematically identified using experimental data of uniaxial tension and cyclic deformation.

Automatic parameter identification is possible by using optimization technique. (Material parameter identification tool: MatPara, CEM Inst. Co. Ltd.)

Material parameter identification by inverse approach using experimental data of uniaxial tension + cyclic plasticity

A set of material parameters:

x= x1 , x2 ,... = Y , C , m,...

Minimize the objective function:

F ( x ) = 1 F1 ( x ) + 2 F2 ( x )
( x, ) ) / exp F1 ( x ) = ( exp

for tension for cyclic

( x, ) ) / exp F2 ( x ) = ( exp

Material parameter identification by inverse approach using experimental data of cyclic bending

Performance of the model

Cyclic plasticity behavior Non-proportional loading problem

Strong Bauschinger effect appearing in 590 MPa HSS sheet

Cyclic stress-strain responses under cyclic deformation calculated by the present model, together with the experimental results (Yoshida et al.) of high strength steel sheet (SPFC).

Y-U model can describe the Bauschinger effect, workhardening stagnation, strain range and pre-strain dependent cyclic hardening.

Cyclic stress-strain responses under cyclic deformation calculated by the present model, together with the experimental results (Yoshida et al.) of mild steel sheet (SPCC).

Description of yield plateau is possible by assuming a certain size of initial non-IH surface.

SPCN590R

SPCN590G

SPCN780Y

SCN980Y

HSS sheet (980 DP) (Y-U model + Hill 90 Yield function)

SCN980Y

Aluminum sheet A5052 (Y-U model + Barlat 2000 Yield function)

Stress-strain responses in strain path change

780DP

Equi-biaxial stretching Uniaxial tension

1 = 2

2 = 1

1 2

Summary of Yoshida-Uemori model Accurate description of the Bauschinger effect and cyclic hardening charcteristics including workhardening stagnation. Any types of anisotropic yield functions (e.g., Hill, Barlat, etc.) can be incorporated. Any types of uniaxial hardening law (e.g., Voce, Swift, etc.) can be incorporated. Limited number of material parameters (7+[1~2 for extended versions] parameters).